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Rueda-Alaña E, Grillo M, Vázquez E, Salas SM, Senovilla-Ganzo R, Escobar L, Quintas A, Benguría A, Aransay AM, Bengoa-Vergniory N, Dopazo A, Encinas JM, Nilsson M, García-Moreno F. BirthSeq, a new method to isolate and analyze dated cells in different vertebrates. Development 2024; 151:dev202429. [PMID: 38856078 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Embryonic development is a complex and dynamic process that unfolds over time and involves the production and diversification of increasing numbers of cells. The impact of developmental time on the formation of the central nervous system is well documented, with evidence showing that time plays a crucial role in establishing the identity of neuronal subtypes. However, the study of how time translates into genetic instructions driving cell fate is limited by the scarcity of suitable experimental tools. We introduce BirthSeq, a new method for isolating and analyzing cells based on their birth date. This innovative technique allows for in vivo labeling of cells, isolation via fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and analysis using high-throughput techniques. We calibrated the BirthSeq method for developmental organs across three vertebrate species (mouse, chick and gecko), and utilized it for single-cell RNA sequencing and novel spatially resolved transcriptomic approaches in mouse and chick, respectively. Overall, BirthSeq provides a versatile tool for studying virtually any tissue in different vertebrate organisms, aiding developmental biology research by targeting cells and their temporal cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eneritz Rueda-Alaña
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marco Grillo
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Stockholm University, 17165, Solna, Sweden
| | - Enrique Vázquez
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Marco Salas
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Stockholm University, 17165, Solna, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Senovilla-Ganzo
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Laura Escobar
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Ana Quintas
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Benguría
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana María Aransay
- Genome Analysis Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nora Bengoa-Vergniory
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
- IKERBASQUE Foundation, María Díaz de Haro 3, 6th Floor, 48013 BilbaoSpain
| | - Ana Dopazo
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Encinas
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE Foundation, María Díaz de Haro 3, 6th Floor, 48013 BilbaoSpain
| | - Mats Nilsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Stockholm University, 17165, Solna, Sweden
| | - Fernando García-Moreno
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE Foundation, María Díaz de Haro 3, 6th Floor, 48013 BilbaoSpain
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2
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Barão S, Xu Y, Llongueras JP, Vistein R, Goff L, Nielsen K, Bae BI, Smith RS, Walsh CA, Stein-O'Brien G, Müller U. BRN1/2 Function in Neocortical Size Determination and Microcephaly. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.02.565322. [PMID: 37961182 PMCID: PMC10635068 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.02.565322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex differs vastly in size and complexity between mammalian species, yet the mechanisms that lead to an increase in brain size during evolution are not known. We show here that two transcription factors coordinate gene expression programs in progenitor cells of the neocortex to regulate their proliferative capacity and neuronal output in order to determine brain size. Comparative studies in mice, ferrets and macaques demonstrate an evolutionary conserved function for these transcription factors to regulate progenitor behaviors across the mammalian clade. Strikingly, the two transcriptional regulators control the expression of large numbers of genes linked to microcephaly suggesting that transcriptional deregulation as an important determinant of the molecular pathogenesis of microcephaly, which is consistent with the finding that genetic manipulation of the two transcription factors leads to severe microcephaly.
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Zhang J, Zhao R, Lin S, Yang D, Lu S, Liu Z, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Hou B, Xi C, Liu J, Bing J, Pang E, Lin K, Zeng S. Comparison of genes involved in brain development: insights into the organization and evolution of the telencephalic pallium. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6102. [PMID: 38480729 PMCID: PMC10937912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the organization and evolution of the telencephalic pallium are not yet clear.. To address this issue, we first performed comparative analysis of genes critical for the development of the pallium (Emx1/2 and Pax6) and subpallium (Dlx2 and Nkx1/2) among 500 vertebrate species. We found that these genes have no obvious variations in chromosomal duplication/loss, gene locus synteny or Darwinian selection. However, there is an additional fragment of approximately 20 amino acids in mammalian Emx1 and a poly-(Ala)6-7 in Emx2. Lentiviruses expressing mouse or chick Emx2 (m-Emx2 or c-Emx2 Lv) were injected into the ventricle of the chick telencephalon at embryonic Day 3 (E3), and the embryos were allowed to develop to E12-14 or to posthatchling. After transfection with m-Emx2 Lv, the cells expressing Reelin, Vimentin or GABA increased, and neurogenesis of calbindin cells changed towards the mammalian inside-out pattern in the dorsal pallium and mesopallium. In addition, a behavior test for posthatched chicks indicated that the passive avoidance ratio increased significantly. The study suggests that the acquisition of an additional fragment in mammalian Emx2 is associated with the organization and evolution of the mammalian pallium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiying Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Drugs and Biological Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zenan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Hou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Xi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Bing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Erli Pang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Kui Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Shaoju Zeng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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4
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Paolino A, Haines EH, Bailey EJ, Black DA, Moey C, García-Moreno F, Richards LJ, Suárez R, Fenlon LR. Non-uniform temporal scaling of developmental processes in the mammalian cortex. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5950. [PMID: 37741828 PMCID: PMC10517946 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The time that it takes the brain to develop is highly variable across animals. Although staging systems equate major developmental milestones between mammalian species, it remains unclear how distinct processes of cortical development scale within these timeframes. Here, we compare the timing of cortical development in two mammals of similar size but different developmental pace: eutherian mice and marsupial fat-tailed dunnarts. Our results reveal that the temporal relationship between cell birth and laminar specification aligns to equivalent stages between these species, but that migration and axon extension do not scale uniformly according to the developmental stages, and are relatively more advanced in dunnarts. We identify a lack of basal intermediate progenitor cells in dunnarts that likely contributes in part to this timing difference. These findings demonstrate temporal limitations and differential plasticity of cortical developmental processes between similarly sized Therians and provide insight into subtle temporal changes that may have contributed to the early diversification of the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Paolino
