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Cao H, Wang X, Wang J, Lu Z, Liu T. Wing Plasticity Is Associated with Growth and Energy Metabolism in Two Color Morphs of the Pea Aphid. INSECTS 2024; 15:279. [PMID: 38667409 PMCID: PMC11050552 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, is a major pest of legume crops, exhibiting distinct polymorphism in terms of wings and body color. We found that, under crowded conditions, the red morph A. pisum produced more winged offspring than the green morph. The signaling pathways involved in aphid wing determination, like insulin and ecdysone, also play important roles in regulating growth, development, and metabolism. Thus, here, we examined the association between the wing-producing ability and the growth rate, development time, reproductive capacity, and energy metabolism in these two color morphs. The growth rate of red morphs was significantly higher than that of green morphs, whereas green morphs produced more offspring during the first 6 days of the adult stage. Red morphs accumulated higher levels of glycogen and triglycerides and consumed more triglycerides during starvation; however, green aphids consumed more trehalose during food deprivation. Red aphids exhibited stronger starvation tolerance, possibly due to their higher triglyceride catabolic activity. Furthermore, the expression levels of genes involved in the insulin pathway, glycolysis, and lipolysis in red aphids were higher than those in green aphids. These results suggest that the wing-producing ability of the pea aphid may be associated with its growth and metabolism, which may be due to the shared regulatory signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehe Cao
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (H.C.); (X.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Xi Wang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (H.C.); (X.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (H.C.); (X.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Zhaozhi Lu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (H.C.); (X.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Tongxian Liu
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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2
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Cooper JF, Nguyen K, Gates D, Wolfrum E, Capan C, Lee H, Williams D, Okoye C, Wojtovich AP, Burton NO. Oocyte mitochondria link maternal environment to offspring phenotype. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4087193. [PMID: 38585755 PMCID: PMC10996803 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4087193/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
During maturation oocytes undergo a recently discovered mitochondrial proteome remodeling event in flies1, frogs1, and humans2. This oocyte mitochondrial remodeling, which includes substantial changes in electron transport chain (ETC) subunit abundance1,2, is regulated by maternal insulin signaling1. Why oocytes undergo mitochondrial remodeling is unknown, with some speculating that it might be an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to protect oocytes from genotoxic damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS)2. In Caenorhabditis elegans, we previously found that maternal exposure to osmotic stress drives a 50-fold increase in offspring survival in response to future osmotic stress3. Like mitochondrial remodeling, we found that this intergenerational adaptation is also regulated by insulin signaling to oocytes3. Here, we used proteomics and genetic manipulations to show that insulin signaling to oocytes regulates offspring's ability to adapt to future stress via a mechanism that depends on ETC composition in maternal oocytes. Specifically, we found that maternally expressed mutant alleles of nduf-7 (complex I subunit) or isp-1 (complex III subunit) altered offspring's response to osmotic stress at hatching independently of offspring genotype. Furthermore, we found that expressing wild-type isp-1 in germ cells (oocytes) was sufficient to restore offspring's normal response to osmotic stress. Chemical mutagenesis screens revealed that maternal ETC composition regulates offspring's response to stress by altering AMP kinase function in offspring which in turn regulates both ATP and glycerol metabolism in response to continued osmotic stress. To our knowledge, these data are the first to show that proper oocyte ETC composition is required to link a mother's environment to adaptive changes in offspring metabolism. The data also raise the possibility that the reason diverse animals exhibit insulin regulated remodeling of oocyte mitochondria is to tailor offspring metabolism to best match the environment of their mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason F. Cooper
- Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programing, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA, 49503
| | - Kim Nguyen
- Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programing, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA, 49503
| | - Darrick Gates
- Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programing, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA, 49503
| | - Emily Wolfrum
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA, 49503
| | - Colt Capan
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA, 49503
| | - Hyoungjoo Lee
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA, 49503
| | - Devia Williams
- Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programing, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA, 49503
| | - Chidozie Okoye
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, 575 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY, 14642, Box 711/604, USA
| | - Andrew P Wojtovich
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, 575 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY, 14642, Box 711/604, USA
| | - Nicholas O. Burton
- Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programing, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA, 49503
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3
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Lu JM, Shang F, Ding BY, Wang L, Li QC, Wang JJ, Dou W. Characterization of two Bursicon genes and their association with wing development in the brown citrus aphid, Aphis citricidus. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38339808 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The tanning hormone, Bursicon, is a neuropeptide secreted by the insect nervous system that functions as a heterodimer composed of Burs-α and Burs-β subunits. It plays a critical role in the processes of cuticle tanning and wing expansion in insects. In this study, we successfully identified the AcBurs-α and AcBurs-β genes in Aphis citricidus. The open reading frames of AcBurs-α and AcBurs-β were 480 and 417 bp in length, respectively. Both AcBurs-α and AcBurs-β exhibited 11 conserved cysteine residues. AcBurs-α and AcBurs-β were expressed during all developmental stages of A. citricidus and showed high expression levels in the winged aphids. To investigate the potential role of AcBurs-α and AcBurs-β in wing development, we employed RNA interference (RNAi) techniques. With the efficient silencing of AcBurs-α (44.90%) and AcBurs-β (52.31%), malformed wings were induced in aphids. The proportions of malformed wings were 22.50%, 25.84%, and 38.34% in dsAcBurs-α-, dsAcBur-β-, and dsAcBurs-α + dsAcBur-β-treated groups, respectively. Moreover, feeding protein kinase A inhibitors (H-89) also increased the proportion of malformed wings to 30.00%. Feeding both double-stranded RNA and inhibitors (H-89) significantly downregulated the wing development-related genes nubbin, vestigial, notch and spalt major. Silence of vestigial through RNAi also led to malformed wings. Meanwhile, the exogenous application of 3 hormones that influence wing development did not affect the expression level of AcBursicon genes. These findings indicate that AcBursicon genes plays a crucial role in wing development in A. citricidus; therefore, it represents a potential molecular target for the control of this pest through RNAi-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Shang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bi-Yue Ding
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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4
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Deem KD, Gregory LE, Liu X, Ziabari OS, Brisson JA. Evolution and molecular mechanisms of wing plasticity in aphids. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 61:101142. [PMID: 37979724 PMCID: PMC10843803 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Aphids present a fascinating example of phenotypic plasticity, in which a single genotype can produce dramatically different winged and wingless phenotypes that are specialized for dispersal versus reproduction, respectively. Recent work has examined many aspects of this plasticity, including its evolution, molecular control mechanisms, and genetic variation underlying the trait. In particular, exciting discoveries have been made about the signaling pathways that are responsible for controlling the production of winged versus wingless morphs, including ecdysone, dopamine, and insulin signaling, and about how specific genes such as REPTOR2 and vestigial are regulated to control winglessness. Future work will likely focus on the role of epigenetic mechanisms, as well as developing transgenic tools for more thoroughly dissecting the role of candidate plasticity-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Deem
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Lauren E Gregory
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Xiaomi Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Omid S Ziabari
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Jennifer A Brisson
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
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5
