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Tiwari SK, Wong WJ, Moreira M, Pasqualini C, Ginhoux F. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages as a platform for modelling human disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01081-x. [PMID: 39333753 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages are innate immune cells that are present in essentially all tissues, where they have vital roles in tissue development, homeostasis and pathogenesis. The importance of macrophages in tissue function is reflected by their association with various human diseases, and studying macrophage functions in both homeostasis and pathological tissue settings is a promising avenue for new targeted therapies that will improve human health. The ability to generate macrophages from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has revolutionized macrophage biology, with the generation of iPS cell-derived macrophages (iMacs) providing unlimited access to genotype-specific cells that can be used to model various human diseases involving macrophage dysregulation. Such disease modelling is achieved by generating iPS cells from patient-derived cells carrying disease-related mutations or by introducing mutations into iPS cells from healthy donors using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. These iMacs that carry disease-related mutations can be used to study the aetiology of the particular disease in vitro. To achieve more physiological relevance, iMacs can be co-cultured in 2D systems with iPS cell-derived cells or in 3D systems with iPS cell-derived organoids. Here, we discuss the studies that have attempted to model various human diseases using iMacs, highlighting how these have advanced our knowledge about the role of macrophages in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar Tiwari
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Jie Wong
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Marco Moreira
- INSERM U1015, Paris Saclay University, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Claudia Pasqualini
- INSERM U1015, Paris Saclay University, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- INSERM U1015, Paris Saclay University, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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2
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Bouzidi MS, Dossani ZY, Di Benedetto C, Raymond KA, Desai S, Chavez LR, Betancur P, Pillai SK. High-resolution Inference of Multiplexed Anti-HIV Gene Editing using Single-Cell Targeted DNA Sequencing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.24.576921. [PMID: 38328062 PMCID: PMC10849705 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.24.576921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Gene therapy-based HIV cure strategies typically aim to excise the HIV provirus directly, or target host dependency factors (HDFs) that support viral persistence. Cure approaches will likely require simultaneous co-targeting of multiple sites within the HIV genome to prevent evolution of resistance, and/or co-targeting of multiple HDFs to fully render host cells refractory to HIV infection. Bulk cell-based methods do not enable inference of co-editing within individual viral or target cell genomes, and do not discriminate between monoallelic and biallelic gene disruption. Here, we describe a targeted single-cell DNA sequencing (scDNA-seq) platform characterizing the near full-length HIV genome and 50 established HDF genes, designed to evaluate anti-HIV gene therapy strategies. We implemented the platform to investigate the capacity of multiplexed CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes (Cas9-RNPs) to simultaneously 1) inactivate the HIV provirus, and 2) knockout the CCR5 and CXCR4 HDF (entry co-receptor) genes in microglia and primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Our scDNA-seq pipeline revealed that antiviral gene editing is rarely observed at multiple loci (or both alleles of a locus) within an individual cell, and editing probabilities across sites are linked. Our results demonstrate that single-cell sequencing is critical to evaluate the true efficacy and therapeutic potential of HIV gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Bouzidi
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zain Y. Dossani
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kyle A. Raymond
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | | | - Leonard R. Chavez
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Rewrite Therapeutics, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Paola Betancur
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Satish K. Pillai
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Chou TC, Maggirwar NS, Marsden MD. HIV Persistence, Latency, and Cure Approaches: Where Are We Now? Viruses 2024; 16:1163. [PMID: 39066325 PMCID: PMC11281696 DOI: 10.3390/v16071163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The latent reservoir remains a major roadblock to curing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Currently available antiretroviral therapy (ART) can suppress active HIV replication, reduce viral loads to undetectable levels, and halt disease progression. However, antiretroviral drugs are unable to target cells that are latently infected with HIV, which can seed viral rebound if ART is stopped. Consequently, a major focus of the field is to study the latent viral reservoir and develop safe and effective methods to eliminate it. Here, we provide an overview of the major mechanisms governing the establishment and maintenance of HIV latency, the key challenges posed by latent reservoirs, small animal models utilized to study HIV latency, and contemporary cure approaches. We also discuss ongoing efforts to apply these approaches in combination, with the goal of achieving a safe, effective, and scalable cure for HIV that can be extended to the tens of millions of people with HIV worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa C. Chou
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (T.C.C.); (N.S.M.)
| | - Nishad S. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (T.C.C.); (N.S.M.)
| | - Matthew D. Marsden
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (T.C.C.); (N.S.M.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
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4
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Aguilar G, Bauer M, Vigano MA, Schnider ST, Brügger L, Jiménez-Jiménez C, Guerrero I, Affolter M. Seamless knockins in Drosophila via CRISPR-triggered single-strand annealing. Dev Cell 2024:S1534-5807(24)00383-6. [PMID: 38971155 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas greatly facilitated the integration of exogenous sequences into specific loci. However, knockin generation in multicellular animals remains challenging, partially due to the complexity of insertion screening. Here, we describe SEED/Harvest, a method to generate knockins in Drosophila, based on CRISPR-Cas and the single-strand annealing (SSA) repair pathway. In SEED (from "scarless editing by element deletion"), a switchable cassette is first integrated into the target locus. In a subsequent CRISPR-triggered repair event, resolved by SSA, the cassette is seamlessly removed. Germline excision of SEED cassettes allows for fast and robust knockin generation of both fluorescent proteins and short protein tags in tandem. Tissue-specific expression of Cas9 results in somatic cassette excision, conferring spatiotemporal control of protein labeling and the conditional rescue of mutants. Finally, to achieve conditional protein labeling and manipulation of short tag knockins, we developed a genetic toolbox by functionalizing the ALFA nanobody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Aguilar
- Growth & Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Milena Bauer
- Growth & Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Alessandra Vigano
- Growth & Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie T Schnider
- Growth & Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Brügger
- Growth & Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Jiménez-Jiménez
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Guerrero
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid, Spain
| | - Markus Affolter
- Growth & Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Kumari R, Saha T, Kumar P, Singh AK. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing technique to control fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda) in crop plants with special reference to maize. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:1161-1173. [PMID: 39100879 PMCID: PMC11291824 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Fall Armyworm imposes a major risk to agricultural losses. Insecticides have historically been used to manage its infestations, but it eventually becomes resistant to them. To combat the pest, a more recent strategy based on the use of transgenic maize that expresses Bt proteins such as Cry1F from the bacteria has been used. Nonetheless, there have been numerous reports of Cry1F maize resistance in FAW populations. Nowadays, the more effective and less time-consuming genome editing method known as CRISPR/Cas9 technology has gradually supplanted these various breeding techniques. This method successfully edits the genomes of various insects, including Spodoptera frugiperda. On the other hand, this new technique can change an insect's DNA to overcome its tolerance to specific insecticides or to generate a gene drive. The production of plant cultivars resistant to fall armyworms holds great potential for the sustainable management of this pest, given the swift advancement of CRISPR/Cas9 technology and its varied uses. Thus, this review article discussed and critically assessed the use of CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing technology in long-term fall armyworm pest management. However, this review study focuses primarily on the mechanism of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in both crop plants and insects for FAW management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Kumari
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agricultural Biotechnology, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bihar 813210 India
| | - Tamoghna Saha
- Department of Entomology, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bihar 813210 India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bihar 813210 India
| | - A. K. Singh
- Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, 813210 Bihar India
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6
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Li K, Zhang Q. Eliminating the HIV tissue reservoir: current strategies and challenges. Infect Dis (Lond) 2024; 56:165-182. [PMID: 38149977 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2023.2298450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is still one of the most widespread and harmful infectious diseases in the world. The presence of reservoirs housing the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) represents a significant impediment to the development of clinically applicable treatments on a large scale. The viral load in the blood can be effectively reduced to undetectable levels through antiretroviral therapy (ART), and a higher concentration of HIV is sequestered in various tissues throughout the body, forming the tissue reservoir - the source of viremia after interruption treatment. METHODS We take the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) as a guideline for this review. In June 2023, we used the Pubmed, Embase, and Scopus databases to search the relevant literature published in the last decade. RESULTS Here we review the current strategies and treatments for eliminating the HIV tissue reservoirs: early and intensive therapy, gene therapy (including ribozyme, RNA interference, RNA aptamer, zinc finger enzyme, transcriptional activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/associated nuclease 9 (CRISPR/Cas9)), 'Shock and Kill', 'Block and lock', immunotherapy (including therapeutic vaccines, broadly neutralising antibodies (bNAbs), chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy (CAR-T)), and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). CONCLUSION The existence of an HIV reservoir is the main obstacle to the complete cure of AIDS. Choosing the appropriate strategy to deplete the HIV reservoir and achieve a functional cure for AIDS is the focus and difficulty of current research. So far, there has been a lot of research and progress in reducing the HIV reservoir, but in general, the current research is still very preliminary. Much research is still needed to properly assess the reliability, effectiveness, and necessity of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangpeng Li
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Faivre N, Verollet C, Dumas F. The chemokine receptor CCR5: multi-faceted hook for HIV-1. Retrovirology 2024; 21:2. [PMID: 38263120 PMCID: PMC10807162 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-024-00634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are cytokines whose primary role is cellular activation and stimulation of leukocyte migration. They perform their various functions by interacting with G protein-coupled cell surface receptors (GPCRs) and are involved in the regulation of many biological processes such as apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, hematopoiesis or organogenesis. They contribute to the maintenance of the homeostasis of lymphocytes and coordinate the function of the immune system. However, chemokines and their receptors are sometimes hijacked by some pathogens to infect the host organism. For a given chemokine receptor, there is a wide structural, organizational and conformational diversity. In this review, we describe the evidence for structural variety reported for the chemokine receptor CCR5, how this variability can be exploited by HIV-1 to infect its target cells and what therapeutic solutions are currently being developed to overcome this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Faivre
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christel Verollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabrice Dumas
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France.
