1
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Jiang M, Wang R, Wood R, Rasul K, Zhu B, Hertwich E. Material and Carbon Footprints of Machinery Capital. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21124-21135. [PMID: 37990406 PMCID: PMC10734266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Machinery and equipment, integral as technology-specific capital goods, play a dual role in climate change: it acts as both a mitigator and an exacerbator due to its carbon-intensive life cycle. Despite their importance, current climate mitigation analyses often overlook these items, leaving a gap in comprehensive analyses of their material stock and environmental impacts. To address this, our research integrates input-output analysis (IOA) with dynamic material flow analysis (d-MFA) to assess the carbon and material footprints of machinery. It finds that in 2019, machinery production required 30% of global metal production and 8% of global carbon emissions. Between 2000 and 2019, the metal footprint of the stock of machinery grew twice as fast as the economy. To illustrate the global implications and scale, we spotlight key countries. China's rise in machinery material stock is noteworthy, surpassing the United States in 2008 in total amount and achieving half of the US per capita level by 2019. Our study also contrasts economic depreciation─a value-centric metric─with the tangible lifespan of machinery, revealing how much the physical size of the capital stock exceeds its book values. As physical machinery stocks saturate, new machinery can increasingly be built from metals recycled from retired machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jiang
- Department
of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian
University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Ranran Wang
- Institute
of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden
University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Wood
- Department
of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian
University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Kajwan Rasul
- Department
of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian
University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Bing Zhu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Edgar Hertwich
- Department
of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian
University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
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2
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Ren S, Huang Z, Bao Y, Yin G, Yang J, Shan X. Matching end-of-life household vehicle generation and recycling capacity in Chinese cities: A spatio-temporal analysis for 2022-2050. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 899:165498. [PMID: 37442483 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
End-of-life vehicles (ELVs) present both opportunities and challenges for the environment and the economy, where effective recycling management plays a decisive role. Recently, the primary focus of recycling management has shifted from simply meeting demand to refining and optimizing processes at the city-scale. However, the mismatch in recycling capacity has become a significant obstacle to maximizing environmental and economic benefits. To reveal this issue and propose improvements in the context of China, this study simulates end-of-life internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) and new energy vehicles (NEVs) at the city-scale from 2021 to 2050, and analyzes their spatio-temporal pattern and recycling capacity matching. The results indicate that the number of ELVs in China will continue to increase, peaking between 3.5 and 3.7 million. This growth will be mainly driven by third- to fifth-tier cities, as well as central and southwestern cities. Regarding recycling capacity matching, most cities possess excess dismantling capacity, while first-tier cities face coordination problems in battery collection. Spatial coordination across cities or provinces is a viable approach for dismantling enterprises and should be prioritized over indiscriminate deregistration or establishing new facilities. The absence of initiative within the recycling system results in uncoordinated battery collection. Implementing a recycling-sharing mechanism and establishing a reuse market can effectively tackle this problem by leveraging market incentives. These analyses provide practical suggestions to maximize the environmental and economic benefits of resource recycling, thereby contributing to the UN's 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuliang Ren
- Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Beijing Key Lab of Spatial Information Integration & Its Applications, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhou Huang
- Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Beijing Key Lab of Spatial Information Integration & Its Applications, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China.
| | - Yi Bao
- Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Beijing Key Lab of Spatial Information Integration & Its Applications, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ganmin Yin
- Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Beijing Key Lab of Spatial Information Integration & Its Applications, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jingfan Yang
- Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Beijing Key Lab of Spatial Information Integration & Its Applications, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xv Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Media Convergence Production Technology and Systems, Beijing, China
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3
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Wang Z, Wiedenhofer D, Stephan A, Perrotti D, Van den Bergh W, Cao Z. High-Resolution Mapping of Material Stocks in Belgian Road Infrastructure: Material Efficiency Patterns, Material Recycling Potentials, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Opportunities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:12674-12688. [PMID: 37578457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Road infrastructure is an integral part of built environment stocks, as it delivers essential social and economic services. While previous work has assessed material stocks, flows, and embodied emissions, spatially refined mapping of materials accumulated in road infrastructure can highlight hitherto underappreciated synergies between improved spatial planning, material stock efficiency, and urban mining. In this study, we mapped the materials stocked in road infrastructure across Belgium, explored the patterns of material stock efficiency and the recyclability of end-of-life road materials, and examined the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions of improving stock efficiency and recycling. We assembled data scattered across various governmental sources and crowdsourced platforms and developed a comprehensive database to warehouse locational information on road typology, layer geometry and thickness, material characteristics, traffic volume, climatic conditions, and soil conditions. Our results reveal a strong but nonlinear correlation between material stock efficiency and population density, indicating that spatial planning can reduce the required road stocks and associated GHG emissions. Urban mining potentials in road infrastructure hinge on multiple factors, such as the proximity to recycling facilities and the degradation of pavements during use. Our counterfactual analysis shows that urban road planning and reusing recycled asphalt can cut GHG emissions by up to 53 and 70%, respectively. Therefore, material-efficient road planning and improved material recycling can help realize circular economy potentials and mitigate GHG emissions moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxing Wang
- Energy and Materials in Infrastructure and Buildings (EMIB), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dominik Wiedenhofer