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth H Haines
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Evan J Bailey
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dylan A Black
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ching Moey
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Fernando García-Moreno
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE Foundation, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Linda J Richards
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, St Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Rodrigo Suárez
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Laura R Fenlon
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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5
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Sen SQ. Generating neural diversity through spatial and temporal patterning. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 142:54-66. [PMID: 35738966 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system consists of a vast diversity of neurons and glia that are accurately assembled into functional circuits. What are the mechanisms that generate these diverse cell types? During development, an epithelial sheet with neurogenic potential is initially regionalised into spatially restricted domains of gene expression. From this, pools of neural stem cells (NSCs) with distinct molecular profiles and the potential to generate different neuron types, are specified. These NSCs then divide asymmetrically to self-renew and generate post-mitotic neurons or glia. As NSCs age, they experience transitions in gene expression, which further allows them to generate different neurons or glia over time. Versions of this general template of spatial and temporal patterning operate during the development of different parts of different nervous systems. Here, I cover our current knowledge of Drosophila brain and optic lobe development as well as the development of the vertebrate cortex and spinal cord within the framework of this above template. I highlight where our knowledge is lacking, where mechanisms beyond these might operate, and how the emergence of new technologies might help address unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Q Sen
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, UAS-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, India.
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6
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Leung RF, George AM, Roussel EM, Faux MC, Wigle JT, Eisenstat DD. Genetic Regulation of Vertebrate Forebrain Development by Homeobox Genes. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:843794. [PMID: 35546872 PMCID: PMC9081933 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.843794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Forebrain development in vertebrates is regulated by transcription factors encoded by homeobox, bHLH and forkhead gene families throughout the progressive and overlapping stages of neural induction and patterning, regional specification and generation of neurons and glia from central nervous system (CNS) progenitor cells. Moreover, cell fate decisions, differentiation and migration of these committed CNS progenitors are controlled by the gene regulatory networks that are regulated by various homeodomain-containing transcription factors, including but not limited to those of the Pax (paired), Nkx, Otx (orthodenticle), Gsx/Gsh (genetic screened), and Dlx (distal-less) homeobox gene families. This comprehensive review outlines the integral role of key homeobox transcription factors and their target genes on forebrain development, focused primarily on the telencephalon. Furthermore, links of these transcription factors to human diseases, such as neurodevelopmental disorders and brain tumors are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F. Leung
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ankita M. George
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Enola M. Roussel
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Maree C. Faux
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeffrey T. Wigle
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - David D. Eisenstat
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Nomura T, Gotoh H, Kiyonari H, Ono K. Cell Type-Specific Transcriptional Control of Gsk3β in the Developing Mammalian Neocortex. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:811689. [PMID: 35401100 PMCID: PMC8983961 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.811689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal control of neurogenesis is central for the development and evolution of species-specific brain architectures. The balance between progenitor expansion and neuronal differentiation is tightly coordinated by cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic cues. Wnt signaling plays pivotal roles in the proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors in a temporal manner. However, regulatory mechanisms that adjust intracellular signaling amplitudes according to cell fate progression remain to be elucidated. Here, we report the transcriptional controls of Gsk3β, a critical regulator of Wnt signaling, in the developing mouse neocortex. Gsk3β expression was higher in ventricular neural progenitors, while it gradually declined in differentiated neurons. We identified active cis-regulatory module (CRM) of Gsk3β that responded to cell type-specific transcription factors, such as Sox2, Sox9, and Neurogenin2. Furthermore, we found extensive conservation of the CRM among mammals but not in non-mammalian amniotes. Our data suggest that a mammalian-specific CRM drives the cell type-specific activity of Gsk3β to fine tune Wnt signaling, which contributes to the tight control of neurogenesis during neocortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nomura
- Developmental Neurobiology, INAMORI Memorial Building, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Gotoh
- Developmental Neurobiology, INAMORI Memorial Building, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ono
