1
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Yamamoto S, Ogasawara N, Sudo-Yokoyama Y, Sato S, Takata N, Yokota N, Nakano T, Hayashi K, Takasawa A, Endo M, Hinatsu M, Yoshida K, Sato T, Takahashi S, Takano K, Kojima T, Hiraki J, Yokota SI. Bacillaceae serine proteases and Streptomyces epsilon-poly-L-lysine synergistically inactivate Caliciviridae by inhibiting RNA genome release. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15181. [PMID: 38956295 PMCID: PMC11219925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65963-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is an enteric infectious pathogen belonging to the Caliciviridae family that causes occasional epidemics. Circulating alcohol-tolerant viral particles that are readily transmitted via food-borne routes significantly contribute to the global burden of HuNoV-induced gastroenteritis. Moreover, contact with enzymes secreted by other microorganisms in the environment can impact the infectivity of viruses. Hence, understanding the circulation dynamics of Caliciviridae is critical to mitigating epidemics. Accordingly, in this study, we screened whether environmentally abundant secretase components, particularly proteases, affect Caliciviridae infectivity. Results showed that combining Bacillaceae serine proteases with epsilon-poly-L-lysine (EPL) produced by Streptomyces-a natural antimicrobial-elicited anti-Caliciviridae properties, including against the epidemic HuNoV GII.4_Sydney_2012 strain. In vitro and in vivo biochemical and virological analyses revealed that EPL has two unique synergistic viral inactivation functions. First, it maintains an optimal pH to promote viral surface conformational changes to the protease-sensitive structure. Subsequently, it inhibits viral RNA genome release via partial protease digestion at the P2 and S domains in the VP1 capsid. This study provides new insights regarding the high-dimensional environmental interactions between bacteria and Caliciviridae, while promoting the development of protease-based anti-viral disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soh Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Noriko Ogasawara
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan.
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan.
| | - Yuka Sudo-Yokoyama
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Sachiko Sato
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Nozomu Takata
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Nana Yokota
- Yokohama R&D Center, JNC Corporation, Yokohama, 236-8605, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nakano
- Yokohama R&D Center, JNC Corporation, Yokohama, 236-8605, Japan
| | - Kyoko Hayashi
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Takasawa
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Mayumi Endo
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Masako Hinatsu
- Yokohama R&D Center, JNC Corporation, Yokohama, 236-8605, Japan
| | - Keitaro Yoshida
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Toyotaka Sato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Kenichi Takano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Takashi Kojima
- Department of Cell Science, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Jun Hiraki
- Yokohama R&D Center, JNC Corporation, Yokohama, 236-8605, Japan
| | - Shin-Ich Yokota
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
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2
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Liu N, Sun W, Gao W, Yan S, Yang C, Zhang J, Ni B, Zhang L, Zang J, Zhang S, Xu D. CD300e: Emerging role and mechanism as an immune-activating receptor. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112055. [PMID: 38677094 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
As a transmembrane protein, CD300e is primarily expressed in myeloid cells. It belongs to the CD300 glycoprotein family, functioning as an immune-activating receptor. Dysfunction of CD300e has been suggested in many diseases, such as infections, immune disorders, obesity, and diabetes, signifying its potential as a key biomarker for disease diagnosis and treatment. This review is aimed to explore the roles and potential mechanisms of CD300e in regulating oxidative stress, immune cell activation, tissue damage and repair, and lipid metabolism, shedding light on its role as a diagnostic marker or a therapeutic target, particularly for infections and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Central Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital & the First Clinical College, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Wenchang Sun
- Central Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital & the First Clinical College, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Weixing Gao
- Office of the First Clinical Medical College, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Shushan Yan
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & the First Clinical College, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Chunjuan Yang
- Central Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital & the First Clinical College, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261000, China; Department of Rheumatology of the Affiliated Hospital, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & the First Clinical College, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Biao Ni
- Central Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital & the First Clinical College, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Central Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital & the First Clinical College, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Jie Zang
- Central Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital & the First Clinical College, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Sue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang 261000, China.
| | - Donghua Xu
- Central Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital & the First Clinical College, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261000, China; Department of Rheumatology of the Affiliated Hospital, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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3
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Budicini MR, Rodriguez-Irizarry VJ, Maples RW, Pfeiffer JK. Murine norovirus mutants adapted to replicate in human cells reveal a post-entry restriction. J Virol 2024; 98:e0004724. [PMID: 38651898 PMCID: PMC11092334 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00047-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses lack proofreading in their RNA polymerases and therefore exist as genetically diverse populations. By exposing these diverse viral populations to selective pressures, viruses with mutations that confer fitness advantages can be enriched. To examine factors important for viral tropism and host restriction, we passaged murine norovirus (MNV) in a human cell line, HeLa cells, to select mutant viruses with increased fitness in non-murine cells. A major determinant of host range is expression of the MNV receptor CD300lf on mouse cells, but additional host factors may limit MNV replication in human cells. We found that viruses passaged six times in HeLa cells had enhanced replication compared with the parental virus. The passaged viruses had several mutations throughout the viral genome, which were primarily located in the viral non-structural coding regions. Although viral attachment was not altered for the passaged viruses, their replication was higher than the parental virus when the entry was bypassed, suggesting that the mutant viruses overcame a post-entry block in human cells. Three mutations in the viral NS1 protein were sufficient for enhanced post-entry replication in human cells. We found that the human cell-adapted MNV variants had reduced fitness in murine BV2 cells and infected mice, with reduced viral titers. These results suggest a fitness tradeoff, where increased fitness in a non-native host cell reduces fitness in a natural host environment. Overall, this work suggests that MNV tropism is determined by the presence of not only the viral receptor but also post-entry factors. IMPORTANCE Viruses infect specific species and cell types, which is dictated by the expression of host factors required for viral entry as well as downstream replication steps. Murine norovirus (MNV) infects mouse cells, but not human cells. However, human cells expressing the murine CD300lf receptor support MNV replication, suggesting that receptor expression is a major determinant of MNV tropism. To determine whether other factors influence MNV tropism, we selected for variants with enhanced replication in human cells. We identified mutations that enhance MNV replication in human cells and demonstrated that these mutations enhance infection at a post-entry replication step. Therefore, MNV infection of human cells is restricted at both entry and post-entry stages. These results shed new light on factors that influence viral tropism and host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Budicini
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Robert W. Maples
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Julie K. Pfeiffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Yang Y, An R, Lyu C, Wang D. Interactions between human norovirus and intestinal microbiota/microbes: A scoping review. Food Microbiol 2024; 119:104456. [PMID: 38225056 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is an important foodborne virus, which causes non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis and is associated with a high disease burden. Recently, researchers have focus on the interaction between HuNoV and intestinal microbiota/microbes and engaged in studies investigating the implications of this interaction on HuNoV infection. However, the interaction mechanism and the implication of this interaction on host remain obscure. Current scoping review aimed to systematically investigate the interaction between HuNoV and intestinal microbiota, as well as their implication on HuNoV or HuNoV related symptoms. We found that HuNoV could bind to intestinal microbes and affect the intestinal microbial composition, diversity, and microbial gene expression. In reverse, intestinal microbes could affect HuNoV infectivity, although demonstrating contradictory effects (i.e., promote or inhibit HuNoV replication). These contradictory effects existed among microbes, in part, could be attributed to the differences among microbes (histo-blood group antigens and/or other small molecule substances). Results of current scoping review could assist in the selection and isolation of potential microbial candidates to prevent and/or alleviate HuNoV related symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ran An
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chenang Lyu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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5
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Hayashi T, Kobayashi S, Hirano J, Murakami K. Human norovirus cultivation systems and their use in antiviral research. J Virol 2024; 98:e0166323. [PMID: 38470106 PMCID: PMC11019851 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01663-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis and foodborne diseases, affecting all age groups. Despite its clinical needs, no approved antiviral therapies are available. Since the discovery of HuNoV in 1972, studies on anti-norovirals, mechanism of HuNoV infection, viral inactivation, etc., have been hampered by the lack of a robust laboratory-based cultivation system for HuNoV. A recent breakthrough in the development of HuNoV cultivation systems has opened opportunities for researchers to investigate HuNoV biology in the context of de novo HuNoV infections. A tissue stem cell-derived human intestinal organoid/enteroid (HIO) culture system is one of those that supports HuNoV replication reproducibly and, to our knowledge, is most widely distributed to laboratories worldwide to study HuNoV and develop therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes recently developed HuNoV cultivation systems, including HIO, and their use in antiviral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakura Kobayashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junki Hirano
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Murakami
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Wasielewski VV, Itani TM, Zakharova YA, Semenov AV. Current trends and new approaches for human norovirus replication in cell culture: a literature review. Arch Virol 2024; 169:71. [PMID: 38459228 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-05999-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is one of the world's leading causes of acute gastroenteritis. At present, effective reproduction of the virus in cell cultures remains a challenge for virologists, as there is a lack of a permissive cell line that allows the entire viral life cycle to be reproduced. This is a barrier to the study of the HuNoV life cycle, its tropism, and virus-host interactions. It is also a major hurdle for the development of viral detection platforms, and ultimately for the development of therapeutics. The lack of an inexpensive, technically simple, and easily implemented cultivation method also negatively affects our ability to evaluate the efficacy of a variety of control measures (disinfectants, food processes) for human norovirus. In the process of monitoring this pathogen, it is necessary to detect infectious viral particles in water, food, and other environmental samples. Therefore, improvement of in vitro replication of HuNoV is still needed. In this review, we discuss current trends and new approaches to HuNoV replication in cell culture. We highlight ways in which previous research on HuNoV and other noroviruses has guided and influenced the development of new HuNoV culture systems and discuss the improvement of in vitro replication of HuNoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin V Wasielewski
- Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Federal Scientific Research Institute of Viral Infections «Virome», Ekaterinburg, 620030, Russian Federation
| | - Tarek M Itani
- Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Federal Scientific Research Institute of Viral Infections «Virome», Ekaterinburg, 620030, Russian Federation.