- Institute of Social Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1070 Vienna, Austria
| | - André Stephan
- Faculty of Architecture, Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning, Université catholique de Louvain, B1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Daniela Perrotti
- Faculty of Architecture, Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning, Université catholique de Louvain, B1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Bergh
- Energy and Materials in Infrastructure and Buildings (EMIB), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zhi Cao
- Energy and Materials in Infrastructure and Buildings (EMIB), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
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4
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Wang R, Hertwich EG, Fishman T, Deetman S, Behrens P, Chen WQ, de Koning A, Xu M, Matus K, Ward H, Tukker A, Zimmerman JB. The legacy environmental footprints of manufactured capital. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218828120. [PMID: 37276416 PMCID: PMC10268226 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218828120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The foundations of today's societies are provided by manufactured capital accumulation driven by investment decisions through time. Reconceiving how the manufactured assets are harnessed in the production-consumption system is at the heart of the paradigm shifts necessary for long-term sustainability. Our research integrates 50 years of economic and environmental data to provide the global legacy environmental footprint (LEF) and unveil the historical material extractions, greenhouse gas emissions, and health impacts accrued in today's manufactured capital. We show that between 1995 and 2019, global LEF growth outpaced GDP and population growth, and the current high level of national capital stocks has been heavily relying on global supply chains in metals. The LEF shows a larger or growing gap between developed economies (DEs) and less-developed economies (LDEs) while economic returns from global asset supply chains disproportionately flow to DEs, resulting in a double burden for LDEs. Our results show that ensuring best practice in asset production while prioritizing well-being outcomes is essential in addressing global inequalities and protecting the environment. Achieving this requires a paradigm shift in sustainability science and policy, as well as in green finance decision-making, to move beyond the focus on the resource use and emissions of daily operations of the assets and instead take into account the long-term environmental footprints of capital accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Wang
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CCLeiden, The Netherlands
| | - Edgar G. Hertwich
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tomer Fishman
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CCLeiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Deetman
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CCLeiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Behrens
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CCLeiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wei-qiang Chen
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen361024, China
| | - Arjan de Koning
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CCLeiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ming Xu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100190, China
| | - Kira Matus
- Division of Public Policy, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Hauke Ward
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CCLeiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold Tukker
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CCLeiden, The Netherlands
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5
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Li X, Song L, Liu Q, Ouyang X, Mao T, Lu H, Liu L, Liu X, Chen W, Liu G. Product, building, and infrastructure material stocks dataset for 337 Chinese cities between 1978 and 2020. Sci Data 2023; 10:228. [PMID: 37080990 PMCID: PMC10119088 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02143-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable city-level product, building, and infrastructure material stocks data are essential for understanding historical material use patterns, benchmarking material efficiency, and informing future recycling potentials. However, such urban material stocks data are often limited, due primarily to unavailable, inconsistent, or noncontinuous city-level statistics. Here, we provided such an Urban Product, Building, and Infrastructure Material Stocks (UPBIMS) dataset for China, a country that has undergone a remarkable urbanization process in the past decades, by collating different official statistics and applying various gap-filling methods. This dataset contains the stock of 24 materials contained in 10 types of products, buildings, and infrastructure in all 337 prefecture-level cities in China from 1978 to 2020. This quality controlled and unified dataset is the first of its kind with such a full coverage of all prefecture-level Chinese cities and can be used in a variety of applications, for example in urban geography, industrial ecology, circular economy, and climate change mitigation. Every piece of data is tagged with its source and the dataset will be periodically updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lulu Song
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, 361021, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Qiance Liu
- Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5230, Denmark
| | - Xin Ouyang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ting Mao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Haojie Lu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Litao Liu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
- Xiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, 361021, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
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6
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Does domestic investment matter? A multivariate time series analysis of the energy-CO 2 emission-growth nexus in Ghana. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:49536-49550. [PMID: 36780073 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25347-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The economic cost of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to African economies have increased. Therefore, GHG emissions and their concomitant effect on the environment are fast becoming costly for emerging economies like Ghana. Hence, the justification for the growing literature on the subject. This study employed the Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) bounds test and Granger causality techniques with data from 1983 to 2014. The study examines the dynamic relationship between income growth, power consumption, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Ghana, capturing the role of domestic investment and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the nexus. All variables were found to be cointegrated in the long run based on the bounds test. The Granger causality test indicates a unidirectional causality from energy consumption to CO2 emissions and economic growth. Furthermore, a unidirectional causality from CO2 to economic growth was found in Ghana. Results from the error correction model and the bounds tests indicate that, while energy consumption increases carbon emissions by more than 44%, the lagged values of domestic investment were found to reduce CO2 emissions by more than 41% in both the short run and the long run. Due to the significant effect of domestic investments on the reduction of CO2 emissions, the study recommends policymakers to adopt policies that may increase domestic capital in place of FDI, which has been proven to exacerbate environmental degradation in host countries.