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Au TY, Arudkumar J, Assavarittirong C, Benjamin S. Killing two birds with one stone: CRISPR/Cas9 CCR5 knockout hematopoietic stem cells transplantation to treat patients with HIV infection and hematological malignancies concurrently. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:4163-4175. [PMID: 37500934 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is known to cause hematological malignancy. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HPSCT) is an advanced treatment for that. Currently, there are three successful HIV-eliminated cases, and two received HPSCT from CCR5-absent donors. It is well established that the CCR5 protein on the cell surface assists human immunodeficiency virus entry. Preliminary studies have revealed that knocking out CCR5 and/or CXCR4 may inhibit the viral entry of HIV, which may prove promising in the further development of HIV treatment options. Herein, we suggest performing autologous or allogeneic HSCT with CCR5 KO hematopoietic stem cells in patients who suffer from complicated HIV conditions, particularly drug-resistant HIV or a concurrent diagnosis of HIV with lymphoma/leukemia, to achieve complete HIV remission. Nevertheless, at the clinical forefront of CRISPR-HIV technology, more efforts should be directed to advance nonhuman primate (NHP) models for studies of HIV pathogenesis and off-target assessments within this system. CRISPR-Cas9 knock out of host HSCT-expressing CCR5 or CXCR4 may confer HIV-resistance, which when applied to bedside therapeutics in an allogeneic or autologous manner can warrant a permanent and effective treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Yuen Au
- Center for Medical Education in English, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jayshen Arudkumar
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Chanika Assavarittirong
- Center for Medical Education in English, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Shamiram Benjamin
- Center for Medical Education in English, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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9
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Mansour HM, El-Khatib AS. Exploring Parkinson-associated kinases for CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing: beyond alpha-synuclein. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 92:102114. [PMID: 37924981 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substania nigra (SN) and is associated with progressive motor impairment. PD is classified into familial and sporadic forms. The first genetic association studies in PD reported the involvement of Synuclein alpha (SNCA) mutations in the pathobiology of familial PD. Subsequent studies suggested mutations in PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), PARKIN, leucine repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2), and DJ-1 causing familial PD. In addition, kinase dysregulation has been embroiled in the pathogenesis of PD. The genome-editing mechanism CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) has recently influenced industry and scientific discoveries and is expected to expedite neurodegenerative disease research. This review will discuss the structure, function, and history of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system. Moreover, it summarizes genes-encoding kinases involved in PD pathogenesis and targeted by CRISPR/Cas9 technology, including LRRK2, PINK1, Protein kinase C-delta (PKC-γ), and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). We provide an overview of novel kinases to be targeted by the CRISPR/Cas9 system such as G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), cyclin-G-associated kinases (GAKs), cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), c-ABL, and rearranged during transfection (RET) receptors. Additionally, we will explain the off-target effects of CRISPR/Cas9 system and how to address them. Also, we will shed light on the associated challenges and future directions that are enabling the efficient use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in kinases research in PD. In conclusion, gene editing, in addition to gene therapy, might be a possible promising strategy for PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M Mansour
- Central Administration of Biological, Innovative Products, and Clinical Studies, Egyptian Drug Authority, EDA, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Aiman S El-Khatib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Chen G, Calcaterra F, Ma Y, Ping X, Pontarini E, Yang D, Oriolo F, Yu Z, Cancellara A, Mikulak J, Huang Y, Della Bella S, Liu Y, Biesecker LG, Harper RL, Dalgard CL, Boehm M, Mavilio D. Derived myeloid lineage induced pluripotent stem as a platform to study human C-C chemokine receptor type 5Δ32 homozygotes. iScience 2023; 26:108331. [PMID: 38026202 PMCID: PMC10663745 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) expressed on immune cells supports inflammatory responses by directing cells to the inflammation site. CCR5 is also a major coreceptor for macrophage tropic human immunodeficiency viruses (R5-HIV-1) and its variants can confer protection from HIV infection, making it an ideal candidate to target for therapy. We developed a stepwise protocol that differentiates induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from individuals homozygous for the CCR5Δ32 variant and healthy volunteers into myeloid lineage induced monocytes (iMono) and macrophages (iMac). By characterizing iMono and iMac against their primary counterparts, we demonstrated that CCR5Δ32 homozygous cells are endowed with similar pluripotent potential for self-renewal and differentiation as iPSC lines generated from non-variant individuals while also showing resistance to HIV infection. In conclusion, these cells are a platform to investigate CCR5 pathophysiology in HIV-positive and negative individuals and to help develop novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guibin Chen
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francesca Calcaterra
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, 20054 Segrate, Italy
| | - Yuchi Ma
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xianfeng Ping
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Elena Pontarini
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Dan Yang
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ferdinando Oriolo
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, 20054 Segrate, Italy
| | - Zhen Yu
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Assunta Cancellara
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, 20054 Segrate, Italy
| | - Joanna Mikulak
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Yuting Huang
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Silvia Della Bella
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, 20054 Segrate, Italy
| | - Yangtengyu Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Leslie G. Biesecker
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Harper
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clifton L. Dalgard
- The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Manfred Boehm
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, 20054 Segrate, Italy
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11
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Khan A, Paneerselvam N, Lawson BR. Antiretrovirals to CCR5 CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing - A paradigm shift chasing an HIV cure. Clin Immunol 2023; 255:109741. [PMID: 37611838 PMCID: PMC10631514 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of drug-resistant viral strains and anatomical and cellular reservoirs of HIV pose significant clinical challenges to antiretroviral therapy. CCR5 is a coreceptor critical for HIV host cell fusion, and a homozygous 32-bp gene deletion (∆32) leads to its loss of function. Interestingly, an allogeneic HSCT from an HIV-negative ∆32 donor to an HIV-1-infected recipient demonstrated a curative approach by rendering the recipient's blood cells resistant to viral entry. Ex vivo gene editing tools, such as CRISPR/Cas9, hold tremendous promise in generating allogeneic HSC grafts that can potentially replace allogeneic ∆32 HSCTs. Here, we review antiretroviral therapeutic challenges, clinical successes, and failures of allogeneic and allogeneic ∆32 HSCTs, and newer exciting developments within CCR5 editing using CRISPR/Cas9 in the search to cure HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Khan
- The Scintillon Research Institute, 6868 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Brian R Lawson
- The Scintillon Research Institute, 6868 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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12
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Zheng R, Zhang L, Parvin R, Su L, Chi J, Shi K, Ye F, Huang X. Progress and Perspective of CRISPR-Cas9 Technology in Translational Medicine. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300195. [PMID: 37356052 PMCID: PMC10477906 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Translational medicine aims to improve human health by exploring potential treatment methods developed during basic scientific research and applying them to the treatment of patients in clinical settings. The advanced perceptions of gene functions have remarkably revolutionized clinical treatment strategies for target agents. However, the progress in gene editing therapy has been hindered due to the severe off-target effects and limited editing sites. Fortunately, the development in the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) system has renewed hope for gene therapy field. The CRISPR-Cas9 system can fulfill various simple or complex purposes, including gene knockout, knock-in, activation, interference, base editing, and sequence detection. Accordingly, the CRISPR-Cas9 system is adaptable to translational medicine, which calls for the alteration of genomic sequences. This review aims to present the latest CRISPR-Cas9 technology achievements and prospect to translational medicine advances. The principle and characterization of the CRISPR-Cas9 system are firstly introduced. The authors then focus on recent pre-clinical and clinical research directions, including the construction of disease models, disease-related gene screening and regulation, and disease treatment and diagnosis for multiple refractory diseases. Finally, some clinical challenges including off-target effects, in vivo vectors, and ethical problems, and future perspective are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixuan Zheng
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
- Division of Pulmonary MedicineThe First Affiliated HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
| | - Lexiang Zhang
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative MedicineVision and Brain Health); Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
| | - Rokshana Parvin
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative MedicineVision and Brain Health); Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
| | - Lihuang Su
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
- Division of Pulmonary MedicineThe First Affiliated HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
| | - Junjie Chi
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
| | - Keqing Shi
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
| | - Fangfu Ye
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative MedicineVision and Brain Health); Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
- Division of Pulmonary MedicineThe First Affiliated HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
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13
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Song N, Chu Y, Tang J, Yang D. Lipid-, Inorganic-, Polymer-, and DNA-Based Nanocarriers for Delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300180. [PMID: 37183575 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system has been widely explored for the precise manipulation of target DNA and has enabled efficient genomic editing in cells. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 has shown promising potential in biomedical applications, including disease treatment, transcriptional regulation and genome-wide screening. Despite these exciting achievements, efficient and controlled delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system has remained a critical obstacle to its further application. Herein, we elaborate on the three delivery forms of the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and discuss the composition, advantages and limitations of these forms. Then we provide a comprehensive overview of the carriers of the system, and focus on the nonviral nanocarriers in chemical methods that facilitate efficient and controlled delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Finally, we discuss the challenges and prospects of the delivery methods of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in depth, and propose strategies to address the intracellular and extracellular barriers to delivery in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachuan Song
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yiwen Chu
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jianpu Tang
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Dayong Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
