1
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McKissick O, Klimpert N, Ritt JT, Fleischmann A. Odors in space. Front Neural Circuits 2024; 18:1414452. [PMID: 38978957 PMCID: PMC11228174 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2024.1414452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
As an evolutionarily ancient sense, olfaction is key to learning where to find food, shelter, mates, and important landmarks in an animal's environment. Brain circuitry linking odor and navigation appears to be a well conserved multi-region system among mammals; the anterior olfactory nucleus, piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus each represent different aspects of olfactory and spatial information. We review recent advances in our understanding of the neural circuits underlying odor-place associations, highlighting key choices of behavioral task design and neural circuit manipulations for investigating learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia McKissick
- Department of Neuroscience and Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Nell Klimpert
- Department of Neuroscience and Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jason T Ritt
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Alexander Fleischmann
- Department of Neuroscience and Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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2
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Fang S, Luo Z, Wei Z, Qin Y, Zheng J, Zhang H, Jin J, Li J, Miao C, Yang S, Li Y, Liang Z, Yu XD, Zhang XM, Xiong W, Zhu H, Gan WB, Huang L, Li B. Sexually dimorphic control of affective state processing and empathic behaviors. Neuron 2024; 112:1498-1517.e8. [PMID: 38430912 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Recognizing the affective states of social counterparts and responding appropriately fosters successful social interactions. However, little is known about how the affective states are expressed and perceived and how they influence social decisions. Here, we show that male and female mice emit distinct olfactory cues after experiencing distress. These cues activate distinct neural circuits in the piriform cortex (PiC) and evoke sexually dimorphic empathic behaviors in observers. Specifically, the PiC → PrL pathway is activated in female observers, inducing a social preference for the distressed counterpart. Conversely, the PiC → MeA pathway is activated in male observers, evoking excessive self-grooming behaviors. These pathways originate from non-overlapping PiC neuron populations with distinct gene expression signatures regulated by transcription factors and sex hormones. Our study unveils how internal states of social counterparts are processed through sexually dimorphic mechanisms at the molecular, cellular, and circuit levels and offers insights into the neural mechanisms underpinning sex differences in higher brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunchang Fang
- Neuroscience Program, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhengyi Luo
- Neuroscience Program, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zicheng Wei
- Neuroscience Program, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuxin Qin
- Neuroscience Program, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jieyan Zheng
- Neuroscience Program, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hongyang Zhang
- Neuroscience Program, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jianhua Jin
- Neuroscience Program, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiali Li
- Neuroscience Program, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chenjian Miao
- Institute on Aging, Hefei, China and Brain Disorders, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shana Yang
- Neuroscience Program, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yonglin Li
- Neuroscience Program, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zirui Liang
- Neuroscience Program, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Yu
- Neuroscience Program, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao Min Zhang
- Neuroscience Program, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Institute on Aging, Hefei, China and Brain Disorders, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hongying Zhu
- Institute on Aging, Hefei, China and Brain Disorders, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | | | - Lianyan Huang
- Neuroscience Program, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microbiome and Chronic Diseases (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Boxing Li
- Neuroscience Program, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Advanced Medical Technology Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microbiome and Chronic Diseases (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510655, China.
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3
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Malfeito-Ferreira M. Fine wine recognition and appreciation: It is time to change the paradigm of wine tasting. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113668. [PMID: 37981366 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Wine quality maybe understood under two perspectives: (a) commercial quality, intended to satisfy overall consumers, and (b) fine wine quality, aimed at achieving a product with aesthetic value. The current food sensory techniques (e.g. Descriptive Analysis) have been successfully applied to develop wines accepted worldwide and characterized by pleasant sweetish flavours and smooth mouthfeel. On the contrary, these techniques are not suited to characterize fine wines given their dependence on sensory properties with aesthetic value. The conventional tasting approaches follow the sequence of vision, smell (orthonasal), taste and mouthfeel, ending by an overall evaluation. The sensory descriptors tend to be analytic (e.g. different aromas and tastes) or synthetic (e.g. body, structure) and the quality judgement is left for the final step. Some synthetic attributes may have an aesthetic significance (e.g. complexity, harmony, depth) and are more valued when the analytic or synthetic descriptors are highly praised (e.g. oakiness, silkiness, body, minerality). Consequently, these highly praised attributes are regarded as surrogates of fine wine quality. However, commercial wines are frequently judged of higher quality than fine wines irrespective of the taster expertise. We argue that the conventional sensory analysis sequence makes the overall evaluation secondary in relation to the previous analytical steps blurring the assessment of wine's aesthetic properties. Probably due to top-down processing, the initial evaluation of colour or flavours governs the final overall quality evaluation that may be inconsistently rated. Then, to promote the recognition of fine wines, tasting should begin by first acknowledging the aesthetic properties and only proceed to the analytical steps if necessary. A tasting method is proposed to consumer educational programs where emotional responses are used to explain the differences between commercial and fine wine styles. Furthermore, cultural aspects should be included to appreciate the wholeness of wine. Hopefully, this holistic perspective would turn wine appreciation more approachable and facilitate the recognition of fine wines among consumers, increasing their appreciation and enjoyment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Malfeito-Ferreira
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF) Research Centre, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal.
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4
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Trejo DH, Ciuparu A, da Silva PG, Velasquez CM, Rebouillat B, Gross MD, Davis MB, Muresan RC, Albeanu DF. Fast updating feedback from piriform cortex to the olfactory bulb relays multimodal reward contingency signals during rule-reversal. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.12.557267. [PMID: 37745564 PMCID: PMC10515864 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.12.557267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
While animals readily adjust their behavior to adapt to relevant changes in the environment, the neural pathways enabling these changes remain largely unknown. Here, using multiphoton imaging, we investigated whether feedback from the piriform cortex to the olfactory bulb supports such behavioral flexibility. To this end, we engaged head-fixed mice in a multimodal rule-reversal task guided by olfactory and auditory cues. Both odor and, surprisingly, the sound cues triggered cortical bulbar feedback responses which preceded the behavioral report. Responses to the same sensory cue were strongly modulated upon changes in stimulus-reward contingency (rule reversals). The re-shaping of individual bouton responses occurred within seconds of the rule-reversal events and was correlated with changes in the behavior. Optogenetic perturbation of cortical feedback within the bulb disrupted the behavioral performance. Our results indicate that the piriform-to-olfactory bulb feedback carries reward contingency signals and is rapidly re-formatted according to changes in the behavioral context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrei Ciuparu
- Transylvanian Institute of Neuroscience, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Pedro Garcia da Silva
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- current address – Champalimaud Neuroscience Program, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina M. Velasquez
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- current address – University of Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin Rebouillat
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- current address –École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Raul C. Muresan
- Transylvanian Institute of Neuroscience, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- STAR-UBB Institute, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dinu F. Albeanu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- School for Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
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5
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Barwich AS, Severino GJ. The Wire Is Not the Territory: Understanding Representational Drift in Olfaction With Dynamical Systems Theory. Top Cogn Sci 2023. [PMID: 37690113 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Representational drift is a phenomenon of increasing interest in the cognitive and neural sciences. While investigations are ongoing for other sensory cortices, recent research has demonstrated the pervasiveness in which it occurs in the piriform cortex for olfaction. This gradual weakening and shifting of stimulus-responsive cells has critical implications for sensory stimulus-response models and perceptual decision-making. While representational drift may complicate traditional sensory processing models, it could be seen as an advantage in olfaction, as animals live in environments with constantly changing and unpredictable chemical information. Non-topographical encoding in the olfactory system may aid in contextualizing reactions to promiscuous odor stimuli, facilitating adaptive animal behavior and survival. This article suggests that traditional models of stimulus-(neural) response mapping in olfaction may need to be reevaluated and instead motivates the use of dynamical systems theory as a methodology and conceptual framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Sophie Barwich
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University
- Department of History and Philosophy of Science and Medicine, Indiana University
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6
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Zeppilli S, Gurrola AO, Demetci P, Brann DH, Attey R, Zilkha N, Kimchi T, Datta SR, Singh R, Tosches MA, Crombach A, Fleischmann A. Mammalian olfactory cortex neurons retain molecular signatures of ancestral cell types. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.13.553130. [PMID: 37645751 PMCID: PMC10461972 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.13.553130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex diversified extensively during vertebrate evolution. Intriguingly, the three-layered mammalian olfactory cortex resembles the cortical cytoarchitecture of non-mammals yet evolved alongside the six-layered neocortex, enabling unique comparisons for investigating cortical neuron diversification. We performed single-nucleus multiome sequencing across mouse three- to six-layered cortices and compared neuron types across mice, reptiles and salamander. We identified neurons that are olfactory cortex-specific or conserved across mouse cortical areas. However, transcriptomically similar neurons exhibited area-specific epigenetic states. Additionally, the olfactory cortex showed transcriptomic divergence between lab and wild-derived mice, suggesting enhanced circuit plasticity through adult immature neurons. Finally, olfactory cortex neurons displayed marked transcriptomic similarities to reptile and salamander neurons. Together, these data indicate that the mammalian olfactory cortex retains molecular signatures representative of ancestral cortical traits.