| | - Yuliya A Zakharova
- Institute of Disinfectology of the F.F. Erisman Federal Scientific Centre of Hygiene Rospotrebnadzor, Mosсow, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr V Semenov
- Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Federal Scientific Research Institute of Viral Infections «Virome», Ekaterinburg, 620030, Russian Federation
- Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
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7
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Ishiyama R, Yoshida K, Oikawa K, Takai-Todaka R, Kato A, Kanamori K, Nakanishi A, Haga K, Katayama K. Production of infectious reporter murine norovirus by VP2 trans-complementation. J Virol 2024; 98:e0126123. [PMID: 38226813 PMCID: PMC10878090 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01261-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) causes gastroenteritis, a disease with no effective therapy or vaccine, and does not grow well in culture. Murine norovirus (MNV) easily replicates in cell cultures and small animals and has often been used as a model to elucidate the structural and functional characteristics of HuNoV. An MNV plasmid-based reverse genetics system was developed to produce the modified recombinant virus. In this study, we attempted to construct the recombinant virus by integrating a foreign gene into MNV ORF3, which encodes the minor structural protein VP2. Deletion of VP2 expression abolished infectious particles from MNV cDNA clones, and supplying exogenous VP2 to the cells rescued the infectivity of cDNA clones without VP2 expression. In addition, the coding sequence of C-terminal ORF3 was essential for cDNA clones compensated with VP2 to produce infectious particles. Furthermore, the recombinant virus with exogenous reporter genes in place of the dispensable region of ORF3 was propagated when VP2 was constitutively supplied. Our findings indicate that foreign genes can be transduced into the norovirus ORF3 region when VP2 is supplied and that successive propagation of modified recombinant norovirus could lead to the development of norovirus-based vaccines or therapeutics.IMPORTANCEIn this study, we revealed that some of the coding regions of ORF3 could be replaced by a foreign gene and infectious virus could be produced when VP2 was supplied. Propagation of this virus depended on VP2 being supplied in trans, indicating that this virus could infect only once. Our findings help to elucidate the functions of VP2 in the virus lifecycle and to develop other caliciviral vectors for recombinant attenuated live enteric virus vaccines or therapeutics tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoka Ishiyama
- Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Aging Intervention, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Laboratory of Gene Therapy, and Laboratory for Radiation Safety, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuki Oikawa
- Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Takai-Todaka
- Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Kato
- Department of Aging Intervention, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Laboratory of Gene Therapy, and Laboratory for Radiation Safety, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kanamori
- Department of Aging Intervention, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Laboratory of Gene Therapy, and Laboratory for Radiation Safety, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akira Nakanishi
- Department of Aging Intervention, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Laboratory of Gene Therapy, and Laboratory for Radiation Safety, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kei Haga
- Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Budicini MR, Rodriguez-Irizarry VJ, Maples RW, Pfeiffer JK. Murine norovirus mutants adapted to replicate in human cells reveal a post-entry restriction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.11.575274. [PMID: 38260699 PMCID: PMC10802625 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.11.575274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
RNA viruses lack proofreading in their RNA polymerases and therefore exist as genetically diverse populations. By exposing these diverse viral populations to selective pressures, viruses with mutations that confer fitness advantages can be enriched. To examine factors important for viral tropism and host restriction, we passaged murine norovirus (MNV) in a human cell line, HeLa cells, to select for mutant viruses with increased fitness in non-murine cells. A major determinant of host range is expression of the MNV receptor CD300lf on mouse cells, but additional host factors may limit MNV replication in human cells. We found that viruses passaged six times in HeLa cells had enhanced replication compared with the parental virus. The passaged viruses had several mutations throughout the viral genome, which were primarily located in the viral non-structural coding regions. While viral attachment was not altered for the passaged viruses, their replication was higher than the parental virus when entry was bypassed, suggesting the mutant viruses overcame a post-entry block in human cells. Three mutations in the viral NS1 protein were sufficient for enhanced post-entry replication in human cells. We found that the human cell-adapted MNV variants had reduced fitness in mouse BV2 cells. Although the mutant viruses had increased fitness in HeLa cells, they did not have increased fitness in mice. Overall, this work suggests that MNV tropism is not only determined by the presence of the viral receptor but also post-entry factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Budicini
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Robert W. Maples
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Julie K. Pfeiffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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9
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Mills JT, Minogue SC, Snowden JS, Arden WKC, Rowlands DJ, Stonehouse NJ, Wobus CE, Herod MR. Amino acid substitutions in norovirus VP1 dictate host dissemination via variations in cellular attachment. J Virol 2023; 97:e0171923. [PMID: 38032199 PMCID: PMC10734460 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01719-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE All viruses initiate infection by utilizing receptors to attach to target host cells. These virus-receptor interactions can therefore dictate viral replication and pathogenesis. Understanding the nature of virus-receptor interactions could also be important for the development of novel therapies. Noroviruses are non-enveloped icosahedral viruses of medical importance. They are a common cause of acute gastroenteritis with no approved vaccine or therapy and are a tractable model for studying fundamental virus biology. In this study, we utilized the murine norovirus model system to show that variation in a single amino acid of the major capsid protein alone can affect viral infectivity through improved attachment to suspension cells. Modulating plasma membrane mobility reduced infectivity, suggesting an importance of membrane mobility for receptor recruitment and/or receptor conformation. Furthermore, different substitutions at this site altered viral tissue distribution in a murine model, illustrating how in-host capsid evolution could influence viral infectivity and/or immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake T. Mills
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna C. Minogue
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph S. Snowden
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Wynter K. C. Arden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David J. Rowlands
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J. Stonehouse
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Christiane E. Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Morgan R. Herod
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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10
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Bernard-Raichon L, Cadwell K. Immunomodulation by Enteric Viruses. Annu Rev Virol 2023; 10:477-502. [PMID: 37380186 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-112317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses display intricate adaptations to the host mucosal immune system to successfully reproduce in the gastrointestinal tract and cause maladies ranging from gastroenteritis to life-threatening disease upon extraintestinal dissemination. However, many viral infections are asymptomatic, and their presence in the gut is associated with an altered immune landscape that can be beneficial or adverse in certain contexts. Genetic variation in the host and environmental factors including the bacterial microbiota influence how the immune system responds to infections in a remarkably viral strain-specific manner. This immune response, in turn, determines whether a given virus establishes acute versus chronic infection, which may have long-lasting consequences such as susceptibility to inflammatory disease. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in the interaction between enteric viruses and the immune system that underlie the impact of these ubiquitous infectious agents on our health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bernard-Raichon
- Cell Biology Department, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
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11
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Wang C, Zheng X, Zhang J, Jiang X, Wang J, Li Y, Li X, Shen G, Peng J, Zheng P, Gu Y, Chen J, Lin M, Deng C, Gao H, Lu Z, Zhao Y, Luo M. CD300ld on neutrophils is required for tumour-driven immune suppression. Nature 2023; 621:830-839. [PMID: 37674079 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The immune-suppressive tumour microenvironment represents a major obstacle to effective immunotherapy1,2. Pathologically activated neutrophils, also known as polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs), are a critical component of the tumour microenvironment and have crucial roles in tumour progression and therapy resistance2-4. Identification of the key molecules on PMN-MDSCs is required to selectively target these cells for tumour treatment. Here, we performed an in vivo CRISPR-Cas9 screen in a tumour mouse model and identified CD300ld as a top candidate of tumour-favouring receptors. CD300ld is specifically expressed in normal neutrophils and is upregulated in PMN-MDSCs upon tumour-bearing. CD300ld knockout inhibits the development of multiple tumour types in a PMN-MDSC-dependent manner. CD300ld is required for the recruitment of PMN-MDSCs into tumours and their function to suppress T cell activation. CD300ld acts via the STAT3-S100A8/A9 axis, and knockout of Cd300ld reverses the tumour immune-suppressive microenvironment. CD300ld is upregulated in human cancers and shows an unfavourable correlation with patient survival. Blocking CD300ld activity inhibits tumour development and has synergistic effects with anti-PD1. Our study identifies CD300ld as a critical immune suppressor present on PMN-MDSCs, being required for tumour immune resistance and providing a potential target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxiong Wang
- Institute of Pediatrics of Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xichen Zheng
- Institute of Pediatrics of Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyi Jiang
- Institute of Pediatrics of Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital of Fudan University, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwei Li
- Institute of Pediatrics of Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaonan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanghui Shen
- Institute of Pediatrics of Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peixuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunqing Gu
- Institute of Pediatrics of Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Chen
- Institute of Pediatrics of Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Moubin Lin
- Center for Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changwen Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Gao
- Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital of Fudan University, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhigang Lu
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Min Luo
- Institute of Pediatrics of Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Deb S, Mondal R, Lahiri D, Shome G, Roy AG, Sarkar V, Sarkar S, Benito-León J. Norovirus-associated neurological manifestations: summarizing the evidence. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:492-506. [PMID: 37477790 PMCID: PMC10501950 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus, a positive-stranded RNA virus, is one of the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis among all age groups worldwide. The neurological manifestations of norovirus are underrecognized, but several wide-spectrum neurological manifestations have been reported among infected individuals in the last few years. Our objective was to summarize the features of norovirus-associated neurological disorders based on the available literature. We used the existing PRISMA consensus statement. Data were collected from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases up to Jan 30, 2023, using pre-specified searching strategies. Twenty-one articles were selected for the qualitative synthesis. Among these, seven hundred and seventy-four patients with norovirus-associated neurological manifestations were reported. Most cases were seizure episodes, infection-induced encephalopathy, and immune-driven disorders. However, only a few studies have addressed the pathogenesis of norovirus-related neurological complications. The pathogenesis of these manifestations may be mediated by either neurotropism or aberrant immune-mediated injury, or both, depending on the affected system. Our review could help clinicians to recognize these neurological manifestations better and earlier while deepening the understanding of the pathogenesis of this viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shramana Deb
- Department of Neuroscience, S.N. Pradhan Centre for Neuroscience, Kolkata, India
| | - Ritwick Mondal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, IPGMER and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Durjoy Lahiri
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Baycrest Health Sciences and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gourav Shome
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Aakash Guha Roy
- Department of Internal Medicine, SSKM and IPGMER Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Vramanti Sarkar
- Department of Neuroscience, S.N. Pradhan Centre for Neuroscience, Kolkata, India
| | - Shramana Sarkar
- Department of Internal Medicine, SSKM and IPGMER Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Julián Benito-León
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute (i+12), University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Wobus CE, Peiper AM, McSweeney AM, Young VL, Chaika M, Lane MS, Lingemann M, Deerain JM, Strine MS, Alfajaro MM, Helm EW, Karst SM, Mackenzie JM, Taube S, Ward VK, Wilen CB. Murine Norovirus: Additional Protocols for Basic and Antiviral Studies. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e828. [PMID: 37478303 PMCID: PMC10375541 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Murine norovirus (MNV) is a positive-sense, plus-stranded RNA virus in the Caliciviridae family. Viruses in this family replicate in the intestine and are transmitted by the fecal-oral route. MNV is related to the human noroviruses, which cause the majority of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Given the technical challenges in studying human norovirus, MNV is often used to study mechanisms in norovirus biology since it combines the availability of a cell culture and reverse genetics system with the ability to study infection in the native host. Adding to our previous protocol collection, here we describe additional techniques that have since been developed to study MNV biology. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Indirect method for measuring cell cytotoxicity and antiviral activity Basic Protocol 2: Measuring murine norovirus genome titers by RT-qPCR Support Protocol 1: Preparation of standard Basic Protocol 3: Generation of recombinant murine norovirus with minimal passaging Basic Protocol 4: Generation of recombinant murine norovirus via circular polymerase extension reaction (CPER) Basic Protocol 5: Expression of norovirus NS1-2 in insect cell suspension cultures using a recombinant baculovirus Support Protocol 2: Isotope labelling of norovirus NS1-2 in insect cells Support Protocol 3: Purification of the norovirus NS1-2 protein Support Protocol 4: Expression of norovirus NS1-2 in mammalian cells by transduction with a recombinant baculovirus Basic Protocol 6: Infection of enteroids in transwell inserts with murine norovirus Support Protocol 5: Preparation of conditioned medium for enteroids culture Support Protocol 6: Isolation of crypts for enteroids generation Support Protocol 7: Enteroid culture passaging and maintenance Basic Protocol 7: Quantification of murine norovirus-induced diarrhea using neonatal mouse infections Alternate Protocol 1: Intragastric inoculation of neonatal mice Alternate Protocol 2: Scoring colon contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane E. Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of
Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Amy M. Peiper
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology,
College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Alice M. McSweeney
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of
Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New
Zealand
| | - Vivienne L. Young
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of
Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New
Zealand
| | - Maryna Chaika
- Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, University of
Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany, tel.
