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Li J, Hou F, Lv N, Zhao R, Zhang L, Yue C, Nie M, Chen L. From Rare Disorders of Kidney Tubules to Acute Renal Injury: Progress and Prospective. KIDNEY DISEASES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 10:153-166. [PMID: 38751796 PMCID: PMC11095595 DOI: 10.1159/000536423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a severe condition marked by rapid renal function deterioration and elevated mortality, with traditional biomarkers lacking sensitivity and specificity. Rare tubulointerstitial diseases encompass a spectrum of disorders, primarily including monogenic diseases, immune-related conditions, and drug-induced tubulointerstitial diseases. The clinical manifestations vary from electrolyte and acid-base imbalances to kidney function insufficiency, which is associated with AKI in up to 20% of cases. Evidence indicated that rare tubulointerstitial diseases might provide new conceptual insights and perspectives for novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic strategies for AKI. Summary Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD) and Fanconi syndrome (FS) are rare tubulointerstitial diseases. In ADTKD, UMOD and REN are closely related to AKI by affecting oxidative stress and tubuloglomerular feedback, which provide potential new biomarkers for AKI. Both rare tubulointerstitial diseases and AKI share etiologies and treatment responses. From the mechanism standpoint, rare tubulointerstitial diseases and AKI involve tubular transporter injury, initially manifesting as tubular dysfunction in tubulointerstitial disorder and progressing to AKI because of the programmed cell death with apoptosis, pyroptosis, or necroptosis of proximal tubule cells. Additionally, mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified as a common mechanism in both tubulointerstitial diseases and AKI induced by drugs, pSS, or monoclonal diseases. In the end, both AKI and FS patients and animal models responded well to the therapy of the primary diseases. Key Messages In this review, we describe an overview of ADTKD and FS to identify their associations with AKI. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to rare tubulointerstitial diseases and AKI, which might provide a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Li
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fangxing Hou
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Lv
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruohuan Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Cai Yue
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Min Nie
- Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Limeng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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2
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Nishio S, Emori C, Wiseman B, Fahrenkamp D, Dioguardi E, Zamora-Caballero S, Bokhove M, Han L, Stsiapanava A, Algarra B, Lu Y, Kodani M, Bainbridge RE, Komondor KM, Carlson AE, Landreh M, de Sanctis D, Yasumasu S, Ikawa M, Jovine L. ZP2 cleavage blocks polyspermy by modulating the architecture of the egg coat. Cell 2024; 187:1440-1459.e24. [PMID: 38490181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Following the fertilization of an egg by a single sperm, the egg coat or zona pellucida (ZP) hardens and polyspermy is irreversibly blocked. These events are associated with the cleavage of the N-terminal region (NTR) of glycoprotein ZP2, a major subunit of ZP filaments. ZP2 processing is thought to inactivate sperm binding to the ZP, but its molecular consequences and connection with ZP hardening are unknown. Biochemical and structural studies show that cleavage of ZP2 triggers its oligomerization. Moreover, the structure of a native vertebrate egg coat filament, combined with AlphaFold predictions of human ZP polymers, reveals that two protofilaments consisting of type I (ZP3) and type II (ZP1/ZP2/ZP4) components interlock into a left-handed double helix from which the NTRs of type II subunits protrude. Together, these data suggest that oligomerization of cleaved ZP2 NTRs extensively cross-links ZP filaments, rigidifying the egg coat and making it physically impenetrable to sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Nishio
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Chihiro Emori
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Benjamin Wiseman
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Dirk Fahrenkamp
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Elisa Dioguardi
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Marcel Bokhove
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ling Han
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Alena Stsiapanava
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Blanca Algarra
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Yonggang Lu
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mayo Kodani
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rachel E Bainbridge
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kayla M Komondor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anne E Carlson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael Landreh
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Shigeki Yasumasu
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Luca Jovine
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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3
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Pisciottano F, Campos MC, Penna C, Bruque CD, Gabaldón T, Saragüeta P. Positive selection in gamete interaction proteins in Carnivora. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17263. [PMID: 38318732 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The absence of robust interspecific isolation barriers among pantherines, including the iconic South American jaguar (Panthera onca), led us to study molecular evolution of typically rapidly evolving reproductive proteins within this subfamily and related groups. In this study, we delved into the evolutionary forces acting on the zona pellucida (ZP) gamete interaction protein family and the sperm-oocyte fusion protein pair IZUMO1-JUNO across the Carnivora order, distinguishing between Caniformia and Feliformia suborders and anticipating few significant diversifying changes in the Pantherinae subfamily. A chromosome-resolved jaguar genome assembly facilitated coding sequences, enabling the reconstruction of protein evolutionary histories. Examining sequence variability across more than 30 Carnivora species revealed that Feliformia exhibited significantly lower diversity compared to its sister taxa, Caniformia. Molecular evolution analyses of ZP2 and ZP3, subunits directly involved in sperm-recognition, unveiled diversifying positive selection in Feliformia, Caniformia and Pantherinae, although no significant changes were linked to sperm binding. Structural cross-linking ZP subunits, ZP4 and ZP1 exhibited lower levels or complete absence of positive selection. Notably, the fusion protein IZUMO1 displayed prominent positive selection signatures and sites in basal lineages of both Caniformia and Feliformia, extending along the Caniformia subtree but absent in Pantherinae. Conversely, JUNO did not exhibit any positive selection signatures across tested lineages and clades. Eight Caniformia-specific positive selected sites in IZUMO1 were detected within two JUNO-interaction clusters. Our findings provide for the first time insights into the evolutionary trajectories of ZP proteins and the IZUMO1-JUNO gamete interaction pair within the Carnivora order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Pisciottano
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Clara Campos
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Clementina Penna
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos David Bruque
- Unidad de Conocimiento Traslacional Hospitalaria Patagónica, Hospital de Alta Complejidad El Calafate SAMIC, El Calafate, Santa Cruz, Argentina
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), and Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Saragüeta
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Niazi A, Kim JA, Kim DK, Lu D, Sterin I, Park J, Park S. Microvilli regulate the release modes of alpha-tectorin to organize the domain-specific matrix architecture of the tectorial membrane. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.04.574255. [PMID: 38260557 PMCID: PMC10802356 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.04.574255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The tectorial membrane (TM) is an apical extracellular matrix (ECM) in the cochlea essential for auditory transduction. The TM exhibits highly ordered domain-specific architecture. Alpha-tectorin/TECTA is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored ECM protein essential for TM organization. Here, we identified that TECTA is released by distinct modes: proteolytic shedding by TMPRSS2 and GPI-anchor-dependent release from the microvillus tip. In the medial/limbal domain, proteolytically shed TECTA forms dense fibers. In the lateral/body domain produced by the supporting cells displaying dense microvilli, the proteolytic shedding restricts TECTA to the microvillus tip and compartmentalizes the collagen-binding site. The tip-localized TECTA, in turn, is released in a GPI-anchor-dependent manner to form collagen-crosslinking fibers, required for maintaining the spacing and parallel organization of collagen fibrils. Overall, we showed that distinct release modes of TECTA determine the domain-specific organization pattern, and the microvillus coordinates the release modes along its membrane to organize the higher-order ECM architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Niazi
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ju Ang Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Current affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Current affiliation: Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Di Lu
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Igal Sterin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Joosang Park
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Sungjin Park
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Dilimulati K, Yulin Z, Imai FL, Yonezawa N. N-Glycosylation Site in the Middle Region Is Involved in the Sperm-Binding Activity of Bovine Zona Pellucida Glycoproteins ZP3 and ZP4. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1636. [PMID: 38002318 PMCID: PMC10669178 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian fertilization is a species-selective event that involves a series of interactions between sperm proteins and the oocyte's zona pellucida (ZP) glycoproteins. Bovine ZP consists of three glycoproteins: bZP2, bZP3, and bZP4. In our previous study, we demonstrated that bovine sperm binds to plastic wells coated with recombinant bZP4 and identified that the N-terminal domain and the middle region of bZP4 are critical for sperm-binding activity. Here, we investigated the sperm-binding site in the middle region (residues 290 to 340) of bZP4, which includes the hinge region. We showed that bovine sperm binds to bZP4's middle region in a species-selective manner. We mapped the function of bZP4's middle region to its N-glycosylation site at Asn-314 using several recombinant mutated proteins. Moreover, we showed that mutations of the N-glycosylation sites at Asn-314 close to the hinge region and Asn-146 of the hinge region of bZP4 and bZP3, respectively, reduced the sperm-binding activity of the complex of the bZP3 (from 32 to 178) and bZP4 (from 136 to 464) fragments. Together, these results suggest that ZP's middle regions of bZP3 and bZP4 form one of the sperm-binding sites of bovine ZP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Dilimulati
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; (K.D.); (F.L.I.)
| | - Zhang Yulin
- Department of Quantum Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan;
| | - Fabiana Lica Imai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; (K.D.); (F.L.I.)
| | - Naoto Yonezawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; (K.D.); (F.L.I.)