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7
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Claypool SM, Reiner DJ, Behdin S, Orihuel J, Batista A, Caldwell KE, Chow JJ, Bossert JM, Rubio FJ, Hope BT, Shaham Y. Role of Piriform Cortex and Its Afferent Projections in Relapse to Fentanyl Seeking after Food Choice-Induced Voluntary Abstinence. J Neurosci 2023; 43:2597-2614. [PMID: 36898838 PMCID: PMC10082459 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0034-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated a role of piriform cortex (Pir) in relapse to fentanyl seeking after food choice-induced voluntary abstinence. Here, we used this model to further study the role of Pir and its afferent projections in fentanyl relapse. We trained male and female rats to self-administer palatable food pellets for 6 d (6 h/day) and fentanyl (2.5 µg/kg/infusion, i.v.) for 12 d (6 h/day). We assessed relapse to fentanyl seeking after 12 voluntary abstinence sessions, achieved through a discrete choice procedure between fentanyl and palatable food (20 trials/session). We determined projection-specific activation of Pir afferents during fentanyl relapse with Fos plus the retrograde tracer cholera toxin B (injected into Pir). Fentanyl relapse was associated with increased Fos expression in anterior insular cortex (AI) and prelimbic cortex (PL) neurons projecting to Pir. We next used an anatomical disconnection procedure to determine the causal role of these two projections (AI→Pir and PL→Pir) in fentanyl relapse. Contralateral but not ipsilateral disconnection of AI→Pir projections decreased fentanyl relapse but not reacquisition of fentanyl self-administration. In contrast, contralateral but not ipsilateral disconnection of PL→Pir projections modestly decreased reacquisition but not relapse. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting and quantitative PCR data showed molecular changes within Pir Fos-expressing neurons associated with fentanyl relapse. Finally, we found minimal or no sex differences in fentanyl self-administration, fentanyl versus food choice, and fentanyl relapse. Our results indicate that AI→Pir and PL→Pir projections play dissociable roles in nonreinforced relapse to fentanyl seeking versus reacquisition of fentanyl self-administration after food choice-induced voluntary abstinence.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We previously showed a role of Pir in fentanyl relapse after food choice-induced voluntary abstinence in rats, a procedure mimicking human abstinence or a significant reduction in drug self-administration because of the availability of alternative nondrug rewards. Here, we aimed to further characterize the role of Pir in fentanyl relapse by investigating the role of Pir afferent projections and analyzing molecular changes in relapse-activated Pir neurons. We identified dissociable roles of two Pir afferent projections (AI→Pir and PL→Pir) in relapse to fentanyl seeking versus reacquisition of fentanyl self-administration after voluntary abstinence. We also characterized molecular changes within Pir Fos-expressing neurons associated with fentanyl relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Claypool
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - David J Reiner
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Sana Behdin
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Javier Orihuel
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Ashley Batista
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Kiera E Caldwell
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Jonathan J Chow
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Jennifer M Bossert
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - F Javier Rubio
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Bruce T Hope
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
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Thaploo D, Joshi A, Georgiopoulos C, Warr J, Hummel T. Tractography indicates lateralized differences between trigeminal and olfactory pathways. Neuroimage 2022; 261:119518. [PMID: 35926760 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Odorous sensations are based on trigeminal and olfactory perceptions. Both trigeminal and olfactory stimuli generate overlapping as well as distinctive activations in the olfactory cortex including the piriform cortex. Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), an integrative center for all senses, is directly activated in the presence of olfactory stimulations. In contrast, the thalamus, a very important midbrain structure, is not directly activated in the presence of odors, but rather acts as a relay for portions of olfactory information between primary olfactory cortex and higher-order processing centers. The aims of the study were (1) to examine the number of streamlines between the piriform cortex and the OFC and also between the piriform cortex and the thalamus and (2) to explore potential correlations between these streamlines and trigeminal and olfactory chemosensory perceptions. Thirty-eight healthy subjects were recruited for the study and underwent diffusion MRI using a 3T MRI scanner with 67 diffusion directions. ROIs were adapted from two studies looking into olfaction in terms of functional and structural properties of the olfactory system. The "waytotal number" was used which corresponds to number of streamlines between two regions of interests. We found the number of streamlines between the piriform cortex and the thalamus to be higher in the left hemisphere, whereas the number of streamlines between the piriform cortex and the OFC were higher in the right hemisphere. We also found streamlines between the piriform cortex and the thalamus to be positively correlated with the intensity of irritating (trigeminal) odors. On the other hand, streamlines between the piriform cortex and the OFC were correlated with the threshold scores for these trigeminal odors. This is the first studying the correlations between streamlines and olfactory scores using tractography. Results suggest that different chemosensory stimuli are processed through different networks in the chemosensory system involving the thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divesh Thaploo
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Haus 5, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden 01307, Germany.