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Yu J, Zhao W, Chen X, Lu H, Xiao Y, Li Q, Luo L, Kang L, Cui F. A plant virus manipulates the long-winged morph of insect vectors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315341121. [PMID: 38190519 PMCID: PMC10801844 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315341121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Wing dimorphism of insect vectors is a determining factor for viral long-distance dispersal and large-area epidemics. Although plant viruses affect the wing plasticity of insect vectors, the potential underlying molecular mechanisms have seldom been investigated. Here, we found that a planthopper-vectored rice virus, rice stripe virus (RSV), specifically induces a long-winged morph in male insects. The analysis of field populations demonstrated that the long-winged ratios of male insects are closely associated with RSV infection regardless of viral titers. A planthopper-specific and testis-highly expressed gene, Encounter, was fortuitously found to play a key role in the RSV-induced long-winged morph. Encounter resembles malate dehydrogenase in the sequence, but it does not have corresponding enzymatic activity. Encounter is upregulated to affect male wing dimorphism at early larval stages. Encounter is closely connected with the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway as a downstream factor of Akt, of which the transcriptional level is activated in response to RSV infection, resulting in the elevated expression of Encounter. In addition, an RSV-derived small interfering RNA directly targets Encounter to enhance its expression. Our study reveals an unreported mechanism underlying the direct regulation by a plant virus of wing dimorphism in its insect vectors, providing the potential way for interrupting viral dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Wan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Xiaofang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Qiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Lan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Feng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
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6
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Rozo-Lopez P, Parker BJ. Why do viruses make aphids winged? INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 32:575-582. [PMID: 37243432 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are hosts to diverse viruses and are important vectors of plant pathogens. The spread of viruses is heavily influenced by aphid movement and behaviour. Consequently, wing plasticity (where individuals can be winged or wingless depending on environmental conditions) is an important factor in the spread of aphid-associated viruses. We review several fascinating systems where aphid-vectored plant viruses interact with aphid wing plasticity, both indirectly by manipulating plant physiology and directly through molecular interactions with plasticity pathways. We also cover recent examples where aphid-specific viruses and endogenous viral elements within aphid genomes influence wing formation. We discuss why unrelated viruses with different transmission modes have convergently evolved to manipulate wing formation in aphids and whether this is advantageous for both host and virus. We argue that interactions with viruses are likely shaping the evolution of wing plasticity within and across aphid species, and we discuss the potential importance of these findings for aphid biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rozo-Lopez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Benjamin J Parker
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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7
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Zhang S, Li J, Zhang D, Zhang Z, Meng S, Li Z, Liu X. miR-252 targeting temperature receptor CcTRPM to mediate the transition from summer-form to winter-form of Cacopsylla chinensis. eLife 2023; 12:RP88744. [PMID: 37965868 PMCID: PMC10651175 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature determines the geographical distribution of organisms and affects the outbreak and damage of pests. Insects seasonal polyphenism is a successful strategy adopted by some species to adapt the changeable external environment. Cacopsylla chinensis (Yang & Li) showed two seasonal morphotypes, summer-form and winter-form, with significant differences in morphological characteristics. Low temperature is the key environmental factor to induce its transition from summer-form to winter-form. However, the detailed molecular mechanism remains unknown. Here, we firstly confirmed that low temperature of 10 °C induced the transition from summer-form to winter-form by affecting the cuticle thickness and chitin content. Subsequently, we demonstrated that CcTRPM functions as a temperature receptor to regulate this transition. In addition, miR-252 was identified to mediate the expression of CcTRPM to involve in this morphological transition. Finally, we found CcTre1 and CcCHS1, two rate-limiting enzymes of insect chitin biosyntheis, act as the critical down-stream signal of CcTRPM in mediating this behavioral transition. Taken together, our results revealed that a signal transduction cascade mediates the seasonal polyphenism in C. chinensis. These findings not only lay a solid foundation for fully clarifying the ecological adaptation mechanism of C. chinensis outbreak, but also broaden our understanding about insect polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songdou Zhang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jianying Li
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Dongyue Zhang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhixian Zhang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shili Meng
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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8
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Zhou P, Zong X, Yan S, Zhang J, Wang D, Shen J. The Wnt pathway regulates wing morph determination in Acyrthosiphon pisum. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 161:104003. [PMID: 37657610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.104003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Wing dimorphism occurs in insects as a survival strategy to adapt to environmental changes. In response to environmental cues, mother aphids transmit signals to their offspring, and the offspring either emerge as winged adults or develop as wingless adults with degeneration of the wing primordia in the early instar stage. However, how the wing morph is determined in the early instar stage is still unclear. Here, we established a surgical sampling method to obtain precise wing primordium tissues for transcriptome analysis. We identified Wnt as a regulator of wing determination in the early second instar stage in the pea aphid. Inhibiting Wnt signaling via knockdown of Wnt2, Wnt11b, the Wnt receptor-encoding gene fz2 or the downstream targets vg and omb resulted in a decreased proportion of winged aphids. Activation of Wnt signaling via knockdown of miR-8, an inhibitor of the Wnt/Wg pathway, led to an increased proportion of winged aphids. Furthermore, the wing primordia of wingless nymphs underwent apoptosis in the early second instar, and cell death was activated by knockdown of fz2 under the wing-inducing condition. These results indicate that the developmental plasticity of aphid wings is modulated by the intrinsic Wnt pathway in response to environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin Zong
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuo Yan
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junzheng Zhang
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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9
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Casasa S, Katsougia E, Ragsdale EJ. A Mediator subunit imparts robustness to a polyphenism decision. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308816120. [PMID: 37527340 PMCID: PMC10410750 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308816120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenism is a type of developmental plasticity that translates continuous environmental variability into discontinuous phenotypes. Such discontinuity likely requires a switch between alternative gene-regulatory networks, a principle that has been borne out by mechanisms found to promote morph-specific gene expression. However, whether robustness is required to execute a polyphenism decision has awaited testing at the molecular level. Here, we used a nematode model for polyphenism, Pristionchus pacificus, to identify the molecular regulatory factors that ensure the development of alternative forms. This species has a dimorphism in its adult feeding structures, specifically teeth, which are a morphological novelty that allows predation on other nematodes. Through a forward genetic screen, we determined that a duplicate homolog of the Mediator subunit MDT-15/MED15, P. pacificus MDT-15.1, is necessary for the polyphenism and the robustness of the resulting phenotypes. This transcriptional coregulator, which has a conserved role in metabolic responses to nutritional stress, coordinates these processes with its effects on this diet-induced polyphenism. Moreover, this MED15 homolog genetically interacts with two nuclear receptors, NHR-1 and NHR-40, to achieve dimorphism: Single and double mutants for these three factors result in morphologies that together produce a continuum of forms between the extremes of the polyphenism. In summary, we have identified a molecular regulator that confers discontinuity to a morphological polyphenism, while also identifying a role for MED15 as a plasticity effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Casasa
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405
| | - Eleni Katsougia
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405
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10
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Chen SJ, Zhang JL, Ma WJ, Wu HJ, Li Y, Shen XX, Xu HJ. FoxO and rotund form a binding complex governing wing polyphenism in planthoppers. iScience 2023; 26:107182. [PMID: 37456837 PMCID: PMC10338296 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Wing polyphenism is found in a variety of insects and offers an attractive model system for studying the evolutionary significance of dispersal. The Forkhead box O (FoxO) transcription factor (TF) acts as a wing-morph switch that directs wing buds developing into long-winged (LW) or short-winged morphs in wing-dimorphic planthoppers, yet the regulatory mechanism of the FoxO module remains elusive. Here, we identified the zinc finger TF rotund as a potential wing-morph regulator via transcriptomic analysis and phenotypic screening in the brown plathopper, Nilaparvata lugens. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of rotund antagonized the LW development derived from in the context of FoxO depletion or the activation of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling cascade, reversing long wings into intermediate wings. In vitro binding assays indicated that rotund physically binds to FoxO to form the FoxO combinatorial code. These findings broaden our understanding of the complexity of transcriptional regulation governing wing polyphenism in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University; 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Avenue, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jin-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University; 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Avenue, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen-Jing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University; 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Avenue, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui-Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University; 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Avenue, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University; 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Avenue, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xing-Xing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University; 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Avenue, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hai-Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University; 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Avenue, Hangzhou 310058, China