+49-451-3101-4020
| | - Miranda Sophie Lane
- Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, University of
Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany, tel.
+49-451-3101-4020
| | - Marit Lingemann
- Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, University of
Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany, tel.
+49-451-3101-4020
| | - Joshua M. Deerain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of
Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne,
VIC, Australia 3010
| | - Madison S. Strine
- Departments of Immunobiology and Laboratory Medicine, Yale
University School of Medicine, Clinic Building 407A. 330 Cedar Street New Haven, CT,
USA
| | - Mia M. Alfajaro
- Departments of Immunobiology and Laboratory Medicine, Yale
University School of Medicine, Clinic Building 407A. 330 Cedar Street New Haven, CT,
USA
| | - Emily W. Helm
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology,
College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Karst
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology,
College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Jason M. Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of
Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne,
VIC, Australia 3010
| | - Stefan Taube
- Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, University of
Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany, tel.
+49-451-3101-4020
| | - Vernon K. Ward
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of
Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New
Zealand
| | - Craig B. Wilen
- Departments of Immunobiology and Laboratory Medicine, Yale
University School of Medicine, Clinic Building 407A. 330 Cedar Street New Haven, CT,
USA
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14
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Kennedy EA, Aggarwal S, Dhar A, Karst SM, Wilen CB, Baldridge MT. Age-associated features of norovirus infection analysed in mice. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1095-1107. [PMID: 37188813 PMCID: PMC10484054 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the leading global cause of viral gastroenteritis. Young children bear the highest burden of disease and play a key role in viral transmission throughout the population. However, which host factors contribute to age-associated variability in NoV severity and shedding are not well-defined. The murine NoV (MNoV) strain CR6 causes persistent infection in adult mice and targets intestinal tuft cells. Here we find that natural transmission of CR6 from infected dams occurred only in juvenile mice. Direct oral CR6 inoculation of wild-type neonatal mice led to accumulation of viral RNA in the ileum and prolonged shedding in the stool that was replication-independent. This viral exposure induced both innate and adaptive immune responses including interferon-stimulated gene expression and MNoV-specific antibody responses. Interestingly, viral uptake depended on passive ileal absorption of luminal virus, a process blocked by cortisone acetate administration, which prevented ileal viral RNA accumulation. Neonates lacking interferon signalling in haematopoietic cells were susceptible to productive infection, viral dissemination and lethality, which depended on the canonical MNoV receptor CD300LF. Together, our findings reveal developmentally associated aspects of persistent MNoV infection, including distinct tissue and cellular tropism, mechanisms of interferon regulation and severity of infection in the absence of interferon signalling. These emphasize the importance of defining viral pathogenesis phenotypes across the developmental spectrum and highlight passive viral uptake as an important contributor to enteric infections in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Kennedy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Somya Aggarwal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arko Dhar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephanie M Karst
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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15
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Peiper AM, Helm EW, Nguyen Q, Phillips M, Williams CG, Shah D, Tatum S, Iyer N, Grodzki M, Eurell LB, Nasir A, Baldridge MT, Karst SM. Infection of neonatal mice with the murine norovirus strain WU23 is a robust model to study norovirus pathogenesis. Lab Anim (NY) 2023; 52:119-129. [PMID: 37142696 PMCID: PMC10234811 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-023-01166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses are the leading cause of severe childhood diarrhea and foodborne disease worldwide. While they are a major cause of disease in all age groups, infections in the very young can be quite severe, with annual estimates of 50,000-200,000 fatalities in children under 5 years old. In spite of the remarkable disease burden associated with norovirus infections, very little is known about the pathogenic mechanisms underlying norovirus diarrhea, principally because of the lack of tractable small animal models. The development of the murine norovirus (MNV) model nearly two decades ago has facilitated progress in understanding host-norovirus interactions and norovirus strain variability. However, MNV strains tested thus far either do not cause intestinal disease or were isolated from extraintestinal tissue, raising concerns about translatability of research findings to human norovirus disease. Consequently, the field lacks a strong model of norovirus gastroenteritis. Here we provide a comprehensive characterization of a new small animal model system for the norovirus field that overcomes prior weaknesses. Specifically, we demonstrate that the WU23 MNV strain isolated from a mouse naturally presenting with diarrhea causes a transient reduction in weight gain and acute self-resolving diarrhea in neonatal mice of several inbred mouse lines. Moreover, our findings reveal that norovirus-induced diarrhea is associated with infection of subepithelial cells in the small intestine and systemic spread. Finally, type I interferons (IFNs) are critical to protect hosts from norovirus-induced intestinal disease whereas type III IFNs exacerbate diarrhea. This latter finding is consistent with other emerging data implicating type III IFNs in the exacerbation of some viral diseases. This new model system should enable a detailed investigation of norovirus disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Peiper
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Emily W Helm
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Quyen Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Matthew Phillips
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Caroline G Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dhairya Shah
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sarah Tatum
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Neha Iyer
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marco Grodzki
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Laura B Eurell
- Office of Research, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Aqsa Nasir
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephanie M Karst
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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16
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Kurhade C, Kang S, Biering SB, Hwang S, Randall G. CAPRIN1 Is Required for Control of Viral Replication Complexes by Interferon Gamma. mBio 2023:e0017223. [PMID: 37052473 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00172-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication complexes (RCs), formed by positive-strand (+) RNA viruses through rearrangements of host endomembranes, protect their replicating RNA from host innate immune defenses. We have shown that two evolutionarily conserved defense systems, autophagy and interferon (IFN), target viral RCs and inhibit viral replication collaboratively. However, the mechanism by which autophagy proteins target viral RCs and the role of IFN-inducible GTPases in the disruption of RCs remains poorly understood. Here, using murine norovirus (MNV) as a model (+) RNA virus, we show that the guanylate binding protein 1 (GBP1) is the human GTPase responsible for inhibiting RCs. Furthermore, we found that ATG16L1 mediates the LC3 targeting of MNV RC by binding to WIPI2B and CAPRIN1, and that IFN gamma-mediated control of MNV replication was dependent on CAPRIN1. Collectively, this study identifies a novel mechanism for the autophagy machinery-mediated recognition and inhibition of viral RCs, a hallmark of (+) RNA virus replication. IMPORTANCE Replication complexes provide a microenvironment important for (+) RNA virus replication and shield it from host immune response. Previously we have shown that interferon gamma (IFNG) disrupts the RC of MNV via evolutionarily conserved autophagy proteins and IFN-inducible GTPases. Elucidating the mechanism of targeting of viral RC by ATG16L1 and IFN-induced GTPase will pave the way for development of therapeutics targeting the viral replication complexes. Here, we have identified GBP1 as the sole GBP targeting viral RC and uncovered the novel role of CAPRIN1 in recruiting ATG16L1 to the viral RC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya Kurhade
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Soowon Kang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Scott B Biering
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Seungmin Hwang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Glenn Randall
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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17
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Jahun AS, Sorgeloos F, Chaudhry Y, Arthur SE, Hosmillo M, Georgana I, Izuagbe R, Goodfellow IG. Leaked genomic and mitochondrial DNA contribute to the host response to noroviruses in a STING-dependent manner. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112179. [PMID: 36943868 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The cGAS-STING pathway is central to the interferon response against DNA viruses. However, recent studies are increasingly demonstrating its role in the restriction of some RNA viruses. Here, we show that the cGAS-STING pathway also contributes to the interferon response against noroviruses, currently the commonest causes of infectious gastroenteritis worldwide. We show a significant reduction in interferon-β induction and a corresponding increase in viral replication in norovirus-infected cells after deletion of STING, cGAS, or IFI16. Further, we find that immunostimulatory host genome-derived DNA and mitochondrial DNA accumulate in the cytosol of norovirus-infected cells. Lastly, overexpression of the viral NS4 protein is sufficient to drive the accumulation of cytosolic DNA. Together, our data find a role for cGAS, IFI16, and STING in the restriction of noroviruses and show the utility of host genomic DNA as a damage-associated molecular pattern in cells infected with an RNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminu S Jahun
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital Level 5, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Frederic Sorgeloos
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital Level 5, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Université catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, MIPA-VIRO 74-49, 74 Avenue Hippocrate, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yasmin Chaudhry
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital Level 5, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sabastine E Arthur
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital Level 5, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Myra Hosmillo
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital Level 5, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Iliana Georgana
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital Level 5, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rhys Izuagbe
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital Level 5, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ian G Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital Level 5, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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18
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Yamamoto S, Sudo-Yokoyama Y, Ogasawara N, Yokota SI. Rapid, simple, and cost-effective plaque assay for murine norovirus using microcrystalline cellulose. J Virol Methods 2023; 316:114715. [PMID: 36940863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Murine norovirus (MNV) is used widely as a practical alternative to human norovirus (HuNoV). Plaque-forming assays for MNV are important for developing therapeutic agents against HuNoV infections. Although agarose-overlay MNV assays have been reported, recent improvements in cellulose derivatives suggest that they could be optimized further, particularly with respect to improving the overlay material. To determine which overlay material is optimal for the MNV plaque assay, we compared four typical cellulose derivatives [microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)] with conventional agarose. We found that 3.5% (w/v) MCC-containing medium provided clear round-shaped plaques on RAW 264.7 cells 1 day after inoculation; the visibility of plaques was comparable with that of the original agarose-overlay assay. Removing residual MCC powder from the MCC-overlay assay before fixing was important for obtaining distinct plaques that are clearly countable. Finally, after calculating the plaque diameter as a percentage of well diameter, we found that 12- and 24-well plates were better than other plates for accurate plaque counting. The MCC-based MNV plaque assay is cost-effective and rapid, and produces plaques that are easy to count. Accurate virus quantification using this optimized plaque assay will enable reliable estimation of norovirus titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soh Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuka Sudo-Yokoyama