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6
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Mo B, Scharf B, Gutheil C, Letzel MC, Hensel A. Tamm-Horsfall protein in humane urine: sex-dependent differences in the excretion and N-glycosylation pattern. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17815. [PMID: 37857738 PMCID: PMC10587112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44650-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) is a highly N-glycosylated protein from epithelial cells of the ascending limb of Henle loop. It is secreted into the urine as part of the innate immune response against uropathogenic pathogens. As women are more likely to suffer from urinary tract infections, biomedical studies were conducted to investigate sex-differences in THP excretion, as well as differences in the THP N-glycosylation pattern. A total of 238 volunteers (92 men, 146 women, 69 with hormonal contraceptives) participated in this study, providing urine samples. Women showed a clear tendency to have higher THP concentration and excretion rates than men (p < 0.16). Regular intake of hormonal contraceptives had no significant influence on urinary THP concentration compared to no regular intake. The individual N-glycosylation pattern of THP in urine samples from randomly selected individuals (10 female, 10 male) was investigated after enzymatic release and MS analysis of the oligosaccharides. Female subjects tended to have an increased proportion of oligomannose type N-glycans and non-fucosylated glycans, whereas men had an increased proportion of fucosylated complex-type glycans. The higher level of oligomannose-type glycans in THP from women might be explained by a self-defence mechanism to overcome the higher infections pressure by the female anatomical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Mo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Birte Scharf
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Gutheil
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias C Letzel
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Hensel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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7
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Thielemans R, Speeckaert R, Delrue C, De Bruyne S, Oyaert M, Speeckaert MM. Unveiling the Hidden Power of Uromodulin: A Promising Potential Biomarker for Kidney Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3077. [PMID: 37835820 PMCID: PMC10572911 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13193077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Uromodulin, also known as Tamm-Horsfall protein, represents the predominant urinary protein in healthy individuals. Over the years, studies have revealed compelling associations between urinary and serum concentrations of uromodulin and various parameters, encompassing kidney function, graft survival, cardiovascular disease, glucose metabolism, and overall mortality. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in uromodulin as a novel and effective biomarker with potential applications in diverse clinical settings. Reduced urinary uromodulin levels have been linked to an elevated risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) following cardiac surgery. In the context of chronic kidney disease (CKD) of different etiologies, urinary uromodulin levels tend to decrease significantly and are strongly correlated with variations in estimated glomerular filtration rate. The presence of uromodulin in the serum, attributable to basolateral epithelial cell leakage in the thick ascending limb, has been observed. This serum uromodulin level is closely associated with kidney function and histological severity, suggesting its potential as a biomarker capable of reflecting disease severity across a spectrum of kidney disorders. The UMOD gene has emerged as a prominent locus linked to kidney function parameters and CKD risk within the general population. Extensive research in multiple disciplines has underscored the biological significance of the top UMOD gene variants, which have also been associated with hypertension and kidney stones, thus highlighting the diverse and significant impact of uromodulin on kidney-related conditions. UMOD gene mutations are implicated in uromodulin-associated kidney disease, while polymorphisms in the UMOD gene show a significant association with CKD. In conclusion, uromodulin holds great promise as an informative biomarker, providing valuable insights into kidney function and disease progression in various clinical scenarios. The identification of UMOD gene variants further strengthens its relevance as a potential target for better understanding kidney-related pathologies and devising novel therapeutic strategies. Future investigations into the roles of uromodulin and regulatory mechanisms are likely to yield even more profound implications for kidney disease diagnosis, risk assessment, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raïsa Thielemans
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (R.T.); (C.D.)
| | | | - Charlotte Delrue
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (R.T.); (C.D.)
| | - Sander De Bruyne
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.D.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Matthijs Oyaert
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.D.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Marijn M. Speeckaert
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (R.T.); (C.D.)
- Research Foundation Flanders, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
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8
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Rende U, Ahn SB, Adhikari S, Moh ESX, Pollock CA, Saad S, Guller A. Deciphering the Kidney Matrisome: Identification and Quantification of Renal Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Healthy Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032827. [PMID: 36769148 PMCID: PMC9917693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise characterization of a tissue's extracellular matrix (ECM) protein composition (matrisome) is essential for biomedicine. However, ECM protein extraction that requires organ-specific optimization is still a major limiting factor in matrisome studies. In particular, the matrisome of mouse kidneys is still understudied, despite mouse models being crucial for renal research. Here, we comprehensively characterized the matrisome of kidneys in healthy C57BL/6 mice using two ECM extraction methods in combination with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), protein identification, and label-free quantification (LFQ) using MaxQuant. We identified 113 matrisome proteins, including 22 proteins that have not been previously listed in the Matrisome Database. Depending on the extraction approach, the core matrisome (structural proteins) comprised 45% or 73% of kidney ECM proteins, and was dominated by glycoproteins, followed by collagens and proteoglycans. Among matrisome-associated proteins, ECM regulators had the highest LFQ intensities, followed by ECM-affiliated proteins and secreted factors. The identified kidney ECM proteins were primarily involved in cellular, developmental and metabolic processes, as well as in molecular binding and regulation of catalytic and structural molecules' activity. We also performed in silico comparative analysis of the kidney matrisome composition in humans and mice based on publicly available data. These results contribute to the first reference database for the mouse renal matrisome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Rende
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics, The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Seong Beom Ahn
- Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Subash Adhikari
- Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
- Advanced Technology and Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Edward S. X. Moh
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Carol A. Pollock
- Department of Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- Department of Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Anna Guller
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics, The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
- Correspondence:
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9
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Knepper MI, Dernedde J. Zona Pellucida like Domain Protein 1 (ZPLD1) Polymerization Is Regulated by Two Distinguished Hydrophobic Motifs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213894. [PMID: 36430381 PMCID: PMC9692296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zona Pellucida Like Domain 1 Protein (ZPLD1) is a main component of the cupula, a gelatinous structure located in the labyrinth organ of the inner ear and involved in vestibular function. The N-glycosylated protein is likely able to organize high-molecular-weight polymers via its zona pellucida (ZP) module, which is common for many extracellular proteins that self-assemble into matrices. In this work, we confirmed that ZPLD1 can form multimers while setting up a cellular model leveraging Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells to study protein polymerization. We identified two motifs within ZPLD1 which regulate its polymerization and follow previously published conserved regions, identified across ZP proteins. Mutational depletion of either one of these modules led to diminished or abnormal polymer formation outside of the cells, likely due to altered processing at the plasma membrane. Further, intracellular polymer formation was observed. Proteolytic cleavage during secretion, separating the regulatory motif located distinct of the ZP module from the mature monomer, seems to be necessary to enable polymerization. While the molecular interactions of the identified motifs remain to be proven, our findings suggest that ZPLD1 is a polymer forming ZP protein following an orchestrated mechanism of protein polymerization to finally build up a gelatinous hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Isabell Knepper
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Dernedde
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-304-5056-9176
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10
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LaFavers KA, Micanovic R, Sabo AR, Maghak LA, El-Achkar TM. Evolving Concepts in Uromodulin Biology, Physiology, and Its Role in Disease: a Tale of Two Forms. Hypertension 2022; 79:2409-2418. [PMID: 35959659 PMCID: PMC9669127 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.18567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Uromodulin (or Tamm-Horsfall protein) is a glycoprotein uniquely produced in the kidney by tubular cells of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and early distal tubules. This protein exhibits bidirectional secretion in the urine and in the renal interstitium and circulation. The role of this protein in maintaining renal and systemic homeostasis is becoming increasingly appreciated. Furthermore, perturbations of its functions may play a role in various diseases affecting the kidney and distant organs. In this review, we will discuss important advances in understanding its biology, highlighting the recent discoveries of its secretion and differential precursor processing that generates 2 forms: (1) a highly polymerizing form that is apically excreted in the urine and generates filaments and (2) a nonpolymerizing form that retains a polymerization inhibitory pro-peptide and is released basolaterally in the kidney interstitium and circulation, but can also be found in the urine. We will also discuss factors regulating its production and release, taking into account its intricate physiology, and propose best practices to report its levels. We also discuss breaking advances in its role in hypertension, acute kidney injury and progression to chronic disease, immunomodulation and regulating renal and systemic oxidative stress. We anticipate that this work will be a great resource for researchers and clinicians. This review will highlight the importance of defining what regulates the 2 forms of uromodulin, so that modulation of uromodulin levels and function could become a novel tool in our therapeutic armamentarium against kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaice A LaFavers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Radmila Micanovic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Angela R Sabo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Lauren A Maghak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Tarek M El-Achkar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
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11
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Mary S, Boder P, Padmanabhan S, McBride MW, Graham D, Delles C, Dominiczak AF. Role of Uromodulin in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension. Hypertension 2022; 79:2419-2429. [PMID: 36378920 PMCID: PMC9553220 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The exclusive expression of uromodulin in the kidneys has made it an intriguing protein in kidney and cardiovascular research. Genome-wide association studies discovered variants of uromodulin that are associated with chronic kidney diseases and hypertension. Urinary and circulating uromodulin levels reflect kidney and cardiovascular health as well as overall mortality. More recently, Mendelian randomization studies have shown that genetically driven levels of uromodulin have a causal and adverse effect on kidney function. On a mechanistic level, salt sensitivity is an important factor in the pathophysiology of hypertension, and uromodulin is involved in salt reabsorption via the NKCC2 (Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter) on epithelial cells of the ascending limb of loop of Henle. In this review, we provide an overview of the multifaceted physiology and pathophysiology of uromodulin including recent advances in its genetics; cellular trafficking; and mechanistic and clinical studies undertaken to understand the complex relationship between uromodulin, blood pressure, and kidney function. We focus on tubular sodium reabsorption as one of the best understood and pathophysiologically and clinically most important roles of uromodulin, which can lead to therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheon Mary