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14
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Astezan A, Chargelegue J, David E, Giraud J, Saunier C, Aussel L. [Bacteriophages, new authors of the genome]. Med Sci (Paris) 2023; 39:669-675. [PMID: 37695158 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2023103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dans le cadre de l’unité d’enseignement « Rédiger en sciences » proposée par Aix-Marseille université, les étudiants du Master 2 Microbiologie intégrative et fondamentale (MIF) - en partenariat avec l’institut de microbiologie, bioénergies et biotechnologie (IM2B) - ont été confrontés aux exigences de l’écriture scientifique. Trois thématiques leur ont été proposées en relation étroite avec les laboratoires de recherche du tissu local : l’homéostasie des métaux chez les pathogènes, la synthèse de la paroi bactérienne et les systèmes anti-CRISPR des bactériophages. Les étudiants ont ainsi rédigé une nouvelle soulignant les résultats majeurs et l’originalité des articles étudiés. Complété par un entretien avec leurs auteurs, l’ensemble offre un éclairage original sur la compréhension du vivant dans le domaine de la microbiologie et de la santé.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Astezan
- Master 2 Microbiologie intégrative et fondamentale, Aix Marseille université, Marseille, France
| | - Jade Chargelegue
- Master 2 Microbiologie intégrative et fondamentale, Aix Marseille université, Marseille, France
| | - Eliot David
- Master 2 Microbiologie intégrative et fondamentale, Aix Marseille université, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Giraud
- Master 2 Microbiologie intégrative et fondamentale, Aix Marseille université, Marseille, France
| | - Clémentine Saunier
- Master 2 Microbiologie intégrative et fondamentale, Aix Marseille université, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Aussel
- Aix Marseille université, CNRS, LCB UMR7283, IMM, Marseille, France
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15
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Rojo-Romanos T, Karpinski J, Millen S, Beschorner N, Simon F, Paszkowski-Rogacz M, Lansing F, Schneider PM, Sonntag J, Hauber J, Thoma-Kress AK, Buchholz F. Precise excision of HTLV-1 provirus with a designer-recombinase. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2266-2285. [PMID: 36934299 PMCID: PMC10362392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a pathogenic retrovirus that persists as a provirus in the genome of infected cells and can lead to adult T cell leukemia (ATL). Worldwide, more than 10 million people are infected and approximately 5% of these individuals will develop ATL, a highly aggressive cancer that is currently incurable. In the last years, genome editing tools have emerged as promising antiviral agents. In this proof-of-concept study, we use substrate-linked directed evolution (SLiDE) to engineer Cre-derived site-specific recombinases to excise the HTLV-1 proviral genome from infected cells. We identified a conserved loxP-like sequence (loxHTLV) present in the long terminal repeats of the majority of virus isolates. After 181 cycles of SLiDE, we isolated a designer-recombinase (designated RecHTLV), which efficiently recombines the loxHTLV sequence in bacteria and human cells with high specificity. Expression of RecHTLV in human Jurkat T cells resulted in antiviral activity when challenged with an HTLV-1 infection. Moreover, expression of RecHTLV in chronically infected SP cells led to the excision of HTLV-1 proviral DNA. Our data suggest that recombinase-mediated excision of the HTLV-1 provirus represents a promising approach to reduce proviral load in HTLV-1-infected individuals, potentially preventing the development of HTLV-1-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rojo-Romanos
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Janet Karpinski
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Millen
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Niklas Beschorner
- PROVIREX Genome Editing Therapies GmbH, Luruper Hauptstrasse 1, 22547 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Simon
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maciej Paszkowski-Rogacz
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Lansing
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Paul Martin Schneider
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan Sonntag
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Joachim Hauber
- PROVIREX Genome Editing Therapies GmbH, Luruper Hauptstrasse 1, 22547 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea K Thoma-Kress
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Buchholz
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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16
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Asuncion JD, Eamani A, Rohrbach EW, Knapp EM, Deshpande SA, Bonanno SL, Murphy JE, Lawal HO, Krantz DE. Precise CRISPR-Cas9-mediated mutation of a membrane trafficking domain in the Drosophila vesicular monoamine transporter gene. Curr Res Physiol 2023; 6:100101. [PMID: 37409154 PMCID: PMC10318446 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2023.100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoamine neurotransmitters such as noradrenalin are released from both synaptic vesicles (SVs) and large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs), the latter mediating extrasynaptic signaling. The contribution of synaptic versus extrasynaptic signaling to circuit function and behavior remains poorly understood. To address this question, we have previously used transgenes encoding a mutation in the Drosophila Vesicular Monoamine Transporter (dVMAT) that shifts amine release from SVs to LDCVs. To circumvent the use of transgenes with non-endogenous patterns of expression, we have now used CRISPR-Cas9 to generate a trafficking mutant in the endogenous dVMAT gene. To minimize disruption of the dVMAT coding sequence and a nearby RNA splice site, we precisely introduced a point mutation using single-stranded oligonucleotide repair. A predicted decrease in fertility was used as a phenotypic screen to identify founders in lieu of a visible marker. Phenotypic analysis revealed a defect in the ovulation of mature follicles and egg retention in the ovaries. We did not detect defects in the contraction of lateral oviducts following optogenetic stimulation of octopaminergic neurons. Our findings suggest that release of mature eggs from the ovary is disrupted by changing the balance of VMAT trafficking between SVs and LDCVs. Further experiments using this model will help determine the mechanisms that sensitize specific circuits to changes in synaptic versus extrasynaptic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Asuncion
- Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- UCLA Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Aditya Eamani
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ethan W. Rohrbach
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- UCLA Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Knapp
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sonali A. Deshpande
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Shivan L. Bonanno
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jeremy E. Murphy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, USA, 19901, USA
| | - Hakeem O. Lawal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, USA, 19901, USA
| | - David E. Krantz
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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17
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Sheikh Beig Goharrizi MA, Ghodsi S, Memarjafari MR. Implications of CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing Methods in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. Curr Probl Cardiol 2023; 48:101603. [PMID: 36682390 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Today, new methods have been developed to treat or modify the natural course of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including atherosclerosis, by the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) system. Genome-editing tools are CRISPR-related palindromic short iteration systems such as CRISPR-Cas9, a valuable technology for achieving somatic and germinal genomic manipulation in model cells and organisms for various applications, including the creation of deletion alleles. Mutations in genomic deoxyribonucleic acid and new genes' placement have emerged. Based on World Health Organization fact sheets, 17.9 million people die from CVDs each year, an estimated 32% of all deaths worldwide. 85% of all CVD deaths are due to acute coronary events and strokes. This review discusses the applications of CRISPR-Cas9 technology throughout atherosclerotic disease research and the prospects for future in vivo genome editing therapies. We also describe several limitations that must be considered to achieve the full scientific and therapeutic potential of cardiovascular genome editing in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeed Ghodsi
- Department of Cardiology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Naeem M, Alkhodairy HF, Ashraf I, Khalil AB. CRISPR/Cas System Toward the Development of Next-Generation Recombinant Vaccines: Current Scenario and Future Prospects. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2023; 48:1-11. [PMID: 36185592 PMCID: PMC9510529 DOI: 10.1007/s13369-022-07266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The initially developed vaccines were relying mostly on attenuation and inactivation of pathogens. The use of recombinant DNA technology allows the targeting of immune responses focused against a few protective antigens. The conventional recombination methods for generating vaccines are time-consuming, laborious, and less efficient. To overcome these limitations, a new precise CRISPR/Cas9 with high efficacy, specificity, and low-cost properties has solved a lot of current problems of recombinant vaccines that intrigued the inspiration for novel recombinant vaccine development. CRISPR/Cas9 system was discovered as a bacterial adaptive immune system. In the domain of virology, CRISPR/Cas9 is used to engineer the virus genome to understand the fundamentals of viral pathogenesis, gene therapy, and virus-host interactions. One step ahead CRISPR/Cass9 bypassed the vaccine to precisely engineer the B-cells to secrete the specific antibodies against deadly viral pathogens. There is a critical literature review gap especially in the use of CRISPR/Cas9 to generate recombinant vaccines against viral diseases and its prospective application to engineering the B-cells in immunocompromised people. This review heights the application of CRISPR/Cas9 compared to conventional approaches for the development of recombinant vaccine vectors, editing the genes of B-cells, and challenges that need to be overcome. The factors affecting CRISPR/Cas9-edited recombinant vaccines and prospects in the context of viral genome editing for the development of vaccines will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Bioengineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanoof Fahd Alkhodairy
- Department of Bioengineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Iqra Ashraf
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Amjad Bajes Khalil
- Department of Bioengineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261 Saudi Arabia
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19
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Engineering CRISPR/Cas-based nanosystems for therapeutics, diagnosis and bioimaging. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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20
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CRISPR-Cas9 Technology for the Creation of Biological Avatars Capable of Modeling and Treating Pathologies: From Discovery to the Latest Improvements. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223615. [PMID: 36429042 PMCID: PMC9688409 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a spectacular moment for genetics to evolve in genome editing, which encompasses the precise alteration of the cellular DNA sequences within various species. One of the most fascinating genome-editing technologies currently available is Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and its associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9), which have integrated deeply into the research field within a short period due to its effectiveness. It became a standard tool utilized in a broad spectrum of biological and therapeutic applications. Furthermore, reliable disease models are required to improve the quality of healthcare. CRISPR-Cas9 has the potential to diversify our knowledge in genetics by generating cellular models, which can mimic various human diseases to better understand the disease consequences and develop new treatments. Precision in genome editing offered by CRISPR-Cas9 is now paving the way for gene therapy to expand in clinical trials to treat several genetic diseases in a wide range of species. This review article will discuss genome-editing tools: CRISPR-Cas9, Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs), and Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs). It will also encompass the importance of CRISPR-Cas9 technology in generating cellular disease models for novel therapeutics, its applications in gene therapy, and challenges with novel strategies to enhance its specificity.