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11
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Yuan Y, Wang Y, Ye W, Yuan E, Di J, Chen X, Xing Y, Sun Y, Ge F. Functional evaluation of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway in determination of wing polyphenism in pea aphid. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:816-828. [PMID: 36178731 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wing polyphenism is a common phenomenon that plays key roles in environmental adaptation of insects. Insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway is a highly conserved pathway in regulation of metabolism, development, and growth in metazoans. It has been reported that IIS is required for switching of wing morph in brown planthopper via regulating the development of the wing pad. However, it remains elusive whether and how IIS pathway regulates transgenerational wing dimorphism in aphid. In this study, we found that pairing and solitary treatments can induce pea aphids to produce high and low percentage winged offspring, respectively. The expression level of ILP5 (insulin-like peptide 5) in maternal head was significantly higher upon solitary treatment in comparison with pairing, while silencing of ILP5 caused no obvious change in the winged offspring ratio. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of FoxO (Forkhead transcription factor subgroup O) in stage 20 embryos significantly increased the winged offspring ratio. The results of pharmacological and quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiments showed that the embryonic insulin receptors may not be involved in wing polyphenism. Additionally, ILP4 and ILP11 exhibited higher expression levels in 1st wingless offspring than in winged offspring. We demonstrate that FoxO negatively regulates the wing morph development in embryos. ILPs may regulate aphid wing polyphenism in a developmental stage-specific manner. However, the regulation may be not mediated by the canonical IIS pathway. The findings advance our understanding of IIS pathway in insect transgenerational wing polyphenism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Yuan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Jinan, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Wanwan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Erliang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Di
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Cangzhou Normal University, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Cangzhou Normal University, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yanling Xing
- College of Life Sciences, Cangzhou Normal University, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yucheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ge
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Jinan, China
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12
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Liu X, Brisson JA. Dopamine mediates the pea aphid wing plasticity. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20230024. [PMID: 37194256 PMCID: PMC10189302 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Many organisms exhibit phenotypic plasticity, in which developmental processes result in different phenotypes depending on their environmental context. Here we focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying that environmental response. Pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) exhibit a wing dimorphism, in which pea aphid mothers produce winged or wingless daughters when exposed to a crowded or low-density environment, respectively. We investigated the role of dopamine in mediating this wing plasticity, motivated by a previous study that found higher dopamine titres in wingless- versus winged-producing aphid mothers. In this study, we found that manipulating dopamine levels in aphid mothers affected the numbers of winged offspring they produced. Specifically, asexual female adults injected with a dopamine agonist produced a lower percentage of winged offspring, while asexual females injected with a dopamine antagonist produced a higher percentage of winged offspring, matching expectations based on the titre difference. We also found that genes involved in dopamine synthesis, degradation and signalling were not differentially expressed between wingless- and winged-producing aphids. This result indicates that titre regulation possibly happens in a non-transcriptional manner or that sampling of additional timepoints or tissues is necessary. Overall, our work emphasizes that dopamine is an important component of how organisms process information about their environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomi Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14610, USA
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13
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Zheng H, Yan Y, Wei G, Merchant A, Gu Y, Zhou X, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Li X. Functional Characterization of the Nuclear Receptor Gene SaE75 in the Grain Aphid, Sitobion avenae. INSECTS 2023; 14:383. [PMID: 37103198 PMCID: PMC10144623 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ecdysteroid hormones are key regulators of insect development and metamorphosis. Ecdysone-inducible E75, a major component of insect ecdysone signaling pathway, has been well characterized in holometabolous insects, however, barely in hemimetabolous species. In this study, a total of four full-length E75 cDNAs from the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae, were identified, cloned, and characterized. The four SaE75 cDNAs contained 3048, 2625, 2505, and 2179 bp open reading frames (ORF), encoding 1015, 874, 856, and 835 amino acids, respectively. Temporal expression profiles showed that SaE75 expression was low in adult stages, while high in pseudo embryo and nymphal stages. SaE75 was differentially expressed between winged and wingless morphs. RNAi-mediated suppression of SaE75 led to substantial biological impacts, including mortality and molting defects. As for the pleiotropic effects on downstream ecdysone pathway genes, SaHr3 (hormone receptor like in 46) was significantly up-regulated, while Sabr-c (broad-complex core protein gene) and Saftz-f1 (transcription factor 1) were significantly down-regulated. These combined results not only shed light on the regulatory role of E75 in the ecdysone signaling pathway, but also provide a potential novel target for the long-term sustainable management of S. avenae, a devastating global grain pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Zheng
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030800, China
| | - Yi Yan
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030800, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guohua Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030800, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Austin Merchant
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Yaxin Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Plant Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Xun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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14
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Yuan E, Guo H, Chen W, Du B, Mi Y, Qi Z, Yuan Y, Zhu-Salzman K, Ge F, Sun Y. A novel gene REPTOR2 activates the autophagic degradation of wing disc in pea aphid. eLife 2023; 12:e83023. [PMID: 36943031 PMCID: PMC10030113 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Wing dimorphism in insects is an evolutionarily adaptive trait to maximize insect fitness under various environments, by which the population could be balanced between dispersing and reproduction. Most studies concern the regulatory mechanisms underlying the stimulation of wing morph in aphids, but relatively little research addresses the molecular basis of wing loss. Here, we found that, while developing normally in winged-destined pea aphids, the wing disc in wingless-destined aphids degenerated 30-hr postbirth and that this degeneration was due to autophagy rather than apoptosis. Activation of autophagy in first instar nymphs reduced the proportion of winged aphids, and suppression of autophagy increased the proportion. REPTOR2, associated with TOR signaling pathway, was identified by RNA-seq as a differentially expressed gene between the two morphs with higher expression in the thorax of wingless-destined aphids. Further genetic analysis indicated that REPTOR2 could be a novel gene derived from a gene duplication event that occurred exclusively in pea aphids on autosome A1 but translocated to the sex chromosome. Knockdown of REPTOR2 reduced autophagy in the wing disc and increased the proportion of winged aphids. In agreement with REPTOR's canonical negative regulatory role of TOR on autophagy, winged-destined aphids had higher TOR expression in the wing disc. Suppression of TOR activated autophagy of the wing disc and decreased the proportion of winged aphids, and vice versa. Co-suppression of TOR and REPTOR2 showed that dsREPTOR2 could mask the positive effect of dsTOR on autophagy, suggesting that REPTOR2 acted as a key regulator downstream of TOR in the signaling pathway. These results revealed that the TOR signaling pathway suppressed autophagic degradation of the wing disc in pea aphids by negatively regulating the expression of REPTOR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erliang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijingChina
| | - Huijuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijingChina
| | - Weiyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijingChina
| | - Bingru Du
- School of Life Science, Hebei UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Yingjie Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhaorui Qi
- School of Life Science, Hebei UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Yiyang Yuan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agriculture SciencesJinanChina
| | - Keyan Zhu-Salzman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Feng Ge