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Noriko Ogasawara
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichi Yokota
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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19
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Mills JT, Minogue SC, Snowden JS, Arden WK, Rowlands DJ, Stonehouse NJ, Wobus CE, Herod MR. Amino acid substitutions in norovirus VP1 dictate cell tropism via an attachment process dependent on membrane mobility. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.17.528071. [PMID: 36824911 PMCID: PMC9949111 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.17.528071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Viruses interact with receptors on the cell surface to initiate and co-ordinate infection. The distribution of receptors on host cells can be a key determinant of viral tropism and host infection. Unravelling the complex nature of virus-receptor interactions is, therefore, of fundamental importance to understanding viral pathogenesis. Noroviruses are non-enveloped, icosahedral, positive-sense RNA viruses of global importance to human health, with no approved vaccine or antiviral agent available. Here we use murine norovirus as a model for the study of molecular mechanisms of virus-receptor interactions. We show that variation at a single amino acid residue in the major viral capsid protein had a key impact on the interaction between virus and receptor. This variation did not affect virion production or virus growth kinetics, but a specific amino acid was rapidly selected through evolution experiments, and significantly improved cellular attachment when infecting immune cells in suspension. However, reducing plasma membrane mobility counteracted this phenotype, providing insight into for the role of membrane fluidity and receptor recruitment in norovirus cellular attachment. When the infectivity of a panel of recombinant viruses with single amino acid variations was compared in vivo, there were significant differences in the distribution of viruses in a murine model, demonstrating a role in cellular tropism in vivo. Overall, these results highlight the importance of lipid rafts and virus-induced receptor recruitment in viral infection, as well as how capsid evolution can greatly influence cellular tropism, within-host spread and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake T. Mills
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Susanna C. Minogue
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Joseph S. Snowden
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Wynter K.C. Arden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48130, USA
| | - David J. Rowlands
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Nicola J. Stonehouse
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Christiane E. Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48130, USA
| | - Morgan R. Herod
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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20
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Madamarandawala P, Rajapakse S, Gunasena B, Madegedara D, Magana-Arachchi D. A host blood transcriptional signature differentiates multi-drug/rifampin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) from drug susceptible tuberculosis: a pilot study. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:3935-3943. [PMID: 36749527 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the top thirteen causes of death worldwide. The major challenge to control TB is the emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB); specifically, multi-drug resistant TB which are resistant to the most potent drugs; rifampin and isoniazid. Owing to the inconsistencies of the current diagnostic methods, a single test cannot identify the whole spectrum of DR-TB associated mutations. Recently, host blood transcriptomics has gained attention as a promising technique that develops disease-specific RNA signatures/biomarkers. However, studies on host transcriptomics infected with DR-TB is limited. Herein, we intended to identify genes/pathways that are differentially expressed in multi-drug/rifampin resistant TB (MDR/RR-TB) in contrast to drug susceptible TB. METHOD AND RESULTS We conducted blood RNA sequencing of 10 pulmonary TB patients (4; drug susceptible and 6; DR-TB) and 55 genes that were differentially expressed in MDR/RR-TB from drug-susceptible/mono-resistant TB were identified. CD300LD, MYL9, VAMP5, CARD17, CLEC2B, GBP6, BATF2, ETV7, IFI27 and FCGR1CP were found to be upregulated in MDR/RR-TB in all comparisons, among which CLEC2B and CD300LD were not previously linked to TB. In comparison pathway analysis, interferon alpha/gamma response was upregulated while Wnt/beta catenin signaling, lysosome, microtubule nucleation and notch signaling were downregulated. CONCLUSION Up/down-regulation of immunity related genes/pathways speculate the collective effect of hosts' attempt to fight against continuously multiplying DR-TB bacteria and the bacterial factors to fight against the host defense. The identified genes/pathways could act as MDR/RR-TB biomarkers, hence, further research on their clinical use should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra Madamarandawala
- Molecular Microbiology & Human Diseases Project, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy, 20000, Sri Lanka
| | - Sanath Rajapakse
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Bandu Gunasena
- National Hospital for Respiratory Diseases, Welisara, 11010, Sri Lanka
| | - Dushantha Madegedara
- Respiratory Diseases Treatment Unit, General Teaching Hospital, Kandy, 20000, Sri Lanka
| | - Dhammika Magana-Arachchi
- Molecular Microbiology & Human Diseases Project, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy, 20000, Sri Lanka.
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21
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Zhang Q, Zhu S, Zhang X, Su L, Ni J, Zhang Y, Fang L. Recent insights into reverse genetics of norovirus. Virus Res 2023; 325:199046. [PMID: 36657615 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus is the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis globally, and poses substantial threats to public health. Despite substantial progress made in preventing norovirus diseases, the lack of a robust virus culture system has hampered biological research and effective strategies to combat this pathogen. Reverse genetic system is the technique to generate infectious viruses from cloned genetic constructs, which is a powerful tool for the investigation of viral pathogenesis and for the development of novel drugs and vaccines. The strategies of reverse genetics include bacterial artificial chromosomes, vaccinia virus vectors, and entirely plasmid-based systems. Since each strategy has its pros and cons, choosing appropriate approaches will greatly improve the efficiency of virus rescue. Reverse genetic systems that have been employed for norovirus greatly extend its life cycle and facilitate the development of medical countermeasures. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the structure, transmission, genetic evolution and clinical manifestations of norovirus, and describe recent advances in the studies of norovirus reverse genetics as well as its future prospects for therapeutics and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyi Zhang
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuirong Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Lingxuan Su
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ni
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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22
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Strine MS, Alfajaro MM, Graziano VR, Song J, Hsieh LL, Hill R, Guo J, VanDussen KL, Orchard RC, Baldridge MT, Lee S, Wilen CB. Tuft-cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mediators of norovirus tropism regulate viral immunity. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111593. [PMID: 36351394 PMCID: PMC9662704 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine norovirus (MNoV) is a model for human norovirus and for interrogating mechanisms of viral tropism and persistence. We previously demonstrated that the persistent strain MNoVCR6 infects tuft cells, which are dispensable for the non-persistent strain MNoVCW3. We now show that diverse MNoV strains require tuft cells for chronic enteric infection. We also demonstrate that interferon-λ (IFN-λ) acts directly on tuft cells to cure chronic MNoVCR6 infection and that type I and III IFNs signal together via STAT1 in tuft cells to restrict MNoVCW3 tropism. We then develop an enteroid model and find that MNoVCR6 and MNoVCW3 similarly infect tuft cells with equal IFN susceptibility, suggesting that IFN derived from non-epithelial cells signals on tuft cells in trans to restrict MNoVCW3 tropism. Thus, tuft cell tropism enables MNoV persistence and is determined by tuft cell-intrinsic factors (viral receptor expression) and -extrinsic factors (immunomodulatory signaling by non-epithelial cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison S Strine
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mia Madel Alfajaro
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vincent R Graziano
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jaewon Song
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Leon L Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan Hill
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kelli L VanDussen
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Robert C Orchard
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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23
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Helm EW, Peiper AM, Phillips M, Williams CG, Sherman MB, Kelley T, Smith HQ, Jacobs SO, Shah D, Tatum SM, Iyer N, Grodzki M, Morales Aparicio JC, Kennedy EA, Manzi MS, Baldridge MT, Smith TJ, Karst SM. Environmentally-triggered contraction of the norovirus virion determines diarrheagenic potential. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1043746. [PMID: 36389732 PMCID: PMC9664153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1043746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the leading cause of severe childhood diarrhea and foodborne disease worldwide. While they are a major cause of disease in all age groups, infections in the very young can be quite severe with annual estimates of 50,000-200,000 fatalities in children under 5 years old. In spite of the remarkable disease burden associated with norovirus infections in people, very little is known about the pathogenic mechanisms underlying norovirus diarrhea, principally because of the lack of tractable small animal models. We recently demonstrated that wild-type neonatal mice are susceptible to murine norovirus (MNV)-induced acute self-resolving diarrhea in a time course mirroring human norovirus disease. Using this robust pathogenesis model system, we demonstrate that virulence is regulated by the responsiveness of the viral capsid to environmental cues that trigger contraction of the VP1 protruding (P) domain onto the particle shell, thus enhancing receptor binding and infectivity. The capacity of a given MNV strain to undergo this contraction positively correlates with infection of cells expressing low abundance of the virus receptor CD300lf, supporting a model whereby virion contraction triggers infection of CD300lflo cell types that are responsible for diarrhea induction. These findings directly link environmentally-influenced biophysical features with norovirus disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W. Helm
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Amy M. Peiper
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Matthew Phillips
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Caroline G. Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Michael B. Sherman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Theresa Kelley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Hong Q. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Sorin O. Jacobs
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Dhairya Shah
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sarah M. Tatum
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Neha Iyer
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Marco Grodzki
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Joyce C. Morales Aparicio
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Kennedy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Mikayla S. Manzi
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Megan T. Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Thomas J. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Stephanie M. Karst