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21
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Li R, Wang Q, She K, Lu F, Yang Y. CRISPR/Cas systems usher in a new era of disease treatment and diagnosis. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:31. [PMID: 36239875 PMCID: PMC9560888 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery and development of the CRISPR/Cas system is a milestone in precise medicine. CRISPR/Cas nucleases, base-editing (BE) and prime-editing (PE) are three genome editing technologies derived from CRISPR/Cas. In recent years, CRISPR-based genome editing technologies have created immense therapeutic potential with safe and efficient viral or non-viral delivery systems. Significant progress has been made in applying genome editing strategies to modify T cells and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ex vivo and to treat a wide variety of diseases and disorders in vivo. Nevertheless, the clinical translation of this unique technology still faces many challenges, especially targeting, safety and delivery issues, which require further improvement and optimization. In addition, with the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), CRISPR-based molecular diagnosis has attracted extensive attention. Growing from the specific set of molecular biological discoveries to several active clinical trials, CRISPR/Cas systems offer the opportunity to create a cost-effective, portable and point-of-care diagnosis through nucleic acid screening of diseases. In this review, we describe the development, mechanisms and delivery systems of CRISPR-based genome editing and focus on clinical and preclinical studies of therapeutic CRISPR genome editing in disease treatment as well as its application prospects in therapeutics and molecular detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Ke-yuan Road 4, No. 1, Gao-peng Street, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610225, Sichuan, China
| | - Kaiqin She
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Ke-yuan Road 4, No. 1, Gao-peng Street, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fang Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Ke-yuan Road 4, No. 1, Gao-peng Street, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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22
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Advances in CRISPR/Cas9. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9978571. [PMID: 36193328 PMCID: PMC9525763 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9978571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 technology has become the most examined gene editing technology in recent years due to its simple design, yet low cost, high efficiency, and simple operation, which can also achieve simultaneous editing of multiple loci. It can also be carried out without using plasmids, saving lots of troubles caused by plasmids. CRISPR/Cas9 has shown great potential in the study of genes or genomic functions in microorganisms, plants, animals, and human beings. In this review, we will examine the history, structure, and basic mechanisms of the CRISPR/Cas9 system, describe its great value in precision medicine and sgRNA library screening, and dig its great potential in a new field: DNA information storage.
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Salimi-Jeda A, Esghaei M, Hossein Keyvani, Bokharaei-Salim F, Teimoori A, Abdoli A. Inhibition of HIV-1 replication using the CRISPR/cas9-no NLS system as a prophylactic strategy. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10483. [PMID: 36158108 PMCID: PMC9489754 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, it is estimated that 43 million people are living with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and there are more than 600,000 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related deaths in 2020. The only way to increase the life expectancy of these patients right now is to use combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) for the lifetime. Due to the integration of the HIV-1 DNA in lymphocytes, the replication of the virus can only be reduced by using antiretroviral drugs. If the drug is stopped, the virus will replicate and reduce the number of lymphocytes. In recent years, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated endonuclease Cas9-mediated genome editing system has been considered, preventing HIV-1 replication by causing DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) or disrupting the integrated virus replication by targeting the provirus. In this study, we utilized the CRISPR/Cas9 without the nuclear localization signal sequence (w/o NLS) system to inhibit the VSV-G-pseudotyped HIV-1 replication by targeting the HIV-1 DNA as a prophylactic method. To this end, we designed a multiplex gRNA (guide RNA) cassette to target the pol, env, and nef/long terminal repeat (nef/LTR) regions of the HIV-1 genome and then cloned it in plasmid expressing no-NLS-Cas9 protein as an all-in-one CRISPR/Cas9 vector. Using HIV-1 pseudovirus transduction into HEK-293T cell lines, our results showed that the CRISPR/Cas9-no NLS system disrupts the pseudotyped HIV-1 DNA and significantly (P-value < 0.0001) decreases the p24 antigen shedding and viral RNA load in cell culture supernatants harvested 48h after virus transduction. Although these results revealed the potential of the CRISPR/Cas9-no NLS nuclease system as a prophylactic strategy against HIV-1 infections, due to inefficient impairments of HIV-1 DNA, further studies are required to enhance its effectiveness and application in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Salimi-Jeda
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Esghaei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei-Salim
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Asghar Abdoli
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Cisneros WJ, Cornish D, Hultquist JF. Application of CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing for HIV Host Factor Discovery and Validation. Pathogens 2022; 11:891. [PMID: 36015010 PMCID: PMC9415735 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) interacts with a wide array of host factors at each stage of its lifecycle to facilitate replication and circumvent the immune response. Identification and characterization of these host factors is critical for elucidating the mechanism of viral replication and for developing next-generation HIV-1 therapeutic and curative strategies. Recent advances in CRISPR-Cas9-based genome engineering approaches have provided researchers with an assortment of new, valuable tools for host factor discovery and interrogation. Genome-wide screening in a variety of in vitro cell models has helped define the critical host factors that play a role in various cellular and biological contexts. Targeted manipulation of specific host factors by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene knock-out, overexpression, and/or directed repair have furthermore allowed for target validation in primary cell models and mechanistic inquiry through hypothesis-based testing. In this review, we summarize several CRISPR-based screening strategies for the identification of HIV-1 host factors and highlight how CRISPR-Cas9 approaches have been used to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of viral replication and host response. Finally, we examine promising new technologies in the CRISPR field and how these may be applied to address critical questions in HIV-1 biology going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Cisneros
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Havey Institute for Global Health, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Daphne Cornish
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Havey Institute for Global Health, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Judd F. Hultquist
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Havey Institute for Global Health, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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25
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Closing the Door with CRISPR: Genome Editing of CCR5 and CXCR4 as a Potential Curative Solution for HIV. BIOTECH 2022; 11:biotech11030025. [PMID: 35892930 PMCID: PMC9326690 DOI: 10.3390/biotech11030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can be controlled by anti-retroviral therapy. Suppressing viral replication relies on life-long medication, but anti-retroviral therapy is not without risks to the patient. Therefore, it is important that permanent cures for HIV infection are developed. Three patients have been described to be completely cured from HIV infection in recent years. In all cases, patients received a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation due to a hematological malignancy. The HSCs were sourced from autologous donors that expressed a homozygous mutation in the CCR5 gene. This mutation results in a non-functional receptor, and confers resistance to CCR5-tropic HIV strains that rely on CCR5 to enter host cells. The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) system is one of the methods of choice for gene editing, and the CRISPR/Cas system has been employed to target loci of interest in the context of HIV. Here, the current literature regarding CRISPR-mediated genome editing to render cells resistant to HIV (re)-infection by knocking out the co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 is summarized, and an outlook is provided regarding future (research) directions.
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26
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Abana CZY, Lamptey H, Bonney EY, Kyei GB. HIV cure strategies: which ones are appropriate for Africa? Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:400. [PMID: 35794316 PMCID: PMC9259540 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced mortality and improved lifespan for people living with HIV, it does not provide a cure. Patients must be on ART for the rest of their lives and contend with side effects, unsustainable costs, and the development of drug resistance. A cure for HIV is, therefore, warranted to avoid the limitations of the current therapy and restore full health. However, this cure is difficult to find due to the persistence of latently infected HIV cellular reservoirs during suppressive ART. Approaches to HIV cure being investigated include boosting the host immune system, genetic approaches to disable co-receptors and the viral genome, purging cells harboring latent HIV with latency-reversing latency agents (LRAs) (shock and kill), intensifying ART as a cure, preventing replication of latent proviruses (block and lock) and boosting T cell turnover to reduce HIV-1 reservoirs (rinse and replace). Since most people living with HIV are in Africa, methods being developed for a cure must be amenable to clinical trials and deployment on the continent. This review discusses the current approaches to HIV cure and comments on their appropriateness for Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Zaab-Yen Abana
- Department of Virology, College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Helena Lamptey
- Department of Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Evelyn Y Bonney
- Department of Virology, College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - George B Kyei
- Department of Virology, College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Medical and Scientific Research Center, University of Ghana Medical Centre, Accra, Ghana.