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7
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Wang Y, Wang X, Wang H, Zhang X, Zhong Q, Yue Q, Du T, Liang S. Human health and ecosystem impacts of China's resource extraction. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157465. [PMID: 35868370 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The throughput of materials fuels the economic process and underpins social well-being. These materials eventually return to the environment as waste or emissions. They can have significant environmental impacts throughout life cycle stages, such as biodiversity loss, adverse health effects, water stress, and climate change. China is the largest resource extractor globally, but the endpoint environmental impacts and the role of possible socioeconomic drivers associated with its resource extraction remain unclear. Here, we account for and analyze the two endpoint environmental impacts associated with China's resource extraction from 2000 to 2017 and quantify the relative contributions of various socioeconomic factors using structural decomposition analysis. The results show that the environmental impacts of China's resource extraction peaked in 2010. There was a significant decline from 2010 to 2017, in which human health damage decreased by 32.8 % and ecosystem quality damage decreased by 55.8 %. On the consumer side, the advancement in China's urbanization process led to an increase in the environmental impacts of urban residents' consumption, and the effect of investment on the environmental impacts decreased significantly after 2010. Decreases in the intensity of the environmental impacts in most sectors and improvements in production structure could reduce the impacts of resource extraction on human health and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Eco-Industry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xinzhe Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Eco-Industry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Heming Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Eco-Industry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Eco-Industry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Qiumeng Zhong
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiang Yue
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Eco-Industry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Tao Du
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Eco-Industry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Sai Liang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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8
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He R, Small MJ. Forecast of the U.S. Copper Demand: a Framework Based on Scenario Analysis and Stock Dynamics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2709-2717. [PMID: 35089697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In a world of finite metallic minerals, demand forecasting is crucial for managing the stocks and flows of these critical resources. Previous studies have projected copper supply and demand at the global level and the regional level of EU and China. However, no comprehensive study exists for the U.S., which has displayed unique copper consumption and dematerialization trends. In this study, we adapted the stock dynamics approach to forecast the U.S. copper in-use stock (IUS), consumption, and end-of-life (EOL) flows from 2016 to 2070 under various U.S.-specific scenarios. Assuming different socio-technological development trajectories, our model results are consistent with a stabilization range of 215-260 kg/person for the IUS. This is projected along with steady growth in the annual copper consumption and EOL copper generation driven mainly by the growing U.S. population. This stabilization trend of per capita IUS indicates that future copper consumption will largely recuperate IUS losses, allowing 34-39% of future demand to be met potentially by recycling 43% of domestic EOL copper. Despite the recent trends of "dematerialization", adaptive policies still need to be designed for enhancing the EOL recovery, especially in light of a potential transitioning to a "green technology" future with increased electrification dictating higher copper demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui He
- Carnegie Mellon University, Porter Hall 119, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mitchell J Small
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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9
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Liu Y, Song L, Wang W, Jian X, Chen WQ. Developing a GIS-based model to quantify spatiotemporal pattern of home appliances and e-waste generation-A case study in Xiamen, China. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 137:150-157. [PMID: 34773908 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The growing amount of electronic waste (e-waste) poses considerable risks to the environment and human health, especially when treated inadequately. However, it is difficult to assess the significance of these issues without quantitative understanding of spatiotemporal patterns of e-waste generation. This paper proposes a new model to estimate in-use stock of electric household appliances (HAs) and e-waste generation at the level of 1 km × 1 km grids by coupling geographic information system (GIS) and material flow analysis (MFA). We took Xiamen, a rapidly urbanized city in China, as a case and the results showed that demands for HAs increased from 1980, peaked in 2016, and then declined. In-use HAs exhibited a logistic growth and significantly increased in both spatial extent and intensity. E-waste generation kept rising until 2019, and its spatial center expanded outward from downtown to suburban areas. Our study highlights that a dynamic and spatial model is useful for designing effective policies for e-waste management by providing spatiotemporal details of e-waste types and generation magnitudes and explicitly recognizing generation hotspots in cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Liu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China; Xiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China.
| | - Lulu Song
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China; Xiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Wanjun Wang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China; Xiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Xiaomei Jian
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China; Xiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Chen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China; Xiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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10
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Miatto A, Dawson D, Nguyen PD, Kanaoka KS, Tanikawa H. The urbanisation-environment conflict: Insights from material stock and productivity of transport infrastructure in Hanoi, Vietnam. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 294:113007. [PMID: 34119992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Developing regions experience rapid population growth and urbanisation, which require large quantities of materials for civil infrastructure. The production of construction materials, especially for urban transport systems, however, contributes to local and global environmental change. Political agendas may overlook the environmental implications of urban expansion, as economic growth tends to be prioritised. While elevating the standard of living is imperative, decision-making without careful environmental assessments can undermine the overall welfare of society. In this study, we evaluate the material demand and in-use stock productivity for the large-scale development plan for transport infrastructure in the city of Hanoi, Vietnam, from 2010 to 2030, combining geospatial and socioeconomic data with statistics on roads and railways. The results show that the total material stock could rise threefold from 66 Tg in 2010 to 269 Tg in 2030, which roughly translates to an addition of 30 Empire State Buildings per year by mass. The materials we account are required for construction exceed the availability of local sand and will need to be gathered farther away. Furthermore, the material stock productivity of the transport infrastructure appears to have been declining overall since 2010, and this trend may continue to 2030. These findings demonstrate the importance of informing urban planning with a comprehensive assessment of construction materials demand, supply capacity, and environmental impacts. Policy priorities for improving the in-use stock productivity are also recommended towards achieving a more efficient utilisation of natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Miatto