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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24
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Sullender ME, Pierce LR, Annaswamy Srinivas M, Crockett SL, Dunlap BF, Rodgers R, Schriefer LA, Kennedy EA, Stewart BM, Doench JG, Baldridge MT, Orchard RC. Selective Polyprotein Processing Determines Norovirus Sensitivity to Trim7. J Virol 2022; 96:e0070722. [PMID: 35972292 PMCID: PMC9472627 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00707-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, yet the molecular mechanisms of how host antiviral factors restrict norovirus infection are poorly understood. Here, we present a CRISPR activation screen that identifies mouse genes which inhibit murine norovirus (MNV) replication. Detailed analysis of the major hit Trim7 demonstrates a potent inhibition of the early stages of MNV replication. Leveraging in vitro evolution, we identified MNV mutants that escape Trim7 restriction by altering the cleavage of the viral NS6-7 polyprotein precursor. NS6, but not the NS6-7 precursor, directly binds the substrate-binding domain of Trim7. Surprisingly, the selective polyprotein processing that enables Trim7 evasion inflicts a significant evolutionary burden, as viruses with decreased NS6-7 cleavage are strongly attenuated in viral replication and pathogenesis. Our data provide an unappreciated mechanism of viral evasion of cellular antiviral factors through selective polyprotein processing and highlight the evolutionary tradeoffs in acquiring resistance to host restriction factors. IMPORTANCE To maximize a limited genetic capacity, viruses encode polyproteins that can be subsequently separated into individual components by viral proteases. While classically viewed as a means of economy, recent findings have indicated that polyprotein processing can spatially and temporally coordinate the distinct phases of the viral life cycle. Here, we present a function for alternative polyprotein processing centered on immune defense. We discovered that selective polyprotein processing of the murine norovirus polyprotein shields MNV from restriction by the host antiviral protein Trim7. Trim7 can bind the viral protein NS6 but not the viral precursor protein NS6-7. Our findings provide insight into the evolutionary pressures that define patterns of viral polyprotein processing and uncover a trade-off between viral replication and immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan E. Sullender
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Linley R. Pierce
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Stacey L. Crockett
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bria F. Dunlap
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rachel Rodgers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lawrence A. Schriefer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Kennedy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Brittany M. Stewart
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - John G. Doench
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Megan T. Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert C. Orchard
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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25
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Bereznicka A, Mikolajczyk K, Czerwinski M, Kaczmarek R. Microbial lectome versus host glycolipidome: How pathogens exploit glycosphingolipids to invade, dupe or kill. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:958653. [PMID: 36060781 PMCID: PMC9437549 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.958653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are ubiquitous components of the cell membranes, found across several kingdoms of life, from bacteria to mammals, including humans. GSLs are a subclass of major glycolipids occurring in animal lipid membranes in clusters named “lipid rafts.” The most crucial functions of GSLs include signal transduction and regulation as well as participation in cell proliferation. Despite the mainstream view that pathogens rely on protein–protein interactions to survive and thrive in their hosts, many also target the host lipids. In particular, multiple pathogens produce adhesion molecules or toxins that bind GSLs. Attachment of pathogens to cell surface receptors is the initial step in infections. Many mammalian pathogens have evolved to recognize GSL-derived receptors. Animal glycosphingolipidomes consist of multiple types of GSLs differing in terminal glycan and ceramide structures in a cell or tissue-specific manner. Interspecies differences in GSLs dictate host specificity as well as cell and tissue tropisms. Evolutionary pressure exerted by pathogens on their hosts drives changes in cell surface glycoconjugates, including GSLs, and has produced a vast number of molecules and interaction mechanisms. Despite that abundance, the role of GSLs as pathogen receptors has been largely overlooked or only cursorily discussed. In this review, we take a closer look at GSLs and their role in the recognition, cellular entry, and toxicity of multiple bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens.
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26
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Marquez R, Zwilling J, Zambrano F, Tolosa L, Marquez ME, Venditti R, Jameel H, Gonzalez R. Nanoparticles and essential oils with antiviral activity on packaging and surfaces: An overview of their selection and application. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Marquez
- Tissue Pack Innovation Lab, Department of Forest Biomaterials North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Jacob Zwilling
- Tissue Pack Innovation Lab, Department of Forest Biomaterials North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Franklin Zambrano
- Tissue Pack Innovation Lab, Department of Forest Biomaterials North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Laura Tolosa
- School of Chemical Engineering Universidad de Los Andes Mérida Venezuela
| | - Maria E. Marquez
- Laboratory of Parasite Enzymology, Department of Biology Universidad de Los Andes Mérida Venezuela
| | - Richard Venditti
- Tissue Pack Innovation Lab, Department of Forest Biomaterials North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Tissue Pack Innovation Lab, Department of Forest Biomaterials North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Ronalds Gonzalez
- Tissue Pack Innovation Lab, Department of Forest Biomaterials North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
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27
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Creutznacher R, Maass T, Dülfer J, Feldmann C, Hartmann V, Lane MS, Knickmann J, Westermann LT, Thiede L, Smith TJ, Uetrecht C, Mallagaray A, Waudby CA, Taube S, Peters T. Distinct dissociation rates of murine and human norovirus P-domain dimers suggest a role of dimer stability in virus-host interactions. Commun Biol 2022; 5:563. [PMID: 35680964 PMCID: PMC9184547 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus capsids are icosahedral particles composed of 90 dimers of the major capsid protein VP1. The C-terminus of the VP1 proteins forms a protruding (P)-domain, mediating receptor attachment, and providing a target for neutralizing antibodies. NMR and native mass spectrometry directly detect P-domain monomers in solution for murine (MNV) but not for human norovirus (HuNoV). We report that the binding of glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) stabilizes MNV-1 P-domain dimers (P-dimers) and induces long-range NMR chemical shift perturbations (CSPs) within loops involved in antibody and receptor binding, likely reflecting corresponding conformational changes. Global line shape analysis of monomer and dimer cross-peaks in concentration-dependent methyl TROSY NMR spectra yields a dissociation rate constant koff of about 1 s−1 for MNV-1 P-dimers. For structurally closely related HuNoV GII.4 Saga P-dimers a value of about 10−6 s−1 is obtained from ion-exchange chromatography, suggesting essential differences in the role of GCDCA as a cofactor for MNV and HuNoV infection. NMR and native mass spectrometry reveal that the major capsid VP1 protein from murine and human norovirus exhibit distinct behaviors and are differentially regulated by the binding of glycochenodeoxycholic acid.
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28
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Hirano J, Murakami K, Hayashi T. CRISPR-Cas9-Based Technology for Studying Enteric Virus Infection. Front Genome Ed 2022; 4:888878. [PMID: 35755450 PMCID: PMC9213734 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2022.888878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric viruses, including numerous viruses that initiate infection in enteric canal, are recognized as important agents that cause wide spectrum of illnesses in humans, depending on the virus type. They are mainly transmitted by fecal-oral route with several vector such as contaminated water or food. Infections by enteric viruses, such as noroviruses and rotaviruses, frequently cause widespread acute gastroenteritis, leading to significant health and economic burdens and therefore remain a public health concern. Like other viruses, enteric viruses ''hijack'' certain host factors (so called pro-viral factors) for replication in infected cells, while escaping the host defense system by antagonizing host anti-viral factors. Identification(s) of these factors is needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying viral replication and pathogenicity, which will aid the development of efficient antiviral strategies. Recently, the advancement of genome-editing technology, especially the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 system, has precipitated numerous breakthroughs across the field of virology, including enteric virus research. For instance, unbiased genome-wide screening employing the CRISPR-Cas9 system has successfully identified a number of previously unrecognized host factors associated with infection by clinically relevant enteric viruses. In this review, we briefly introduce the common techniques of the CRISPR-Cas9 system applied to virological studies and discuss the major findings using this system for studying enteric virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junki Hirano
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Murakami
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Haga K, Takai-Todaka R, Sawada A, Katayama K. Luciferase-based quantification of membrane fusion induced by SARS CoV2 S protein. Genes Cells 2022; 27:537-543. [PMID: 35488742 PMCID: PMC9347681 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic is caused by SARS‐CoV‐2. Although several effective vaccines that target the Spike protein on the viral surface have been deployed, additional therapeutic agents are urgently needed. Here, we developed a system to measure the Spike protein function by quantifying cellular membrane fusion induced by the Spike protein. The system enables the evaluation of the effects of drugs and neutralizing antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 without using live viruses. Furthermore, the system characterizes membrane fusion activity of the Spike protein of each variant to reveal that Delta variant has more potent than Wuhan and Omicron. Our system could lead to develop high‐throughput screening for drug candidates and neutralization antibodies that target virus entry and characterize Spike proteins from variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Haga
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Takai-Todaka
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Sawada
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Virucidal and Immunostimulating Activities of Monogalactosyl Diacylglyceride from Coccomyxa sp. KJ, a Green Microalga, against Murine Norovirus and Feline Calicivirus. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20020131. [PMID: 35200660 PMCID: PMC8877313 DOI: 10.3390/md20020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the most common pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis and may lead to more severe illnesses among immunosuppressed people, including elderly and organ transplant recipients. To date, there are no safe and effective vaccines or antiviral agents for norovirus infections. In the present study, we aimed to demonstrate the antiviral activity of monogalactosyl diacylglyceride (MGDG) isolated from a microalga, Coccomyxa sp. KJ, against murine norovirus (MNV) and feline calicivirus (FCV), the surrogates for human norovirus. MGDG showed virucidal activities against these viruses in a dose- and time-dependent manner—MGDG at 100 μg/mL reduced the infectivity of MNV and FCV to approximately 10% after 60 min incubation. In the animal experiments of MNV infection, intraoral administration of MGDG (1 mg/day) exerted a therapeutic effect by suppressing viral shedding in the feces and produced high neutralizing antibody titers in sera and feces. When MGDG was orally administered to immunocompromised mice treated with 5-fluorouracil, the compound exhibited earlier stopping of viral shedding and higher neutralizing antibody titers of sera than those in the control mice administered with distilled water. Thus, MGDG may offer a new therapeutic and prophylactic alternative against norovirus infections.