- Developmental Neurobiology, INAMORI Memorial Building, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Knowles R, Dehorter N, Ellender T. From Progenitors to Progeny: Shaping Striatal Circuit Development and Function. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9483-9502. [PMID: 34789560 PMCID: PMC8612473 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0620-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how neurons of the striatum are formed and integrate into complex synaptic circuits is essential to provide insight into striatal function in health and disease. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the development of striatal neurons and associated circuits with a focus on their embryonic origin. Specifically, we address the role of distinct types of embryonic progenitors, found in the proliferative zones of the ganglionic eminences in the ventral telencephalon, in the generation of diverse striatal interneurons and projection neurons. Indeed, recent evidence would suggest that embryonic progenitor origin dictates key characteristics of postnatal cells, including their neurochemical content, their location within striatum, and their long-range synaptic inputs. We also integrate recent observations regarding embryonic progenitors in cortical and other regions and discuss how this might inform future research on the ganglionic eminences. Last, we examine how embryonic progenitor dysfunction can alter striatal formation, as exemplified in Huntington's disease and autism spectrum disorder, and how increased understanding of embryonic progenitors can have significant implications for future research directions and the development of improved therapeutic options.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This review highlights recently defined novel roles for embryonic progenitor cells in shaping the functional properties of both projection neurons and interneurons of the striatum. It outlines the developmental mechanisms that guide neuronal development from progenitors in the embryonic ganglionic eminences to progeny in the striatum. Where questions remain open, we integrate observations from cortex and other regions to present possible avenues for future research. Last, we provide a progenitor-centric perspective onto both Huntington's disease and autism spectrum disorder. We suggest that future investigations and manipulations of embryonic progenitor cells in both research and clinical settings will likely require careful consideration of their great intrinsic diversity and neurogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Knowles
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nathalie Dehorter
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Tommas Ellender
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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9
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Cárdenas A, Borrell V. A protocol for in ovo electroporation of chicken and snake embryos to study forebrain development. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100692. [PMID: 34382018 PMCID: PMC8339381 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo electroporation has become a key technique to study genetic mechanisms of brain development. However, electroporation of the embryonic pallium in oviparous species, interesting for evolutionary studies but distinct from in utero electroporation, is quite infrequent. Here, we detail the in ovo electroporation of the developing pallium in chick and snake embryos. This protocol allows gene manipulation through introducing exogenous DNA into brain progenitor cells and can be adapted to any type of gene manipulation of the embryonic telencephalon. For complete information on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Cárdenas et al. (2018). In ovo electroporation of dorsal telencephalon in chick and snake embryos Maximal viability of the embryos makes the protocol highly efficient The simplicity of the procedure makes it accessible to non-expert researchers Adaptable to any type of gene manipulation of the embryonic telencephalon
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Cárdenas
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550 Alacant, Spain
| | - Víctor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550 Alacant, Spain
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10
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Differential Expression Levels of Sox9 in Early Neocortical Radial Glial Cells Regulate the Decision between Stem Cell Maintenance and Differentiation. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6969-6986. [PMID: 34266896 PMCID: PMC8372026 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2905-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radial glial progenitor cells (RGCs) in the dorsal telencephalon directly or indirectly produce excitatory projection neurons and macroglia of the neocortex. Recent evidence shows that the pool of RGCs is more heterogeneous than originally thought and that progenitor subpopulations can generate particular neuronal cell types. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we have studied gene expression patterns of RGCs with different neurogenic behavior at early stages of cortical development. At this early age, some RGCs rapidly produce postmitotic neurons, whereas others self-renew and undergo neurogenic divisions at a later age. We have identified candidate genes that are differentially expressed among these early RGC subpopulations, including the transcription factor Sox9. Using in utero electroporation in embryonic mice of either sex, we demonstrate that elevated Sox9 expression in progenitors affects RGC cell cycle duration and leads to the generation of upper layer cortical neurons. Our data thus reveal molecular differences between progenitor cells with different neurogenic behavior at early stages of corticogenesis and indicates that Sox9 is critical for the maintenance of RGCs to regulate the generation of upper layer neurons. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The existence of heterogeneity in the pool of RGCs and its relationship with the generation of cellular diversity in the cerebral cortex has been an interesting topic of debate for many years. Here we describe the existence of RGCs with reduced neurogenic behavior at early embryonic ages presenting a particular molecular signature. This molecular signature consists of differential expression of some genes including the transcription factor Sox9, which has been found to be a specific regulator of this subpopulation of progenitor cells. Functional experiments perturbing expression levels of Sox9 reveal its instructive role in the regulation of the neurogenic behavior of RGCs and its relationship with the generation of upper layer projection neurons at later ages.
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11
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Gilardi C, Kalebic N. The Ferret as a Model System for Neocortex Development and Evolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:661759. [PMID: 33996819 PMCID: PMC8118648 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.661759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neocortex is the largest part of the cerebral cortex and a key structure involved in human behavior and cognition. Comparison of neocortex development across mammals reveals that the proliferative capacity of neural stem and progenitor cells and the length of the neurogenic period are essential for regulating neocortex size and complexity, which in turn are thought to be instrumental for the increased cognitive abilities in humans. The domesticated ferret, Mustela putorius furo, is an important animal model in neurodevelopment for its complex postnatal cortical folding, its long period of forebrain development and its accessibility to genetic manipulation in vivo. Here, we discuss the molecular, cellular, and histological features that make this small gyrencephalic carnivore a suitable animal model to study the physiological and pathological mechanisms for the development of an expanded neocortex. We particularly focus on the mechanisms of neural stem cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation, cortical folding, visual system development, and neurodevelopmental pathologies. We further discuss the technological advances that have enabled the genetic manipulation of the ferret in vivo. Finally, we compare the features of neocortex development in the ferret with those of other model organisms.