| | - Akshita Joshi
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Haus 5, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Charalampos Georgiopoulos
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Haus 5, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden 01307, Germany; Department of Radiology in Linköping, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Haus 5, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden 01307, Germany
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9
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Chen Y, Chen X, Baserdem B, Zhan H, Li Y, Davis MB, Kebschull JM, Zador AM, Koulakov AA, Albeanu DF. High-throughput sequencing of single neuron projections reveals spatial organization in the olfactory cortex. Cell 2022; 185:4117-4134.e28. [PMID: 36306734 PMCID: PMC9681627 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In most sensory modalities, neuronal connectivity reflects behaviorally relevant stimulus features, such as spatial location, orientation, and sound frequency. By contrast, the prevailing view in the olfactory cortex, based on the reconstruction of dozens of neurons, is that connectivity is random. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing-based neuroanatomical techniques to analyze the projections of 5,309 mouse olfactory bulb and 30,433 piriform cortex output neurons at single-cell resolution. Surprisingly, statistical analysis of this much larger dataset revealed that the olfactory cortex connectivity is spatially structured. Single olfactory bulb neurons targeting a particular location along the anterior-posterior axis of piriform cortex also project to matched, functionally distinct, extra-piriform targets. Moreover, single neurons from the targeted piriform locus also project to the same matched extra-piriform targets, forming triadic circuit motifs. Thus, as in other sensory modalities, olfactory information is routed at early stages of processing to functionally diverse targets in a coordinated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushu Chen
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Xiaoyin Chen
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - Huiqing Zhan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Martin B Davis
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - Anthony M Zador
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| | | | - Dinu F Albeanu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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10
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Hakim M, Beecher K, Jacques A, Chaaya N, Belmer A, Battle AR, Johnson LR, Bartlett SE, Chehrehasa F. Retrieval of olfactory fear memory alters cell proliferation and expression of pCREB and pMAPK in the corticomedial amygdala and piriform cortex. Chem Senses 2022; 47:6673813. [PMID: 35997758 PMCID: PMC9397123 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain forms robust associations between odors and emotionally salient memories, making odors especially effective at triggering fearful or traumatic memories. Using Pavlovian olfactory fear conditioning (OFC), a variant of the traditional tone-shock paradigm, this study explored the changes involved in its processing. We assessed the expression of neuronal plasticity markers phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (pCREB) and phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase (pMAPK) 24 h and 14 days following OFC, in newborn neurons (EdU+) and in brain regions associated with olfactory memory processing; the olfactory bulb, piriform cortex, amygdale, and hippocampus. Here, we show that all proliferating neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb were colocalized with pCREB at 24 h and 14 days post-conditioning, and the number of proliferating neurons at both time points were statistically similar. This suggests the occurrence of long-term potentiation within the neurons of this pathway. Finally, OFC significantly increased the density of pCREB- and pMAPK-positive immunoreactive neurons in the medial and cortical subnuclei of the amygdala and the posterior piriform cortex, suggesting their key involvement in its processing. Together, our investigation identifies changes in neuroplasticity within critical neural circuits responsible for olfactory fear memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziah Hakim
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kate Beecher
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Angela Jacques
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas Chaaya
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Arnauld Belmer
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew R Battle
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Luke R Johnson
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Medicine. Division of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Selena E Bartlett
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Chehrehasa
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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11
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Malfeito-Ferreira M. Fine wine flavour perception and appreciation: Blending neuronal processes, tasting methods and expertise. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Olfaction is fundamentally distinct from other sensory modalities. Natural odor stimuli are complex mixtures of volatile chemicals that interact in the nose with a receptor array that, in rodents, is built from more than 1,000 unique receptors. These interactions dictate a peripheral olfactory code, which in the brain is transformed and reformatted as it is broadcast across a set of highly interconnected olfactory regions. Here we discuss the problems of characterizing peripheral population codes for olfactory stimuli, of inferring the specific functions of different higher olfactory areas given their extensive recurrence, and of ultimately understanding how odor representations are linked to perception and action. We argue that, despite the differences between olfaction and other sensory modalities, addressing these specific questions will reveal general principles underlying brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Brann
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Sandeep Robert Datta
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
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13
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Shepherd GM, Rowe TB, Greer CA. An Evolutionary Microcircuit Approach to the Neural Basis of High Dimensional Sensory Processing in Olfaction. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:658480. [PMID: 33994949 PMCID: PMC8120314 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.658480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Odor stimuli consist of thousands of possible molecules, each molecule with many different properties, each property a dimension of the stimulus. Processing these high dimensional stimuli would appear to require many stages in the brain to reach odor perception, yet, in mammals, after the sensory receptors this is accomplished through only two regions, the olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex. We take a first step toward a fundamental understanding by identifying the sequence of local operations carried out by microcircuits in the pathway. Parallel research provided strong evidence that processed odor information is spatial representations of odor molecules that constitute odor images in the olfactory bulb and odor objects in olfactory cortex. Paleontology provides a unique advantage with evolutionary insights providing evidence that the basic architecture of the olfactory pathway almost from the start ∼330 million years ago (mya) has included an overwhelming input from olfactory sensory neurons combined with a large olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex to process that input, driven by olfactory receptor gene duplications. We identify a sequence of over 20 microcircuits that are involved, and expand on results of research on several microcircuits that give the best insights thus far into the nature of the high dimensional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon M. Shepherd
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Timothy B. Rowe
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Charles A. Greer
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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14
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Abstract
We rapidly classify odors as pleasant or aversive, but the brain circuits underlying how odors motivate approach and avoidance responses are largely unknown. New research describes a direct path from the olfactory bulb to ventral striatum driving odor-mediated reward.
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15
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Shabangu T, Chen HL, Zhuang ZH, Pierani A, Chen CFF, Chou SJ. Specific contribution of neurons from the Dbx1 lineage to the piriform cortex. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8349. [PMID: 33863910 PMCID: PMC8052341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The piriform cortex (PC) is a major cortical processing center for the sense of smell that receives direct inputs from the olfactory bulb. In mice, the PC consists of three neuronal layers, which are populated by cells with distinct developmental origins. One origin of PC neurons is the pool of Dbx1-expressing neural progenitors located in the ventral pallium at the pallial-subpallial boundary. Since the precise mechanisms of PC neuron development are largely unknown, we sought to define the distribution, timing of neurogenesis, morphology and projection patterns of PC neurons from the Dbx1 lineage. We found that Dbx1-lineage neurons are preferentially distributed in layer 2 and enriched in the ventral portion of the PC. Further, Dbx1 neurons are early-born neurons and contribute to most neuronal subtypes in the PC. Our data also revealed an enrichment of Dbx1-lineage neurons in the ventral anterior PC that project to the orbitofrontal cortex. These findings suggest a specific association between the developmental origin of PC neurons and their neuronal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thando Shabangu
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Hui Zhuang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Université de Paris, F-75015, Paris, France
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Chien-Fu F Chen
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shen-Ju Chou
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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16
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Abstract