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27
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Rahman MU, Bilal M, Shah JA, Kaushik A, Teissedre PL, Kujawska M. CRISPR-Cas9-Based Technology and Its Relevance to Gene Editing in Parkinson's Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1252. [PMID: 35745824 PMCID: PMC9229276 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and other chronic and debilitating neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) impose a substantial medical, emotional, and financial burden on individuals and society. The origin of PD is unknown due to a complex combination of hereditary and environmental risk factors. However, over the last several decades, a significant amount of available data from clinical and experimental studies has implicated neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, dysregulated protein degradation, and mitochondrial dysfunction as the primary causes of PD neurodegeneration. The new gene-editing techniques hold great promise for research and therapy of NDs, such as PD, for which there are currently no effective disease-modifying treatments. As a result, gene therapy may offer new treatment options, transforming our ability to treat this disease. We present a detailed overview of novel gene-editing delivery vehicles, which is essential for their successful implementation in both cutting-edge research and prospective therapeutics. Moreover, we review the most recent advancements in CRISPR-based applications and gene therapies for a better understanding of treating PD. We explore the benefits and drawbacks of using them for a range of gene-editing applications in the brain, emphasizing some fascinating possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujeeb ur Rahman
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China;
| | - Junaid Ali Shah
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
- Fergana Medical Institute of Public Health Uzbekistan, Fergana 150110, Uzbekistan
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Health System Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL 33805, USA;
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pierre-Louis Teissedre
- Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Université de Bordeaux, EA 4577, Œnologie, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France;
- Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, INRA, USC 1366 INRA, IPB, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Małgorzata Kujawska
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznan, Poland;
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28
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Fan W, Yu M, Wang X, Xie W, Tian R, Cui Z, Jin Z, Huang Z, Das BC, Severinov K, Hitzeroth II, Debata PR, Tian X, Xie H, Lang B, Tan J, Xu H, Hu Z. Non-homologous dsODN increases the mutagenic effects of CRISPR-Cas9 to disrupt oncogene E7 in HPV positive cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:758-769. [PMID: 34112918 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00355-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing tools targeting high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) oncogene could be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HPV-related cervical cancer. We aimed to improve the editing efficiency and detect off-target effects concurrently for the clinical translation strategy by using CRISPR-Cas9 system co-transfected with 34nt non-homologous double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (dsODN). We firstly tested this strategy on targeting the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) gene, of which the expression is easily observed. Our results showed that the GFP+ cells were significantly decreased when using GFP-sgRNAs with dsODN, compared to using GFP-sgRNAs without donors. By PCR and Sanger sequencing, we verified the dsODN integration into the break sites of the GFP gene. And by amplicon sequencing, we observed that the indels% of the targeted site on the GFP gene was increased by using GFP-sgRNAs with dsODN. Next, we went on to target the HPV18 E7 oncogene by using single E7-sgRNA and multiplexed E7-sgRNAs respectively. Whenever using single sgRNA or multiplexed sgRNAs, the mRNA expression of HPV18 E7 oncogene was significantly decreased when adding E7-sgRNAs with dsODN, compared to E7-sgRNAs without donor. And the indels% of the targeted sites on the HPV18 E7 gene was markedly increased by adding dsODN with E7-sgRNAs. Finally, we performed GUIDE-Seq to verify that the integrated dsODN could serve as the marker to detect off-target effects in using single or multiplexed two sgRNAs. And we detected fewer on-target reads and off-target sites in multiplexes compared to the single sgRNAs when targeting the GFP and the HPV18 E7 genes. Together, CRISPR-Cas9 system co-transfected with 34nt dsODN concurrently improved the editing efficiency and monitored off-target effects, which might provide new insights in the treatment of HPV infections and related cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwen Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Weiling Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zifeng Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuang Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaoyue Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bhudev C Das
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | | | - Inga Isabel Hitzeroth
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Xun Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongxian Xie
- STech Company Bio-X Lab, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Lang
- School of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, China
| | - Jinfeng Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hongyan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yuebei People's Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zheng Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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29
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Maslennikova A, Mazurov D. Application of CRISPR/Cas Genomic Editing Tools for HIV Therapy: Toward Precise Modifications and Multilevel Protection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:880030. [PMID: 35694537 PMCID: PMC9177041 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.880030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can robustly control human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the existence of latent HIV in a form of proviral DNA integrated into the host genome makes the virus insensitive to HAART. This requires patients to adhere to HAART for a lifetime, often leading to drug toxicity or viral resistance to therapy. Current genome-editing technologies offer different strategies to reduce the latent HIV reservoir in the body. In this review, we systematize the research on CRISPR/Cas-based anti-HIV therapeutic methods, discuss problems related to viral escape and gene editing, and try to focus on the technologies that effectively and precisely introduce genetic modifications and confer strong resistance to HIV infection. Particularly, knock-in (KI) approaches, such as mature B cells engineered to produce broadly neutralizing antibodies, T cells expressing fusion inhibitory peptides in the context of inactivated viral coreceptors, or provirus excision using base editors, look very promising. Current and future advancements in the precision of CRISPR/Cas editing and its delivery will help extend its applicability to clinical HIV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Maslennikova
- Cell and Gene Technology Group, Institute of Gene Biology of Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Mazurov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology of Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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30
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Shojaei Baghini S, Gardanova ZR, Abadi SAH, Zaman BA, İlhan A, Shomali N, Adili A, Moghaddar R, Yaseri AF. CRISPR/Cas9 application in cancer therapy: a pioneering genome editing tool. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:35. [PMID: 35508982 PMCID: PMC9066929 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The progress of genetic engineering in the 1970s brought about a paradigm shift in genome editing technology. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system is a flexible means to target and modify particular DNA sequences in the genome. Several applications of CRISPR/Cas9 are presently being studied in cancer biology and oncology to provide vigorous site-specific gene editing to enhance its biological and clinical uses. CRISPR's flexibility and ease of use have enabled the prompt achievement of almost any preferred alteration with greater efficiency and lower cost than preceding modalities. Also, CRISPR/Cas9 technology has recently been applied to improve the safety and efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies and defeat tumor cell resistance to conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The current review summarizes the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in cancer therapy. We also discuss the present obstacles and contemplate future possibilities in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Shojaei Baghini
- Plant Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zhanna R. Gardanova
- Department of Psychotherapy, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovityanova St., 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Saeme Azizi Hassan Abadi
- Department of Nursery and Midwifery, Faculty of Laboratory Science, Islamic Azad University of Chalous, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Burhan Abdullah Zaman
- Basic Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Ahmet İlhan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Adili
- Department of Oncology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Senior Adult Oncology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Roozbeh Moghaddar
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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31
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Nucleolus localization of SpyCas9 affects its stability and interferes with host protein translation in mammalian cells. Genes Dis 2022; 9:731-740. [PMID: 35782966 PMCID: PMC9243344 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system, originally derived from the prokaryotic adaptive immune system, has been developed as efficient genome editing tools. It enables precise gene manipulation on chromosomal DNA through the specific binding of programmable sgRNA to target DNA, and the Cas9 protein, which has endonuclease activity, will cut a double strand break at specific locus. However, Cas9 is a foreign protein in mammalian cells, and the potential risks associated with its introduction into mammalian cells are not fully understood. In this study, we performed pull-down and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpyCas9) interacting proteins in HEK293T cells and showed that the majority of Cas9-associated proteins identified by MS were localized in the nucleolus. Interestingly, we further discovered that the Cas9 protein contains a sequence encoding a nucleolus detention signal (NoDS). Compared with wild-type (WT) Cas9, NoDS-mutated variants of Cas9 (mCas9) are less stable, although their gene editing activity is minimally affected. Overexpression of WT Cas9, but not mCas9, causes general effects on transcription and protein translation in the host cell. Overall, identification of NoDS in Cas9 will improve the understanding of Cas9's biological function in vivo, and the removal of NoDS in Cas9 may enhance its safety for future clinical use.