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12
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Vasistha NA, Khodosevich K. The impact of (ab)normal maternal environment on cortical development. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 202:102054. [PMID: 33905709 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cortex in the mammalian brain is the most complex brain region that integrates sensory information and coordinates motor and cognitive processes. To perform such functions, the cortex contains multiple subtypes of neurons that are generated during embryogenesis. Newly born neurons migrate to their proper location in the cortex, grow axons and dendrites, and form neuronal circuits. These developmental processes in the fetal brain are regulated to a large extent by a great variety of factors derived from the mother - starting from simple nutrients as building blocks and ending with hormones. Thus, when the normal maternal environment is disturbed due to maternal infection, stress, malnutrition, or toxic substances, it might have a profound impact on cortical development and the offspring can develop a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. Here we first describe the major developmental processes which generate neuronal diversity in the cortex. We then review our knowledge of how most common maternal insults affect cortical development, perturb neuronal circuits, and lead to neurodevelopmental disorders. We further present a concept of selective vulnerability of cortical neuronal subtypes to maternal-derived insults, where the vulnerability of cortical neurons and their progenitors to an insult depends on the time (developmental period), place (location in the developing brain), and type (unique features of a cell type and an insult). Finally, we provide evidence for the existence of selective vulnerability during cortical development and identify the most vulnerable neuronal types, stages of differentiation, and developmental time for major maternal-derived insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet A Vasistha
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Konstantin Khodosevich
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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13
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Wang M, Du L, Lee AC, Li Y, Qin H, He J. Different lineage contexts direct common pro-neural factors to specify distinct retinal cell subtypes. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151968. [PMID: 32699896 PMCID: PMC7480095 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202003026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
How astounding neuronal diversity arises from variable cell lineages in vertebrates remains mostly elusive. By in vivo lineage tracing of ∼1,000 single zebrafish retinal progenitors, we identified a repertoire of subtype-specific stereotyped neurogenic lineages. Remarkably, within these stereotyped lineages, GABAergic amacrine cells were born with photoreceptor cells, whereas glycinergic amacrine cells were born with OFF bipolar cells. More interestingly, post-mitotic differentiation blockage of GABAergic and glycinergic amacrine cells resulted in their respecification into photoreceptor and bipolar cells, respectively, suggesting lineage constraint in cell subtype specification. Using single-cell RNA-seq and ATAC-seq analyses, we further identified lineage-specific progenitors, each defined by specific transcription factors that exhibited characteristic chromatin accessibility dynamics. Finally, single pro-neural factors could specify different neuron types/subtypes in a lineage-dependent manner. Our findings reveal the importance of lineage context in defining neuronal subtypes and provide a demonstration of in vivo lineage-dependent induction of unique retinal neuron subtypes for treatment purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Aih Cheun Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiwen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie He
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
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14
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García-Moreno F, Molnár Z. Variations of telencephalic development that paved the way for neocortical evolution. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 194:101865. [PMID: 32526253 PMCID: PMC7656292 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Charles Darwin stated, "community in embryonic structure reveals community of descent". Thus, to understand how the neocortex emerged during mammalian evolution we need to understand the evolution of the development of the pallium, the source of the neocortex. In this article, we review the variations in the development of the pallium that enabled the production of the six-layered neocortex. We propose that an accumulation of subtle modifications from very early brain development accounted for the diversification of vertebrate pallia and the origin of the neocortex. Initially, faint differences of expression of secretable morphogens promote a wide variety in the proportions and organization of sectors of the early pallium in different vertebrates. It prompted different sectors to host varied progenitors and distinct germinative zones. These cells and germinative compartments generate diverse neuronal populations that migrate and mix with each other through radial and tangential migrations in a taxon-specific fashion. Together, these early variations had a profound influence on neurogenetic gradients, lamination, positioning, and connectivity. Gene expression, hodology, and physiological properties of pallial neurons are important features to suggest homologies, but the origin of cells and their developmental trajectory are fundamental to understand evolutionary changes. Our review compares the development of the homologous pallial sectors in sauropsids and mammals, with a particular focus on cell lineage, in search of the key changes that led to the appearance of the mammalian neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando García-Moreno
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE Foundation, María Díaz de Haro 3, 6th Floor, 48013, Bilbao, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
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15