Addiction is a disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and consumption observed in 20-30% of users. An addicted individual will favor drug reward over natural rewards, despite major negative consequences. Mechanistic research on rodents modeling core components of the disease has identified altered synaptic transmission as the functional substrate of pathological behavior. While the initial version of a circuit model for addiction focused on early drug adaptive behaviors observed in all individuals, it fell short of accounting for the stochastic nature of the transition to compulsion. The model builds on the initial pharmacological effect common to all addictive drugs-an increase in dopamine levels in the mesolimbic system. Here, we consolidate this early model by integrating circuits underlying compulsion and negative reinforcement. We discuss the genetic and epigenetic correlates of individual vulnerability. Many recent data converge on a gain-of-function explanation for circuit remodeling, revealing blueprints for novel addiction therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lüscher
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; .,Clinic of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patricia H Janak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.,The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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17
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Zhou G, Olofsson JK, Koubeissi MZ, Menelaou G, Rosenow J, Schuele SU, Xu P, Voss JL, Lane G, Zelano C. Human hippocampal connectivity is stronger in olfaction than other sensory systems. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 201:102027. [PMID: 33640412 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During mammalian evolution, primate neocortex expanded, shifting hippocampal functional networks away from primary sensory cortices, towards association cortices. Reflecting this rerouting, human resting hippocampal functional networks preferentially include higher association cortices, while those in rodents retained primary sensory cortices. Research on human visual, auditory and somatosensory systems shows evidence of this rerouting. Olfaction, however, is unique among sensory systems in its relative structural conservation throughout mammalian evolution, and it is unknown whether human primary olfactory cortex was subject to the same rerouting. We combined functional neuroimaging and intracranial electrophysiology to directly compare hippocampal functional networks across human sensory systems. We show that human primary olfactory cortex-including the anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tubercle and piriform cortex-has stronger functional connectivity with hippocampal networks at rest, compared to other sensory systems. This suggests that unlike other sensory systems, olfactory-hippocampal connectivity may have been retained in mammalian evolution. We further show that olfactory-hippocampal connectivity oscillates with nasal breathing. Our findings suggest olfaction might provide insight into how memory and cognition depend on hippocampal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Jonas K Olofsson
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Joshua Rosenow
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephan U Schuele
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Center for Neuroimaging, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Research Institute for Neuroscience and Neurotechnologies, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joel L Voss
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gregory Lane
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christina Zelano
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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18
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Wang PY, Boboila C, Chin M, Higashi-Howard A, Shamash P, Wu Z, Stein NP, Abbott LF, Axel R. Transient and Persistent Representations of Odor Value in Prefrontal Cortex. Neuron 2020; 108:209-224.e6. [PMID: 32827456 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The representation of odor in olfactory cortex (piriform) is distributive and unstructured and can only be afforded behavioral significance upon learning. We performed 2-photon imaging to examine the representation of odors in piriform and in two downstream areas, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), as mice learned olfactory associations. In piriform, we observed that odor responses were largely unchanged during learning. In OFC, 30% of the neurons acquired robust responses to conditioned stimuli (CS+) after learning, and these responses were gated by internal state and task context. Moreover, direct projections from piriform to OFC can be entrained to elicit learned olfactory behavior. CS+ responses in OFC diminished with continued training, whereas persistent representations of both CS+ and CS- odors emerged in mPFC. Optogenetic silencing indicates that these two brain structures function sequentially to consolidate the learning of appetitive associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Y Wang
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Cristian Boboila
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Matthew Chin
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Alexandra Higashi-Howard
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Philip Shamash
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zheng Wu
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Nicole P Stein
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - L F Abbott
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Richard Axel
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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19
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Kowalewski J, Ray A. Predicting Human Olfactory Perception from Activities of Odorant Receptors. iScience 2020; 23:101361. [PMID: 32731170 PMCID: PMC7393469 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Odor perception in humans is initiated by activation of odorant receptors (ORs) in the nose. However, the ORs linked to specific olfactory percepts are unknown, unlike in vision or taste where receptors are linked to perception of different colors and tastes. The large family of ORs (~400) and multiple receptors activated by an odorant present serious challenges. Here, we first use machine learning to screen ~0.5 million compounds for new ligands and identify enriched structural motifs for ligands of 34 human ORs. We next demonstrate that the activity of ORs successfully predicts many of the 146 different perceptual qualities of chemicals. Although chemical features have been used to model odor percepts, we show that biologically relevant OR activity is often superior. Interestingly, each odor percept could be predicted with very few ORs, implying they contribute more to each olfactory percept. A similar model is observed in Drosophila where comprehensive OR-neuron data are available. Machine learning predicted activity of 34 human ORs for ~0.5 million chemicals Activities of human ORs could predict odor character using machine learning Few OR activities were needed to optimize predictions of each odor percept Behavior predictions in Drosophila also need few olfactory receptor activities
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Kowalewski
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Anandasankar Ray
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, 3401 Watkins Drive, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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20
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Circuit-Specific Dendritic Development in the Piriform Cortex. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0083-20.2020. [PMID: 32457067 PMCID: PMC7307633 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0083-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic geometry is largely determined during postnatal development and has a substantial impact on neural function. In sensory processing, postnatal development of the dendritic tree is affected by two dominant circuit motifs, ascending sensory feedforward inputs and descending and local recurrent connections. In the three-layered anterior piriform cortex (aPCx), neurons in the sublayers 2a and 2b display vertical segregation of these two circuit motifs. Here, we combined electrophysiology, detailed morphometry, and Ca2+ imaging in acute mouse brain slices and modeling to study circuit-specific aspects of dendritic development. We observed that determination of branching complexity, dendritic length increases, and pruning occurred in distinct developmental phases. Layer 2a and layer 2b neurons displayed developmental phase-specific differences between their apical and basal dendritic trees related to differences in circuit incorporation. We further identified functional candidate mechanisms for circuit-specific differences in postnatal dendritic growth in sublayers 2a and 2b at the mesoscale and microscale levels. Already in the first postnatal week, functional connectivity of layer 2a and layer 2b neurons during early spontaneous network activity scales with differences in basal dendritic growth. During the early critical period of sensory plasticity in the piriform cortex, our data are consistent with a model that proposes a role for dendritic NMDA-spikes in selecting branches for survival during developmental pruning in apical dendrites. The different stages of the morphologic and functional developmental pattern differences between layer 2a and layer 2b neurons demonstrate the complex interplay between dendritic development and circuit specificity.
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21
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Blazing RM, Franks KM. Odor coding in piriform cortex: mechanistic insights into distributed coding. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 64:96-102. [PMID: 32422571 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Olfaction facilitates a large variety of animal behaviors such as feeding, mating, and communication. Recent work has begun to reveal the logic of odor transformations that occur throughout the olfactory system to form the odor percept. In this review, we describe the coding principles and mechanisms by which the piriform cortex and other olfactory areas encode three key odor features: odor identity, intensity, and valence. We argue that the piriform cortex produces a multiplexed odor code that allows non-interfering representations of distinct features of the odor stimulus to facilitate odor recognition and learning, which ultimately drives behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M Blazing
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, 27705, United States
| | - Kevin M Franks
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, 27705, United States.
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22
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Lane G, Zhou G, Noto T, Zelano C. Assessment of direct knowledge of the human olfactory system. Exp Neurol 2020; 329:113304. [PMID: 32278646 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Lane
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Guangyu Zhou