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - David Dawson
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Phuoc Dac Nguyen
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Tanikawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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11
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Haberl H, Wiedenhofer D, Schug F, Frantz D, Virág D, Plutzar C, Gruhler K, Lederer J, Schiller G, Fishman T, Lanau M, Gattringer A, Kemper T, Liu G, Tanikawa H, van der Linden S, Hostert P. High-Resolution Maps of Material Stocks in Buildings and Infrastructures in Austria and Germany. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3368-3379. [PMID: 33600720 PMCID: PMC7931449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of societal material stocks such as buildings and infrastructures and their spatial patterns drive surging resource use and emissions. Two main types of data are currently used to map stocks, night-time lights (NTL) from Earth-observing (EO) satellites and cadastral information. We present an alternative approach for broad-scale material stock mapping based on freely available high-resolution EO imagery and OpenStreetMap data. Maps of built-up surface area, building height, and building types were derived from optical Sentinel-2 and radar Sentinel-1 satellite data to map patterns of material stocks for Austria and Germany. Using material intensity factors, we calculated the mass of different types of buildings and infrastructures, distinguishing eight types of materials, at 10 m spatial resolution. The total mass of buildings and infrastructures in 2018 amounted to ∼5 Gt in Austria and ∼38 Gt in Germany (AT: ∼540 t/cap, DE: ∼450 t/cap). Cross-checks with independent data sources at various scales suggested that the method may yield more complete results than other data sources but could not rule out possible overestimations. The method yields thematic differentiations not possible with NTL, avoids the use of costly cadastral data, and is suitable for mapping larger areas and tracing trends over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Haberl
- Institute
of Social Ecology, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Wiedenhofer
- Institute
of Social Ecology, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Schug
- Geography
Department, Humboldt Universität
zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
- Integrative
Research Institute on Transformations
of Human-Environment Systems, Humboldt Universität
zu Berlin, Unter den
Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Frantz
- Geography
Department, Humboldt Universität
zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Doris Virág
- Institute
of Social Ecology, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Plutzar
- Institute
of Social Ecology, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria
- Department
of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University
of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Karin Gruhler
- Leibniz
Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development, Weberplatz 1, D-01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jakob Lederer
- Institute
for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226.2, A-1040 Wien, Austria
- Institute
of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/166, A-1060 Wien, Austria
| | - Georg Schiller
- Leibniz
Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development, Weberplatz 1, D-01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tomer Fishman
- School
of Sustainability, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, Hauniversita 8, 4610101 Herzliya, Israel
| | - Maud Lanau
- SDU
Life Cycle Engineering, Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
- Department
of Civil and Structural Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, Mappin Street, S1 3JD Sheffield, U.K.
| | - Andreas Gattringer
- Department
of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University
of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Thomas Kemper
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Gang Liu
- SDU
Life Cycle Engineering, Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Hiroki Tanikawa
- Department
of Environmental Engineering and Architecture in the Graduate School
of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, 464-8601 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sebastian van der Linden
- Institut
für Geographie und Geologie, Universität
Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 16, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Patrick Hostert
- Geography
Department, Humboldt Universität
zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
- Integrative
Research Institute on Transformations
of Human-Environment Systems, Humboldt Universität
zu Berlin, Unter den
Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Zeng X, Ali SH, Tian J, Li J. Mapping anthropogenic mineral generation in China and its implications for a circular economy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1544. [PMID: 32214094 PMCID: PMC7096490 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic mineral is absorbing wide concern in the context of circular economy, but its generation mechanism and quantity from product to waste remain unclear. Here we consider three product groups, 30 products, and use the revised Weibull lifespan model to map the generation of anthropogenic mineral and 23 types of the capsulated materials by targeting their evolution from 2010 to 2050. Total weight of anthropogenic mineral on average in China reached 39 Mt in 2010, but it will double in 2022 and quadruple in 2045. Stocks of precious metals and rare earths will increase faster than most base materials. The total economic potential in yearly-generated anthropogenic mineral is anticipated to grow markedly from 100 billion US$ in 2020 to 400 billion US$ in 2050. Furthermore, anthropogenic mineral of around 20 materials will be capable to meet projected consumption of three product groups by 2050. While a large quantity of underground mineral resources can be converted into manufactured products, a majority is still solid waste disposal. Here the authors found a large increase in total weight of anthropogenic mineral from 2010 to 2050 with faster growth rate for precious metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlai Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.,Center for Industrial Ecology, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Saleem H Ali
- College of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19709, USA.,Sustainable Minerals Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,United Nations International Resource Panel, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jinping Tian
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
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13
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Kang J, Ng TS, Su B, Yuan R. Optimizing the Chinese Electricity Mix for CO 2 Emission Reduction: An Input-Output Linear Programming Model with Endogenous Capital. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:697-706. [PMID: 31855603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study develops an input-output linear programming (IO-LP) model to identify a cost-effective strategy to reduce the economy-wide carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in China from 2020 to 2050 through a shift in the electricity generation mix. In particular, the fixed capital formation of electricity technologies (FCFE) is endogenized so that the capital-related CO2 emissions of various generation technologies can be captured in the model. The modeling results show that low-carbon electricity, e.g., hydro, nuclear, wind, and solar, is associated with lower operation-related CO2 emissions but higher capital-related CO2 emissions compared to coal-fired electricity. A scenario analysis further reveals that a shift in the electricity generation mix could reduce the accumulated economy-wide CO2 emissions in China by 20% compared to the business-as-usual (BAU) level and could help peak China's CO2 emissions by 2030. The emission reduction is mainly due to a drop in operation-related CO2 emissions of electricity, contributing to a decrease in accumulated economy-wide emissions by 21.4%. The infrastructure expansion of electricity, on the other hand, causes a rise in the accumulated emissions by 1.4%. The proposed model serves as an effective tool to identify the optimal technology choice in the electricity system with the consideration of both direct and indirect CO2 emissions in the economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Kang
- Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering and Management , National University of Singapore , 117575 , Singapore
| | - Tsan Sheng Ng
- Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering and Management , National University of Singapore , 117575 , Singapore
- Energy Studies Institute , National University of Singapore , 119620 , Singapore
| | - Bin Su
- Energy Studies Institute , National University of Singapore , 119620 , Singapore
| | - Rong Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, CML , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 2 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
- College of Business Management and Economics , Chongqing University , Shazheng Street 174 , Chongqing 400044 , China
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14
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Fu C, Zhang Y, Yu X. How has Beijing's urban weight and composition changed with socioeconomic development? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 675:98-109. [PMID: 31026648 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A city's in-use stock comprises the built environment and manufactured products, which shape a city's weight and play vital roles in human activities. However, researchers have not accurately quantified urban weight and its composition, or how stock types change during urbanization. We quantified Beijing's in-use stock from 1978 to 2015 by bottom-up material-flow analysis for building, infrastructure, and manufactured product stocks, with 11 sub-types (e.g., roads), and 54 accounting items (e.g., expressways). We discuss the driving factors for changes in these stocks and their composition. Beijing's in-use stock increased from 224 Mt in 1978 to 1925 Mt in 2015, an increase of nearly 9 times (19 times the global stock per unit area). This resulted primarily from increases in stocks that accounted for >20% of the total: urban residential buildings (30%), non-residential buildings (26%), and roads (20%), which grew to 15, 5, and 11 times the 1978 levels, respectively. However, the growth rate of these stocks slowed by the end of the study period. Manufactured products represented <4% of the stock, but grew fastest (increasing to 41 times the 1978 value), especially for durable consumer goods and vehicles. This category cannot be neglected because of the increasing purchasing power of residents. The trends for the stock weights remained strongly coupled with population factors, whereas the stocks showed relative decoupling from economic factors (e.g., GDP, investment). These results will help policymakers diagnose problems with Beijing's urban development, thereby improving estimates of future resource demand and providing insights into strategies to slow the increase in urban weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenling Fu
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiangyi Yu
- Solid Waste and Chemicals Management Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Yuhuinanlu No. 1, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
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15
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Liu Q, Cao Z, Liu X, Liu L, Dai T, Han J, Duan H, Wang C, Wang H, Liu J, Cai G, Mao R, Wang G, Tan J, Li S, Liu G. Product and Metal Stocks Accumulation of China's Megacities: Patterns, Drivers, and Implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4128-4139. [PMID: 30865821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The rapid urbanization in China since the 1970s has led to an exponential growth of metal stocks (MS) in use in cities. A retrospect on the quantity, quality, and patterns of these MS is a prerequisite for projecting future metal demand, identifying urban mining potentials of metals, and informing sustainable urbanization strategies. Here, we deployed a bottom-up stock accounting method to estimate stocks of iron, copper, and aluminum embodied in 51 categories of products and infrastructure across 10 Chinese megacities from 1980 to 2016. We found that the MS in Chinese megacities had reached a level of 2.6-6.3 t/cap (on average 3.7 t/cap for iron, 58 kg/cap for copper, and 151 kg/cap for aluminum) in 2016, which still remained behind the level of western cities or potential saturation level on the country level (e.g., approximately 13 t/cap for iron). Economic development was identified as the most powerful driver for MS growth based on an IPAT decomposition analysis, indicating further increase in MS as China's urbanization and economic growth continues in the next decades. The latecomer cities should therefore explore a wide range of strategies, from urban planning to economy structure to regulations, for a transition toward more "metal-efficient" urbanization pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiance Liu
- SDU Life Cycle Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Environmental Technology , University of Southern Denmark , 5230 Odense , Denmark
- Sino-Danish College , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing , China
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100101 Beijing , China
| | - Zhi Cao
- SDU Life Cycle Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Environmental Technology , University of Southern Denmark , 5230 Odense , Denmark
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100101 Beijing , China
| | - Litao Liu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100101 Beijing , China
| | - Tao Dai
- Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources , Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences and Chinese Geological Survey , 100037 Beijing , China
| | - Ji Han
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences , East China Normal University , 200062 Shanghai , China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming , Shanghai 200062 , China
| | - Huabo Duan
- School of Civil Engineering , Shenzhen University , 518060 Shenzhen , China
| | - Chang Wang
- Institute of Metal Resources Strategy, School of Business , Central South University , 410083 Changsha , China
| | - Heming Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Eco-Industry , Northeastern University , 110819 Shenyang , China
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Tourism , Sichuan University , 610064 Chengdu , China
| | - Guotian Cai
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion , Chinese Academy of Science , 510640 Guangzhou , China
| | - Ruichang Mao
- SDU Life Cycle Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Environmental Technology , University of Southern Denmark , 5230 Odense , Denmark
| | - Gaoshang Wang
- Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources , Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences and Chinese Geological Survey , 100037 Beijing , China
| | - Juan Tan
- Centre for Minerals and Materials (MiMa) , Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) , 1350 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Shenggong Li
- Sino-Danish College , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing , China
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100101 Beijing , China
| | - Gang Liu
- SDU Life Cycle Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Environmental Technology , University of Southern Denmark , 5230 Odense , Denmark
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100101 Beijing , China
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16