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Llorca A, Marín O. Orchestrated freedom: new insights into cortical neurogenesis. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 66:48-56. [PMID: 33096393 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the construction of the cerebral cortex involves the coordinated output of large populations of apical progenitor cells. Cortical progenitor cells use intrinsic molecular programs and complex regulatory mechanisms to generate a large diversity of excitatory projection neurons in appropriate numbers. In this review, we summarize recent findings regarding the neurogenic behavior of cortical progenitors during neurogenesis. We describe alternative models explaining the generation of neuronal diversity among excitatory projection neurons and the role of intrinsic and extrinsic signals in the modulation of the individual output of apical progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Llorca
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Marín
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
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16
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Paolino A, Fenlon LR, Kozulin P, Haines E, Lim JWC, Richards LJ, Suárez R. Differential timing of a conserved transcriptional network underlies divergent cortical projection routes across mammalian brain evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10554-10564. [PMID: 32312821 PMCID: PMC7229759 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922422117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique combination of transcription factor expression and projection neuron identity demarcates each layer of the cerebral cortex. During mouse and human cortical development, the transcription factor CTIP2 specifies neurons that project subcerebrally, while SATB2 specifies neuronal projections via the corpus callosum, a large axon tract connecting the two neocortical hemispheres that emerged exclusively in eutherian mammals. Marsupials comprise the sister taxon of eutherians but do not have a corpus callosum; their intercortical commissural neurons instead project via the anterior commissure, similar to egg-laying monotreme mammals. It remains unknown whether divergent transcriptional networks underlie these cortical wiring differences. Here, we combine birth-dating analysis, retrograde tracing, gene overexpression and knockdown, and axonal quantification to compare the functions of CTIP2 and SATB2 in neocortical development, between the eutherian mouse and the marsupial fat-tailed dunnart. We demonstrate a striking degree of structural and functional homology, whereby CTIP2 or SATB2 of either species is sufficient to promote a subcerebral or commissural fate, respectively. Remarkably, we reveal a substantial delay in the onset of developmental SATB2 expression in mice as compared to the equivalent stage in dunnarts, with premature SATB2 overexpression in mice to match that of dunnarts resulting in a marsupial-like projection fate via the anterior commissure. Our results suggest that small alterations in the timing of regulatory gene expression may underlie interspecies differences in neuronal projection fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Paolino
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Laura R Fenlon
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Peter Kozulin
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Haines
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jonathan W C Lim
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Linda J Richards
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Suárez
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
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17
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Duchateau A, de Thonel A, El Fatimy R, Dubreuil V, Mezger V. The "HSF connection": Pleiotropic regulation and activities of Heat Shock Factors shape pathophysiological brain development. Neurosci Lett 2020; 725:134895. [PMID: 32147500 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Heat Shock Factors (HSFs) have been historically identified as a family of transcription factors that are activated and work in a stress-responsive manner, after exposure to a large variety of stimuli. However, they are also critical in normal conditions, in a life long manner, in a number of physiological processes that encompass gametogenesis, embryonic development and the integrity of adult organs and organisms. The importance of such roles is emphasized by the devastating impact of their deregulation on health, ranging from reproductive failure, neurodevelopmental disorders, cancer, and aging pathologies, including neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we provide an overview of the delicate choreography of the regulation of HSFs during neurodevelopment, at prenatal and postnatal stages. The regulation of HSFs acts at multiple layers and steps, and comprises the control of (i) HSF mRNA and protein levels, (ii) HSF activity in terms of DNA-binding and transcription, (iii) HSF homo- and hetero-oligomerization capacities, and (iv) HSF combinatory set of post-translational modifications. We also describe how these regulatory mechanisms operate in the normal developing brain and how their perturbation impact neurodevelopment under prenatal or perinatal stress conditions. In addition, we put into perspective the possible role of HSFs in the evolution of the vertebrate brains and the importance of the HSF pathway in a large variety of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Duchateau
- Université de Paris, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire DHU PROTECT, Paris, France; ED 562 BioSPC, Université de Paris, F-75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Aurélie de Thonel
- Université de Paris, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire DHU PROTECT, Paris, France
| | - Rachid El Fatimy
- Université de Paris, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire DHU PROTECT, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Dubreuil
- Université de Paris, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire DHU PROTECT, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Mezger
- Université de Paris, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire DHU PROTECT, Paris, France.