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Boder
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Martin W. McBride
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Delyth Graham
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Delles
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anna F. Dominiczak
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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12
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Takata T, Hamada S, Mae Y, Iyama T, Ogihara R, Seno M, Nakamura K, Takata M, Sugihara T, Isomoto H. Uromodulin Regulates Murine Aquaporin-2 Activity via Thick Ascending Limb-Collecting Duct Cross-Talk during Water Deprivation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169410. [PMID: 36012675 PMCID: PMC9408883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Uromodulin, a urinary protein synthesized and secreted from the thick ascending limb (TAL) of the loop of Henle, is associated with hypertension through the activation of sodium reabsorption in the TAL. Uromodulin is a potential target for hypertension treatment via natriuresis. However, its biological function in epithelial cells of the distal nephron segment, particularly the collecting duct, remains unknown. Herein, we examined the regulation of uromodulin production during water deprivation in vivo as well as the effect of uromodulin on the activity of the water channel aquaporin−2 (AQP2) in vitro and in vivo using transgenic mice. Water deprivation upregulated uromodulin production; immunofluorescence experiments revealed uromodulin adhesion on the apical surface of the collecting duct. Furthermore, the activation of AQP2 was attenuated in mice lacking uromodulin. Uromodulin enhanced the phosphorylation and apical trafficking of AQP2 in mouse collecting duct cells treated with the vasopressin analog dDAVP. The uromodulin-induced apical trafficking of AQP2 was attenuated via endocytosis inhibitor treatment, suggesting that uromodulin activates AQP2 through the suppression of endocytosis. This study provides novel insights into the cross−talk between TAL and the collecting duct, and indicates that the modulation of uromodulin is a promising approach for diuresis and hypertension treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Takata
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-859-38-6527
| | - Shintaro Hamada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Yukari Mae
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Takuji Iyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ogihara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Misako Seno
- Advanced Medicine & Translational Research Center, Organization for Research Initiative and Promotion, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Kazuomi Nakamura
- Advanced Medicine, Innovation and Clinical Research Center, Tottori University Hospital, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Miki Takata
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sugihara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Hajime Isomoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
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13
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Hou M, Zhu L, Jiang J, Liu Z, Li Z, Jia W, Hu J, Zhou X, Zhang D, Luo Y, Peng X, Xi Q, Jin L, Zhang X. Novel Heterozygous Mutations in ZP2 Cause Abnormal Zona Pellucida and Female Infertility. Reprod Sci 2022; 29:3047-3054. [PMID: 35595959 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-00958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Zona pellucida (ZP) which is an extracellular matrix consisting of ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, and ZP4 plays a vital role in oocyte maturity, early embryonic development, and fertilization process. Any alterations of structure or function may lead to the abnormal formation of ZP and female infertility. Two novel heterozygous mutations c.1859G > A (p.Cys620Tyr) and c.1421 T > C (p.Leu474Pro) in ZP2 gene were recognized in three patients from two unrelated families with abnormal ZP and female infertility in this study. The expression constructs carrying wild-type ZP2 gene, c.1859G > A (p.Cys620Tyr) mutant ZP2 gene, and c.1421 T > C (p.Leu474Pro) mutant ZP2 gene were transfected into CHO cells respectively. There was a remarkable decrease in the expression of p.Cys620Tyr mutant protein with western blot. In addition, secretion of p.Leu474Pro mutant protein in the culture medium reduced markedly compared with that of wild-type ZP2 protein. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation showed that the p.Leu474Pro mutation affected the interaction between ZP2 and ZP3. Prediction of three-dimensional (3D) structure of the proteins showed that p.Cys620Tyr mutation altered the disulfide bond of ZP2 protein and may affect its function. These findings extend the ranges of mutations of ZP2 gene. Meanwhile, it will be helpful to the precise diagnosis of abnormal ZP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Hou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Lixia Zhu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinghang Jiang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Jingmen No. 2 People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenxing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Zhou Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Weimin Jia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Juan Hu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaopei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Dazhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Yalin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Xuejie Peng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Qingsong Xi
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xianqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
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14
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Rivera AM, Wilburn DB, Swanson WJ. Domain Expansion and Functional Diversification in Vertebrate Reproductive Proteins. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:msac105. [PMID: 35587583 PMCID: PMC9154058 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid evolution of fertilization proteins has generated remarkable diversity in molecular structure and function. Glycoproteins of vertebrate egg coats contain multiple zona pellucida (ZP)-N domains (1-6 copies) that facilitate multiple reproductive functions, including species-specific sperm recognition. In this report, we integrate phylogenetics and machine learning to investigate how ZP-N domains diversify in structure and function. The most C-terminal ZP-N domain of each paralog is associated with another domain type (ZP-C), which together form a "ZP module." All modular ZP-N domains are phylogenetically distinct from nonmodular or free ZP-N domains. Machine learning-based classification identifies eight residues that form a stabilizing network in modular ZP-N domains that is absent in free domains. Positive selection is identified in some free ZP-N domains. Our findings support that strong purifying selection has conserved an essential structural core in modular ZP-N domains, with the relaxation of this structural constraint allowing free N-terminal domains to functionally diversify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto M. Rivera
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Damien B. Wilburn
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Willie J. Swanson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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15
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Wopperer FJ, Knaup KX, Stanzick KJ, Schneider K, Jobst-Schwan T, Ekici AB, Uebe S, Wenzel A, Schliep S, Schürfeld C, Seitz R, Bernhardt W, Gödel M, Wiesener A, Popp B, Stark KJ, Gröne HJ, Friedrich B, Weiß M, Basic-Jukic N, Schiffer M, Schröppel B, Huettel B, Beck BB, Sayer JA, Ziegler C, Büttner-Herold M, Amann K, Heid IM, Reis A, Pasutto F, Wiesener MS. Diverse molecular causes of unsolved autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney diseases. Kidney Int 2022; 102:405-420. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Systemic Effects of Tamm-Horsfall Protein in Kidney Disease. Semin Nephrol 2022; 42:151277. [PMID: 36411194 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) is produced exclusively by the kidney, where it is released into both the urine and the circulation. Although the primary form of circulating THP is nonpolymerizing, urinary THP exists as a mix of polymerizing and nonpolymerizing forms. Urinary THP has been shown to play roles in such disparate processes as prevention of urinary tract infections and kidney stone formation, along with the regulation of multiple ion channels within the kidney. The generation of THP knockout mouse models has allowed the investigation of these phenomena and shown a prospective role for circulating THP in ischemia-reperfusion acute kidney injury as well as sepsis. Recent studies have suggested that THP is protective in ischemic injury owing to its inhibition of oxidative stress via the calcium channel transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 2 t(TRPM2), and protection in sepsis is at least partially due to THP's promotion of macrophage function.
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17
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Micanovic R, LaFavers KA, Patidar KR, Ghabril MS, Doud EH, Mosley AL, Sabo AR, Khan S, El-Achkar TM. The kidney releases a nonpolymerizing form of uromodulin in the urine and circulation that retains the external hydrophobic patch domain. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F403-F418. [PMID: 35100812 PMCID: PMC8934678 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00322.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Uromodulin [Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP)] is a glycoprotein uniquely produced in the kidney. It is released by cells of the thick ascending limbs apically in the urine and basolaterally in the renal interstitium and systemic circulation. Processing of mature urinary THP, which polymerizes into supramolecular filaments, requires cleavage of an external hydrophobic patch (EHP) at the COOH-terminus. However, THP in the circulation is not polymerized, and it remains unclear if nonaggregated forms of THP exist natively in the urine. We propose that an alternative processing path, which retains the EHP domain, can lead to a nonpolymerizing form of THP. We generated an antibody that specifically recognizes THP with retained EHP (THP + EHP) and established its presence in the urine in a nonpolymerized native state. Proteomic characterization of urinary THP + EHP revealed its COOH-terminus ending at F617. In the human kidney, THP + EHP was detected in thick ascending limb cells and less strongly in the renal parenchyma. Using immunoprecipitation followed by proteomic sequencing and immunoblot analysis, we then demonstrated that serum THP has also retained EHP. In a small cohort of patients at risk for acute kidney injury, admission urinary THP + EHP was significantly lower in patients who subsequently developed acute kidney injury during hospitalization. Our findings uncover novel insights into uromodulin biology by establishing the presence of an alternative path for cellular processing, which could explain the release of nonpolymerizing THP in the circulation. Larger studies are needed to establish the utility of urinary THP + EHP as a sensitive biomarker of kidney health and susceptibility to injury.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this work, we discovered and characterized a novel form of uromodulin that does not polymerize because it retains an external hydrophobic patch at the COOH-terminus. These findings establish an alternative form of cellular processing of this protein and elucidate new aspects of its biology. We also provide evidence suggesting that measuring urinary nonpolymerizing uromodulin could be a promising assay to assess the risk of acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radmila Micanovic
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kaice A LaFavers
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kavish R Patidar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Indiana Center for Liver Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Marwan S Ghabril
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Indiana Center for Liver Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Emma H Doud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Amber L Mosley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Angela R Sabo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Shehnaz Khan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tarek M El-Achkar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
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18
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Rivera AM, Swanson WJ. The Importance of Gene Duplication and Domain Repeat Expansion for the Function and Evolution of Fertilization Proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:827454. [PMID: 35155436 PMCID: PMC8830517 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.827454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of gene duplication followed by gene loss or evolution of new functions has been studied extensively, yet the role gene duplication plays in the function and evolution of fertilization proteins is underappreciated. Gene duplication is observed in many fertilization protein families including Izumo, DCST, ZP, and the TFP superfamily. Molecules mediating fertilization are part of larger gene families expressed in a variety of tissues, but gene duplication followed by structural modifications has often facilitated their cooption into a fertilization function. Repeat expansions of functional domains within a gene also provide opportunities for the evolution of novel fertilization protein. ZP proteins with domain repeat expansions are linked to species-specificity in fertilization and TFP proteins that experienced domain duplications were coopted into a novel sperm function. This review outlines the importance of gene duplications and repeat domain expansions in the evolution of fertilization proteins.