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31
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Aan FJ, Glibetic N, Montoya-Uribe V, Matter ML. COVID-19 and the Microbiome: The Gut-Lung Connection. COMPREHENSIVE GUT MICROBIOTA 2022. [PMCID: PMC8131000 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819265-8.00048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mboko WP, Chhabra P, Valcarce MD, Costantini V, Vinjé J. Advances in understanding of the innate immune response to human norovirus infection using organoid models. J Gen Virol 2022; 103:10.1099/jgv.0.001720. [PMID: 35077345 PMCID: PMC8984994 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the leading cause of epidemic and endemic acute gastroenteritis worldwide and the most frequent cause of foodborne illness in the United States. There is no specific treatment for norovirus infections and therapeutic interventions are based on alleviating symptoms and limiting viral transmission. The immune response to norovirus is not completely understood and mechanistic studies have been hindered by lack of a robust cell culture system. In recent years, the human intestinal enteroid/human intestinal organoid system (HIE/HIO) has enabled successful human norovirus replication. Cells derived from HIE have also successfully been subjected to genetic manipulation using viral vectors as well as CRISPR/Cas9 technology, thereby allowing studies to identify antiviral signaling pathways important in controlling norovirus infection. RNA sequencing using HIE cells has been used to investigate the transcriptional landscape during norovirus infection and to identify antiviral genes important in infection. Other cell culture platforms such as the microfluidics-based gut-on-chip technology in combination with the HIE/HIO system also have the potential to address fundamental questions on innate immunity to human norovirus. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in understanding the innate immune response to human norovirus infections in the HIE system, including the application of advanced molecular technologies that have become available in recent years such as the CRISPR/Cas9 and RNA sequencing, as well as the potential application of single cell transcriptomics, viral proteomics, and gut-on-a-chip technology to further elucidate innate immunity to norovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadzanai P. Mboko
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Preeti Chhabra
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Marta Diez Valcarce
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Veronica Costantini
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Akt plays differential roles during the life cycles of acute and persistent murine norovirus strains in macrophages. J Virol 2021; 96:e0192321. [PMID: 34787460 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01923-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Akt (Protein kinase B) is a key signaling protein in eukaryotic cells that controls many cellular processes such as glucose metabolism and cell proliferation for survival. As obligate intracellular pathogens, viruses modulate host cellular processes, including Akt signaling, for optimal replication. The mechanisms by which viruses modulate Akt and the resulting effects on the infectious cycle differ widely depending on the virus. In this study, we explored the effect of Akt serine 473 phosphorylation (p-Akt) during murine norovirus (MNV) infection. p-Akt increased during infection of murine macrophages with acute MNV-1 and persistent CR3 and CR6 strains. Inhibition of Akt with MK2206, an inhibitor of all three isoforms of Akt (Akt1/2/3), reduced infectious virus progeny of all three virus strains. This reduction was due to decreased viral genome replication (CR3), defective virus assembly (MNV-1), or diminished cellular egress (CR3 and CR6) in a virus strain-dependent manner. Collectively, our data demonstrate that Akt activation increases in macrophages during the later stages of the MNV infectious cycle, which may enhance viral infection in unique ways for different virus strains. The data, for the first time, indicate a role for Akt signaling in viral assembly and highlight additional phenotypic differences between closely related MNV strains. Importance Human noroviruses (HNoV) are a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis, resulting in high annual economic burden and morbidity; yet there are no small animal models supporting productive HNoV infection, or robust culture systems producing cell culture-derived virus stocks. As a result, research on drug discovery and vaccine development against norovirus infection has been challenging, and no targeted antivirals or vaccines against HNoV are approved. On the other hand, murine norovirus (MNV) replicates to high titers in cell culture and is a convenient and widespread model in norovirus research. Our data demonstrate the importance of Akt signaling during the late stage of the MNV life cycle. Notably, the effect of Akt signaling on genome replication, virus assembly and cellular egress is virus strain specific, highlighting the diversity of biological phenotypes despite small genetic variability among norovirus strains. This study is the first to demonstrate a role for Akt in viral assembly.
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Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are increasingly becoming the main cause of transmissible gastroenteritis worldwide, with hundreds of thousands of deaths recorded annually. Yet, decades after their discovery, there is still no effective treatment or vaccine. Efforts aimed at developing vaccines or treatment will benefit from a greater understanding of norovirus-host interactions, including the host response to infection. In this review, we provide a concise overview of the evidence establishing the significance of type I and type III interferon (IFN) responses in the restriction of noroviruses. We also critically examine our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of IFN induction in norovirus-infected cells, and outline the diverse strategies deployed by noroviruses to supress and/or avoid host IFN responses. It is our hope that this review will facilitate further discussion and increase interest in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminu S. Jahun
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- *Correspondence: Aminu S. Jahun,
| | - Ian G. Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Structural Studies on the Shapeshifting Murine Norovirus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112162. [PMID: 34834968 PMCID: PMC8621758 DOI: 10.3390/v13112162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are responsible for almost a fifth of all cases of gastroenteritis worldwide. The calicivirus capsid is composed of 180 copies of VP1 with a molecular weight of ~58 kDa. This coat protein is divided into the N-terminus (N), the shell (S) and C-terminal protruding (P) domains. The S domain forms a shell around the viral RNA genome, while the P domains dimerize to form protrusions on the capsid surface. The P domain is subdivided into P1 and P2 subdomains, with the latter containing the binding sites for cellular receptors and neutralizing antibodies. Reviewed here are studies on murine norovirus (MNV) showing that the capsid responds to several physiologically relevant cues; bile, pH, Mg2+, and Ca2+. In the initial site of infection, the intestinal tract, high bile and metal concentrations and low pH cause two significant conformational changes: (1) the P domain contracts onto the shell domain and (2) several conformational changes within the P domain lead to enhanced receptor binding while blocking antibody neutralization. In contrast, the pH is neutral, and the concentrations of bile and metals are low in the serum. Under these conditions, the loops at the tip of the P domain are in the open conformation with the P domain floating on a linker or tether above the shell. This conformational state favors antibody binding but reduces interactions with the receptor. In this way, MNV uses metabolites and environmental cues in the intestine to optimize cellular attachment and escape antibody binding but presents a wholly different structure to the immune system in the serum. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a virus shapeshifting in this manner to escape the immune response.
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Haga K, Takai-Todaka R, Matsumura Y, Song C, Takano T, Tojo T, Nagami A, Ishida Y, Masaki H, Tsuchiya M, Ebisudani T, Sugimoto S, Sato T, Yasuda H, Fukunaga K, Sawada A, Nemoto N, Murata K, Morimoto T, Katayama K. Nasal delivery of single-domain antibody improves symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection in an animal model. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009542. [PMID: 34648602 PMCID: PMC8516304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes the disease COVID-19 can lead to serious symptoms, such as severe pneumonia, in the elderly and those with underlying medical conditions. While vaccines are now available, they do not work for everyone and therapeutic drugs are still needed, particularly for treating life-threatening conditions. Here, we showed nasal delivery of a new, unmodified camelid single-domain antibody (VHH), termed K-874A, effectively inhibited SARS-CoV-2 titers in infected lungs of Syrian hamsters without causing weight loss and cytokine induction. In vitro studies demonstrated that K-874A neutralized SARS-CoV-2 in both VeroE6/TMPRSS2 and human lung-derived alveolar organoid cells. Unlike other drug candidates, K-874A blocks viral membrane fusion rather than viral attachment. Cryo-electron microscopy revealed K-874A bound between the receptor binding domain and N-terminal domain of the virus S protein. Further, infected cells treated with K-874A produced fewer virus progeny that were less infective. We propose that direct administration of K-874A to the lung could be a new treatment for preventing the reinfection of amplified virus in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Haga
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Takai-Todaka
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Matsumura
- Safety Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihong Song
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Tomomi Takano
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Takuto Tojo
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nagami
- Safety Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Ishida
- Safety Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Toshiki Ebisudani
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Sugimoto
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yasuda
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukunaga
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Sawada
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Nemoto
- Epsilon Molecular Engineering Inc., Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Murata
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Tenge VR, Hu L, Prasad BVV, Larson G, Atmar RL, Estes MK, Ramani S. Glycan Recognition in Human Norovirus Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:2066. [PMID: 34696500 PMCID: PMC8537403 DOI: 10.3390/v13102066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of cell-surface glycans is an important step in the attachment of several viruses to susceptible host cells. The molecular basis of glycan interactions and their functional consequences are well studied for human norovirus (HuNoV), an important gastrointestinal pathogen. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), a family of fucosylated carbohydrate structures that are present on the cell surface, are utilized by HuNoVs to initially bind to cells. In this review, we describe the discovery of HBGAs as genetic susceptibility factors for HuNoV infection and review biochemical and structural studies investigating HuNoV binding to different HBGA glycans. Recently, human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) were developed as a laboratory cultivation system for HuNoV. We review how the use of this novel culture system has confirmed that fucosylated HBGAs are necessary and sufficient for infection by several HuNoV strains, describe mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization of infection that involve blocking of HuNoV binding to HBGAs, and discuss the potential for using the HIE model to answer unresolved questions on viral interactions with HBGAs and other glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria R. Tenge
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
| | - Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - B. V. Venkataram Prasad
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Robert L. Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
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Noroviruses-The State of the Art, Nearly Fifty Years after Their Initial Discovery. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081541. [PMID: 34452406 PMCID: PMC8402810 DOI: 10.3390/v13081541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are recognised as the major global cause of viral gastroenteritis. Here, we provide an overview of notable advances in norovirus research and provide a short recap of the novel model systems to which much of the recent progress is owed. Significant advances include an updated classification system, the description of alternative virus-like protein morphologies and capsid dynamics, and the further elucidation of the functions and roles of various viral proteins. Important milestones include new insights into cell tropism, host and microbial attachment factors and receptors, interactions with the cellular translational apparatus, and viral egress from cells. Noroviruses have been detected in previously unrecognised hosts and detection itself is facilitated by improved analytical techniques. New potential transmission routes and/or viral reservoirs have been proposed. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings have added to the understanding of host immunity in response to norovirus infection, and vaccine development has progressed to preclinical and even clinical trial testing. Ongoing development of therapeutics includes promising direct-acting small molecules and host-factor drugs.