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32
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Bruch A, Kelani AA, Blango MG. RNA-based therapeutics to treat human fungal infections. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:411-420. [PMID: 34635448 PMCID: PMC8498853 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, RNA-based therapeutics have transitioned from a near impossibility to a compelling treatment alternative for genetic disorders and infectious diseases. The mRNA vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are truly groundbreaking, and new adaptations are already being proposed to fight other microbes. Unfortunately, the potential of RNA-based therapeutics to treat human fungal infections has remained mostly absent from the conversation, despite the fact that invasive fungal infections kill as many per year as tuberculosis and even more than malaria. Here, we argue that RNA-based therapeutics should be investigated for the treatment of human fungal infections and discuss several major roadblocks and potential circumventions that may allow for the realization of RNA-based therapies against human fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bruch
- Junior Research Group RNA Biology of Fungal Infections, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Abdulrahman A. Kelani
- Junior Research Group RNA Biology of Fungal Infections, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Matthew G. Blango
- Junior Research Group RNA Biology of Fungal Infections, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany,Correspondence:
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33
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Zhang X, Jin X, Sun R, Zhang M, Lu W, Zhao M. Gene knockout in cellular immunotherapy: Application and limitations. Cancer Lett 2022; 540:215736. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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34
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Suzuki S, Chosa K, Barillà C, Yao M, Zuffardi O, Kai H, Shuto T, Suico MA, Kan YW, Sargent RG, Gruenert DC. Seamless Gene Correction in the Human Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Locus by Vector Replacement and Vector Insertion Events. Front Genome Ed 2022; 4:843885. [PMID: 35465025 PMCID: PMC9019469 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2022.843885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gene correction via homology directed repair (HDR) in patient-derived induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells for regenerative medicine are becoming a more realistic approach to develop personalized and mutation-specific therapeutic strategies due to current developments in gene editing and iPSC technology. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common inherited disease in the Caucasian population, caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Since CF causes significant multi-organ damage and with over 2,000 reported CFTR mutations, CF patients could be one prominent population benefiting from gene and cell therapies. When considering gene-editing techniques for clinical applications, seamless gene corrections of the responsible mutations, restoring native "wildtype" DNA sequence without remnants of drug selectable markers or unwanted DNA sequence changes, would be the most desirable approach. Result: The studies reported here describe the seamless correction of the W1282X CFTR mutation using CRISPR/Cas9 nickases (Cas9n) in iPS cells derived from a CF patient homozygous for the W1282X Class I CFTR mutation. In addition to the expected HDR vector replacement product, we discovered another class of HDR products resulting from vector insertion events that created partial duplications of the CFTR exon 23 region. These vector insertion events were removed via intrachromosomal homologous recombination (IHR) enhanced by double nicking with CRISPR/Cas9n which resulted in the seamless correction of CFTR exon 23 in CF-iPS cells. Conclusion: We show here the removal of the drug resistance cassette and generation of seamless gene corrected cell lines by two independent processes: by treatment with the PiggyBac (PB) transposase in vector replacements or by IHR between the tandemly duplicated CFTR gene sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Keisuke Chosa
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Cristina Barillà
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Michael Yao
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Orsetta Zuffardi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Hirofumi Kai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shuto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mary Ann Suico
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuet W. Kan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Institutes for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - R. Geoffrey Sargent
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- GeneTether Inc., San Lorenzo, CA, United States
| | - Dieter C. Gruenert
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Institutes for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States
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35
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Najafi S, Tan SC, Aghamiri S, Raee P, Ebrahimi Z, Jahromi ZK, Rahmati Y, Sadri Nahand J, Piroozmand A, Jajarmi V, Mirzaei H. Therapeutic potentials of CRISPR-Cas genome editing technology in human viral infections. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112743. [PMID: 35228065 PMCID: PMC8872819 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are a common cause of morbidity worldwide. The emergence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to more attention to viral infections and finding novel therapeutics. The CRISPR-Cas9 system has been recently proposed as a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of viral diseases. Here, we review the research progress in the use of CRISPR-Cas technology for treating viral infections, as well as the strategies for improving the delivery of this gene-editing tool in vivo. Key challenges that hinder the widespread clinical application of CRISPR-Cas9 technology are also discussed, and several possible directions for future research are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Najafi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shing Cheng Tan
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shahin Aghamiri
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pourya Raee
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ebrahimi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Kargar Jahromi
- Central Research Laboratory, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Yazdan Rahmati
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Piroozmand
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Vahid Jajarmi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence to: Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19395-4818, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran,Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran,Corresponding author at: Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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36
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Li S, Holguin L, Burnett JC. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene disruption of HIV-1 co-receptors confers broad resistance to infection in human T cells and humanized mice. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 24:321-331. [PMID: 35229006 PMCID: PMC8847835 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this preclinical study, we evaluated the efficacy and feasibility of creating broad human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) resistance by simultaneously disrupting the human CCR5 and CXCR4 genes, which encode cellular co-receptors required for HIV-1 infection. Using a clinically scalable system for transient ex vivo delivery of Cas9/guide RNA (gRNA) ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes, we demonstrated that CRISPR-mediated disruption of CCR5 and CXCR4 in T lymphocyte cells significantly reduced surface expression of the co-receptors, thereby establishing resistance to HIV-1 infection by CCR5 (R5)-tropic, CXCR4 (X4)-tropic, and dual (R5/X4)-tropic strains. Similarly, disruption of CCR5 alleles in human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) successfully led to the differentiation of HIV-resistant macrophages. In a humanized mouse model under HIV-1 challenge, CXCR4-disrupted CD4+ T cells were enriched in the peripheral blood and spleen, indicating survival advantage because of resistance to viral infection. However, in human CD4+ T cells with both CCR5 and CXCR4 disruption, we observed poor engraftment in bone marrow, although significant changes were not observed in the lung, spleen, or peripheral blood. This study establishes a clinically scalable strategy for the dual knockout of HIV-1 co-receptors as a therapeutic strategy, while also raising caution of disrupting CXCR4, which may abate engraftment of CD4+ T cells in bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Li
- Center for Gene Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Leo Holguin
- Irell and Manella School of Biological Sciences, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - John C Burnett
- Center for Gene Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.,Irell and Manella School of Biological Sciences, Duarte, CA, USA
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Engineering T-Cell Resistance to HIV-1 Infection via Knock-In of Peptides from the Heptad Repeat 2 Domain of gp41. mBio 2022; 13:e0358921. [PMID: 35073736 PMCID: PMC8787484 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03589-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that short peptides from the heptad repeat 2 (HR2) domain of gp41 expressed on the cell surface are more potent inhibitors of HIV-1 entry than soluble analogs. However, their therapeutic potential has only been examined using lentiviral vectors. Here, we aimed to develop CRISPR/Cas9-based fusion inhibitory peptide knock-in (KI) technology for the generation and selection of HIV-1-resistant T cells. First, we embedded a series of HIV-1 fusion inhibitory peptides in CD52, the shortest glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein, which efficiently delivers epitope tags to the cell surface and maintains a sufficient level of KI. Among the seven peptides tested, MT-C34, HP-23L, and 2P23 exhibited significant activity against both cell-free and cell-to-cell HIV-1 infection. The shed variant of MT-C34 provided insufficient protection against HIV-1 due to its low concentration in the culture medium. Using Cas9 plasmids or ribonucleoprotein electroporation and peptide-specific antibodies, we sorted CEM/R5 cells with biallelic KI of MT-C34 and 2P23 peptides at the CXCR4 locus. In combination, these peptides provided a higher level of protection than individual KI. By extending homology arms and cloning donor DNA into a plasmid containing signals for nuclear localization, we achieved KI of MT-C34 into the CXCR4 locus and HIV-1 proviral DNA at levels of up to 35% in the T-cell line and up to 4 to 5% in primary CD4 lymphocytes. Compared to lentiviral delivery, KI resulted in the higher MT-C34 surface expression and stronger protection of lymphocytes from HIV-1. Thus, we demonstrate that KI is a viable strategy for peptide-based therapy of HIV infection. IMPORTANCE HIV is a human lentivirus that infects CD4-positive immune cells and, when left untreated, manifests in the fatal disease known as AIDS. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) does not lead to viral clearance, and HIV persists in the organism as a latent provirus. One way to control infection is to increase the population of HIV-resistant CD4 lymphocytes via entry molecule knockout or expression of different antiviral genes. Peptides from the heptad repeat (HR) domain of gp41 are potent inhibitors of HIV-1 fusion, especially when designed to express on the cell surface. Individual gp41 peptides encoded by therapeutic lentiviral vectors have been evaluated and some have entered clinical trials. However, a CRISPR/Cas9-based gp41 peptide delivery platform that operates through concomitant target gene modification has not yet been developed due to low knock-in (KI) rates in primary cells. Here, we systematically evaluated the antiviral activity of different HR2 peptides cloned into the shortest carrier molecule, CD52. The resulting small-size transgene constructs encoding selected peptides, in combination with improvements to enhance donor vector nuclear import, helped to overcome precise editing restrictions in CD4 lymphocytes. Using KI into CXCR4, we demonstrated different options for target gene modification, effectively protecting edited cells against HIV-1.
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38
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Widjaya MA, Ju JC, Lee SD. CRISPR-Edited Stem Cell Transplantation for HIV-Related Gene Modification In Vivo: A Systematic Review. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:1743-1755. [PMID: 35169967 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CRISPR is a novel genomic editing technology which can be useful for the treatment of immune diseases such as HIV. However, the application of CRISPR in stem cells for HIV-related research was not effective, and most of the research was done in vivo. This systematic review is to identify a new research idea about increase CRISPR-editing efficiencies in stem cell transplantation for HIV treatment, as well as its future perspective. METHOD Four databases were searched for articles published during 1952 to 2020. PRISMA method was used to select appropriate research papers. CAMARADES was used to identify the paper quality. The outcome was engraftment efficiency, gene disruption percentage, differentiation ability, HIV-resistant efficiency. RESULT Screening method showed 196 papers mentioned the topic. However, only 5 studies were reliable with the research objective. We found that (1) Two research ideas which was double gene knockout and knockout-knockin method to provide HIV-resistant cells, engraftment support and avoid cardiac disease as an HIV disease side effect. (2) Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivery was the best way to deliver the CRISPR/Cas9 and Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) would be effective for knockin purpose. (3) CRISPR/SaCas9 could replace CRISPR/Cas9 role in editing HIV-related gene. CONCLUSION Potential genes to increase HIV resistance and stem cell engraftment should be explored more in the future. Double knockout and knock-in procedures should be applied to set up a better engraftment for improving HIV treatment or resistance of patients. CRISPR/SaCas9 and RNP delivery should be explored more in the future. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42020203312.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Anekson Widjaya
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Cherng Ju
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan. .,Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Shin-Da Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Department of Physical Therapy, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan. .,School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, 261053, China.