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19
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Aldea PL, Rachisan AL, Stanciu BI, Picos A, Picos AM, Delean DI, Stroescu R, Starcea MI, Borzan CM, Elec FI. The Perspectives of Biomarkers in Predicting the Survival of the Renal Graft. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:869628. [PMID: 35722493 PMCID: PMC9204089 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.869628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplantation (KT) is currently the elective approach for patients with end-stage renal disease. Although it is a safe choice for these patients, the early complications can lead to graft dysfunction. One of the most redoubtable complications is delayed graft function (DGF), having no specific treatment. The effects of DGF on the graft survival are large enough to justify the formulation of specific biological protocols. Therefore, discovering biomarkers of acute impairment in renal transplanted patients is required. Creatinine is a poor marker to establish the kidney injury. Estimated glomerular filtration rate together with creatinine is ready to approximately measure the kidney function. Different serum and urine proteins are being studied as possible predictive biomarkers for delayed graft function. This review will concentrate on recent and existing research which provide insight concerning the contribution of some molecules for the estimation and evaluation of graft function after kidney transplantation. Further studies examining various aspects of DGF after KT are urgently needed to address a hitherto less-known clinical question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Luchian Aldea
- Department of Community Medicine, Discipline of Public Health and Management, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreea Liana Rachisan
- Department of Mother and Child, Discipline of Pediatrics II, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bogdan Ioan Stanciu
- Department of Radiology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Picos
- Department of Prevention in Dental Medicine, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Monica Picos
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan Ioan Delean
- Department of Mother and Child, Discipline of Pediatrics II, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ramona Stroescu
- Department of Pediatrics, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | | | - Cristina Maria Borzan
- Department of Community Medicine, Discipline of Public Health and Management, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Florin Ioan Elec
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Discipline of Urology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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20
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Jovine L. Using machine learning to study protein-protein interactions: From the uromodulin polymer to egg zona pellucida filaments. Mol Reprod Dev 2021; 88:686-693. [PMID: 34590381 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neural network-based models for protein structure prediction have recently reached near-experimental accuracy and are fast becoming a powerful tool in the arsenal of biologists. As suggested by initial studies using RoseTTAFold or the ColabFold implementation of AlphaFold2, a particularly interesting future development will be the optimization of these computational methods to also routinely yield high-confidence predictions of protein-protein interactions. Here I use AlphaFold2 and ColabFold to investigate the activation and polymerization of uromodulin (UMOD)/Tamm-Horsfall protein, a zona pellucida (ZP) module-containing protein whose precursor and filamentous structures have been previously determined experimentally by X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM, respectively. Despite having no knowledge of the UMOD polymer structure (coordinates for which were neither used for model training nor as template), AlphaFold2/ColabFold are able to recapitulate a crucial conformational change underlying UMOD polymerization, as well as the general organization of protein subunits within the resulting filament. This surprising result is achieved by simply deleting from the input sequence a stretch of residues that correspond to a polymerization-inhibiting C-terminal propeptide. By mimicking in silico the activating effect of propeptide dissociation triggered by site-specific proteolysis of the protein precursor, this example has implications for the assembly of egg coat proteins and the many other molecules that also contain a ZP module. Most importantly, it shows the potential of exploiting machine learning not only to accurately predict the structures of individual proteins or complexes, but also to carry out computational experiments replicating specific molecular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Jovine
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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21
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Zona Pellucida Genes and Proteins: Essential Players in Mammalian Oogenesis and Fertility. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081266. [PMID: 34440440 PMCID: PMC8391237 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
All mammalian oocytes and eggs are surrounded by a relatively thick extracellular matrix (ECM), the zona pellucida (ZP), that plays vital roles during oogenesis, fertilization, and preimplantation development. Unlike ECM surrounding somatic cells, the ZP is composed of only a few glycosylated proteins, ZP1–4, that are unique to oocytes and eggs. ZP1–4 have a large region of polypeptide, the ZP domain (ZPD), consisting of two subdomains, ZP-N and ZP-C, separated by a short linker region, that plays an essential role in polymerization of nascent ZP proteins into crosslinked fibrils. Both subdomains adopt immunoglobulin (Ig)-like folds for their 3-dimensional structure. Mouse and human ZP genes are encoded by single-copy genes located on different chromosomes and are highly expressed in the ovary by growing oocytes during late stages of oogenesis. Genes encoding ZP proteins are conserved among mammals, and their expression is regulated by cis-acting sequences located close to the transcription start-site and by the same/similar trans-acting factors. Nascent ZP proteins are synthesized, packaged into vesicles, secreted into the extracellular space, and assembled into long, crosslinked fibrils that have a structural repeat, a ZP2-ZP3 dimer, and constitute the ZP matrix. Fibrils are oriented differently with respect to the oolemma in the inner and outer layers of the ZP. Sequence elements in the ZPD and the carboxy-terminal propeptide of ZP1–4 regulate secretion and assembly of nascent ZP proteins. The presence of both ZP2 and ZP3 is required to assemble ZP fibrils and ZP1 and ZP4 are used to crosslink the fibrils. Inactivation of mouse ZP genes by gene targeting has a detrimental effect on ZP formation around growing oocytes and female fertility. Gene sequence variations in human ZP genes due to point, missense, or frameshift mutations also have a detrimental effect on ZP formation and female fertility. The latter mutations provide additional support for the role of ZPD subdomains and other regions of ZP polypeptide in polymerization of human ZP proteins into fibrils and matrix.
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22
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Boder P, Mary S, Mark PB, Leiper J, Dominiczak AF, Padmanabhan S, Rampoldi L, Delles C. Mechanistic interactions of uromodulin with the thick ascending limb: perspectives in physiology and hypertension. J Hypertens 2021; 39:1490-1504. [PMID: 34187999 PMCID: PMC7611110 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality worldwide. The kidney is a major regulator of blood pressure and electrolyte homeostasis, with monogenic disorders indicating a link between abnormal ion transport and salt-sensitive hypertension. However, the association between salt and hypertension remains controversial. Thus, there is continued interest in deciphering the molecular mechanisms behind these processes. Uromodulin (UMOD) is the most abundant protein in the normal urine and is primarily synthesized by the thick ascending limb epithelial cells of the kidney. Genome-wide association studies have linked common UMOD variants with kidney function, susceptibility to chronic kidney disease and hypertension independent of renal excretory function. This review will discuss and provide predictions on the role of the UMOD protein in renal ion transport and hypertension based on current observational, biochemical, genetic, pharmacological and clinical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Boder
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sheon Mary
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick B. Mark
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James Leiper
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anna F. Dominiczak
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Rampoldi
- Molecular Genetics of Renal Disorders Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Christian Delles
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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23
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Weadick CJ. Molecular Evolutionary Analysis of Nematode Zona Pellucida (ZP) Modules Reveals Disulfide-Bond Reshuffling and Standalone ZP-C Domains. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 12:1240-1255. [PMID: 32426804 PMCID: PMC7456536 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zona pellucida (ZP) modules mediate extracellular protein-protein interactions and contribute to important biological processes including syngamy and cellular morphogenesis. Although some biomedically relevant ZP modules are well studied, little is known about the protein family's broad-scale diversity and evolution. The increasing availability of sequenced genomes from "nonmodel" systems provides a valuable opportunity to address this issue and to use comparative approaches to gain new insights into ZP module biology. Here, through phylogenetic and structural exploration of ZP module diversity across the nematode phylum, I report evidence that speaks to two important aspects of ZP module biology. First, I show that ZP-C domains-which in some modules act as regulators of ZP-N domain-mediated polymerization activity, and which have never before been found in isolation-can indeed be found as standalone domains. These standalone ZP-C domain proteins originated in independent (paralogous) lineages prior to the diversification of extant nematodes, after which they evolved under strong stabilizing selection, suggesting the presence of ZP-N domain-independent functionality. Second, I provide a much-needed phylogenetic perspective on disulfide bond variability, uncovering evidence for both convergent evolution and disulfide-bond reshuffling. This result has implications for our evolutionary understanding and classification of ZP module structural diversity and highlights the usefulness of phylogenetics and diverse sampling for protein structural biology. All told, these findings set the stage for broad-scale (cross-phyla) evolutionary analysis of ZP modules and position Caenorhabditis elegans and other nematodes as important experimental systems for exploring the evolution of ZP modules and their constituent domains.
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24
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Killingbeck EE, Wilburn DB, Merrihew GE, MacCoss MJ, Swanson WJ. Proteomics support the threespine stickleback egg coat as a protective oocyte envelope. Mol Reprod Dev 2021; 88:500-515. [PMID: 34148267 PMCID: PMC8362008 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ancestrally marine threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) have undergone an adaptive radiation into freshwater environments throughout the Northern Hemisphere, creating an excellent model system for studying molecular adaptation and speciation. Ecological and behavioral factors have been suggested to underlie stickleback reproductive isolation and incipient speciation, but reproductive proteins mediating gamete recognition during fertilization have so far remained unexplored. To begin to investigate the contribution of reproductive proteins to stickleback reproductive isolation, we have characterized the stickleback egg coat proteome. We find that stickleback egg coats are comprised of homologs to the zona pellucida (ZP) proteins ZP1 and ZP3, as in other teleost fish. Our molecular evolutionary analyses indicate that across teleosts, ZP3 but not ZP1 has experienced positive Darwinian selection. Mammalian ZP3 is also rapidly evolving, and surprisingly some residues under selection in stickleback and mammalian ZP3 directly align. Despite broad homology, however, we find differences between mammalian and stickleback ZP proteins with respect to glycosylation, disulfide bonding, and sites of synthesis. Taken together, the changes we observe in stickleback ZP protein architecture suggest that the egg coats of stickleback fish, and perhaps fish more generally, have evolved to fulfill a more protective functional role than their mammalian counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Killingbeck
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Damien B Wilburn
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gennifer E Merrihew
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael J MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Willie J Swanson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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25
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Tantranont N, Luque Y, Hsiao M, Haute C, Gaber L, Barrios R, Adrogue HE, Niasse A, Truong LD. Vancomycin-Associated Tubular Casts and Vancomycin Nephrotoxicity. Kidney Int Rep 2021; 6:1912-1922. [PMID: 34307986 PMCID: PMC8258501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vancomycin nephrotoxicity is frequent and may be due to drug-induced acute tubular necrosis (ATN) or tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN). Vancomycin-associated tubular cast (VTC) was recently described and may represent a novel cause of vancomycin nephrotoxicity. However, much is still unknown about VTC. Materials and Methods Thirty-seven kidney biopsy specimens from patients who were treated with vancomycin and developed acute kidney injury (AKI) were found among a total of 4673 biopsy samples between 2010 and 2019. These biopsy specimens were subjected to light microscopy, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and immunolocalization for vancomycin, uromodulin, myoglobin, tubular segment–specific markers, and examined for VTCs. The findings were correlated with the clinical course. Results VTCs displayed precipitated vancomycin casts in a background of uromodulin; the casts were limited to the distal tubules, and always associated with a background of more diffuse renal injury (ATN or TIN). The diagnosis of vancomycin nephrotoxicity was made in in 28 of 37 patients. VTC was noted in 25 of 28 biopsy samples from patients diagnosed with vancomycin nephrotoxicity and in one of nine biopsy samples from patients without this diagnosis. Vancomycin nephrotoxicity was diagnosed in 25 of 26 patients whose biopsy specimens showed VTC, but in only 3 of 11 patients without VTC in the biopsy samples. Conclusions VTC displays a characteristic morphologic profile amenable to ready recognition in biopsy specimens. It results from coprecipitation of vancomycin and uromodulin. It facilitates the biopsy diagnosis of vancomycin nephrotoxicity. It may have a nephrotoxic effect superimposing on and independent from the ATN or interstitial nephritis in the pathogenesis of vancomycin nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoentra Tantranont
- Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yosu Luque
- Soins Intensifs Néphrologiques et Rein Aigu, Tenon Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR_S1155, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Mary Hsiao
- Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Claire Haute
- Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lillian Gaber
- Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Roberto Barrios
- Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Horacio E Adrogue
- Department of Medicine, Renal Section, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Luan D Truong
- Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas, USA
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26
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Label-Free Protein Detection by Micro-Acoustic Biosensor Coupled with Electrical Field Sorting. Theoretical Study in Urine Models. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21072555. [PMID: 33917374 PMCID: PMC8038679 DOI: 10.3390/s21072555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic devices for point-of-care (POC) urine analysis (urinalysis) based on microfluidic technology have been actively developing for several decades as an alternative to laboratory based biochemical assays. Urine proteins (albumin, immunoglobulins, uromodulin, haemoglobin etc.) are important biomarkers of various pathological conditions and should be selectively detected by urinalysis sensors. The challenge is a determination of different oligomeric forms of the same protein, e.g., uromodulin, which have similar bio-chemical affinity but different physical properties. For the selective detection of different types of proteins, we propose to use a shear bulk acoustic resonator sensor with an additional electrode on the upper part of the bioliquid-filled channel for protein electric field manipulation. It causes modulation of the protein concentration over time in the near-surface region of the acoustic sensor, that allows to distinguish proteins based on their differences in diffusion coefficients (or sizes) and zeta-potentials. Moreover, in order to improve the sensitivity to density, we propose to use structured sensor interface. A numerical study of this approach for the detection of proteins was carried out using the example of albumin, immunoglobulin, and oligomeric forms of uromodulin in model urine solutions. In this contribution we prove the proposed concept with numerical studies for the detection of albumin, immunoglobulin, and oligomeric forms of uromodulin in urine models.