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Pervasive positive selection on virus receptors driven by host-virus conflicts in mammals. J Virol 2021; 95:e0102921. [PMID: 34319153 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01029-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses hijack cellular proteins known as viral receptors to initiate their infection. Viral receptors are subject to two conflicting directional forces, namely negative selection to maintain their cellular function and positive selection resulted from everchanging host-virus arms race. Much remains unclear how viral receptors evolved in mammals, and whether viral receptors from different mammal groups experienced different strength of natural selection. Here, we perform evolutionary analyses of 92 viral receptors in five major orders of mammals, including Carnivora, Cetartiodactyla, Chiroptera, Primates, and Rodentia. In all the five mammal orders, signals of positive selection are detected for a high proportion of viral receptors (from 41% in Carnivora to 65% in Rodentia). Many positively selected residues overlap host-virus interaction interface. Compared with control genes, we find viral receptors underwent elevated rate of adaptive evolution in all the five mammal orders, suggesting that host-virus conflicts are the main driver of the adaptive evolution of viral receptors in mammals. Interestingly, the overall strength of natural selection acting on viral receptors driven by host-virus arms race is largely homogenous and correlated among different mammal orders with bats and rodents, zoonosis reservoirs of importance, unexceptional. Taken together, our findings indicate host-virus conflicts have driven the elevated rate of adaptive evolution in viral receptors across mammals, and might have important implications in zoonosis surveillance and prediction. Importance Viral receptors are cellular proteins hijacked by viruses to help their infections. A complete picture on the evolution of viral receptors in mammals is still lacking. Here, we perform a comprehensive evolutionary analysis of the evolution of 92 viral receptors in five mammal orders, including Carnivora, Cetartiodactyla, Chiroptera, Primates, and Rodentia. We find that positive selection pervasively occurred during the evolution of viral receptors, and viral receptors exhibit at an elevated rate of adaptive evolution than control genes in all the five mammal orders, suggesting host-virus conflicts are a major driver of the adaptive evolution of viral receptors. Interestingly, the strength of positive selection acting on viral receptors is similar among the five mammal orders. Our study might have important implications in understanding the evolution of host-virus interaction.
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Current and Future Antiviral Strategies to Tackle Gastrointestinal Viral Infections. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081599. [PMID: 34442677 PMCID: PMC8399003 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis caused by virus has a major impact on public health worldwide in terms of morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. The main culprits are rotaviruses, noroviruses, sapoviruses, astroviruses, and enteric adenoviruses. Currently, there are no antiviral drugs available for the prevention or treatment of viral gastroenteritis. Here, we describe the antivirals that were identified as having in vitro and/or in vivo activity against these viruses, originating from in silico design or library screening, natural sources or being repurposed drugs. We also highlight recent advances in model systems available for this (hard to cultivate) group of viruses, such as organoid technologies, and that will facilitate antiviral studies as well as fill some of current knowledge gaps that hamper the development of highly efficient therapies against gastroenteric viruses.
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A Norovirus Uses Bile Salts To Escape Antibody Recognition While Enhancing Receptor Binding. J Virol 2021; 95:e0017621. [PMID: 33827952 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00176-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses, members of the Caliciviridae family, are the major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in humans, causing ∼20 million cases annually. These plus-strand RNA viruses have T=3 icosahedral protein capsids with 90 pronounced protruding (P) domain dimers to which antibodies and cellular receptors bind. In the case of mouse norovirus (MNV), bile salts have been shown to enhance receptor (CD300lf) binding to the P domain. We demonstrated previously that the P domains of several genotypes are markedly flexible and "float" over the shell, but the role of this flexibility was unclear. Recently, we demonstrated that bile causes a 90° rotation and collapse of the P domain onto the shell surface. Since bile binds distally to the P-shell interface, it was not at all clear how it could cause such dramatic changes. Here, we present the near-atomic resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the MNV protruding domain complexed with a neutralizing Fab. On the basis of previous results, we show here that bile salts cause allosteric conformational changes in the P domain that block antibody recognition of the top of the P domain. In addition, bile causes a major rearrangement of the P domain dimers that is likely responsible for the bile-induced collapse of the P domain onto the shell. In the contracted shell conformation, antibodies to the P1 and shell domains are not expected to bind. Therefore, at the site of infection in the gut, the host's own bile allows the virus to escape antibody-mediated neutralization while enhancing cell attachment. IMPORTANCE The major feature of calicivirus capsids is the 90 protruding domains (P domains) that are the site of cell receptor attachment and antibody epitopes. We demonstrated previously that these P domains are highly mobile and that bile causes these "floating" P domains in mouse norovirus (MNV) to contract onto the shell surface. Here, we present the near-atomic cryo-EM structure of the isolated MNV P domain complexed with a neutralizing Fab fragment. Our data show that bile causes two sets of changes. First, bile causes allosteric conformational changes in the epitopes at the top of the P domain that block antibody binding. Second, bile causes the P domain dimer subunits to rotate relative to each other, causing a contraction of the P domain that buries epitopes at the base of the P and shell domains. Taken together, the results show that MNV uses the host's own metabolites to enhance cell receptor binding while simultaneously blocking antibody recognition.
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NMR Experiments Shed New Light on Glycan Recognition by Human and Murine Norovirus Capsid Proteins. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030416. [PMID: 33807801 PMCID: PMC8001558 DOI: 10.3390/v13030416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycan–protein interactions are highly specific yet transient, rendering glycans ideal recognition signals in a variety of biological processes. In human norovirus (HuNoV) infection, histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) play an essential but poorly understood role. For murine norovirus infection (MNV), sialylated glycolipids or glycoproteins appear to be important. It has also been suggested that HuNoV capsid proteins bind to sialylated ganglioside head groups. Here, we study the binding of HBGAs and sialoglycans to HuNoV and MNV capsid proteins using NMR experiments. Surprisingly, the experiments show that none of the norovirus P-domains bind to sialoglycans. Notably, MNV P-domains do not bind to any of the glycans studied, and MNV-1 infection of cells deficient in surface sialoglycans shows no significant difference compared to cells expressing respective glycans. These findings redefine glycan recognition by noroviruses, challenging present models of infection.
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43
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Walker FC, Hassan E, Peterson ST, Rodgers R, Schriefer LA, Thompson CE, Li Y, Kalugotla G, Blum-Johnston C, Lawrence D, McCune BT, Graziano VR, Lushniak L, Lee S, Roth AN, Karst SM, Nice TJ, Miner JJ, Wilen CB, Baldridge MT. Norovirus evolution in immunodeficient mice reveals potentiated pathogenicity via a single nucleotide change in the viral capsid. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009402. [PMID: 33705489 PMCID: PMC7987144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are key controllers of viral replication, with intact IFN responses suppressing virus growth and spread. Using the murine norovirus (MNoV) system, we show that IFNs exert selective pressure to limit the pathogenic evolutionary potential of this enteric virus. In animals lacking type I IFN signaling, the nonlethal MNoV strain CR6 rapidly acquired enhanced virulence via conversion of a single nucleotide. This nucleotide change resulted in amino acid substitution F514I in the viral capsid, which led to >10,000-fold higher replication in systemic organs including the brain. Pathogenicity was mediated by enhanced recruitment and infection of intestinal myeloid cells and increased extraintestinal dissemination of virus. Interestingly, the trade-off for this mutation was reduced fitness in an IFN-competent host, in which CR6 bearing F514I exhibited decreased intestinal replication and shedding. In an immunodeficient context, a spontaneous amino acid change can thus convert a relatively avirulent viral strain into a lethal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest C. Walker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ebrahim Hassan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stefan T. Peterson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rachel Rodgers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lawrence A. Schriefer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Cassandra E. Thompson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yuhao Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Gowri Kalugotla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carla Blum-Johnston
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Dylan Lawrence
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Broc T. McCune
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Vincent R. Graziano
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine & Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Larissa Lushniak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alexa N. Roth
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M. Karst
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Nice
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jonathan J. Miner
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Craig B. Wilen
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine & Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Megan T. Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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44
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Cao Y, Ao T, Wang X, Wei W, Fan J, Tian X. CD300a and CD300f molecules regulate the function of leukocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 93:107373. [PMID: 33548578 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The CD300 molecule family is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on cell membrane of human and other mammals, and of its eight members, only CD300a and CD300f are classified as inhibitory receptors. CD300a and CD300f play an important role in regulating the function of leukocytes, such as activation, proliferation, differentiation, migration and immunity function. They are considered as potential targets for studying the development and progression of inflammation, infection and other diseases. Here, we review the expression and regulatory mechanisms of CD300a and CD300f on leukocytes, as well as their effects on relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cao
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Tianrang Ao
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Wumei Wei
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Xiaohong Tian
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China.