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agriculture SciencesJinanChina
| | - Yucheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijingChina
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15
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One genome, multiple phenotypes: decoding the evolution and mechanisms of environmentally induced developmental plasticity in insects. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:675-689. [PMID: 36929376 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Plasticity in developmental processes gives rise to remarkable environmentally induced phenotypes. Some of the most striking and well-studied examples of developmental plasticity are seen in insects. For example, beetle horn size responds to nutritional state, butterfly eyespots are enlarged in response to temperature and humidity, and environmental cues also give rise to the queen and worker castes of eusocial insects. These phenotypes arise from essentially identical genomes in response to an environmental cue during development. Developmental plasticity is taxonomically widespread, affects individual fitness, and may act as a rapid-response mechanism allowing individuals to adapt to changing environments. Despite the importance and prevalence of developmental plasticity, there remains scant mechanistic understanding of how it works or evolves. In this review, we use key examples to discuss what is known about developmental plasticity in insects and identify fundamental gaps in the current knowledge. We highlight the importance of working towards a fully integrated understanding of developmental plasticity in a diverse range of species. Furthermore, we advocate for the use of comparative studies in an evo-devo framework to address how developmental plasticity works and how it evolves.
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16
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Gandrabur E, Terentev A, Fedotov A, Emelyanov D, Vereshchagina A. The Peculiarities of Metopolophium dirhodum (Walk.) Population Formation Depending on Its Clonal and Morphotypic Organization during the Summer Period. INSECTS 2023; 14:271. [PMID: 36975956 PMCID: PMC10051124 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The ecological plasticity of aphid populations is determined by their clonal and morphotypic diversity. Clones will be successful when the development of their component morphotypes is optimized. The purpose of this work was to reveal the peculiarities of clonal composition and the developmental characteristics of different summer morphotypes for the rose-grass aphid, Metopolophium dirhodum (Walk.), which is an important host-alternating cereal pest and a useful model species. During the experiments, aphids were kept under ambient conditions on wheat seedlings at natural temperatures and humidity levels. An analysis of the reproduction of summer morphotypes and the resulting composition of offspring found that variation among the clones and morphotypes, as well as generational effects and an influence of sexual reproduction (and interactions between all factors) influenced the population structure of M. dirhodum. The reproduction of emigrants was less among the clones than that of the apterous or alate exules. The number of offspring produced by apterous exules differed throughout the growing season (generational effects) and between years, with different clones exhibiting different responses. There were dispersing aphids only among the offspring of apterous exules. These results can contribute to future advances in the forecasting and monitoring of aphid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gandrabur
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.T.)
| | - Anton Terentev
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.T.)
- Advanced Digital Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Alexander Fedotov
- Advanced Digital Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Dmitriy Emelyanov
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.T.)
- Advanced Digital Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Alla Vereshchagina
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.T.)
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17
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Ledón-Rettig CC. A transcriptomic investigation of heat-induced transgenerational plasticity in beetles. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2023. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn response to environmental stressors, parents can shape the developmental outcomes of their offspring by contributing non-genetic but heritable factors. The transmission of such factors can potentially allow offspring, from the beginning of their lives, to express phenotypes that match their anticipated environments. In this study, I ask whether enhanced growth in larvae of Onthophagus taurus (the bull-headed dung beetle) is modified by parental exposure to heat or by exposure of the offspring to heat during early life. I find that, irrespective of the early environment of the offspring, individuals produced by parents exposed to heat grow larger. Furthermore, taking a transcriptomic approach, I find that ecdysone signalling might mediate the transgenerational effect and that increased insulin signalling or reduced production of heat shock proteins might be responsible for the enhanced growth in larvae derived from parents exposed to heat. Together, my results provide evidence for a thermally induced transgenerational effect and a foundation for functional testing of candidate mechanisms mediating the effect.
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18
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Elston KM, Maeda GP, Perreau J, Barrick JE. Addressing the challenges of symbiont-mediated RNAi in aphids. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14961. [PMID: 36874963 PMCID: PMC9983426 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Because aphids are global agricultural pests and models for bacterial endosymbiosis, there is a need for reliable methods to study and control their gene function. However, current methods available for aphid gene knockout and knockdown of gene expression are often unreliable and time consuming. Techniques like CRISPR-Cas genome editing can take several months to achieve a single gene knockout because they rely on aphids going through a cycle of sexual reproduction, and aphids often lack strong, consistent levels of knockdown when fed or injected with molecules that induce an RNA interference (RNAi) response. In the hopes of addressing these challenges, we attempted to adapt a new method called symbiont-mediated RNAi (smRNAi) for use in aphids. smRNAi involves engineering a bacterial symbiont of the insect to continuously supply double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) inside the insect body. This approach has been successful in thrips, kissing bugs, and honeybees. We engineered the laboratory Escherichia coli strain HT115 and the native aphid symbiont Serratia symbiotica CWBI-2.3T to produce dsRNA inside the gut of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) targeting salivary effector protein (C002) or ecdysone receptor genes. For C002 assays, we also tested co-knockdown with an aphid nuclease (Nuc1) to reduce RNA degradation. However, we found that smRNAi was not a reliable method for aphid gene knockdown under our conditions. We were unable to consistently achieve the expected phenotypic changes with either target. However, we did see indications that elements of the RNAi pathway were modestly upregulated, and expression of some targeted genes appeared to be somewhat reduced in some trials. We conclude with a discussion of the possible avenues through which smRNAi, and aphid RNAi in general, could be improved in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Elston
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Gerald P Maeda
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Julie Perreau
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States.,Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Barrick
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States
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Karthik K, Hada A, Bajpai A, Patil BL, Paraselli B, Rao U, Sreevathsa R. A novel tasi RNA-based micro RNA-induced gene silencing strategy to tackle multiple pests and pathogens in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). PLANTA 2022; 257:20. [PMID: 36538040 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the combinatorial management of multiple pests through a trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA)-based micro RNA-induced gene silencing (MIGS) strategy. Transgenic cotton events demonstrated improved efficacy against cotton leaf curl disease, cotton leaf hopper and root-knot nematode. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), an important commercial crop grown worldwide is confronted by several pests and pathogens, thus reiterating interventions for their management. In this study, we report, the utility of a novel Arabidopsis miRNA173-directed trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA)-based micro RNA-induced gene silencing (MIGS) strategy for the simultaneous management of cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD), cotton leaf hopper (CLH; Amrasca biguttula biguttula) and root-knot nematode (RKN, Meloidogyne incognita). Cotton transgenics were developed with the MIGS construct targeting a total of 7 genes by an apical meristem-targeted in planta transformation strategy. Stable transgenics were selected using stringent selection pressure, molecular characterization and stress-specific bio-efficacy studies. We identified 8 superior events with 50-100% resistance against CLCuD, while reduction in the root-knot nematode multiplication factor in the range of 35-75% confirmed resistance to RKN. These transgenic cotton events were also detrimental to the growth and development of CLH, as only 43.3-62.5% of nymphs could survive. Based on the corroborating evidences obtained by all the bioefficacy analyses, 3 events viz., L-75-1, E-27-11, E-27-7 were found to be consistent in tackling the target pests. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first of its kind demonstrating the possibility of combinatorial management of pests/diseases in cotton using MIGS approach. These identified events demonstrate immense utility of the strategy towards combinatorial stress management in cotton improvement programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesiraju Karthik
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Biotech Cluster, Faridabad-Gurugram Highway, New Delhi, India
| | - Alkesh Hada
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Akansha Bajpai
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Basavaprabhu L Patil
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India.