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Cao Z, Liu G, Zhong S, Dai H, Pauliuk S. Integrating Dynamic Material Flow Analysis and Computable General Equilibrium Models for Both Mass and Monetary Balances in Prospective Modeling: A Case for the Chinese Building Sector. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:224-233. [PMID: 30511575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Integrated Assessment Models based on Computable General Equilibrium (IAM/CGE) and dynamic Material Flow Analysis (dynamic MFA) are two most widely used prospective model families to assess large-scale and long-term socioeconomic metabolism (SEM) and inform sustainable SEM transition. The latter approach could complement the former by a more explicit understanding of service provision, in-use stocks, and material cycles in a mass balanced framework. In this paper, we demonstrated this by integrating the dynamic MFA and CGE model approaches for the Chinese building sector from 2012 to 2030. Our results revealed the impacts of building stock dynamics on sectoral and economy-wide CO2 emissions: lower service saturation levels and later saturation time of building stock development could free up investment on buildings and accumulatively save up to 25.4 Gt in embodied CO2 emissions of the building construction sector, representing a 2.7-fold of 2012 countrywide CO2 emissions. However, the save-ups are partly compensated by an increase of embodied CO2 emissions in the other sectors due to economy-wide rebound effect (ca. 18.8 Gt or about 74%). The integrated model we developed could help ensure both mass and monetary balances, explore rebound effects in prospective modeling, and thus better understand the economy-wide consequences of infrastructure development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Cao
- SDU Life Cycle Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Environmental Technology , University of Southern Denmark , 5230 Odense M , Denmark
| | - Gang Liu
- SDU Life Cycle Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Environmental Technology , University of Southern Denmark , 5230 Odense M , Denmark
| | - Shuai Zhong
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Hancheng Dai
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Stefan Pauliuk
- Industrial Ecology Group, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources , University of Freiburg , Tennenbacher Strasse 4 , D-79106 Freiburg , Germany
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17
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Södersten CJH, Wood R, Hertwich EG. Endogenizing Capital in MRIO Models: The Implications for Consumption-Based Accounting. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13250-13259. [PMID: 30198257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions are associated with the production of capital goods. Consumption-based emission calculations based on multiregional input-output (MRIO) models allocate emissions occurring in the production of intermediate goods to the final goods produced in an economy. Like intermediate goods, capital goods are used in production processes; yet the emissions associated with their production are not allocated to the industries using them. As a result, the carbon footprint of final consumption as well as emissions embodied in trade are currently underestimated. Here, we address this problem by endogenizing capital transactions in the EXIOBASE global MRIO database, thereby allocating emissions from capital goods to final consumption. We find that endogenizing capital substantially increases the carbon footprint of final consumption (by up to 57% for some countries), and that the gap between production-based and consumption-based emissions increases for most countries. We also find that the global emissions embodied in trade increase by up to 11%, and that current patterns of bilaterally traded emissions are amplified. Furthermore, endogenizing capital leads to a 3-fold increase in the carbon footprint of certain product categories. The results suggest that our approach constitutes an important improvement to current input-output methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Johan H Södersten
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Høgskoleringen 1 , NO-7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Richard Wood
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Høgskoleringen 1 , NO-7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Edgar G Hertwich
- Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies , Yale University , 195 Prospect Street , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
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18
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Yang C, Tan Q, Zeng X, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Li J. Measuring the sustainability of tin in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:1351-1359. [PMID: 29710588 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tin is a component of many items used in daily activities, including solder in consumer electronics, tin can containing food and beverages, polyvinyl chloride stabilizers in construction products, catalysts in industrial processes, etc. China is the largest producer and consumer of refined tin, and more than 60% of this refined tin is applied in the electronics sector as solder. China is the leader in global economic growth; simultaneously, China is also a major producer and consumer of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). Thus, future tin supply and demand in China are forecasted, based on the gross domestic product per capita and the average consumption of refined tin in past five years. Current tin reserves and identified resources in China can meet the future two decades of mine production, but import of tin will also be critical for China's future tin consumption. However, there will be a lot of uncertainty for import of tin from other countries. At the same time, virgin mining of geological ores is a process of high energy consumption and destruction of the natural environment. Hence recycling tin from Sn-bearing secondary resources like tailings and waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) can not only address the shortage of tin mineral resources, but also save energy and protect the ecological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congren Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Quanyin Tan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xianlai Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- National WEEE Recycling Engineering Research Center, Jingmen, Hubei 448124, China
| | - Zhishi Wang
- Macau Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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19
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The Role of PET-Based Radiomic Features in Predicting Local Control of Esophageal Cancer Treated with Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9902. [PMID: 29967326 PMCID: PMC6028651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28243-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the predictive performance of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET)-based radiomic features for local control of esophageal cancer treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT). For each of the 30 patients enrolled, 440 radiomic features were extracted from both pre-CRT and mid-CRT PET images. The top 25 features with the highest areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for identifying local control status were selected as discriminative features. Four machine-learning methods, random forest (RF), support vector machine, logistic regression, and extreme learning machine, were used to build predictive models with clinical features, radiomic features or a combination of both. An RF model incorporating both clinical and radiomic features achieved the best predictive performance, with an accuracy of 93.3%, a specificity of 95.7%, and a sensitivity of 85.7%. Based on risk scores of local failure predicted by this model, the 2-year local control rate and PFS rate were 100.0% (95% CI 100.0–100.0%) and 52.2% (31.8–72.6%) in the low-risk group and 14.3% (0.0–40.2%) and 0.0% (0.0–40.2%) in the high-risk group, respectively. This model may have the potential to stratify patients with different risks of local failure after CRT for esophageal cancer, which may facilitate the delivery of personalized treatment.