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45
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Human Noroviruses Attach to Intestinal Tissues of a Broad Range of Animal Species. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01492-20. [PMID: 33115870 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01492-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the most common nonbacterial cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks, with new variants and genotypes frequently emerging. The origin of these new viruses is unknown; however, animals have been proposed as a potential source, as human noroviruses have been detected in animal species. Here, we investigated the potential of animals to serve as a reservoir of human noroviruses by testing norovirus attachment to formalin-fixed intestinal tissues of a range of potential reservoir animals. We set up a novel method to study norovirus binding using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled virus-like particles (VLPs). In humans, noroviruses interact with histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), carbohydrates that are expressed, among others, on the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract. In animals, this interaction is not well understood. To test if virus binding depends on HBGAs, we characterized the HBGA phenotype in animal tissues by immunohistochemistry. With the exception of the black-headed gull and the straw-colored fruitbat, we observed the attachment of several human norovirus genotypes to the intestinal epithelium of all tested animal species. However, we did not find an association between the expression of a specific HBGA phenotype and virus-like particle (VLP) attachment. We show that selected human noroviruses can attach to small-intestinal tissues across species, supporting the hypothesis that human noroviruses can reside in an animal reservoir. However, whether this attachment can subsequently lead to infection needs to be further assessed.IMPORTANCE Noroviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. New norovirus variants and recombinants (re)emerge regularly in the human population. From animal experiments and surveillance studies, it has become clear that at least seven animal models are susceptible to infection with human strains and that domesticated and wild animals shed human noroviruses in their feces. As virus attachment is an important first step for infection, we used a novel method utilizing FITC-labeled VLPs to test for norovirus attachment to intestinal tissues of potential animal hosts. We further characterized these tissues with regard to their HBGA expression, a well-studied norovirus susceptibility factor in humans. We found attachment of several human strains to a variety of animal species independent of their HBGA phenotype. This supports the hypothesis that human strains could reside in an animal reservoir.
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46
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Rathnayake AD, Kim Y, Dampalla CS, Nguyen HN, Jesri ARM, Kashipathy MM, Lushington GH, Battaile KP, Lovell S, Chang KO, Groutas WC. Structure-Guided Optimization of Dipeptidyl Inhibitors of Norovirus 3CL Protease. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11945-11963. [PMID: 32945669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis caused by noroviruses has a major impact on public health worldwide in terms of morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. The disease impacts most severely immunocompromised patients, the elderly, and children. The current lack of approved vaccines and small-molecule therapeutics for the treatment and prophylaxis of norovirus infections underscores the need for the development of norovirus-specific drugs. The studies described herein entail the use of the gem-dimethyl moiety as a means of improving the pharmacological activity and physicochemical properties of a dipeptidyl series of transition state inhibitors of norovirus 3CL protease, an enzyme essential for viral replication. Several compounds were found to be potent inhibitors of the enzyme in biochemical and cell-based assays. The pharmacological activity and cellular permeability of the inhibitors were found to be sensitive to the location of the gem-dimethyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athri D Rathnayake
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Chamandi S Dampalla
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | - Harry Nhat Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | - Abdul-Rahman M Jesri
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | - Maithri M Kashipathy
- Protein Structure Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | | | - Kevin P Battaile
- NYX, New York Structural Biology Center, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - William C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
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47
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Rimkute I, Thorsteinsson K, Henricsson M, Tenge VR, Yu X, Lin SC, Haga K, Atmar RL, Lycke N, Nilsson J, Estes MK, Bally M, Larson G. Histo-blood group antigens of glycosphingolipids predict susceptibility of human intestinal enteroids to norovirus infection. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15974-15987. [PMID: 32913124 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms behind infection and propagation of human restricted pathogens such as human norovirus (HuNoV) have defied interrogation because they were previously unculturable. However, human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) have emerged to offer unique ex vivo models for targeted studies of intestinal biology, including inflammatory and infectious diseases. Carbohydrate-dependent histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are known to be critical for clinical infection. To explore whether HBGAs of glycosphingolipids contribute to HuNoV infection, we obtained HIE cultures established from stem cells isolated from jejunal biopsies of six individuals with different ABO, Lewis, and secretor genotypes. We analyzed their glycerolipid and sphingolipid compositions and quantified interaction kinetics and the affinity of HuNoV virus-like particles (VLPs) to lipid vesicles produced from the individual HIE-lipid extracts. All HIEs had a similar lipid and glycerolipid composition. Sphingolipids included HBGA-related type 1 chain glycosphingolipids (GSLs), with HBGA epitopes corresponding to the geno- and phenotypes of the different HIEs. As revealed by single-particle interaction studies of Sydney GII.4 VLPs with glycosphingolipid-containing HIE membranes, both binding kinetics and affinities explain the patterns of susceptibility toward GII.4 infection for individual HIEs. This is the first time norovirus VLPs have been shown to interact specifically with secretor gene-dependent GSLs embedded in lipid membranes of HIEs that propagate GII.4 HuNoV ex vivo, highlighting the potential of HIEs for advanced future studies of intestinal glycobiology and host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Rimkute
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Konrad Thorsteinsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marcus Henricsson
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Victoria R Tenge
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaoming Yu
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shih-Ching Lin
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kei Haga
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nils Lycke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Marta Bally
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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48
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Mast FD, Navare AT, van der Sloot AM, Coulombe-Huntington J, Rout MP, Baliga NS, Kaushansky A, Chait BT, Aderem A, Rice CM, Sali A, Tyers M, Aitchison JD. Crippling life support for SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses through synthetic lethality. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:152015. [PMID: 32785687 PMCID: PMC7659715 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202006159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the rapid global spread of SARS-CoV-2, we have become acutely aware of the inadequacies of our ability to respond to viral epidemics. Although disrupting the viral life cycle is critical for limiting viral spread and disease, it has proven challenging to develop targeted and selective therapeutics. Synthetic lethality offers a promising but largely unexploited strategy against infectious viral disease; as viruses infect cells, they abnormally alter the cell state, unwittingly exposing new vulnerabilities in the infected cell. Therefore, we propose that effective therapies can be developed to selectively target the virally reconfigured host cell networks that accompany altered cellular states to cripple the host cell that has been converted into a virus factory, thus disrupting the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred D Mast
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Arti T Navare
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Almer M van der Sloot
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Michael P Rout
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | | | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Brian T Chait
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Alan Aderem
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Andrej Sali
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Mike Tyers
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - John D Aitchison
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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49
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Furlong K, Biering SB, Choi J, Wilen CB, Orchard RC, Wobus CE, Nelson CA, Fremont DH, Baldridge MT, Randall G, Hwang S. CD300LF Polymorphisms of Inbred Mouse Strains Confer Resistance to Murine Norovirus Infection in a Cell Type-Dependent Manner. J Virol 2020; 94:e00837-20. [PMID: 32581099 PMCID: PMC7431780 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00837-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, yet basic questions about its life cycle remain unanswered due to an historical lack of robust experimental systems. Recent studies on the closely related murine norovirus (MNV) have identified CD300LF as an indispensable entry factor for MNV. We compared the MNV susceptibilities of cells from different mouse strains and identified polymorphisms in murine CD300LF which are critical for its function as an MNV receptor. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from I/LnJ mice were resistant to infection from multiple MNV strains which readily infect BMDMs from C57BL/6J mice. The resistance of I/LnJ BMDMs was specific to MNV, since the cells supported infection of other viruses comparably to C57BL/6J BMDMs. Transduction of I/LnJ BMDMs with C57BL/6J CD300LF made the cells permissible to MNV infection, suggesting that the cause of resistance lies in the entry step of MNV infection. In fact, we mapped this phenotype to a 4-amino-acid difference at the CC' loop of CD300LF; swapping of these amino acids between C57BL/6J and I/LnJ CD300LF proteins made the mutant C57BL/6J CD300LF functionally impaired and the corresponding mutant of I/LnJ CD300LF functional as an MNV entry factor. Surprisingly, expression of the I/LnJ CD300LF in other cell types made the cells infectible by MNV, even though the I/LnJ allele did not function as an MNV receptor in macrophage-like cells. Correspondingly, I/LnJ CD300LF bound MNV virions in permissive cells but not in nonpermissive cells. Collectively, our data suggest the existence of a cell type-specific modifier of MNV entry.IMPORTANCE MNV is a prevalent model system for studying human norovirus, which is the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide and thus a sizeable public health burden. Elucidating mechanisms underlying susceptibility of host cells to MNV infection can lead to insights on the roles that specific cell types play during norovirus pathogenesis. Here, we show that different alleles of the proteinaceous receptor for MNV, CD300LF, function in a cell type-dependent manner. In contrast to the C57BL/6J allele, which functions as an MNV entry factor in all tested cell types, including human cells, I/LnJ CD300LF does not function as an MNV entry factor in macrophage-like cells but does allow MNV entry in other cell types. Together, these observations indicate the existence of cell type-specific modifiers of CD300LF-dependent MNV entry.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Caliciviridae Infections/virology
- Disease Resistance/genetics
- Gastroenteritis/virology
- Macrophages/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Models, Molecular
- Norovirus
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Virus Internalization
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Furlong
- Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Scott B Biering
- Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jayoung Choi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Robert C Orchard
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Christopher A Nelson
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Glenn Randall
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Seungmin Hwang
- Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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50
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Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. Outbreaks normally occur via the fecal-oral route. HuNoV infection is thought to occur by viral particle transmission, but increasing evidence suggests a function for exosomes in HuNoV infection. HuNoV is contained within stool-derived exosomes, and exosome-associated HuNoV has been shown to replicate in human intestinal enteroids. In this study, we examine exosome-associated HuNoV infection of Vero cells and show that exosomes containing HuNoV may attach, infect, and be passaged in Vero cells. These findings support earlier findings and have implications for developing HuNoV disease intervention strategies.
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