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20
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Jiao Y, Palli SR. Mitochondria dysfunction impairs Tribolium castaneum wing development during metamorphosis. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1252. [PMID: 36380075 PMCID: PMC9666433 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The disproportionate growth of insect appendages such as facultative growth of wings and exaggeration of beetle horns are examples of phenotypic plasticity. Insect metamorphosis is the critical stage for development of pupal and adult structures and degeneration of the larval cells. How the disproportionate growth of external appendages is regulated during tissue remodeling remains unanswered. Tribolium castaneum is used as a model to study the function of mitochondria in metamorphosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction is achieved by the knockdown of key mitochondrial regulators. Here we show that mitochondrial function is not required for metamorphosis except that severe mitochondrial dysfunction blocks ecdysis. Surprisingly, various abnormal wing growth, including short and wingless phenotypes, are induced after knocking down mitochondrial regulators. Mitochondrial activity is regulated by IIS (insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling)/FOXO (forkhead box, sub-group O) pathway through TFAM (transcription factor A, mitochondrial). RNA sequencing and differential gene expression analysis show that wing-patterning and insect hormone response genes are downregulated, while programmed cell death and immune response genes are upregulated in insect wing discs with mitochondrial dysfunction. These studies reveal that mitochondria play critical roles in regulating insect wing growth by targeting wing development during metamorphosis, thus showing a novel molecular mechanism underlying developmental plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyu Jiao
- grid.266539.d0000 0004 1936 8438Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
| | - Subba Reddy Palli
- grid.266539.d0000 0004 1936 8438Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
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21
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Zhang JL, Chen SJ, Liu XY, Moczek AP, Xu HJ. The transcription factor Zfh1 acts as a wing-morph switch in planthoppers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5670. [PMID: 36167844 PMCID: PMC9515195 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect wing polyphenism is characterized by its ability to produce two or more distinct wing morphs from a single genotype in response to changing environments. However, the molecular basis of this phenomenon remains poorly understood. Here, we identified a zinc finger homeodomain transcription factor Zfh1 that acts as an upstream regulator for the development of long-winged (LW) or shorted-winged (SW) morphs in planthoppers. Knockdown of Zfh1 directs SW-destined nymphs to develop into LW morphs by down-regulating the transcriptional level of FoxO, a prominent downstream effector of the insulin/IGF signaling (IIS) pathway. The balance between transcriptional regulation via the Zfh1-FoxO cascade and post-translational regulation via the IIS-FoxO cascade provides a flexible regulatory mechanism for the development of alternative wing morphs. These findings help us understand how phenotypic diversity is generated by altering the activity of conserved proteins, and provide an extended framework for the evolution of wing morphological diversity in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Ave, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sun-Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Ave, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Ave, Hangzhou, China
| | - Armin P Moczek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 915 East 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Hai-Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Ave, Hangzhou, China.
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22
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Arif Y, Singh P, Bajguz A, Hayat S. Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158664. [PMID: 35955797 PMCID: PMC9369314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoecdysteroids (PEs) are naturally occurring polyhydroxylated compounds with a structure similar to that of insect molting hormone and the plant hormone brassinosteroids. PEs have a four-ringed skeleton composed of 27, 28, 29, or 30 carbon atoms (derived from plant sterols). The carbon skeleton of ecdysteroid is known as cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene and has a β-sidechain on C-17. Plants produce PEs via the mevalonate pathway with the help of the precursor acetyl-CoA. PEs are found in algae, fungi, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms; more than 500 different PEs are found in over 100 terrestrial plants. 20-hydroxyecdysone is the most common PE. PEs exhibit versatile biological roles in plants, invertebrates, and mammals. These compounds contribute to mitigating biotic and abiotic stresses. In plants, PEs play a potent role in enhancing tolerance against insects and nematodes via their allelochemical activity, which increases plant biological and metabolic responses. PEs promote enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems, which decrease reactive oxygen species in the form of superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals and reduce malondialdehyde content. PEs also induce protein biosynthesis and modulate carbohydrate and lipid synthesis. In humans, PEs display biological, pharmacological, and medicinal properties, such as anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and tissue differentiation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamshi Arif
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Andrzej Bajguz
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-7388361
| | - Shamsul Hayat
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Gudmunds E, Narayanan S, Lachivier E, Duchemin M, Khila A, Husby A. Photoperiod controls wing polyphenism in a water strider independently of insulin receptor signalling. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212764. [PMID: 35473377 PMCID: PMC9043737 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect wing polyphenism has evolved as an adaptation to changing environments and a growing body of research suggests that the nutrient-sensing insulin receptor signalling pathway is a hot spot for the evolution of polyphenisms, as it provides a direct link between growth and available nutrients in the environment. However, little is known about the potential role of insulin receptor signalling in polyphenisms which are controlled by seasonal variation in photoperiod. Here, we demonstrate that wing length polyphenism in the water strider Gerris buenoi is determined by photoperiod and nymphal density, but is not directly affected by nutrient availability. Exposure to a long-day photoperiod is highly inducive of the short-winged morph whereas high nymphal densities moderately promote the development of long wings. Using RNA interference we demonstrate that, unlike in several other species where wing polyphenism is controlled by nutrition, there is no detectable role of insulin receptor signalling in wing morph induction. Our results indicate that the multitude of possible cues that trigger wing polyphenism can be mediated through different genetic pathways and that there are multiple genetic origins to wing polyphenism in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Gudmunds