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20
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Zeng X, Mathews JA, Li J. Urban Mining of E-Waste is Becoming More Cost-Effective Than Virgin Mining. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:4835-4841. [PMID: 29616548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Stocks of virgin-mined materials utilized in linear economic flows continue to present enormous challenges. E-waste is one of the fastest growing waste streams, and threatens to grow into a global problem of unmanageable proportions. An effective form of management of resource recycling and environmental improvement is available, in the form of extraction and purification of precious metals taken from waste streams, in a process known as urban mining. In this work, we demonstrate utilizing real cost data from e-waste processors in China that ingots of pure copper and gold could be recovered from e-waste streams at costs that are comparable to those encountered in virgin mining of ores. Our results are confined to the cases of copper and gold extracted and processed from e-waste streams made up of recycled TV sets, but these results indicate a trend and potential if applied across a broader range of e-waste sources and metals extracted. If these results can be extended to other metals and countries, they promise to have positive impact on waste disposal and mining activities globally, as the circular economy comes to displace linear economic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlai Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - John A Mathews
- Macquarie Graduate School of Management , Macquarie University , Sydney New South Wales 2109 , Australia
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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21
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Jiang D, Chen WQ, Zeng X, Tang L. Dynamic Stocks and Flows Analysis of Bisphenol A (BPA) in China: 2000-2014. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3706-3715. [PMID: 29436224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a synthetic organic chemical, is creating a new category of ecological and human health challenges due to unintended leakage. Effectively managing the use and leakage of BPA can benefit from an understanding of the anthropogenic BPA cycles (i.e., the size of BPA flows and stocks). In this work, we provide a dynamic analysis of the anthropogenic BPA cycles in China for 2000-2014. We find that China's BPA consumption has increased 10-fold since 2000, to ∼3 million tonnes/year. With the increasing consumption, China's in-use BPA stock has increased 500-fold to 14.0 million tonnes (i.e., 10.2 kg BPA/capita). It is unclear whether a saturation point has been reached, but in 2004-2014, China's in-use BPA stock has been increasing by 0.8 kg BPA/capita annually. Electronic products are the biggest contributor, responsible for roughly one-third of China's in-use BPA stock. Optical media (DVD/VCD/CDs) is the largest contributor to China's current End-of-Life (EoL) BPA flow, totaling 0.9 million tonnes/year. However, the EoL BPA flow due to e-waste will increase quickly, and will soon become the largest EoL BPA flow. The changing quantities and sources of EoL BPA flows may require a shift in the macroscopic BPA management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqian Jiang
- Environmental Engineering Department , Montana Tech , Butte , Montana 59701 , United States
| | - Wei-Qiang Chen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health , Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
- Xiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, Xiamen , 361021 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing , 100049 , China
| | - Xianlai Zeng
- School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Linbin Tang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health , Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
- Xiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, Xiamen , 361021 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing , 100049 , China
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22
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23
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The Material Stock–Flow–Service Nexus: A New Approach for Tackling the Decoupling Conundrum. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9071049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental changes in the societal use of biophysical resources are required for a sustainability transformation. Current socioeconomic metabolism research traces flows of energy, materials or substances to capture resource use: input of raw materials or energy, their fate in production and consumption, and the discharge of wastes and emissions. This approach has yielded important insights into eco-efficiency and long-term drivers of resource use. But socio-metabolic research has not yet fully incorporated material stocks or their services, hence not completely exploiting the analytic power of the metabolism concept. This commentary argues for a material stock–flow–service nexus approach focused on the analysis of interrelations between material and energy flows, socioeconomic material stocks (“in-use stocks of materials”) and the services provided by specific stock/flow combinations. Analyzing the interrelations between stocks, flows and services will allow researchers to develop highly innovative indicators of eco-efficiency and open new research directions that will help to better understand biophysical foundations of transformations towards sustainability.
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24
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China’s Carbon Footprint Based on Input-Output Table Series: 1992–2020. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Global socioeconomic material stocks rise 23-fold over the 20th century and require half of annual resource use. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:1880-1885. [PMID: 28167761 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613773114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-made material stocks accumulating in buildings, infrastructure, and machinery play a crucial but underappreciated role in shaping the use of material and energy resources. Building, maintaining, and in particular operating in-use stocks of materials require raw materials and energy. Material stocks create long-term path-dependencies because of their longevity. Fostering a transition toward environmentally sustainable patterns of resource use requires a more complete understanding of stock-flow relations. Here we show that about half of all materials extracted globally by humans each year are used to build up or renew in-use stocks of materials. Based on a dynamic stock-flow model, we analyze stocks, inflows, and outflows of all materials and their relation to economic growth, energy use, and CO2 emissions from 1900 to 2010. Over this period, global material stocks increased 23-fold, reaching 792 Pg (±5%) in 2010. Despite efforts to improve recycling rates, continuous stock growth precludes closing material loops; recycling still only contributes 12% of inflows to stocks. Stocks are likely to continue to grow, driven by large infrastructure and building requirements in emerging economies. A convergence of material stocks at the level of industrial countries would lead to a fourfold increase in global stocks, and CO2 emissions exceeding climate change goals. Reducing expected future increases of material and energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions will require decoupling of services from the stocks and flows of materials through, for example, more intensive utilization of existing stocks, longer service lifetimes, and more efficient design.