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18
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Llorca A, Ciceri G, Beattie R, Wong FK, Diana G, Serafeimidou-Pouliou E, Fernández-Otero M, Streicher C, Arnold SJ, Meyer M, Hippenmeyer S, Maravall M, Marin O. A stochastic framework of neurogenesis underlies the assembly of neocortical cytoarchitecture. eLife 2019; 8:51381. [PMID: 31736464 PMCID: PMC6968929 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex contains multiple areas with distinctive cytoarchitectonic patterns, but the cellular mechanisms underlying the emergence of this diversity remain unclear. Here, we have investigated the neuronal output of individual progenitor cells in the developing mouse neocortex using a combination of methods that together circumvent the biases and limitations of individual approaches. Our experimental results indicate that progenitor cells generate pyramidal cell lineages with a wide range of sizes and laminar configurations. Mathematical modeling indicates that these outcomes are compatible with a stochastic model of cortical neurogenesis in which progenitor cells undergo a series of probabilistic decisions that lead to the specification of very heterogeneous progenies. Our findings support a mechanism for cortical neurogenesis whose flexibility would make it capable to generate the diverse cytoarchitectures that characterize distinct neocortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Llorca
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Ciceri
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Beattie
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Fong Kuan Wong
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Diana
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Serafeimidou-Pouliou
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marian Fernández-Otero
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Streicher
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Sebastian J Arnold
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Meyer
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Miguel Maravall
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Marin
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Aboitiz F, Montiel JF. Morphological evolution of the vertebrate forebrain: From mechanical to cellular processes. Evol Dev 2019; 21:330-341. [DOI: 10.1111/ede.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Aboitiz
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Escuela de MedicinaPontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de NeurocienciasPontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Juan F. Montiel
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad Diego Portales Santiago Chile
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20
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Picco N, Hippenmeyer S, Rodarte J, Streicher C, Molnár Z, Maini PK, Woolley TE. A mathematical insight into cell labelling experiments for clonal analysis. J Anat 2019; 235:687-696. [PMID: 31173344 PMCID: PMC6704238 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the progression of the proliferative and differentiative patterns of neural stem cells at the individual cell level is crucial to the understanding of cortex development and how the disruption of such patterns can lead to malformations and neurodevelopmental diseases. However, our understanding of the precise lineage progression programme at single-cell resolution is still incomplete due to the technical variations in lineage-tracing approaches. One of the key challenges involves developing a robust theoretical framework in which we can integrate experimental observations and introduce correction factors to obtain a reliable and representative description of the temporal modulation of proliferation and differentiation. In order to obtain more conclusive insights, we carry out virtual clonal analysis using mathematical modelling and compare our results against experimental data. Using a dataset obtained with Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers, we illustrate how the theoretical description can be exploited to interpret and reconcile the disparity between virtual and experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Picco
- Department of Mathematics, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Julio Rodarte
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, UK
| | | | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip K Maini
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas E Woolley
- School of Mathematics, Cardiff University, Senghennydd Rd, Cardiff, UK
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21
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García-Moreno F, Anderton E, Jankowska M, Begbie J, Encinas JM, Irimia M, Molnár Z. Absence of Tangentially Migrating Glutamatergic Neurons in the Developing Avian Brain. Cell Rep 2019; 22:96-109. [PMID: 29298437 PMCID: PMC5770341 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neuronal populations orchestrate neocortical development during mammalian embryogenesis. These include the glutamatergic subplate-, Cajal-Retzius-, and ventral pallium-derived populations, which coordinate cortical wiring, migration, and proliferation, respectively. These transient populations are primarily derived from other non-cortical pallial sources that migrate to the dorsal pallium. Are these migrations to the dorsal pallium conserved in amniotes or are they specific to mammals? Using in ovo electroporation, we traced the entire lineage of defined chick telencephalic progenitors. We found that several pallial sources that produce tangential migratory neurons in mammals only produced radially migrating neurons in the avian brain. Moreover, ectopic expression of VP-specific mammalian Dbx1 in avian brains altered neurogenesis but did not convert the migration into a mammal-like tangential movement. Together, these data indicate that tangential cellular contributions of glutamatergic neurons originate from outside the dorsal pallium and that pallial Dbx1 expression may underlie the generation of the mammalian neocortex during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando García-Moreno
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Parque Científico UPV/EHU Edif. Sede, 48940 Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE Foundation, María Díaz de Haro 3, 6th Floor, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Edward Anderton
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Marta Jankowska
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Ilji Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jo Begbie
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Juan Manuel Encinas
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Parque Científico UPV/EHU Edif. Sede, 48940 Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE Foundation, María Díaz de Haro 3, 6th Floor, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Manuel Irimia
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
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22
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Fregoso SP, Dwyer BE, Franco SJ. Lmx1a drives Cux2 expression in the cortical hem through activation of a conserved intronic enhancer. Development 2019; 146:dev.170068. [PMID: 30770393 DOI: 10.1242/dev.170068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During neocortical development, neurons are produced by a diverse pool of neural progenitors. A subset of progenitors express the Cux2 gene and are fate restricted to produce certain neuronal subtypes; however, the upstream pathways that specify these progenitor fates remain unknown. To uncover the transcriptional networks that regulate Cux2 expression in the forebrain, we characterized a conserved Cux2 enhancer that recapitulates Cux2 expression specifically in the cortical hem. Using a bioinformatic approach, we identified putative transcription factor (TF)-binding sites for cortical hem-patterning TFs. We found that the homeobox TF Lmx1a can activate the Cux2 enhancer in vitro Furthermore, we showed that Lmx1a-binding sites were required for enhancer activity in the cortical hem in vivo Mis-expression of Lmx1a in hippocampal progenitors caused an increase in Cux2 enhancer activity outside the cortical hem. Finally, we compared several human enhancers with cortical hem-restricted activity and found that recurrent Lmx1a-binding sites are a top shared feature. Uncovering the network of TFs involved in regulating Cux2 expression will increase our understanding of the mechanisms pivotal in establishing Cux2 lineage fates in the developing forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago P Fregoso