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Torben Noto
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Christina Zelano
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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23
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Kontaris I, East BS, Wilson DA. Behavioral and Neurobiological Convergence of Odor, Mood and Emotion: A Review. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:35. [PMID: 32210776 PMCID: PMC7076187 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The affective state is the combination of emotion and mood, with mood reflecting a running average of sequential emotional events together with an underlying internal affective state. There is now extensive evidence that odors can overtly or subliminally modulate mood and emotion. Relying primarily on neurobiological literature, here we review what is known about how odors can affect emotions/moods and how emotions/moods may affect odor perception. We take the approach that form can provide insight into function by reviewing major brain regions and neural circuits underlying emotion and mood, and then reviewing the olfactory pathway in the context of that emotion/mood network. We highlight the extensive neuroanatomical opportunities for odor-emotion/mood convergence, as well as functional data demonstrating reciprocal interactions between these processes. Finally, we explore how the odor- emotion/mood interplay is, or could be, used in medical and/or commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kontaris
- Givaudan UK Limited, Health and Well-being Centre of Excellence, Ashford, United Kingdom
| | - Brett S East
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NC, United States.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Donald A Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NC, United States.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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24
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Martin-Lopez E, Ishiguro K, Greer CA. The Laminar Organization of Piriform Cortex Follows a Selective Developmental and Migratory Program Established by Cell Lineage. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1-16. [PMID: 29136113 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Piriform cortex (PC) is a 3-layer paleocortex receiving primary afferent input from the olfactory bulb. The past decade has seen significant progress in understanding the synaptic, cellular and functional organization of PC, but PC embryogenesis continues to be enigmatic. Here, using birthdating strategies and clonal analyses, we probed the early development and laminar specificity of neurogenesis/gliogenesis as it relates to the organization of the PC. Our data demonstrate a temporal sequence of laminar-specific neurogenesis following the canonical "inside-out" pattern, with the notable exception of PC Layer II which exhibited an inverse "outside-in" temporal neurogenic pattern. Of interest, we found no evidence of a neurogenic gradient along the anterior to posterior axis, although the timing of neuronal migration and laminar development was delayed rostrally by approximately 24 h. To begin probing if lineage affected cell fate in the PC, we labeled PC neuroblasts using a multicolor technique and analyzed their laminar organization. Our results suggested that PC progenitors were phenotypically committed to reach specific layers early in the development. Collectively, these studies shed new light on the determinants of the laminar specificity of neuronal/glial organization in PC and the likely role of subpopulations of committed progenitors in regulating PC embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Martin-Lopez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kimiko Ishiguro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Charles A Greer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA.,The Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
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25
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Kuwabara M, Kang N, Holy TE, Padoa-Schioppa C. Neural mechanisms of economic choices in mice. eLife 2020; 9:e49669. [PMID: 32096761 PMCID: PMC7062473 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Economic choices entail computing and comparing subjective values. Evidence from primates indicates that this behavior relies on the orbitofrontal cortex. Conversely, previous work in rodents provided conflicting results. Here we present a mouse model of economic choice behavior, and we show that the lateral orbital (LO) area is intimately related to the decision process. In the experiments, mice chose between different juices offered in variable amounts. Choice patterns closely resembled those measured in primates. Optogenetic inactivation of LO dramatically disrupted choices by inducing erratic changes of relative value and by increasing choice variability. Neuronal recordings revealed that different groups of cells encoded the values of individual options, the binary choice outcome and the chosen value. These groups match those previously identified in primates, except that the neuronal representation in mice is spatial (in monkeys it is good-based). Our results lay the foundations for a circuit-level analysis of economic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kuwabara
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington UniversitySaint LouisUnited States
| | - Ningdong Kang
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington UniversitySaint LouisUnited States
| | - Timothy E Holy
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington UniversitySaint LouisUnited States
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26
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Role of Projections between Piriform Cortex and Orbitofrontal Cortex in Relapse to Fentanyl Seeking after Palatable Food Choice-Induced Voluntary Abstinence. J Neurosci 2020; 40:2485-2497. [PMID: 32051327 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2693-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently developed a rat model of relapse to drug seeking after food choice-induced voluntary abstinence. Here, we used this model to study the role of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and its afferent projections in relapse to fentanyl seeking. We trained male and female rats to self-administer palatable food pellets for 6 d (6 h/d) and intravenous fentanyl (2.5 μg/kg/infusion) for 12 d (6 h/d). We assessed relapse to fentanyl seeking after 13-14 voluntary abstinence days, achieved through a discrete choice procedure between fentanyl infusions and palatable food (20 trials/d). In both sexes, relapse after food choice-induced abstinence was associated with increased expression of the activity marker Fos in the OFC. Pharmacological inactivation of the OFC with muscimol plus baclofen (50 + 50 ng/side) decreased relapse to fentanyl seeking. We then determined projection-specific activation of OFC afferents during the relapse test by using Fos plus the retrograde tracer cholera toxin B (injected into the OFC). Relapse to fentanyl seeking was associated with increased Fos expression in the piriform cortex (Pir) neurons projecting to the OFC, but not in projections from the basolateral amygdala and thalamus. Pharmacological inactivation of the Pir with muscimol plus baclofen decreased relapse to fentanyl seeking after voluntary abstinence. Next, we used an anatomical disconnection procedure to determine whether projections between the Pir and OFC are critical for relapse to fentanyl seeking. Unilateral muscimol plus baclofen injections into the Pir in one hemisphere plus unilateral muscimol plus baclofen injections into the OFC in the contralateral, but not ipsilateral, hemisphere decreased relapse. Our results identify Pir-OFC projections as a new motivation-related pathway critical to relapse to opioid seeking after voluntary abstinence.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT There are few preclinical studies of fentanyl relapse, and these studies have used experimenter-imposed extinction or forced abstinence procedures. In humans, however, abstinence is often voluntary, with drug available in the drug environment but forgone in favor of nondrug alternative reinforcers. We recently developed a rat model of drug relapse after palatable food choice-induced voluntary abstinence. Here, we used classical pharmacology, immunohistochemistry, and retrograde tracing to demonstrate a critical role of the piriform and orbitofrontal cortices in relapse to opioid seeking after voluntary abstinence.
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27
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Glutamatergic Neurons in the Piriform Cortex Influence the Activity of D1- and D2-Type Receptor-Expressing Olfactory Tubercle Neurons. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9546-9559. [PMID: 31628176 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1444-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory cortices process stimuli in manners essential for perception. Very little is known regarding interactions between olfactory cortices. The piriform "primary" olfactory cortex, especially its anterior division (aPCX), extends dense association fibers into the ventral striatum's olfactory tubercle (OT), yet whether this corticostriatal pathway is capable of shaping OT activity, including odor-evoked activity, is unknown. Further unresolved is the synaptic circuitry and the spatial localization of OT-innervating PCX neurons. Here we build upon standing literature to provide some answers to these questions through studies in mice of both sexes. First, we recorded the activity of OT neurons in awake mice while optically stimulating principal neurons in the aPCX and/or their association fibers in the OT while the mice were delivered odors. This uncovered evidence that PCX input indeed influences OT unit activity. We then used patch-clamp recordings and viral tracing to determine the connectivity of aPCX neurons upon OT neurons expressing dopamine receptor types D1 or D2, two prominent cell populations in the OT. These investigations uncovered that both populations of neurons receive monosynaptic inputs from aPCX glutamatergic neurons. Interestingly, this input originates largely from the ventrocaudal aPCX. These results shed light on some of the basic physiological properties of this pathway and the cell-types involved and provide a foundation for future studies to identify, among other things, whether this pathway has implications for perception.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sensory cortices interact to process stimuli in manners considered essential for perception. Very little is known regarding interactions between olfactory cortices. The present study sheds light on some of the basic physiological properties of a particular intercortical pathway in the olfactory system and provides a foundation for future studies to identify, among other things, whether this pathway has implications for perception.