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27
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Mansour SG, Liu C, Jia Y, Reese PP, Hall IE, El-Achkar TM, LaFavers KA, Obeid W, El-Khoury JM, Rosenberg AZ, Daneshpajouhnejad P, Doshi MD, Akalin E, Bromberg JS, Harhay MN, Mohan S, Muthukumar T, Schröppel B, Singh P, Weng FL, Thiessen-Philbrook HR, Parikh CR. Uromodulin to Osteopontin Ratio in Deceased Donor Urine Is Associated With Kidney Graft Outcomes. Transplantation 2021; 105:876-885. [PMID: 32769629 PMCID: PMC8805736 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deceased-donor kidneys experience extensive injury, activating adaptive and maladaptive pathways therefore impacting graft function. We evaluated urinary donor uromodulin (UMOD) and osteopontin (OPN) in recipient graft outcomes. METHODS Primary outcomes: all-cause graft failure (GF) and death-censored GF (dcGF). Secondary outcomes: delayed graft function (DGF) and 6-month estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). We randomly divided our cohort of deceased donors and recipients into training and test datasets. We internally validated associations between donor urine UMOD and OPN at time of procurement, with our primary outcomes. The direction of association between biomarkers and GF contrasted. Subsequently, we evaluated UMOD:OPN ratio with all outcomes. To understand these mechanisms, we examined the effect of UMOD on expression of major histocompatibility complex II in mouse macrophages. RESULTS Doubling of UMOD increased dcGF risk (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.2), whereas OPN decreased dcGF risk (aHR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.88-1). UMOD:OPN ratio ≤3 strengthened the association, with reduced dcGF risk (aHR, 0.57; 0.41-0.80) with similar associations for GF, and in the test dataset. A ratio ≤3 was also associated with lower DGF (aOR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.60-0.89) and higher 6-month eGFR (adjusted β coefficient, 3.19; 95% CI, 1.28-5.11). UMOD increased major histocompatibility complex II expression elucidating a possible mechanism behind UMOD's association with GF. CONCLUSIONS UMOD:OPN ratio ≤3 was protective, with lower risk of DGF, higher 6-month eGFR, and improved graft survival. This ratio may supplement existing strategies for evaluating kidney quality and allocation decisions regarding deceased-donor kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry G. Mansour
- Program of Applied Translational Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Caroline Liu
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yaqi Jia
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter P. Reese
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Isaac E. Hall
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tarek M. El-Achkar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine and the Indianapolis VA Medical Center
| | - Kaice A. LaFavers
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine and the Indianapolis VA Medical Center
| | - Wassim Obeid
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joe M. El-Khoury
- Program of Applied Translational Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Avi Z. Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Mona D. Doshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Enver Akalin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Bromberg
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meera N. Harhay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sumit Mohan
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thangamani Muthukumar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Pooja Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Francis L. Weng
- Saint Barnabas Medical Center, RWJBarnabas Health, Livingston, NJ, USA
| | | | - Chirag R. Parikh
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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28
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Kuske M, Floehr J, Yiallouros I, Michna T, Jahnen-Dechent W, Tenzer S, Stöcker W, Körschgen H. Limited proteolysis by acrosin affects sperm-binding and mechanical resilience of the mouse zona pellucida. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 27:6199430. [PMID: 33779727 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The encounter of oocyte and sperm is the key event initiating embryonic development in mammals. Crucial functions of this existential interaction are determined by proteolytic enzymes, such as acrosin, carried in the sperm head acrosome, and ovastacin, stored in the oocyte cortical granules. Ovastacin is released upon fertilisation to cleave the zona pellucida, a glycoprotein matrix surrounding the oocyte. This limited proteolysis hardens the oocyte envelope, and thereby provides a definitive block against polyspermy and protects the developing embryo. On the other hand, acrosin, the renowned and most abundant acrosomal protease, has been thought to enable sperm to penetrate the oocyte envelope. Depending on the species, proteolytic cleavage of the zona pellucida by acrosin is either essential or conducive for fertilisation. However, the specific target cleavage sites and the resulting physiological consequences of this proteolysis remained obscure. Here, we treated native mouse zonae pellucidae with active acrosin and identified two cleavage sites in zona pellucida protein 1 (ZP1), five in ZP2 and one in ZP3 by mass spectrometry. Several of these sites are highly conserved in mammals. Remarkably, limited proteolysis by acrosin leads to zona pellucida remodelling rather than degradation. Thus, acrosin affects both sperm binding and mechanical resilience of the zona pellucida, as assessed by microscopy and nanoindentation measurements, respectively. Furthermore, we ascertained potential regulatory effects of acrosin, via activation of latent pro-ovastacin and inactivation of fetuin-B, a tight binding inhibitor of ovastacin. These results offer novel insights into the complex proteolytic network modifying the extracellular matrix of the mouse oocyte, which might apply also to other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kuske
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Cell and Matrix Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, German
| | - Julia Floehr
- Biointerface Laboratory, Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical Faculty, Aachen, German
| | - Irene Yiallouros
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Cell and Matrix Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, German
| | - Thomas Michna
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Willi Jahnen-Dechent
- Biointerface Laboratory, Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical Faculty, Aachen, German
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Walter Stöcker
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Cell and Matrix Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, German
| | - Hagen Körschgen
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Cell and Matrix Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, German
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29
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Abstract
Uromodulin, a protein exclusively produced by the kidney, is the most abundant urinary protein in physiological conditions. Already described several decades ago, uromodulin has gained the spotlight in recent years, since the discovery that mutations in its encoding gene UMOD cause a renal Mendelian disease (autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease) and that common polymorphisms are associated with multifactorial disorders, such as chronic kidney disease, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, variations in uromodulin levels in urine and/or blood reflect kidney functioning mass and are of prognostic value for renal function, cardiovascular events, and overall mortality. The clinical relevance of uromodulin reflects its multifunctional nature, playing a role in renal ion transport and immunomodulation, in protection against urinary tract infections and renal stones, and possibly as a systemic antioxidant. Here, we discuss the multifaceted roles of this protein in kidney physiology and its translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Schaeffer
- Molecular Genetics of Renal Disorders, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy;
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Mechanisms of Inherited Kidney Disorders Group, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Rampoldi
- Molecular Genetics of Renal Disorders, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy;
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30
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Stsiapanava A, Xu C, Brunati M, Zamora‐Caballero S, Schaeffer C, Bokhove M, Han L, Hebert H, Carroni M, Yasumasu S, Rampoldi L, Wu B, Jovine L. Cryo-EM structure of native human uromodulin, a zona pellucida module polymer. EMBO J 2020; 39:e106807. [PMID: 33196145 PMCID: PMC7737619 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Assembly of extracellular filaments and matrices mediating fundamental biological processes such as morphogenesis, hearing, fertilization, and antibacterial defense is driven by a ubiquitous polymerization module known as zona pellucida (ZP) "domain". Despite the conservation of this element from hydra to humans, no detailed information is available on the filamentous conformation of any ZP module protein. Here, we report a cryo-electron microscopy study of uromodulin (UMOD)/Tamm-Horsfall protein, the most abundant protein in human urine and an archetypal ZP module-containing molecule, in its mature homopolymeric state. UMOD forms a one-start helix with an unprecedented 180-degree twist between subunits enfolded by interdomain linkers that have completely reorganized as a result of propeptide dissociation. Lateral interaction between filaments in the urine generates sheets exposing a checkerboard of binding sites to capture uropathogenic bacteria, and UMOD-based models of heteromeric vertebrate egg coat filaments identify a common sperm-binding region at the interface between subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Stsiapanava
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska InstitutetHuddingeSweden
| | - Chenrui Xu
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
- NTU Institute of Structural BiologyNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Martina Brunati
- Molecular Genetics of Renal DisordersDivision of Genetics and Cell BiologyIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | | | - Céline Schaeffer
- Molecular Genetics of Renal DisordersDivision of Genetics and Cell BiologyIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - Marcel Bokhove
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska InstitutetHuddingeSweden
| | - Ling Han
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska InstitutetHuddingeSweden
| | - Hans Hebert
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska InstitutetHuddingeSweden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health SystemsKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyHuddingeSweden
| | - Marta Carroni
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsScience for Life LaboratoryStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Shigeki Yasumasu
- Department of Materials and Life SciencesFaculty of Science and TechnologySophia UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Luca Rampoldi
- Molecular Genetics of Renal DisordersDivision of Genetics and Cell BiologyIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - Bin Wu
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
- NTU Institute of Structural BiologyNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Luca Jovine
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska InstitutetHuddingeSweden
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
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31