- Evolutionary Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shrinath Narayanan
- Evolutionary Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elise Lachivier
- Evolutionary Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marion Duchemin
- Evolutionary Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Abderrahman Khila
- Evolutionary Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden.,Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46, allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Arild Husby
- Evolutionary Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
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Li X, Zhang F, Coates B, Wei C, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Zhou X. Temporal analysis of microRNAs associated with wing development in the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.) (Homoptera: Aphidiae). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 142:103579. [PMID: 33894361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying wing evolution and development have been a point of scientific inquiry for decades. Phloem-feeding aphids are one of the most devastating global insect pests, where dispersal of winged morphs lead to annual movements, migrations, and range expansions. Aphids show a polyphenic wing dimorphism trait, and offer a model to study the role of environment in determining morphological plasticity of a single genotype. Despite recent progresses in the genetic understanding of wing polyphenism, the influence of environmental cues remains unclear. To investigate the involvement of miRNAs in wing development, we sequenced small RNA libraries of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.) across six different developmental stages. As a result, we identified 113 conserved and 193 S. avenae-specific miRNAs. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analyses of putative target mRNAs for the six differentially expressed miRNAs are enriched for wing development processes. Dietary uptake of miR-263a, miR-316, and miR-184a agomirs and antagomirs led to significantly higher mortality (>70%) and a lower proportion of winged morphs (<5%). On the other hand, wing malformation was observed in miR-2 and miR-306 agomirs and miR-2 and miR-14 antagomirs, respectively, suggesting their involvement in S. avenae wing morphogenesis. These combined results not only shed light on the regulatory role of miRNAs in wing dimorphism, but also provide potential novel targets for the long-term sustainable management of S. avenae, a devastating global grain pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fangmei Zhang
- Henan Provincial South Henan Crop Pest Green Prevention and Control Academician Workstation, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, 46400, China
| | - Brad Coates
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Changping Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0091, USA.
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25
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Abbot P. Defense in Social Insects: Diversity, Division of Labor, and Evolution. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 67:407-436. [PMID: 34995089 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-082521-072638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
All social insects defend their colony from predators, parasites, and pathogens. In Oster and Wilson's classic work, they posed one of the key paradoxes about defense in social insects: Given the universal necessity of defense, why then is there so much diversity in mechanisms? Ecological factors undoubtedly are important: Predation and usurpation have imposed strong selection on eusocial insects, and active defense by colonies is a ubiquitous feature of all social insects. The description of diverse insect groups with castes of sterile workers whose main duty is defense has broadened the purview of social evolution in insects, in particular with respect to caste and behavior. Defense is one of the central axes along which we can begin to organize and understand sociality in insects. With the establishment of social insect models such as the honey bee, new discoveries are emerging regarding the endocrine, neural, and gene regulatory mechanisms underlying defense in social insects. The mechanisms underlying morphological and behavioral defense traits may be shared across diverse groups, providing opportunities for identifying both conserved and novel mechanisms at work. Emerging themes highlight the context dependency of and interaction between factors that regulate defense in social insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Abbot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA;
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26
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Locust density shapes energy metabolism and oxidative stress resulting in divergence of flight traits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2115753118. [PMID: 34969848 PMCID: PMC8740713 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115753118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory locusts display striking phenotypical plasticity. Gregarious locusts at high density can migrate long distances and cause huge economic losses of crops. By contrast, solitary locusts at low density have limited ability in long-distance flight. However, the mechanisms underlying such flight capacity variation are poorly understood. Here, we found that the flight muscle of solitary locusts has a higher catabolic capacity that is associated with greater reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation during high-velocity flights. By contrast, a relatively lower catabolic capacity in gregarious locusts is associated with lower ROS generation during long-distance flights. This finding uncovers the metabolic mechanism of locust flight trait alteration in response to density changes and enhances our understanding of the biological processes enabling locust migration. Flight ability is essential for the enormous diversity and evolutionary success of insects. The migratory locusts exhibit flight capacity plasticity in gregarious and solitary individuals closely linked with different density experiences. However, the differential mechanisms underlying flight traits of locusts are largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the variation of flight capacity by using behavioral, physiological, and multiomics approaches. Behavioral assays showed that solitary locusts possess high initial flight speeds and short-term flight, whereas gregarious locusts can fly for a longer distance at a relatively lower speed. Metabolome–transcriptome analysis revealed that solitary locusts have more active flight muscle energy metabolism than gregarious locusts, whereas gregarious locusts show less evidence of reactive oxygen species production during flight. The repression of metabolic activity by RNA interference markedly reduced the initial flight speed of solitary locusts. Elevating the oxidative stress by paraquat injection remarkably inhibited the long-distance flight of gregarious locusts. In respective crowding and isolation treatments, energy metabolic profiles and flight traits of solitary and gregarious locusts were reversed, indicating that the differentiation of flight capacity depended on density and can be reshaped rapidly. The density-dependent flight traits of locusts were attributed to the plasticity of energy metabolism and degree of oxidative stress production but not energy storage. The findings provided insights into the mechanism underlying the trade-off between velocity and sustainability in animal locomotion and movement.