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28
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Zhou G, Lane G, Cooper SL, Kahnt T, Zelano C. Characterizing functional pathways of the human olfactory system. eLife 2019; 8:47177. [PMID: 31339489 PMCID: PMC6656430 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The central processing pathways of the human olfactory system are not fully understood. The olfactory bulb projects directly to a number of cortical brain structures, but the distinct networks formed by projections from each of these structures to the rest of the brain have not been well-defined. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging and k-means clustering to parcellate human primary olfactory cortex into clusters based on whole-brain functional connectivity patterns. Resulting clusters accurately corresponded to anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tubercle, and frontal and temporal piriform cortices, suggesting dissociable whole-brain networks formed by the subregions of primary olfactory cortex. This result was replicated in an independent data set. We then characterized the unique functional connectivity profiles of each subregion, producing a map of the large-scale processing pathways of the human olfactory system. These results provide insight into the functional and anatomical organization of the human olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Gregory Lane
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Shiloh L Cooper
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Thorsten Kahnt
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States.,Department of Psychology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
| | - Christina Zelano
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
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Abstract
Does the sense of smell involve the perception of odor objects? General discussion of perceptual objecthood centers on three criteria: stimulus representation, perceptual constancy, and figure-ground segregation. These criteria, derived from theories of vision, have been applied to olfaction in recent philosophical debates about psychology. An inherent problem with such framing of olfactory objecthood is that philosophers explicitly ignore the constitutive factors of the sensory systems that underpin the implementation of these criteria. The biological basis of odor coding is fundamentally different from the coding principles of the visual system. This article analyzes the three measures of perceptual objecthood against the biological background of the olfactory system. It contrasts the coding principles in olfaction with the visual system to show why these criteria of objecthood fail to be instantiated in odor perception. The argument demonstrates that olfaction affords perceptual categorization without the need to form odor objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Sophie Barwich
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
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30
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Beyeler M, Rounds EL, Carlson KD, Dutt N, Krichmar JL. Neural correlates of sparse coding and dimensionality reduction. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006908. [PMID: 31246948 PMCID: PMC6597036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Supported by recent computational studies, there is increasing evidence that a wide range of neuronal responses can be understood as an emergent property of nonnegative sparse coding (NSC), an efficient population coding scheme based on dimensionality reduction and sparsity constraints. We review evidence that NSC might be employed by sensory areas to efficiently encode external stimulus spaces, by some associative areas to conjunctively represent multiple behaviorally relevant variables, and possibly by the basal ganglia to coordinate movement. In addition, NSC might provide a useful theoretical framework under which to understand the often complex and nonintuitive response properties of neurons in other brain areas. Although NSC might not apply to all brain areas (for example, motor or executive function areas) the success of NSC-based models, especially in sensory areas, warrants further investigation for neural correlates in other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Beyeler
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Neuroengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Emily L. Rounds
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Kristofor D. Carlson
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Nikil Dutt
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey L. Krichmar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
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31
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Courtiol E, Buonviso N, Litaudon P. Odorant features differentially modulate beta/gamma oscillatory patterns in anterior versus posterior piriform cortex. Neuroscience 2019; 409:26-34. [PMID: 31022464 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Oscillatory activity is a prominent characteristic of the olfactory system. We previously demonstrated that beta and gamma oscillations occurrence in the olfactory bulb (OB) is modulated by the physical properties of the odorant. However, it remains unknown whether such odor-related modulation of oscillatory patterns is maintained in the piriform cortex (PC) and whether those patterns are similar between the anterior PC (aPC) and posterior PC (pPC). The present study was designed to analyze how different odorant molecular features can affect the local field potential (LFP) oscillatory signals in both the aPC and the pPC in anesthetized rats. As reported in the OB, three oscillatory patterns were observed: standard pattern (gamma + beta), gamma-only and beta-only patterns. These patterns occurred with significantly different probabilities in the two PC areas. We observed that odor identity has a strong influence on the probability of occurrence of LFP beta and gamma oscillatory activity in the aPC. Thus, some odor coding mechanisms observed in the OB are retained in the aPC. By contrast, probability of occurrence of different oscillatory patterns is homogeneous in the pPC with beta-only pattern being the most prevalent one for all the different odor families. Overall, our results confirmed the functional heterogeneity of the PC with its anterior part tightly coupled with the OB and mainly encoding odorant features whereas its posterior part activity is not correlated with odorant features but probably more involved in associative and multi-sensory encoding functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Courtiol
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, "Olfaction: from coding to memory" Team; CNRS UMR5292 - Inserm U1028 - Université Lyon 1-Université de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier - Bâtiment 462 - Neurocampus, 95 boulevard Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Buonviso
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, "Olfaction: from coding to memory" Team; CNRS UMR5292 - Inserm U1028 - Université Lyon 1-Université de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier - Bâtiment 462 - Neurocampus, 95 boulevard Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Litaudon
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, "Olfaction: from coding to memory" Team; CNRS UMR5292 - Inserm U1028 - Université Lyon 1-Université de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier - Bâtiment 462 - Neurocampus, 95 boulevard Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France.
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32
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Differential inhibition of pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons along the rostrocaudal axis of anterior piriform cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8067-E8076. [PMID: 30087186 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802428115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial representation of stimuli in sensory neocortices provides a scaffold for elucidating circuit mechanisms underlying sensory processing. However, the anterior piriform cortex (APC) lacks topology for odor identity as well as afferent and intracortical excitation. Consequently, olfactory processing is considered homogenous along the APC rostral-caudal (RC) axis. We recorded excitatory and inhibitory neurons in APC while optogenetically activating GABAergic interneurons along the RC axis. In contrast to excitation, we find opposing, spatially asymmetric inhibition onto pyramidal cells (PCs) and interneurons. PCs are strongly inhibited by caudal stimulation sites, whereas interneurons are strongly inhibited by rostral sites. At least two mechanisms underlie spatial asymmetries. Enhanced caudal inhibition of PCs is due to increased synaptic strength, whereas rostrally biased inhibition of interneurons is mediated by increased somatostatin-interneuron density. Altogether, we show differences in rostral and caudal inhibitory circuits in APC that may underlie spatial variation in odor processing along the RC axis.
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33
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Rottstädt F, Han P, Weidner K, Schellong J, Wolff‐Stephan S, Strauß T, Kitzler H, Hummel T, Croy I. Reduced olfactory bulb volume in depression-A structural moderator analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:2573-2582. [PMID: 29493048 PMCID: PMC6866619 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Removal of the olfactory bulb (OB) leads to depression like behavior in rodents. A link between depression and olfactory function is also established in humans. We hypothesized that the human OB volume relates to depressive state and tested whether such a potential coherence is moderated by structural alterations in other brain regions. METHODS Eighty-three participants (32 patients with major depression and 51 matched healthy controls) underwent structural MR scanning. Individual OB volumes were compared between patients and controls and the impact of depression and comorbidity was analyzed with multiple regression analysis. Whole-brain voxel-based morphometry revealed structures co-varying with both depressive state and OB volume. RESULTS The OB volume of patients was significantly reduced and this reduction averaged out at 17% compared to the controls. The OB volume was correlated to the volume of the insula, superior temporal cortex, and amygdala. The independent variables of depression (β = -.37), age (β = -.25), and gender (β = -.40) explained the individual OB volume variation (R2 = .37). The correlation between OB volume and depression was moderated by volumetric reductions in a cluster including the insula and superior temporal gyrus (STG). CONCLUSIONS The OB volume relates to depression in humans and to the volume of structures which are critical for salience detection. We assume that a reduced OB volume causes diminished neural olfactory input which facilitates volume reduction in the insula and STG. The OB volume may hence constitute a factor of vulnerability to depression. Olfactory-based deep brain stimulation is discussed as a future therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Rottstädt
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and PsychotherapyTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Pengfei Han
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of OtorhinolaryngologyTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Kerstin Weidner
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and PsychotherapyTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Julia Schellong
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and PsychotherapyTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | | | - Timmy Strauß
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and PsychotherapyTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | | | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of OtorhinolaryngologyTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Ilona Croy
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and PsychotherapyTU DresdenDresdenGermany
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34