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Cohen JD, Bermudez JG, Good MC, Sundaram MV. A C. elegans Zona Pellucida domain protein functions via its ZPc domain. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009188. [PMID: 33141826 PMCID: PMC7665627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Zona Pellucida domain (ZP) proteins are critical components of the body's external-most protective layers, apical extracellular matrices (aECMs). Although their loss or dysfunction is associated with many diseases, it remains unclear how ZP proteins assemble in aECMs. Current models suggest that ZP proteins polymerize via their ZPn subdomains, while ZPc subdomains modulate ZPn behavior. Using the model organism C. elegans, we investigated the aECM assembly of one ZP protein, LET-653, which shapes several tubes. Contrary to prevailing models, we find that LET-653 localizes and functions via its ZPc domain. Furthermore, we show that ZPc domain function requires cleavage at the LET-653 C-terminus, likely in part to relieve inhibition of the ZPc by the ZPn domain, but also to promote some other aspect of ZPc domain function. In vitro, the ZPc, but not ZPn, domain bound crystalline aggregates. These data offer a new model for ZP function whereby the ZPc domain is primarily responsible for matrix incorporation and tissue shaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D. Cohen
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jessica G. Bermudez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. Good
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Meera V. Sundaram
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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32
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Plotkin M, O'Brien CA, Goellner J, Williams J, Carter W, Sharma S, Stone A. A Uromodulin Mutation Drives Autoimmunity and Kidney Mononuclear Phagocyte Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:2436-2452. [PMID: 32926855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We identified a family with a UMOD gene mutation (C106F) resulting in glomerular inflammation and complement deposition. To determine if the observed phenotype is due to immune system activation by mutant uromodulin, a mouse strain with a homologous cysteine to phenylalanine mutation (C105F) in the UMOD gene was generated using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing and the effect of this mutation on mononuclear phagocytic cells was examined. Mutant mice developed high levels of intracellular and secreted aggregated uromodulin, resulting in anti-uromodulin antibodies and circulating uromodulin containing immune complexes with glomerular deposition and kidney fibrosis with aging. F4/80+ and CD11c+ kidney cells phagocytize uromodulin. Differential gene expression analysis by RNA sequencing of F4/80+ phagocytic cells revealed activation of the activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5)-mediated stress response pathway in mutant mice. Phagocytosis of mutant uromodulin by cultured dendritic cells resulted in activation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response pathway and markers of cell inactivation, an effect not seen with wild-type protein. Mutant mice demonstrate a twofold increase in T-regulatory cells, consistent with induction of immune tolerance, resulting in decreased inflammatory response and improved tissue repair following ischemia-reperfusion injury. The C105F mutation results in autoantibodies against aggregated misfolded protein with immune complex formation and kidney fibrosis. Aggregated uromodulin may induce dendritic cell tolerance following phagocytosis through an unfolded protein/endoplasmic reticulum stress response pathway, resulting in decreased inflammation following tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Plotkin
- Renal Division, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.
| | - Charles A O'Brien
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Joseph Goellner
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Joshua Williams
- Pharmacogenomics Analysis Laboratory, Research Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Weleetka Carter
- Pharmacogenomics Analysis Laboratory, Research Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | | | - Annjanette Stone
- Pharmacogenomics Analysis Laboratory, Research Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Stanisich JJ, Zyla DS, Afanasyev P, Xu J, Kipp A, Olinger E, Devuyst O, Pilhofer M, Boehringer D, Glockshuber R. The cryo-EM structure of the human uromodulin filament core reveals a unique assembly mechanism. eLife 2020; 9:e60265. [PMID: 32815518 PMCID: PMC7486124 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein uromodulin (UMOD) is the most abundant protein in human urine and forms filamentous homopolymers that encapsulate and aggregate uropathogens, promoting pathogen clearance by urine excretion. Despite its critical role in the innate immune response against urinary tract infections, the structural basis and mechanism of UMOD polymerization remained unknown. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of the UMOD filament core at 3.5 Å resolution, comprised of the bipartite zona pellucida (ZP) module in a helical arrangement with a rise of ~65 Å and a twist of ~180°. The immunoglobulin-like ZPN and ZPC subdomains of each monomer are separated by a long linker that interacts with the preceding ZPC and following ZPN subdomains by β-sheet complementation. The unique filament architecture suggests an assembly mechanism in which subunit incorporation could be synchronized with proteolytic cleavage of the C-terminal pro-peptide that anchors assembly-incompetent UMOD precursors to the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dawid S Zyla
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Jingwei Xu
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Anne Kipp
- Institute of Physiology, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Eric Olinger
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Central ParkwayNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Institute of Physiology, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Division of Nephrology, UCLouvain Medical SchoolBrusselsBelgium
| | - Martin Pilhofer
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Rudi Glockshuber
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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Micanovic R, LaFavers K, Garimella PS, Wu XR, El-Achkar TM. Uromodulin (Tamm-Horsfall protein): guardian of urinary and systemic homeostasis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 35:33-43. [PMID: 30649494 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biology has taught us that a protein as abundantly made and conserved among species as Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP or uromodulin) cannot just be a waste product serving no particular purpose. However, for many researchers, THP is merely a nuisance during urine proteome profiling or exosome purification and for clinicians an enigmatic entity without clear disease implications. Thanks to recent human genetic and correlative studies and animal modeling, we now have a renewed appreciation of this highly prevalent protein in not only guarding urinary homeostasis, but also serving as a critical mediator in systemic inter-organ signaling. Beyond a mere barrier that lines the tubules, or a surrogate for nephron mass, mounting evidence suggests that THP is a multifunctional protein critical for modulating renal ion channel activity, salt/water balance, renal and systemic inflammatory response, intertubular communication, mineral crystallization and bacterial adhesion. Indeed, mutations in THP cause a group of inherited kidney diseases, and altered THP expression is associated with increased risks of urinary tract infection, kidney stone, hypertension, hyperuricemia and acute and chronic kidney diseases. Despite the recent surge of information surrounding THP's physiological functions and disease involvement, our knowledge remains incomplete regarding how THP is normally regulated by external and intrinsic factors, how precisely THP deficiency leads to urinary and systemic pathophysiology and in what clinical settings THP can be used as a theranostic biomarker and a target for modulation to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radmila Micanovic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kaice LaFavers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Pranav S Garimella
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Tarek M El-Achkar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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35
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Weiss GL, Stanisich JJ, Sauer MM, Lin CW, Eras J, Zyla DS, Trück J, Devuyst O, Aebi M, Pilhofer M, Glockshuber R. Architecture and function of human uromodulin filaments in urinary tract
infections. Science 2020; 369:1005-1010. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz9866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Uromodulin is the most abundant protein in human urine, and it forms
filaments that antagonize the adhesion of uropathogens; however, the filament
structure and mechanism of protection remain poorly understood. We used
cryo–electron tomography to show that the uromodulin filament consists of a
zigzag-shaped backbone with laterally protruding arms. N-glycosylation mapping and
biophysical assays revealed that uromodulin acts as a multivalent ligand for the
bacterial type 1 pilus adhesin, presenting specific epitopes on the regularly
spaced arms. Imaging of uromodulin-uropathogen interactions in vitro and in
patient urine showed that uromodulin filaments associate with uropathogens and
mediate bacterial aggregation, which likely prevents adhesion and allows clearance
by micturition. These results provide a framework for understanding uromodulin in
urinary tract infections and in its more enigmatic roles in physiology and
disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor L. Weiss
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jessica J. Stanisich
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian M. Sauer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Eras
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dawid S. Zyla
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Trück
- University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Institute of Physiology, Mechanisms of Inherited Kidney Disorders, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Division of Nephrology, UCLouvain Medical School, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Markus Aebi
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Pilhofer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rudi Glockshuber
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Blay V, Li MC, Ho SP, Stoller ML, Hsieh HP, Houston DR. Design of drug-like hepsin inhibitors against prostate cancer and kidney stones. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1309-1320. [PMID: 32874830 PMCID: PMC7452031 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepsin, a transmembrane serine protease abundant in renal endothelial cells, is a promising therapeutic target against several cancers, particularly prostate cancer. It is involved in the release and polymerization of uromodulin in the urine, which plays a role in kidney stone formation. In this work, we design new potential hepsin inhibitors for high activity, improved specificity towards hepsin, and promising ADMET properties. The ligands were developed in silico through a novel hierarchical pipeline. This pipeline explicitly accounts for off-target binding to the related serine proteases matriptase and HGFA (human hepatocyte growth factor activator). We completed the pipeline incorporating ADMET properties of the candidate inhibitors into custom multi-objective optimization functions. The ligands designed show excellent prospects for targeting hepsin via the blood stream and the urine and thus enable key experimental studies. The computational pipeline proposed is remarkably cost-efficient and can be easily adapted for designing inhibitors against new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Blay
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 415 5142818.