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27
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Stern DL, Han C. OUP accepted manuscript. Genome Biol Evol 2022; 14:6602283. [PMID: 35660862 PMCID: PMC9168663 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Homology of highly divergent genes often cannot be determined from sequence similarity alone. For example, we recently identified in the aphid Hormaphis cornu a family of rapidly evolving bicycle genes, which encode novel proteins implicated as plant gall effectors, and sequence similarity search methods yielded few putative bicycle homologs in other species. Coding sequence-independent features of genes, such as intron-exon boundaries, often evolve more slowly than coding sequences, however, and can provide complementary evidence for homology. We found that a linear logistic regression classifier using only structural features of bicycle genes identified many putative bicycle homologs in other species. Independent evidence from sequence features and intron locations supported homology assignments. To test the potential roles of bicycle genes in other aphids, we sequenced the genome of a second gall-forming aphid, Tetraneura nigriabdominalis and found that many bicycle genes are strongly expressed in the salivary glands of the gall forming foundress. In addition, bicycle genes are strongly overexpressed in the salivary glands of a non-gall forming aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, and in the non-gall forming generations of H. cornu. These observations suggest that Bicycle proteins may be used by multiple aphid species to manipulate plants in diverse ways. Incorporation of gene structural features into sequence search algorithms may aid identification of deeply divergent homologs, especially of rapidly evolving genes involved in host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clair Han
- Janelia Research Campus of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
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28
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Shang F, Ding BY, Zhang YT, Wu JJ, Pan ST, Wang JJ. Genome-wide analysis of long non-coding RNAs and their association with wing development in Aphis citricidus (Hemiptera: Aphididae). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 139:103666. [PMID: 34619323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in the various physiological processes of insects. The wing is a successful adaptation allowing insects to escape from unfavorable environments, while information on lncRNAs related to wing development is limited. In this study, we constructed 12 libraries from two RNA-seq comparisons: 4th instar winged nymphs versus winged adults and 4th instar wingless nymphs versus wingless adults in the brown citrus aphid Aphis citricidus, to identify the wing development-associated lncRNAs. A total of 2914 lncRNAs were identified and 50 lncRNAs were differentially expressed during the 4th instar winged nymphs to winged adults transition, and 28 lncRNAs changed during the 4th instar wingless nymphs to wingless adults transition. The differentially expressed lncRNAs were grouped into six clusters according to the expression patterns in the combined two-winged morphs. lncRNA Ac_lnc54106.1 was up-regulated during 4th instar winged nymphs to winged adults transition, but a lack of change during the 4th instar wingless nymphs to wingless adults transition implied a critical role in the specific regulation of wing development. RNA interference of Ac_lnc54106.1 resulted in malformed wings. Targets prediction, expression patterns, and RNAi assay results showed that Ac_lnc54106.1 may target the PiggyBac transposable element-derived protein 4 (PGBD4) gene, decrease expression of the canonical wing development-related genes, and finally regulate wing development. The systematic identification of lncRNAs in an aphid increases our understanding of how non-coding RNA mediates the wing plasticity of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Bi-Yue Ding
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yong-Te Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
| | - Jin-Jin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
| | - Si-Tong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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Sochard C, Dupont C, Simon JC, Outreman Y. Secondary Symbionts Affect Foraging Capacities of Plant-Specialized Genotypes of the Pea Aphid. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 82:1009-1019. [PMID: 33704553 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01726-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ecological specialization is widespread in animals, especially in phytophagous insects, which have often a limited range of host plant species. This host plant specialization results from divergent selection on insect populations, which differ consequently in traits like behaviors involved in plant use. Although recent studies highlighted the influence of symbionts on dietary breadth of their insect hosts, whether these microbial partners influence the foraging capacities of plant-specialized insects has received little attention. In this study, we used the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, which presents distinct plant-specialized lineages and several secondary bacterial symbionts, to examine the possible effects of symbionts on the different foraging steps from plant searching to host plant selection. In particular, we tested the effect of secondary symbionts on the aphid capacity (1) to explore habitat at long distance (estimated through the production of winged offspring), (2) to explore habitat at short distance, and (3) to select its host plant. We found that secondary symbionts had a variable influence on the production of winged offspring in some genotypes, with potential consequences on dispersal and survival. By contrast, symbionts influenced both short-distance exploration and host plant selection only marginally. The implication of symbionts' influence on insect foraging capacities is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Sochard
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | - Corentin Dupont
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | | | - Yannick Outreman
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France.
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30
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Burton NO, Willis A, Fisher K, Braukmann F, Price J, Stevens L, Baugh LR, Reinke A, Miska EA. Intergenerational adaptations to stress are evolutionarily conserved, stress-specific, and have deleterious trade-offs. eLife 2021; 10:e73425. [PMID: 34622777 PMCID: PMC8570697 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite reports of parental exposure to stress promoting physiological adaptations in progeny in diverse organisms, there remains considerable debate over the significance and evolutionary conservation of such multigenerational effects. Here, we investigate four independent models of intergenerational adaptations to stress in Caenorhabditis elegans - bacterial infection, eukaryotic infection, osmotic stress, and nutrient stress - across multiple species. We found that all four intergenerational physiological adaptations are conserved in at least one other species, that they are stress -specific, and that they have deleterious tradeoffs in mismatched environments. By profiling the effects of parental bacterial infection and osmotic stress exposure on progeny gene expression across species, we established a core set of 587 genes that exhibited a greater than twofold intergenerational change in expression in response to stress in C. elegans and at least one other species, as well as a set of 37 highly conserved genes that exhibited a greater than twofold intergenerational change in expression in all four species tested. Furthermore, we provide evidence suggesting that presumed adaptive and deleterious intergenerational effects are molecularly related at the gene expression level. Lastly, we found that none of the effects we detected of these stresses on C. elegans F1 progeny gene expression persisted transgenerationally three generations after stress exposure. We conclude that intergenerational responses to stress play a substantial and evolutionarily conserved role in regulating animal physiology and that the vast majority of the effects of parental stress on progeny gene expression are reversible and not maintained transgenerationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O Burton
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Gurdon Institute, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Van Andel InstituteGrand RapidsUnited States
| | - Alexandra Willis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Kinsey Fisher
- Department of Biology, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Fabian Braukmann
- Gurdon Institute, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Price
- Gurdon Institute, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Lewis Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - L Ryan Baugh
- Department of Biology, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Aaron Reinke
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Eric A Miska
- Gurdon Institute, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of Genetics, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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31
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Burton NO, Greer EL. Multigenerational epigenetic inheritance: Transmitting information across generations. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 127:121-132. [PMID: 34426067 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Inherited epigenetic information has been observed to regulate a variety of complex organismal phenotypes across diverse taxa of life. This continually expanding body of literature suggests that epigenetic inheritance plays a significant, and potentially fundamental, role in inheritance. Despite the important role these types of effects play in biology, the molecular mediators of this non-genetic transmission of information are just now beginning to be deciphered. Here we provide an intellectual framework for interpreting these findings and how they can interact with each other. We also define the different types of mechanisms that have been found to mediate epigenetic inheritance and to regulate whether epigenetic information persists for one or many generations. The field of epigenetic inheritance is entering an exciting phase, in which we are beginning to understand the mechanisms by which non-genetic information is transmitted to, and deciphered by, subsequent generations to maintain essential environmental information without permanently altering the genetic code. A more complete understanding of how and when epigenetic inheritance occurs will advance our understanding of numerous different aspects of biology ranging from how organisms cope with changing environments to human pathologies influenced by a parent's environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O Burton
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
| | - Eric L Greer
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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32
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Richard G, Jaquiéry J, Le Trionnaire G. Contribution of Epigenetic Mechanisms in the Regulation of Environmentally-Induced Polyphenism in Insects. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12070649. [PMID: 34357309 PMCID: PMC8304038 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Polyphenism is a widespread phenomenon in insects that allows organisms to produce alternative and discrete phenotypes in response to environmental conditions. Epigenetic mechanisms, including histone post-translational modifications, DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs, are essential mechanisms that can promote rapid and flexible changes in the expression of transcriptional programs associated with the production of alternative phenotypes. This review summarizes knowledge regarding the contribution of those mechanisms in the regulation of the most-studied examples of polyphenism in insects. Abstract Many insect species display a remarkable ability to produce discrete phenotypes in response to changes in environmental conditions. Such phenotypic plasticity is referred to as polyphenism. Seasonal, dispersal and caste polyphenisms correspond to the most-studied examples that are environmentally-induced in insects. Cues that induce such dramatic phenotypic changes are very diverse, ranging from seasonal cues, habitat quality changes or differential larval nutrition. Once these signals are perceived, they are transduced by the neuroendocrine system towards their target tissues where gene expression reprogramming underlying phenotypic changes occur. Epigenetic mechanisms are key regulators that allow for genome expression plasticity associated with such developmental switches. These mechanisms include DNA methylation, chromatin remodelling and histone post-transcriptional modifications (PTMs) as well as non-coding RNAs and have been studied to various extents in insect polyphenism. Differential patterns of DNA methylation between phenotypes are usually correlated with changes in gene expression and alternative splicing events, especially in the cases of dispersal and caste polyphenism. Combinatorial patterns of histone PTMs provide phenotype-specific epigenomic landscape associated with the expression of specific transcriptional programs, as revealed during caste determination in honeybees and ants. Alternative phenotypes are also usually associated with specific non-coding RNA profiles. This review will provide a summary of the current knowledge of the epigenetic changes associated with polyphenism in insects and highlights the potential for these mechanisms to be key regulators of developmental transitions triggered by environmental cues.