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Kőszeghy Á, Lasztóczi B, Forro T, Klausberger T. Spike-Timing of Orbitofrontal Neurons Is Synchronized With Breathing. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:105. [PMID: 29731709 PMCID: PMC5920025 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has been implicated in a multiplicity of complex brain functions, including representations of expected outcome properties, post-decision confidence, momentary food-reward values, complex flavors and odors. As breathing rhythm has an influence on odor processing at primary olfactory areas, we tested the hypothesis that it may also influence neuronal activity in the OFC, a prefrontal area involved also in higher order processing of odors. We recorded spike timing of orbitofrontal neurons as well as local field potentials (LFPs) in awake, head-fixed mice, together with the breathing rhythm. We observed that a large majority of orbitofrontal neurons showed robust phase-coupling to breathing during immobility and running. The phase coupling of action potentials to breathing was significantly stronger in orbitofrontal neurons compared to cells in the medial prefrontal cortex. The characteristic synchronization of orbitofrontal neurons with breathing might provide a temporal framework for multi-variable processing of olfactory, gustatory and reward-value relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áron Kőszeghy
- Division of Cognitive Neurobiology, Center for Brain Research, Medizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bálint Lasztóczi
- Division of Cognitive Neurobiology, Center for Brain Research, Medizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Forro
- Division of Cognitive Neurobiology, Center for Brain Research, Medizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Klausberger
- Division of Cognitive Neurobiology, Center for Brain Research, Medizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
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35
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Bedenk BT, Almeida-Corrêa S, Jurik A, Dedic N, Grünecker B, Genewsky AJ, Kaltwasser SF, Riebe CJ, Deussing JM, Czisch M, Wotjak CT. Mn 2+ dynamics in manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI): Ca v1.2 channel-mediated uptake and preferential accumulation in projection terminals. Neuroimage 2017; 169:374-382. [PMID: 29277401 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) exploits the biophysical similarity of Ca2+ and Mn2+ to map the brain's activity in vivo. However, to what extent different Ca2+ channels contribute to the enhanced signal that MEMRI provides and how Mn2+ dynamics influence Mn2+ brain accumulation after systemic administration of MnCl2 are not yet fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that mice lacking the L-type Ca2+ channel 1.2 (Cav1.2) in the CNS show approximately 50% less increase in MEMRI contrast after repeated systemic MnCl2 injections, as compared to control mice. In contrast, genetic deletion of L-type Ca2+ channel 1.3 (Cav1.3) did not reduce signal. Brain structure- or cell type-specific deletion of Cav1.2 in combination with voxel-wise MEMRI analysis revealed a preferential accumulation of Mn2+ in projection terminals, which was confirmed by local MnCl2 administration to defined brain areas. Taken together, we provide unequivocal evidence that Cav1.2 represents an important channel for neuronal Mn2+ influx after systemic injections. We also show that after neuronal uptake, Mn2+ preferentially accumulates in projection terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt T Bedenk
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Dept. Stress Neurobiology & Neurogenetics, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Core Unit Neuroimaging, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Suellen Almeida-Corrêa
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Dept. Stress Neurobiology & Neurogenetics, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Angela Jurik
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Dept. Stress Neurobiology & Neurogenetics, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Dedic
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Dept. Stress Neurobiology & Neurogenetics, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Grünecker
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Core Unit Neuroimaging, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas J Genewsky
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Dept. Stress Neurobiology & Neurogenetics, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian F Kaltwasser
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Dept. Stress Neurobiology & Neurogenetics, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Caitlin J Riebe
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Dept. Stress Neurobiology & Neurogenetics, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Dept. Stress Neurobiology & Neurogenetics, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Czisch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Core Unit Neuroimaging, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten T Wotjak
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Dept. Stress Neurobiology & Neurogenetics, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
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36
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Up the nose of the beholder? Aesthetic perception in olfaction as a decision-making process. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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37
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Cohen Y, Wilson DA. Task-Correlated Cortical Asymmetry and Intra- and Inter-Hemispheric Separation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14602. [PMID: 29097760 PMCID: PMC5668373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral lateralization is expressed at both the structural and functional levels, and can exist as either a stable characteristic or as a dynamic feature during behavior and development. The anatomically relatively simple olfactory system demonstrates lateralization in both human and non-human animals. Here, we explored functional lateralization in both primary olfactory cortex - a region critical for odor memory and perception- and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) - a region involved in reversal learning- in rats performing an odor learning and reversal task. We find significant asymmetry in both olfactory and orbitofrontal cortical odor-evoked activity, which is expressed in a performance- and task-dependent manner. The emergence of learning-dependent asymmetry during reversal learning was associated with decreased functional connectivity both between the bilateral OFC and between the OFC-olfactory cortex. The results suggest an inter-hemispheric asymmetry and olfactory cortical functional separation that may allow multiple, specialized processing circuits to emerge during a reversal task requiring behavioral flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Cohen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, USA.
| | - Donald A Wilson
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, USA.
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38
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Mazo C, Grimaud J, Shima Y, Murthy VN, Lau CG. Distinct projection patterns of different classes of layer 2 principal neurons in the olfactory cortex. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8282. [PMID: 28811534 PMCID: PMC5558010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The broadly-distributed, non-topographic projections to and from the olfactory cortex may suggest a flat, non-hierarchical organization in odor information processing. Layer 2 principal neurons in the anterior piriform cortex (APC) can be divided into 2 subtypes: semilunar (SL) and superficial pyramidal (SP) cells. Although it is known that SL and SP cells receive differential inputs from the olfactory bulb (OB), little is known about their projections to other olfactory regions. Here, we examined axonal projections of SL and SP cells using a combination of mouse genetics and retrograde labeling. Retrograde tracing from the OB or posterior piriform cortex (PPC) showed that the APC projects to these brain regions mainly through layer 2b cells, and dual-labeling revealed many cells extending collaterals to both target regions. Furthermore, a transgenic mouse line specifically labeling SL cells showed that they send profuse axonal projections to olfactory cortical areas, but not to the OB. These findings support a model in which information flow from SL to SP cells and back to the OB is mediated by a hierarchical feedback circuit, whereas both SL and SP cells broadcast information to higher olfactory areas in a parallel manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Mazo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94235, Cachan, France
| | - Julien Grimaud
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94235, Cachan, France
| | - Yasuyuki Shima
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA
| | - Venkatesh N Murthy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - C Geoffrey Lau
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
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39
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Roland B, Deneux T, Franks KM, Bathellier B, Fleischmann A. Odor identity coding by distributed ensembles of neurons in the mouse olfactory cortex. eLife 2017; 6:e26337. [PMID: 28489003 PMCID: PMC5438249 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory perception and behaviors critically depend on the ability to identify an odor across a wide range of concentrations. Here, we use calcium imaging to determine how odor identity is encoded in olfactory cortex. We find that, despite considerable trial-to-trial variability, odor identity can accurately be decoded from ensembles of co-active neurons that are distributed across piriform cortex without any apparent spatial organization. However, piriform response patterns change substantially over a 100-fold change in odor concentration, apparently degrading the population representation of odor identity. We show that this problem can be resolved by decoding odor identity from a subpopulation of concentration-invariant piriform neurons. These concentration-invariant neurons are overrepresented in piriform cortex but not in olfactory bulb mitral and tufted cells. We therefore propose that distinct perceptual features of odors are encoded in independent subnetworks of neurons in the olfactory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Roland
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Deneux
- Unité de Neuroscience, Information et Complexité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 3293, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Kevin M Franks
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Brice Bathellier
- Unité de Neuroscience, Information et Complexité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 3293, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alexander Fleischmann
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Paris, France
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40
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Yamaguchi M. Functional Sub-Circuits of the Olfactory System Viewed from the Olfactory Bulb and the Olfactory Tubercle. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:33. [PMID: 28443001 PMCID: PMC5387040 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of the olfactory neural circuits has progressed beyond analysis of how odor information from the external environment is processed in the brain. While spatially-organized sub-circuits were found to exist up to the olfactory bulb (OB), the arrangement in the olfactory cortex (OC), especially in its representative piriform cortex (PC), appears diffuse and dispersed. An emerging view is that the activity of OC neurons may not simply encode odor identity but rather encode plastic odor information such as odor value. Although many studies support this notion, odor value can be either positive or negative, and the existence of sub-circuits corresponding to individual value types is not well explored. To address this question, I introduce here two olfactory areas other than the PC, OB and olfactory tubercle (OT) whose analysis may facilitate understanding of functional sub-circuits related to different odor values. Peripheral and centrifugal inputs to the OB are considered to relate to odor identity and odor value, respectively and centrifugal inputs to the OB potentially represent different odor values during different behavioral periods. The OT has spatially-segregated functional domains related to distinct motivated and hedonic behaviors. Thus, the OT provides a good starting point from which functional sub-circuits across various olfactory regions can be traced. Further analysis across wide areas of the olfactory system will likely reveal the functional sub-circuits that link odor identity with distinct odor values and direct distinct odor-induced motivated and hedonic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Physiology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi UniversityKochi, Japan