| | - Mu-Chun Li
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan 350, China
| | - Sunita P. Ho
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mashall L. Stoller
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hsing-Pang Hsieh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan 350, China
| | - Douglas R. Houston
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH9 3BF, UK
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Abstract
The zona pellucida (ZP) is an extracellular matrix that surrounds all mammalian oocytes, eggs, and early embryos and plays vital roles during oogenesis, fertilization, and preimplantation development. The ZP is composed of three or four glycosylated proteins, ZP1–4, that are synthesized, processed, secreted, and assembled into long, cross-linked fibrils by growing oocytes. ZP proteins have an immunoglobulin-like three-dimensional structure and a ZP domain that consists of two subdomains, ZP-N and ZP-C, with ZP-N of ZP2 and ZP3 required for fibril assembly. A ZP2–ZP3 dimer is located periodically along ZP fibrils that are cross-linked by ZP1, a protein with a proline-rich N terminus. Fibrils in the inner and outer regions of the ZP are oriented perpendicular and parallel to the oolemma, respectively, giving the ZP a multilayered appearance. Upon fertilization of eggs, modification of ZP2 and ZP3 results in changes in the ZP's physical and biological properties that have important consequences. Certain structural features of ZP proteins suggest that they may be amyloid-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline S. Litscher
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;,
| | - Paul M. Wassarman
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;,
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Uromodulin (UMOD), also known as Tamm-Horsfall protein, is the most abundant protein in human urine. UMOD has multiple functions such as protection against urinary tract infections and nephrolithiasis. This review outlines recent progress made in UMOD's role in renal physiology, tubular transport, and mineral metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS UMOD is mostly secreted in the thick ascending limb (TAL) and to a lesser degree in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). UMOD secretion is regulated by the calcium-sensing receptor. UMOD upregulates ion channels [e.g., renal outer medullary potassium channel, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5, and transient receptor potential melastatin 6 (TRPM6)] and cotransporters [e.g., Na,K,2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2) and sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC)] in the TAL and DCT. Higher serum UMOD concentrations have been associated with higher renal function and preserved renal reserve. Higher serum UMOD has also been linked to a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. SUMMARY With better serum UMOD detection assays the extent of different functions for UMOD is still expanding. Urinary UMOD regulates different tubular ion channels and cotransporters. Variations of urinary UMOD secretion can so contribute to common disorders such as hypertension or nephrolithiasis.
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Van JAD, Clotet-Freixas S, Zhou J, Batruch I, Sun C, Glogauer M, Rampoldi L, Elia Y, Mahmud FH, Sochett E, Diamandis EP, Scholey JW, Konvalinka A. Peptidomic Analysis of Urine from Youths with Early Type 1 Diabetes Reveals Novel Bioactivity of Uromodulin Peptides In Vitro. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:501-517. [PMID: 31879271 PMCID: PMC7050109 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia is known to disrupt the proteolytic milieu, initiating compensatory and maladaptive pathways in the diabetic kidney. Such changes in intrarenal proteolysis are captured by the urinary peptidome. To elucidate the early kidney response to chronic hyperglycemia, we conducted a peptidomic investigation into urines from otherwise healthy youths with type 1 diabetes and their non-diabetic peers using unbiased and targeted mass spectrometry-based techniques. This cross-sectional study included two separate cohorts for the discovery (n = 30) and internal validation (n = 30) of differential peptide excretion. Peptide bioactivity was predicted using PeptideRanker and subsequently verified in vitro Proteasix and the Nephroseq database were used to identify putative proteases responsible for peptide generation and examine their expression in diabetic nephropathy. A total of 6550 urinary peptides were identified in the discovery analysis. We further examined the subset of 162 peptides, which were quantified across all thirty samples. Of the 15 differentially excreted peptides (p < 0.05), seven derived from a C-terminal region (589SGSVIDQSRVLNLGPITRK607) of uromodulin, a kidney-specific protein. Increased excretion of five uromodulin peptides was replicated in the validation cohort using parallel reaction monitoring (p < 0.05). One of the validated peptides (SGSVIDQSRVLNLGPI) activated NFκB and AP-1 signaling, stimulated cytokine release, and enhanced neutrophil migration in vitro. In silico analyses highlighted several potential proteases such as hepsin, meprin A, and cathepsin B to be responsible for generating these peptides. In summary, we identified a urinary signature of uromodulin peptides associated with early type 1 diabetes before clinical manifestations of kidney disease and discovered novel bioactivity of uromodulin peptides in vitro Our present findings lay the groundwork for future studies to validate peptide excretion in larger and broader populations, to investigate the role of bioactive uromodulin peptides in high glucose conditions, and to examine proteases that cleave uromodulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A D Van
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Sergi Clotet-Freixas
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joyce Zhou
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ihor Batruch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chunxiang Sun
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Luca Rampoldi
- Molecular Genetics of Renal Disorders Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - James W Scholey
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ana Konvalinka
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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Fahrenkamp E, Algarra B, Jovine L. Mammalian egg coat modifications and the block to polyspermy. Mol Reprod Dev 2020; 87:326-340. [PMID: 32003503 PMCID: PMC7155028 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization by more than one sperm causes polyploidy, a condition that is generally lethal to the embryo in the majority of animal species. To prevent this occurrence, eggs have developed a series of mechanisms that block polyspermy at the level of the plasma membrane or their extracellular coat. In this review, we first introduce the mammalian egg coat, the zona pellucida (ZP), and summarize what is currently known about its composition, structure, and biological functions. We then describe how this specialized extracellular matrix is modified by the contents of cortical granules (CG), secretory organelles that are exocytosed by the egg after gamete fusion. This process releases proteases, glycosidases, lectins and zinc onto the ZP, resulting in a series of changes in the properties of the egg coat that are collectively referred to as hardening. By drawing parallels with comparable modifications of the vitelline envelope of nonmammalian eggs, we discuss how CG‐dependent modifications of the ZP are thought to contribute to the block to polyspermy. Moreover, we argue for the importance of obtaining more information on the architecture of the ZP, as well as systematically investigating the many facets of ZP hardening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Fahrenkamp
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition & Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Blanca Algarra
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition & Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Luca Jovine
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition & Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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Chun J, Wang M, Wilkins MS, Knob AU, Benjamin A, Bu L, Pollak MR. Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease-Uromodulin Misclassified as Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis or Hereditary Glomerular Disease. Kidney Int Rep 2020; 5:519-529. [PMID: 32274456 PMCID: PMC7136358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a histopathologically defined kidney lesion. FSGS can be observed with various underlying causes, including highly penetrant monogenic renal disease. We recently identified pathogenic variants of UMOD, a gene encoding the tubular protein uromodulin, in 8 families with suspected glomerular disease. Methods To validate pathogenic variants of UMOD, we reviewed the clinical and pathology reports of members of 8 families identified to have variants of UMOD. Clinical, laboratory, and pathologic data were collected, and genetic confirmation for UMOD was performed by Sanger sequencing. Results Biopsy-proven cases of FSGS were verified in 21% (7 of 34) of patients with UMOD variants. The UMOD variants seen in 7 families were mutations previously reported in autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease-uromodulin (ADTKD-UMOD). For one family with 3 generations affected, we identified p.R79G in a noncanonical transcript variant of UMOD co-segregating with disease. Consistent with ADTKD, most patients in our study presented with autosomal dominant inheritance, subnephrotic range proteinuria, minimal hematuria, and renal impairment. Kidney biopsies showed histologic features of glomerular injury consistent with secondary FSGS, including focal sclerosis and partial podocyte foot process effacement. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that with the use of standard clinical testing and kidney biopsy, clinicians were unable to make the diagnosis of ADTKD-UMOD; patients were often labeled with a clinical diagnosis of FSGS. We show that genetic testing can establish the diagnosis of ADTKD-UMOD with secondary FSGS. Genetic testing in individuals with FSGS histology should not be limited to genes that directly impair podocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Chun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Minxian Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Medical and Population Genetics Program of the Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maris S Wilkins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrea U Knob
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ava Benjamin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lihong Bu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Martin R Pollak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Litscher ES, Wassarman PM. Zona pellucida genes and proteins and human fertility. TRENDS IN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 13:21-33. [PMID: 33335361 PMCID: PMC7743998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The zona pellucida (ZP) is an extracellular matrix (ECM) that surrounds all mammalian oocytes, eggs, and embryos and plays vital roles during oogenesis, fertilization, and preimplantation development. The mouse and human ZP is composed of three or four unique proteins, respectively, called ZP1-4, that are synthesized, processed, and secreted by oocytes during their growth phase. All ZP proteins have a zona pellucida domain (ZPD) that consists of ≈270 amino acids and has 8 conserved Cys residues present as four intramolecular disulfides. Secreted ZP proteins assemble into long fibrils around growing oocytes with ZP2-ZP3 dimers located periodically along the fibrils. The fibrils are cross-linked by ZP1 to form a thick, transparent ECM to which sperm must first bind and then penetrate during fertilization of eggs. Inactivation of mouse ZP1, ZP2, or ZP3 by gene targeting affects both ZP formation around oocytes and fertility. Female mice with eggs that lack a ZP due to inactivation of either ZP2 or ZP3 are completely infertile, whereas inactivation of ZP1 results in construction of an abnormal ZP and reduced fertility. Results of a large number of studies of infertile female patients strongly suggest that gene sequence variations (GSV) in human ZP1, ZP2, or ZP3 due to point, missense, or frameshift mutations have similar deleterious effects on ZP formation and female fertility. These findings are discussed in light of our current knowledge of ZP protein synthesis, processing, secretion, and assembly.