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Bhattacharjee G, Gohil N, Khambhati K, Mani I, Maurya R, Karapurkar JK, Gohil J, Chu DT, Vu-Thi H, Alzahrani KJ, Show PL, Rawal RM, Ramakrishna S, Singh V. Current approaches in CRISPR-Cas9 mediated gene editing for biomedical and therapeutic applications. J Control Release 2022; 343:703-723. [PMID: 35149141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A single gene mutation can cause a number of human diseases that affect quality of life. Until the development of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) systems, it was challenging to correct a gene mutation to avoid disease by reverting phenotypes. The advent of CRISPR technology has changed the field of gene editing, given its simplicity and intrinsic programmability, surpassing the limitations of both zinc-finger nuclease and transcription activator-like effector nuclease and becoming the method of choice for therapeutic gene editing by overcoming the bottlenecks of conventional gene-editing techniques. Currently, there is no commercially available medicinal cure to correct a gene mutation that corrects and reverses the abnormality of a gene's function. Devising reprogramming strategies for faithful recapitulation of normal phenotypes is a crucial aspect for directing the reprogrammed cells toward clinical trials. The CRISPR-Cas9 system has been promising as a tool for correcting gene mutations in maladies including blood disorders and muscular degeneration as well as neurological, cardiovascular, renal, genetic, stem cell, and optical diseases. In this review, we highlight recent developments and utilization of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in correcting or generating gene mutations to create model organisms to develop deeper insights into diseases, rescue normal gene functionality, and curb the progression of a disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana 382715, Gujarat, India
| | - Nisarg Gohil
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana 382715, Gujarat, India
| | - Khushal Khambhati
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana 382715, Gujarat, India
| | - Indra Mani
- Department of Microbiology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110049, India
| | - Rupesh Maurya
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana 382715, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Jigresh Gohil
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana 382715, Gujarat, India
| | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hue Vu-Thi
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Khalid J Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pau-Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Rakesh M Rawal
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea; College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana 382715, Gujarat, India.
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Wei Hou ZZ, Chen S. Updates on CRISPR-based gene editing in HIV-1/AIDS therapy. Virol Sin 2022; 37:1-10. [PMID: 35234622 PMCID: PMC8922418 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tremendous efforts have been made to prevent and treat HIV-1 infection, HIV-1/AIDS remains a major threat to global human health. The combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), although able to suppress HIV-1 replication, cannot eliminate the proviral DNA integrated into the human genome and thus requires lifelong treatment that may lead to various side effects. In recent years, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated nuclease 9 (Cas9) related gene-editing systems have been developed and designed as effective ways to treat HIV-1 infection. However, new gene-targeting tools derived from or functioning like CRISPR/Cas9, including base editor, prime editing, SHERLOCK, DETECTR, PAC-MAN, ABACAS, pfAGO, have been developed and optimized for pathogens detection and diseases correction. Here, we summarize recent studies on HIV-1/AIDS gene therapy and provide more gene-editing targets based on studies relating to the molecular mechanism of HIV-1 infection. We also identify the strategies and potential applications of these new gene-editing technologies for HIV-1/AIDS treatment in the future. Moreover, we discuss the caveats and problems that should be addressed before the clinical use of these versatile CRISPR-based gene targeting tools. Finally, we offer alternative solutions to improve the practice of gene targeting in HIV-1/AIDS gene therapy. New gene-targeting tools derived from CRISPR/Cas9 have been introduced. Recent researches in HIV-1/AIDS gene therapy have been summarized. The strategies and potential applications of new gene editing technologies for HIV-1/AIDS treatment have been provided. The caveats and challenges in HIV-1/AIDS gene therapy have been discussed.
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J N, T H, J S. IPSC-derived models in Africa: An HIV perspective. Biochimie 2022; 196:153-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Herskovitz J, Hasan M, Patel M, Kevadiya BD, Gendelman HE. Pathways Toward a Functional HIV-1 Cure: Balancing Promise and Perils of CRISPR Therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2407:429-445. [PMID: 34985679 PMCID: PMC9262118 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1871-4_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
First identified as a viral defense mechanism, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas) has been transformed into a gene-editing tool. It now affords promise in the treatment and potential eradication of a range of divergent genetic, cancer, infectious, and degenerative diseases. Adapting CRISPR-Cas into a programmable endonuclease directed guide RNA (gRNA) has attracted international attention. It was recently awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The limitations of this technology have also been identified and work has been made in providing potential remedies. For treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1), in particular, a CRISPR-Cas9 approach was adapted to target then eliminate latent proviral DNA. To this end, we reviewed the promise and perils of CRISPR-Cas gene-editing strategies for HIV-1 elimination. Obstacles include precise delivery to reservoir tissue and cell sites of latent HIV-1 as well as assay sensitivity and specificity. The detection and consequent excision of common viral strain sequences and the avoidance of off-target activity will serve to facilitate a final goal of HIV-1 DNA elimination and accelerate testing in infected animals ultimately for use in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Herskovitz
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Milankumar Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bhavesh D Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Lin H, Li G, Peng X, Deng A, Ye L, Shi L, Wang T, He J. The Use of CRISPR/Cas9 as a Tool to Study Human Infectious Viruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:590989. [PMID: 34513721 PMCID: PMC8430244 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.590989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) systems are a set of versatile gene-editing toolkit that perform diverse revolutionary functions in various fields of application such as agricultural practices, food industry, biotechnology, biomedicine, and clinical research. Specially, as a novel antiviral method of choice, CRISPR/Cas9 system has been extensively and effectively exploited to fight against human infectious viruses. Infectious diseases including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and other viruses are still global threats with persistent potential to probably cause pandemics. To facilitate virus removals, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has already been customized to confer new antiviral capabilities into host animals either by modifying host genome or by directly targeting viral inherent factors in the form of DNA. Although several limitations and difficulties still need to be conquered, this technology holds great promises in the treatment of human viral infectious diseases. In this review, we will first present a brief biological feature of CRISPR/Cas9 systems, which includes a description of CRISPR/Cas9 structure and composition; thereafter, we will focus on the investigations and applications that employ CRISPR/Cas9 system to combat several human infectious viruses and discuss challenges and future perspectives of using this new platform in the preclinical and clinical settings as an antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafeng Lin
- Changsha Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Li
- Institute of Biomedicine and Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangwen Peng
- Changsha Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Aimin Deng
- Changsha Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tuanmei Wang
- Changsha Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun He
- Changsha Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Ghaffari S, Khalili N, Rezaei N. CRISPR/Cas9 revitalizes adoptive T-cell therapy for cancer immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:269. [PMID: 34446084 PMCID: PMC8390258 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has gained attention as the supreme therapeutic modality for the treatment of various malignancies. Adoptive T-cell therapy (ACT) is one of the most distinctive modalities of this therapeutic approach, which seeks to harness the potential of combating cancer cells by using autologous or allogenic tumor-specific T-cells. However, a plethora of circumstances must be optimized to produce functional, durable, and efficient T-cells. Recently, the potential of ACT has been further realized by the introduction of novel gene-editing platforms such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system; this technique has been utilized to create T-cells furnished with recombinant T-cell receptor (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that have precise tumor antigen recognition, minimal side effects and treatment-related toxicities, robust proliferation and cytotoxicity, and nominal exhaustion. Here, we aim to review and categorize the recent breakthroughs of genetically modified TCR/CAR T-cells through CRISPR/Cas9 technology and address the pearls and pitfalls of each method. In addition, we investigate the latest ongoing clinical trials that are applying CRISPR-associated TCR/CAR T-cells for the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Ghaffari
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Hematology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Khalili
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 14194, Iran. .,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Stockholm, Sweden.