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41
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Bolding KA, Franks KM. Complementary codes for odor identity and intensity in olfactory cortex. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28379135 PMCID: PMC5438247 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to represent both stimulus identity and intensity is fundamental for perception. Using large-scale population recordings in awake mice, we find distinct coding strategies facilitate non-interfering representations of odor identity and intensity in piriform cortex. Simply knowing which neurons were activated is sufficient to accurately represent odor identity, with no additional information about identity provided by spike time or spike count. Decoding analyses indicate that cortical odor representations are not sparse. Odorant concentration had no systematic effect on spike counts, indicating that rate cannot encode intensity. Instead, odor intensity can be encoded by temporal features of the population response. We found a subpopulation of rapid, largely concentration-invariant responses was followed by another population of responses whose latencies systematically decreased at higher concentrations. Cortical inhibition transforms olfactory bulb output to sharpen these dynamics. Our data therefore reveal complementary coding strategies that can selectively represent distinct features of a stimulus. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22630.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Bolding
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, United States
| | - Kevin M Franks
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, United States
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42
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Courtiol E, Wilson DA. The Olfactory Mosaic: Bringing an Olfactory Network Together for Odor Perception. Perception 2016; 46:320-332. [PMID: 27687814 DOI: 10.1177/0301006616663216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory perception and its underlying neural mechanisms are not fixed, but rather vary over time, dependent on various parameters such as state, task, or learning experience. In olfaction, one of the primary sensory areas beyond the olfactory bulb is the piriform cortex. Due to an increasing number of functions attributed to the piriform cortex, it has been argued to be an associative cortex rather than a simple primary sensory cortex. In fact, the piriform cortex plays a key role in creating olfactory percepts, helping to form configural odor objects from the molecular features extracted in the nose. Moreover, its dynamic interactions with other olfactory and nonolfactory areas are also critical in shaping the olfactory percept and resulting behavioral responses. In this brief review, we will describe the key role of the piriform cortex in the larger olfactory perceptual network, some of the many actors of this network, and the importance of the dynamic interactions among the piriform-trans-thalamic and limbic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Courtiol
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donald A Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Diodato A, Ruinart de Brimont M, Yim YS, Derian N, Perrin S, Pouch J, Klatzmann D, Garel S, Choi GB, Fleischmann A. Molecular signatures of neural connectivity in the olfactory cortex. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12238. [PMID: 27426965 PMCID: PMC4960301 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to target subclasses of neurons with defined connectivity is crucial for uncovering neural circuit functions. The olfactory (piriform) cortex is thought to generate odour percepts and memories, and odour information encoded in piriform is routed to target brain areas involved in multimodal sensory integration, cognition and motor control. However, it remains unknown if piriform outputs are spatially organized, and if distinct output channels are delineated by different gene expression patterns. Here we identify genes selectively expressed in different layers of the piriform cortex. Neural tracing experiments reveal that these layer-specific piriform genes mark different subclasses of neurons, which project to distinct target areas. Interestingly, these molecular signatures of connectivity are maintained in reeler mutant mice, in which neural positioning is scrambled. These results reveal that a predictive link between a neuron's molecular identity and connectivity in this cortical circuit is determined independent of its spatial position. The piriform cortex projects to multiple brain regions involved in diverse aspects of olfactory behavior but information about the organization of these outputs is lacking. Here the authors show that piriform neurons exhibit layer specific gene expression patterns that also define distinct projection targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Diodato
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, and CNRS, UMR 7241 and INSERM U1050, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Marion Ruinart de Brimont
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, and CNRS, UMR 7241 and INSERM U1050, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Yeong Shin Yim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Nicolas Derian
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), and AP-HP, Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Perrin
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, Plateforme Génomique, and INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR 8197, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Juliette Pouch
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, Plateforme Génomique, and INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR 8197, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - David Klatzmann
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), and AP-HP, Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Sonia Garel
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, and INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR 8197, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Gloria B Choi
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Alexander Fleischmann
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, and CNRS, UMR 7241 and INSERM U1050, F-75005 Paris, France
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Activity in the rat olfactory cortex is correlated with behavioral response to odor: a microPET study. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:577-586. [PMID: 27194619 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
How olfactory cortical areas interpret odor maps evoked in the olfactory bulb and translate odor information into behavioral responses is still largely unknown. Indeed, rat olfactory cortices encompass an extensive network located in the ventral part of the brain, thus complicating the use of invasive functional methods. In vivo imaging techniques that were previously developed for brain activation studies in humans have been adapted for use in rodents and facilitate the non-invasive mapping of the whole brain. In this study, we report an initial series of experiments designed to demonstrate that microPET is a powerful tool to investigate the neural processes underlying odor-induced behavioral response in a large-scale olfactory neuronal network. After the intravenous injection of [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG), awake rats were placed in a ventilated Plexiglas cage for 50 min, where odorants were delivered every 3 min for a 10-s duration in a random order. Individual behavioral responses to odor were classified into categories ranging from 1 (head movements associated with a short sniffing period in response to a few stimulations) to 4 (a strong reaction, including rearing, exploring and sustained sniffing activity, to several stimulations). After [18F]FDG uptake, rats were anesthetized to perform a PET scan. This experimental session was repeated 2 weeks later using the same animals without odor stimulation to assess the baseline level of activation in each individual. Two voxel-based statistical analyses (SPM 8) were performed: (1) a two-sample paired t test analysis contrasting baseline versus odor scan and (2) a correlation analysis between voxel FDG activity and behavioral score. As expected, the contrast analysis between baseline and odor session revealed activations in various olfactory cortical areas. Significant increases in glucose metabolism were also observed in other sensory cortical areas involved in whisker movement and in several modules of the cerebellum involved in motor and sensory function. Correlation analysis provided new insight into these results. [18F]FDG uptake was correlated with behavioral response in a large part of the anterior piriform cortex and in some lobules of the cerebellum, in agreement with the previous data showing that both piriform cortex and cerebellar activity in humans can be driven by sniffing activity, which was closely related to the high behavioral scores observed in our experiment. The present data demonstrate that microPET imaging offers an original perspective for rat behavioral neuroimaging.
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Barwich AS. What is so special about smell? Olfaction as a model system in neurobiology. Postgrad Med J 2015; 92:27-33. [PMID: 26534994 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Neurobiology studies mechanisms of cell signalling. A key question is how cells recognise specific signals. In this context, olfaction has become an important experimental system over the past 25 years. The olfactory system responds to an array of structurally diverse stimuli. The discovery of the olfactory receptors (ORs), recognising these stimuli, established the olfactory pathway as part of a greater group of signalling mechanisms mediated by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs are the largest protein family in the mammalian genome and involved in numerous fundamental physiological processes. The OR family exhibits two characteristics that make them an excellent model system to understand GPCRs: its size and the structural diversity of its members. Research on the OR binding site investigates what amino acid sequences determine the receptor-binding capacity. This promises a better understanding of how the basic genetic makeup of GPCRs relates to their diversification in ligand-binding capacities.
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Courtiol E, Wilson DA. The olfactory thalamus: unanswered questions about the role of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in olfaction. Front Neural Circuits 2015; 9:49. [PMID: 26441548 PMCID: PMC4585119 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2015.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MDT) is a higher order thalamic nucleus and its role in cognition is increasingly well established. Interestingly, components of the MDT also have a somewhat unique sensory function as they link primary olfactory cortex to orbitofrontal associative cortex. In fact, anatomical evidence firmly demonstrates that the MDT receives direct input from primary olfactory areas including the piriform cortex and has dense reciprocal connections with the orbitofrontal cortex. The functions of this olfactory pathway have been poorly explored but lesion, imaging, and electrophysiological studies suggest that these connections may be involved in olfactory processing including odor perception, discrimination, learning, and attention. However, many important questions regarding the MDT and olfaction remain unanswered. Our goal here is not only to briefly review the existing literature but also to highlight some of the remaining questions that need to be answered to better define the role(s) of the MDT in olfactory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Courtiol
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg, NY, USA ; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center NY, USA
| | - Donald A Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg, NY, USA ; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center NY, USA
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