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development, University of Colorado Graduate School - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brett E Dwyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Santos J Franco
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development, University of Colorado Graduate School - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA .,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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23
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Rueda-Alaña E, Martínez-Garay I, Encinas JM, Molnár Z, García-Moreno F. Dbx1-Derived Pyramidal Neurons Are Generated Locally in the Developing Murine Neocortex. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:792. [PMID: 30429769 PMCID: PMC6220037 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The neocortex (NCx) generates at the dorsal region of the pallium in the forebrain. Several adjacent structures also contribute with neurons to NCx. Ventral pallium (VP) is considered to generate several populations of neurons that arrive through tangential migration to the NCx. Amongst them are the Cajal-Retzius cells and some transient pyramidal neurons. However, the specific site and timing of generation, trajectory of migration and actual contribution to the pyramidal population remains elusive. Here, we investigate the spatio-temporal origin of neuronal populations from VP in an in vivo model, using a transposase mediated in utero electroporation method in embryonic mouse. From E11 to E14 cells born at the lateral corner of the neocortical neuroepithelium including the VP migrated ventro-laterally to settle all areas of the ventral telencephalon. Specifically, neurons migrated into amygdala (Ag), olfactory cortices, and claustrum (Cl). However, we found no evidence for any neurons migrating tangentially toward the NCx, regardless the antero-posterior level and developmental time of the electroporation. Our results challenge the described ventral-pallial origin of the transient pyramidal neuron population. In order to find the exact origin of cortical neurons that were previously Dbx1-fate mapped we used the promoter region of the murine Dbx1 locus to selectively target Dbx1-expressing progenitors and label their lineage. We found these progenitors in low numbers in all pallial areas, and not only in the ventral pallial ventricular zone. Our findings on the local cortical origin of the Dbx1-derived pyramidal neurons reconcile the observation of Dbx1-derived neurons in the cortex without evidence of dorsal tangential migration from VP and provide a new framework for the origin of the transient Dbx1-derived pyramidal neuron population. We conclude that these neurons are born locally within the dorsal pallial neuroepithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eneritz Rueda-Alaña
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Edificio Sede del Parque Científico de la UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Isabel Martínez-Garay
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Manuel Encinas
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Edificio Sede del Parque Científico de la UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque – Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando García-Moreno
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Edificio Sede del Parque Científico de la UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Ikerbasque – Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro, Bilbao, Spain
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24
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Yamashita W, Takahashi M, Kikkawa T, Gotoh H, Osumi N, Ono K, Nomura T. Conserved and divergent functions of Pax6 underlie species-specific neurogenic patterns in the developing amniote brain. Development 2018; 145:145/8/dev159764. [PMID: 29661783 PMCID: PMC5964652 DOI: 10.1242/dev.159764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of unique organ structures is associated with changes in conserved developmental programs. However, characterizing the functional conservation and variation of homologous transcription factors (TFs) that dictate species-specific cellular dynamics has remained elusive. Here, we dissect shared and divergent functions of Pax6 during amniote brain development. Comparative functional analyses revealed that the neurogenic function of Pax6 is highly conserved in the developing mouse and chick pallium, whereas stage-specific binary functions of Pax6 in neurogenesis are unique to mouse neuronal progenitors, consistent with Pax6-dependent temporal regulation of Notch signaling. Furthermore, we identified that Pax6-dependent enhancer activity of Dbx1 is extensively conserved between mammals and chick, although Dbx1 expression in the developing pallium is highly divergent in these species. Our results suggest that spatiotemporal changes in Pax6-dependent regulatory programs contributed to species-specific neurogenic patterns in mammalian and avian lineages, which underlie the morphological divergence of the amniote pallial architectures. Highlighted Article: Pax6 promotes neuronal differentiation in the developing chick and mouse telencephalon via Notch inhibition, whereas its stage-specific function in RGC maintenance in the VZ is unique to mammalian neocortical progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Yamashita
- Developmental Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, INAMORI Memorial Building, 1-5 Shimogamo-hangi cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-0823, Japan
| | - Masanori Takahashi
- Division of Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Takako Kikkawa
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, United Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Gotoh
- Developmental Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, INAMORI Memorial Building, 1-5 Shimogamo-hangi cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-0823, Japan
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, United Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ono
- Developmental Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, INAMORI Memorial Building, 1-5 Shimogamo-hangi cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-0823, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nomura
- Developmental Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, INAMORI Memorial Building, 1-5 Shimogamo-hangi cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-0823, Japan
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25
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Nativio R, Donahue G, Berson A, Lan Y, Amlie-Wolf A, Tuzer F, Toledo JB, Gosai SJ, Gregory BD, Torres C, Trojanowski JQ, Wang LS, Johnson FB, Bonini NM, Berger SL. Dysregulation of the epigenetic landscape of normal aging in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:497-505. [PMID: 29507413 PMCID: PMC6124498 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aging is the strongest risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The chromatin state, in particular through the mark H4K16ac, has been implicated in aging and thus may play a pivotal role in age-associated neurodegeneration. Here we compare the genome-wide enrichment of H4K16ac in the lateral temporal lobe of AD individuals against both younger and elderly cognitively normal controls. We found that while normal aging leads to H4K16ac enrichment, AD entails dramatic losses of H4K16ac in the proximity of genes linked to aging and AD. Our analysis highlights the presence of three classes of AD-related changes with distinctive functional roles. Furthermore, we discovered an association between the genomic locations of significant H4K16ac changes with genetic variants identified in prior AD genome-wide association studies and with expression quantitative trait loci. Our results establish the basis for an epigenetic link between aging and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Nativio