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Mehmood A, Ali W, Din ZU, Song S, Sohail M, Shah W, Guo J, Guo RY, Ilahi I, Shah S, Al-Shaebi F, Zeb L, Asiamah EA, Al-Dhamin Z, Bilal H, Li B. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats as an advanced treatment for Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e2280. [PMID: 34291612 PMCID: PMC8413717 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, genome-editing technology like clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 has improved the translational gap in the treatments mediated through gene therapy. The advantages of the CRISPR system, such as, work in the living cells and tissues, candidate this technique for the employing in experiments and the therapy of central nervous system diseases. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a widespread, disabling, neurodegenerative disease induced by dopaminergic neuron loss and linked to progressive motor impairment. Pathophysiological basis knowledge of PD has modified the PD classification model and expresses in the sporadic and familial types. Analyses of the earliest genetic linkage have shown in PD the inclusion of synuclein alpha (SNCA) genomic duplication and SNCA mutations in the familial types of PD pathogenesis. This review analyzes the structure, development, and function in genome editing regulated through the CRISPR/Cas9. Also, it explains the genes associated with PD pathogenesis and the appropriate modifications to favor PD. This study follows the direction by understanding the PD linking analyses in which the CRISPR technique is applied. Finally, this study explains the limitations and future trends of CRISPR service in relation to the genome-editing process in PD patients' induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Mehmood
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, P. R. China
| | - Wajid Ali
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Zaheer Ud Din
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Shuang Song
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Wahid Shah
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - Jiangyuan Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, P. R. China
| | - Ruo-Yi Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, P. R. China
| | - Ikram Ilahi
- Department of Zoology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 18800, Pakistan
| | - Suleman Shah
- Department of Genetics, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - Fadhl Al-Shaebi
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Liaqat Zeb
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Ernest Amponsah Asiamah
- Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - Zaid Al-Dhamin
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Hazrat Bilal
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, P. R. China
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Azar J, Bahmad HF, Daher D, Moubarak MM, Hadadeh O, Monzer A, Al Bitar S, Jamal M, Al-Sayegh M, Abou-Kheir W. The Use of Stem Cell-Derived Organoids in Disease Modeling: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7667. [PMID: 34299287 PMCID: PMC8303386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids represent one of the most important advancements in the field of stem cells during the past decade. They are three-dimensional in vitro culturing models that originate from self-organizing stem cells and can mimic the in vivo structural and functional specificities of body organs. Organoids have been established from multiple adult tissues as well as pluripotent stem cells and have recently become a powerful tool for studying development and diseases in vitro, drug screening, and host-microbe interaction. The use of stem cells-that have self-renewal capacity to proliferate and differentiate into specialized cell types-for organoids culturing represents a major advancement in biomedical research. Indeed, this new technology has a great potential to be used in a multitude of fields, including cancer research, hereditary and infectious diseases. Nevertheless, organoid culturing is still rife with many challenges, not limited to being costly and time consuming, having variable rates of efficiency in generation and maintenance, genetic stability, and clinical applications. In this review, we aim to provide a synopsis of pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids and their use for disease modeling and other clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Azar
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2260, Lebanon; (J.A.); (H.F.B.); (D.D.); (M.M.M.); (O.H.); (A.M.); (S.A.B.)
| | - Hisham F. Bahmad
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2260, Lebanon; (J.A.); (H.F.B.); (D.D.); (M.M.M.); (O.H.); (A.M.); (S.A.B.)
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA
| | - Darine Daher
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2260, Lebanon; (J.A.); (H.F.B.); (D.D.); (M.M.M.); (O.H.); (A.M.); (S.A.B.)
| | - Maya M. Moubarak
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2260, Lebanon; (J.A.); (H.F.B.); (D.D.); (M.M.M.); (O.H.); (A.M.); (S.A.B.)
| | - Ola Hadadeh
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2260, Lebanon; (J.A.); (H.F.B.); (D.D.); (M.M.M.); (O.H.); (A.M.); (S.A.B.)
| | - Alissar Monzer
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2260, Lebanon; (J.A.); (H.F.B.); (D.D.); (M.M.M.); (O.H.); (A.M.); (S.A.B.)
| | - Samar Al Bitar
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2260, Lebanon; (J.A.); (H.F.B.); (D.D.); (M.M.M.); (O.H.); (A.M.); (S.A.B.)
| | - Mohamed Jamal
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai 66566, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Al-Sayegh
- Biology Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 2460, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2260, Lebanon; (J.A.); (H.F.B.); (D.D.); (M.M.M.); (O.H.); (A.M.); (S.A.B.)
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Morvan MG, Teque F, Ye L, Moreno ME, Wang J, VandenBerg S, Stoddart CA, Kan YW, Levy JA. Genetically edited CD34 + cells derived from human iPS cells in vivo but not in vitro engraft and differentiate into HIV-resistant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2102404118. [PMID: 33975958 PMCID: PMC8158014 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102404118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic editing of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells represents a promising avenue for an HIV cure. However, certain challenges remain before bringing this approach to the clinic. Among them, in vivo engraftment of cells genetically edited in vitro needs to be achieved. In this study, CD34+ cells derived in vitro from iPS cells genetically modified to carry the CCR5Δ32 mutant alleles did not engraft in humanized immunodeficient mice. However, the CD34+ cells isolated from teratomas generated in vivo from these genetically edited iPS cells engrafted in all experiments. These CD34+ cells also gave rise to peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the mice that, when inoculated with HIV in cell culture, were resistant to HIV R5-tropic isolates. This study indicates that teratomas can provide an environment that can help evaluate the engraftment potential of CD34+ cells derived from the genetically modified iPS cells in vitro. The results further confirm the possibility of using genetically engineered iPS cells to derive engraftable hematopoietic stem cells resistant to HIV as an approach toward an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maelig G Morvan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1270
| | - Fernando Teque
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1270
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Mary E Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Jiaming Wang
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Scott VandenBerg
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Biorepository and Tissue Biomarker Technology Core, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0875
| | - Cheryl A Stoddart
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Yuet Wai Kan
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143;
| | - Jay A Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1270;
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Li PP, Margolis RL. Use of single guided Cas9 nickase to facilitate precise and efficient genome editing in human iPSCs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9865. [PMID: 33972655 PMCID: PMC8110799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cas9 nucleases permit rapid and efficient generation of gene-edited cell lines. However, in typical protocols, mutations are intentionally introduced into the donor template to avoid the cleavage of donor template or re-cleavage of the successfully edited allele, compromising the fidelity of the isogenic lines generated. In addition, the double-stranded breaks (DSBs) used for editing can introduce undesirable "on-target" indels within the second allele of successfully modified cells via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). To address these problems, we present an optimized protocol for precise genome editing in human iPSCs that employs (1) single guided Cas9 nickase to generate single-stranded breaks (SSBs), (2) transient overexpression of BCL-XL to enhance survival post electroporation, and (3) the PiggyBac transposon system for seamless removal of dual selection markers. We have used this method to modify the length of the CAG repeat contained in exon 7 of PPP2R2B. When longer than 43 triplets, this repeat causes the neurodegenerative disorder spinocerebellar ataxia type 12 (SCA12); our goal was to seamlessly introduce the SCA12 mutation into a human control iPSC line. With our protocol, ~ 15% of iPSC clones selected had the desired gene editing without "on target" indels or off-target changes, and without the deliberate introduction of mutations via the donor template. This method will allow for the precise and efficient editing of human iPSCs for disease modeling and other purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan P Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Neurobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CMSC 8-121, 600 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Russell L Margolis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Neurobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CMSC 8-121, 600 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Rautela I, Uniyal P, Thapliyal P, Chauhan N, Bhushan Sinha V, Dev Sharma M. An extensive review to facilitate understanding of CRISPR technology as a gene editing possibility for enhanced therapeutic applications. Gene 2021; 785:145615. [PMID: 33775851 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR are the sequences in bacterial and archaeal genome which provide resistance against viral infections. They might be the natural part of bacterial genomes for providing protection against viruses like bacteriophages but science has successfully achieved their use in the benefit of man-kind by using them for the treatment of deadly diseases like cancer, AIDS or genetic disorders like sickle cell disease and Leber congenital amaurosis. CRISPR system is majorly divided into two classes i.e class I and class II, of which the class II CRISPR/Cas9 system performs site specific cleavage of DNA with a guide RNA Cas12 (Cpf1). With the new emerging discoveries it is being found that CRISPR not only works on double stranded DNA but can also be useful to induce any sort of site specific cleavage in RNA too by Cas13 earlier known as C2c2, which is a protein found in CRISPR system and has ability to cure viral infections in plants. CRISPR is being used in the field of gene manipulation and various animals models are available to serve this purpose with short lifespan, rapid reproducibility and lower maintenance cost. Many successful studies and experiments performed using CRISPR, reveals their potency and utility to bring revolution in the areas which were previously believed to be out of scope of science and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Rautela
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pooja Uniyal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Patel Nagar, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Priya Thapliyal
- Department of Biochemistry, H.N.B. Garhwal (A Central) University, Srinagar 246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Neha Chauhan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Paramedical Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Patel Nagar, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Manish Dev Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Patel Nagar, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India.
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Fortunato F, Rossi R, Falzarano MS, Ferlini A. Innovative Therapeutic Approaches for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040820. [PMID: 33671409 PMCID: PMC7922390 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common childhood muscular dystrophy affecting ~1:5000 live male births. Following the identification of pathogenic variations in the dystrophin gene in 1986, the underlining genotype/phenotype correlations emerged and the role of the dystrophin protein was elucidated in skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles, as well as in the brain. When the dystrophin protein is absent or quantitatively or qualitatively modified, the muscle cannot sustain the stress of repeated contractions. Dystrophin acts as a bridging and anchoring protein between the sarcomere and the sarcolemma, and its absence or reduction leads to severe muscle damage that eventually cannot be repaired, with its ultimate substitution by connective tissue and fat. The advances of an understanding of the molecular pathways affected in DMD have led to the development of many therapeutic strategies that tackle different aspects of disease etiopathogenesis, which have recently led to the first successful approved orphan drugs for this condition. The therapeutic advances in this field have progressed exponentially, with second-generation drugs now entering in clinical trials as gene therapy, potentially providing a further effective approach to the condition.
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