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43
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Kim DK, Kim JA, Park J, Niazi A, Almishaal A, Park S. The release of surface-anchored α-tectorin, an apical extracellular matrix protein, mediates tectorial membrane organization. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaay6300. [PMID: 31807709 PMCID: PMC6881170 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay6300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The tectorial membrane (TM) is an apical extracellular matrix (ECM) that hovers over the cochlear sensory epithelium and plays an essential role in auditory transduction. The TM forms facing the luminal endolymph-filled space and exhibits complex ultrastructure. Contrary to the current extracellular assembly model, which posits that secreted collagen fibrils and ECM components self-arrange in the extracellular space, we show that surface tethering of α-tectorin (TECTA) via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor is essential to prevent diffusion of secreted TM components. In the absence of surface-tethered TECTA, collagen fibrils aggregate randomly and fail to recruit TM glycoproteins. Conversely, conversion of TECTA into a transmembrane form results in a layer of collagens on the epithelial surface that fails to form a multilayered structure. We propose a three-dimensional printing model for TM morphogenesis: A new layer of ECM is printed on the cell surface concomitant with the release of a preestablished layer to generate the multilayered TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Kyu Kim
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ju Ang Kim
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Joosang Park
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ava Niazi
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ali Almishaal
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sungjin Park
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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44
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Molecular basis of egg coat cross-linking sheds light on ZP1-associated female infertility. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3086. [PMID: 31300655 PMCID: PMC6626044 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10931-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian fertilisation begins when sperm interacts with the egg zona pellucida (ZP), whose ZP1 subunit is important for fertility by covalently cross-linking ZP filaments into a three-dimensional matrix. Like ZP4, a structurally-related component absent in the mouse, ZP1 is predicted to contain an N-terminal ZP-N domain of unknown function. Here we report a characterisation of ZP1 proteins carrying mutations from infertile patients, which suggests that, in human, filament cross-linking by ZP1 is crucial to form a stable ZP. We map the function of ZP1 to its ZP-N1 domain and determine crystal structures of ZP-N1 homodimers from a chicken homolog of ZP1. These reveal that ZP filament cross-linking is highly plastic and can be modulated by ZP1 fucosylation and, potentially, zinc sparks. Moreover, we show that ZP4 ZP-N1 forms non-covalent homodimers in chicken but not in human. Together, these data identify human ZP1 cross-links as a promising target for non-hormonal contraception.
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45
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Abstract
A new mechanism that contributes to control of hearing sensitivity is described here. We show that an accessory structure in the hearing organ, the tectorial membrane, affects the function of inner ear sensory cells by storing calcium ions. When the calcium store is depleted, by brief exposure to rock concert-level sounds or by the introduction of calcium chelators, the sound-evoked responses of the sensory cells decrease. Upon restoration of tectorial membrane calcium, sensory cell function returns. This previously unknown mechanism contributes to explaining the temporary numbness in the ear that follows from listening to sounds that are too loud, a phenomenon that most people experience at some point in their lives. When sound stimulates the stereocilia on the sensory cells in the hearing organ, Ca2+ ions flow through mechanically gated ion channels. This Ca2+ influx is thought to be important for ensuring that the mechanically gated channels operate within their most sensitive response region, setting the fraction of channels open at rest, and possibly for the continued maintenance of stereocilia. Since the extracellular Ca2+ concentration will affect the amount of Ca2+ entering during stimulation, it is important to determine the level of the ion close to the sensory cells. Using fluorescence imaging and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, we measured the Ca2+ concentration near guinea pig stereocilia in situ. Surprisingly, we found that an acellular accessory structure close to the stereocilia, the tectorial membrane, had much higher Ca2+ than the surrounding fluid. Loud sounds depleted Ca2+ from the tectorial membrane, and Ca2+ manipulations had large effects on hair cell function. Hence, the tectorial membrane contributes to control of hearing sensitivity by influencing the ionic environment around the stereocilia.
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46
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Cohen JD, Flatt KM, Schroeder NE, Sundaram MV. Epithelial Shaping by Diverse Apical Extracellular Matrices Requires the Nidogen Domain Protein DEX-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2019; 211:185-200. [PMID: 30409789 PMCID: PMC6325709 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The body's external surfaces and the insides of biological tubes, like the vascular system, are lined by a lipid-, glycoprotein-, and glycosaminoglycan-rich apical extracellular matrix (aECM). aECMs are the body's first line of defense against infectious agents and promote tissue integrity and morphogenesis, but are poorly described relative to basement membranes and stromal ECMs. While some aECM components, such as zona pellucida (ZP) domain proteins, have been identified, little is known regarding the overall composition of the aECM or the mechanisms by which different aECM components work together to shape epithelial tissues. In Caenorhabditis elegans, external epithelia develop in the context of an ill-defined ZP-containing aECM that precedes secretion of the collagenous cuticle. C. elegans has 43 genes that encode at least 65 unique ZP proteins, and we show that some of these comprise distinct precuticle aECMs in the embryo. Previously, the nidogen- and EGF-domain protein DEX-1 was shown to anchor dendrites to the C. elegans nose tip in concert with the ZP protein DYF-7 Here, we identified a new, strong loss-of-function allele of dex-1, cs201dex-1 mutants die as L1 larvae and have a variety of tissue distortion phenotypes, including excretory defects, pharyngeal ingression, alae defects, and a short and fat body shape, that strongly resemble those of genes encoding ZP proteins. DEX-1 localizes to ZP-containing aECMs in the tissues that show defects in dex-1 mutants. Our studies suggest that DEX-1 is a component of multiple distinct embryonic aECMs that shape developing epithelia, and a potential partner of multiple ZP proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Cohen
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Kristen M Flatt
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801-4730
| | - Nathan E Schroeder
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801-4730
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801-4730
| | - Meera V Sundaram
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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47
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Liu Z, Cauvi DM, Bernardino EMA, Lara B, Lizardo RE, Hawisher D, Bickler S, De Maio A. Isolation and characterization of human urine extracellular vesicles. Cell Stress Chaperones 2018; 23:943-953. [PMID: 29796787 PMCID: PMC6111092 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-018-0902-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (ECV) reflect physiological or pathological conditions, emerging as potential biomarkers for disease. They can be obtained from a variety of body fluids, particularly urine that is an ideal source because it can be obtained in great quantities, recurrently and with minimal intervention. However, the characterization of urine ECV is challenging because the preparation is usually contaminated with soluble proteins, such as uromodulin (UMOD) or Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein that forms large extracellular filaments co-sedimenting with ECV. We developed a method to obtain human urine ECV free of UMOD by the addition of ZnSO4 prior to vesicle isolation by differential centrifugation. Treatment with ZnSO4 did not affect the size and concentration of the vesicle preparation and preserved the storage of the samples at low temperatures. We did not observe a variation in the number of vesicles isolated during different times of the day or different days between different donors. The glycoprotein pattern of urine ECV was characterized by binding to concanavalin A (Con A) and mass spectroscopy. Several markers were found, including dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26), vacuolar protein sorting factor 4A (VPS4A) and dipeptidase 1 (DPEP1), and galectin 3 binding protein (G3-BP). The levels of VPS4A and DPEP1 were similar in ECV preparations obtained from several donors of both sexes. Con A binding pattern and monosaccharide composition were also comparable between subjects. In summary, our method for the isolation of highly pure ECV derived from human urine is likely to help in the use of these vesicles as potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanguo Liu
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0739, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0739, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David M Cauvi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0739, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0739, USA
| | - Erika M A Bernardino
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0739, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0739, USA
| | - Bernardo Lara
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0739, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0739, USA
| | | | - Dennis Hawisher
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0739, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0739, USA
| | - Stephen Bickler
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0739, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0739, USA
| | - Antonio De Maio
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0739, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0739, USA.
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Edwards N, Olinger E, Adam J, Kelly M, Schiano G, Ramsbottom SA, Sandford R, Devuyst O, Sayer JA. A novel homozygous UMOD mutation reveals gene dosage effects on uromodulin processing and urinary excretion. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2018; 32:1994-1999. [PMID: 28605509 PMCID: PMC5837645 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfx066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in UMOD encoding the urinary protein uromodulin are the most common genetic cause of autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD). We describe the exceptional case of a patient from a consanguineous family carrying a novel homozygous UMOD mutation (p.C120Y) affecting a conserved cysteine residue within the EGF-like domain III of uromodulin. Comparison of heterozygote and homozygote mutation carriers revealed a gene dosage effect with unprecedented low levels of uromodulin and aberrant uromodulin fragments in the urine of the homozygote proband. Despite an amplified biological effect of the homozygote mutation, the proband did not show a strikingly more severe clinical evolution nor was the near absence of urinary uromodulin associated with urinary tract infections or kidney stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Edwards
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Eric Olinger
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Adam
- Renal Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Michael Kelly
- Renal Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Guglielmo Schiano
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon A Ramsbottom
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Richard Sandford
- Academic Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John A Sayer
- Renal Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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49
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Abstract
The egg coat, an extracellular matrix made up of glycoprotein filaments, plays a key role in animal fertilization by acting as a gatekeeper for sperm. Egg coat components polymerize using a common zona pellucida (ZP) "domain" module that consists of two related immunoglobulin-like domains, called ZP-N and ZP-C. The ZP module has also been recognized in a large number of other secreted proteins with different biological functions, whose mutations are linked to severe human diseases. During the last decade, tremendous progress has been made toward understanding the atomic architecture of the ZP module and the structural basis of its polymerization. Moreover, sperm-binding regions at the N-terminus of mollusk and mammalian egg coat subunits were found to consist of domain repeats that also adopt a ZP-N fold. This discovery revealed an unexpected link between invertebrate and vertebrate fertilization and led to the first structure of an egg coat-sperm protein recognition complex. In this review we summarize these exciting findings, discuss their functional implications, and outline future challenges that must be addressed in order to develop a comprehensive view of this family of biomedically important extracellular molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Bokhove
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition & Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Luca Jovine
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition & Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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50
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Abstract
All animal oocytes are surrounded by a glycoproteinaceous egg coat, a specialized extracellular matrix that serves both structural and species-specific roles during fertilization. Egg coat glycoproteins polymerize into the extracellular matrix of the egg coat using a conserved protein-protein interaction module-the zona pellucida (ZP) domain-common to both vertebrates and invertebrates, suggesting that the basic structural features of egg coats have been conserved across hundreds of millions of years of evolution. Egg coat proteins, as with other proteins involved in reproduction, are frequently found to be rapidly evolving. Given that gamete compatibility must be maintained for the fitness of sexually reproducing organisms, this finding is somewhat paradoxical and suggests a role for adaptive diversification in reproductive protein evolution. Here we review the structure and function of metazoan egg coat proteins, with an emphasis on the potential role their evolution has played in the creation and maintenance of species boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Killingbeck
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Willie J Swanson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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