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Greg Donahue
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amit Berson
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yemin Lan
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexandre Amlie-Wolf
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ferit Tuzer
- Department of Pathology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jon B Toledo
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sager J Gosai
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian D Gregory
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Claudio Torres
- Department of Pathology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Li-San Wang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - F Brad Johnson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Nancy M Bonini
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Shelley L Berger
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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26
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Nomura T, Yamashita W, Gotoh H, Ono K. Species-Specific Mechanisms of Neuron Subtype Specification Reveal Evolutionary Plasticity of Amniote Brain Development. Cell Rep 2018; 22:3142-3151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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27
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Martínez-Cerdeño V, García-Moreno F, Tosches MA, Csillag A, Manger PR, Molnár Z. Update on forebrain evolution: From neurogenesis to thermogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 76:15-22. [PMID: 28964836 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Comparative developmental studies provide growing understanding of vertebrate forebrain evolution. This short review directs the spotlight to some newly emerging aspects, including the evolutionary origin of the proliferative region known as the subventricular zone (SVZ) and of intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs) that populate the SVZ, neural circuits that originated within homologous regions across all amniotes, and the role of thermogenesis in the acquisition of an increased brain size. These data were presented at the 8th European Conference on Comparative Neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, USA; MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, CA, USA.
| | - Fernando García-Moreno
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Parque Científico UPV/EHU Edif. Sede, E-48940 Leioa, Spain
| | | | - András Csillag
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
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28
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The Future Vocation of Neural Stem Cells: Lineage Commitment in Brain Development and Evolution. Neurochem Res 2017; 43:162-165. [PMID: 28836066 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the fate commitment of neural stem cells is critical to identify the regulatory mechanisms in developing brains. Genetic lineage-tracing has provided a powerful strategy to unveil the heterogeneous nature of stem cells and their descendants. However, recent studies have reported controversial data regarding the heterogeneity of neural stem cells in the developing mouse neocortex, which prevents a decisive conclusion on this issue. Here, we review the progress that has been made using lineage-tracing analyses of the developing neocortex and discuss stem cell heterogeneity from the viewpoint of comparative and evolutionary biology.
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29
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Abstract
Regardless of how a nervous system is genetically built, natural selection is acting on the functional outcome of its activity. To understand how nervous systems evolve, it is essential to analyze how their functional units - the neural circuits - change and adapt over time. A neural circuit can evolve in many different ways, and the underlying developmental and genetic mechanisms involve different sets of genes. Therefore, the comparison of gene expression can help reconstructing circuit evolution, as demonstrated by several examples in sensory systems. Functional constraints on neural circuit evolution suggest that in nervous systems developmental and genetic variants do not appear randomly, and that the evolution of neuroanatomy might be biased. Sensory systems, in particular, seem to evolve along trajectories that enhance their evolvability, ensuring adaptation to different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonietta Tosches
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue Strasse 4, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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30
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Kelava I, Lancaster MA. Dishing out mini-brains: Current progress and future prospects in brain organoid research. Dev Biol 2016; 420:199-209. [PMID: 27402594 PMCID: PMC5161139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability to model human brain development in vitro represents an important step in our study of developmental processes and neurological disorders. Protocols that utilize human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells can now generate organoids which faithfully recapitulate, on a cell-biological and gene expression level, the early period of human embryonic and fetal brain development. In combination with novel gene editing tools, such as CRISPR, these methods represent an unprecedented model system in the field of mammalian neural development. In this review, we focus on the similarities of current organoid methods to in vivo brain development, discuss their limitations and potential improvements, and explore the future venues of brain organoid research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Kelava
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, CB2 0QH Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Madeline A Lancaster
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, CB2 0QH Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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31
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Montiel JF, Aboitiz F. Pallial patterning and the origin of the isocortex. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:377. [PMID: 26512233 PMCID: PMC4604247 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Together with a complex variety of behavioral, physiological, morphological, and neurobiological innovations, mammals are characterized by the development of an extensive isocortex (also called neocortex) that is both laminated and radially organized, as opposed to the brain of birds and reptiles. In this article, we will advance a developmental hypothesis in which the mechanisms of evolutionary brain growth remain partly conserved across amniotes (mammals, reptiles and birds), all based on Pax6 signaling or related morphogens. Despite this conservatism, only in mammals there is an additional upregulation of dorsal and anterior signaling centers (the cortical hem and the anterior forebrain, respectively) that promoted a laminar and a columnar structure into the neocortex. It is possible that independently, some birds also developed an upregulated dorsal pallium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Montiel
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Diego PortalesSantiago, Chile
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, UK
| | - Francisco Aboitiz
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Escuela de Medicina, and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
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