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26
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Liu W, Chen L, Tian J. Uncovering the Evolution of Lead In-Use Stocks in Lead-Acid Batteries and the Impact on Future Lead Metabolism in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5412-5419. [PMID: 27145338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to illustrate the evolution of lead in-use stocks, particularly in lead-acid batteries (LABs), and their impact on future lead metabolism in China. First, we used a bottom-up methodology to study the evolution of lead in-use stocks in China from 2000 to 2014. It was found that the lead in-use stocks increased from 0.91 to 7.75 Mt. The principal driving force of such change is the rapid development of LABs-driven electric vehicles. Then, we proposed three scenarios, low, baseline, and high in-use stocks, to project the lead demand and supply toward 2030. The results show that the LAB demand will decrease as a result of competition and replacement by lithium ion batteries. The lead demand in China will come to a peak around 2018-2020 under the three scenarios, then reduce to 3.7, 4.6, and 5.3 Mt/yr in 2030. Meanwhile, primary lead outputs will follow the increase of zinc production in China. Secondary lead recovered from spent LABs will also increase gradually. The overall unused lead stocks in 2030 will be 49.6, 44.8, and 41.2 Mt under the three scenarios, some 3.5-5.7 times as big as the lead in-use stocks. Thus, a large amount of lead will have to be safely stockpiled or exported in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lujun Chen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Science and Technology, Department of Environment, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University , Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006, China
| | - Jinping Tian
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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Zeng X, Gong R, Chen WQ, Li J. Uncovering the Recycling Potential of "New" WEEE in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1347-58. [PMID: 26709550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Newly defined categories of WEEE have increased the types of China's regulated WEEE from 5 to 14. Identification of the amounts and valuable-resource components of the "new" WEEE generated is critical to solving the e-waste problem, for both governmental policy decisions and recycling enterprise expansions. This study first estimates and predicts China's new WEEE generation for the period of 2010-2030 using material flow analysis and the lifespan model of the Weibull distribution, then determines the amounts of valuable resources (e.g., base materials, precious metals, and rare-earth minerals) encased annually in WEEE, and their dynamic transfer from in-use stock to waste. Main findings include the following: (i) China will generate 15.5 and 28.4 million tons WEEE in 2020 and 2030, respectively, and has already overtaken the U.S. to become the world's leading producer of e-waste; (ii) among all the types of WEEE, air conditioners, desktop personal computers, refrigerators, and washing machines contribute over 70% of total WEEE by weight. The two categories of EEE-electronic devices and electrical appliances-each contribute about half of total WEEE by weight; (iii) more and more valuable resources have been transferred from in-use products to WEEE, significantly enhancing the recycling potential of WEEE from an economic perspective; and (iv) WEEE recycling potential has been evolving from ∼16 (10-22) billion US$ in 2010, to an anticipated ∼42 (26-58) billion US$ in 2020 and ∼73.4 (44.5-103.4) billion US$ by 2030. All the obtained results can improve the knowledge base for closing the loop of WEEE recycling, and contribute to governmental policy making and the recycling industry's business development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlai Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruying Gong
- Department of Ecology, Environmental Management College of China , Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066102, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Chen
- Center for Industrial Ecology, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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Moura MCP, Smith SJ, Belzer DB. 120 Years of U.S. Residential Housing Stock and Floor Space. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134135. [PMID: 26263391 PMCID: PMC4532357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Residential buildings are a key driver of energy consumption and also impact transportation and land-use. Energy consumption in the residential sector accounts for one-fifth of total U.S. energy consumption and energy-related CO2 emissions, with floor space a major driver of building energy demands. In this work a consistent, vintage-disaggregated, annual long-term series of U.S. housing stock and residential floor space for 1891–2010 is presented. An attempt was made to minimize the effects of the incompleteness and inconsistencies present in the national housing survey data. Over the 1891–2010 period, floor space increased almost tenfold, from approximately 24,700 to 235,150 million square feet, corresponding to a doubling of floor space per capita from approximately 400 to 800 square feet. While population increased five times over the period, a 50% decrease in household size contributed towards a tenfold increase in the number of housing units and floor space, while average floor space per unit remains surprisingly constant, as a result of housing retirement dynamics. In the last 30 years, however, these trends appear to be changing, as household size shows signs of leveling off, or even increasing again, while average floor space per unit has been increasing. GDP and total floor space show a remarkably constant growth trend over the period and total residential sector primary energy consumption and floor space show a similar growth trend over the last 60 years, decoupling only within the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia P. Moura
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Steven J. Smith
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David B. Belzer
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
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Industrial Ecology: The role of manufactured capital in sustainability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:6260-4. [PMID: 25986375 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1506532112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Chen WQ, Graedel TE. Improved alternatives for estimating in-use material stocks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:3048-3055. [PMID: 25636045 DOI: 10.1021/es504353s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Determinations of in-use material stocks are useful for exploring past patterns and future scenarios of materials use, for estimating end-of-life flows of materials, and thereby for guiding policies on recycling and sustainable management of materials. This is especially true when those determinations are conducted for individual products or product groups such as "automobiles" rather than general (and sometimes nebulous) sectors such as "transportation". We propose four alternatives to the existing top-down and bottom-up methods for estimating in-use material stocks, with the choice depending on the focus of the study and on the available data. We illustrate with aluminum use in automobiles the robustness of and consistencies and differences among these four alternatives and demonstrate that a suitable combination of the four methods permits estimation of the in-use stock of a material contained in all products employing that material, or in-use stocks of different materials contained in a particular product. Therefore, we anticipate the estimation in the future of in-use stocks for many materials in many products or product groups, for many regions, and for longer time periods, by taking advantage of methodologies that fully employ the detailed data sets now becoming available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Qiang Chen
- Center for Industrial Ecology, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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