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CREB mediates the C. elegans dauer polyphenism through direct and cell-autonomous regulation of TGF-β expression. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009678. [PMID: 34260587 PMCID: PMC8312985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals can adapt to dynamic environmental conditions by modulating their developmental programs. Understanding the genetic architecture and molecular mechanisms underlying developmental plasticity in response to changing environments is an important and emerging area of research. Here, we show a novel role of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)-encoding crh-1 gene in developmental polyphenism of C. elegans. Under conditions that promote normal development in wild-type animals, crh-1 mutants inappropriately form transient pre-dauer (L2d) larvae and express the L2d marker gene. L2d formation in crh-1 mutants is specifically induced by the ascaroside pheromone ascr#5 (asc-ωC3; C3), and crh-1 functions autonomously in the ascr#5-sensing ASI neurons to inhibit L2d formation. Moreover, we find that CRH-1 directly binds upstream of the daf-7 TGF-β locus and promotes its expression in the ASI neurons. Taken together, these results provide new insight into how animals alter their developmental programs in response to environmental changes.
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Park WR, Lim DJ, Sang H, Kim E, Moon JH, Choi HS, Kim IS, Kim DK. Aphid estrogen-related receptor controls glycolytic gene expression and fecundity. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 130:103529. [PMID: 33485935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aphids, the major insect pests of agricultural crops, reproduce sexually and asexually depending upon environmental factors such as the photoperiod and temperature. Nuclear receptors, a unique family of ligand-dependent transcription factors, control insect development and growth including morphogenesis, molting, and metamorphosis. However, the structural features and biological functions of the aphid estrogen-related receptor (ERR) are largely unknown. Here, we cloned full-length cDNA encoding the ERR in the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (MpERR) and demonstrated that the MpERR modulated glycolytic gene expression and aphid fecundity. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the MpERR originated in a unique evolutionary lineage distinct from those of hemipteran insects. Moreover, the AF-2 domain of the MpERR conferred nuclear localization and transcriptional activity. The overexpression of the MpERR significantly upregulated the gene expression of rate-limiting enzymes involved in glycolysis such as phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase by directly binding to ERR-response elements in their promoters. Moreover, ERR-deficient viviparous female aphids showed decreased glycolytic gene expression and produced fewer offspring. These results suggest that the aphid ERR plays a pivotal role in glycolytic transcriptional control and fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Ram Park
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Da Jung Lim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunkyu Sang
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Hak Moon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hueng-Sik Choi
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - In Seon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Don-Kyu Kim
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Xu L, Zhang J, Zhan A, Wang Y, Ma X, Jie W, Cao Z, Omar MAA, He K, Li F. Identification and Analysis of MicroRNAs Associated with Wing Polyphenism in the Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9754. [PMID: 33371331 PMCID: PMC7767257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many insects are capable of developing two types of wings (i.e., wing polyphenism) to adapt to various environments. Though the roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating animal growth and development have been well studied, their potential roles in modulating wing polyphenism remain largely elusive. To identify wing polyphenism-related miRNAs, we isolated small RNAs from 1st to 5th instar nymphs of long-wing (LW) and short-wing (SW) strains of the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens. Small RNA libraries were then constructed and sequenced, yielding 158 conserved and 96 novel miRNAs. Among these, 122 miRNAs were differentially expressed between the two BPH strains. Specifically, 47, 2, 27 and 41 miRNAs were more highly expressed in the 1st, 3rd, 4th and 5th instars, respectively, of the LW strain compared with the SW strain. In contrast, 47, 3, 29 and 25 miRNAs were more highly expressed in the 1st, 3rd, 4th and 5th instars, respectively, of the SW strain compared with the LW strain. Next, we predicted the targets of these miRNAs and carried out Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis. We found that a number of pathways might be involved in wing form determination, such as the insulin, MAPK, mTOR, FoxO and thyroid hormone signaling pathways and the thyroid hormone synthesis pathway. Thirty and 45 differentially expressed miRNAs targeted genes in the insulin signaling and insect hormone biosynthesis pathways, respectively, which are related to wing dimorphism. Among these miRNAs, Nlu-miR-14-3p, Nlu-miR-9a-5p and Nlu-miR-315-5p, were confirmed to interact with insulin receptors (NlInRs) in dual luciferase reporter assays. These discoveries are helpful for understanding the miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanism of wing polyphenism in BPHs and shed new light on how insects respond to environmental cues through developmental plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.X.); (A.Z.); (X.M.); (Z.C.); (M.A.A.O.); (F.L.)
| | - Jiao Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (W.J.)
| | - Anran Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.X.); (A.Z.); (X.M.); (Z.C.); (M.A.A.O.); (F.L.)
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Xingzhou Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.X.); (A.Z.); (X.M.); (Z.C.); (M.A.A.O.); (F.L.)
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (W.J.)
| | - Wencai Jie
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (W.J.)
| | - Zhenghong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.X.); (A.Z.); (X.M.); (Z.C.); (M.A.A.O.); (F.L.)
| | - Mohamed A. A. Omar
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.X.); (A.Z.); (X.M.); (Z.C.); (M.A.A.O.); (F.L.)
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt
| | - Kang He
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.X.); (A.Z.); (X.M.); (Z.C.); (M.A.A.O.); (F.L.)
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.X.); (A.Z.); (X.M.); (Z.C.); (M.A.A.O.); (F.L.)
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Li YN, Liu YB, Xie XQ, Zhang JN, Li WL. The Modulation of Trehalose Metabolism by 20-Hydroxyecdysone in Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) During its Diapause Termination and Post-Termination Period. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:5924361. [PMID: 33057682 PMCID: PMC7583272 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose plays a crucial role in the diapause process of many insects, serving as an energy source and a stress protectant. Trehalose accumulation has been reported in diapause pupae of Antheraea pernyi; however, trehalose metabolic regulatory mechanisms associated with diapause termination remain unclear. Here, we showed that the enhanced trehalose catabolism was associated with an increase in endogenous 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in hemolymph of A. pernyi pupae during their diapause termination and posttermination period. Injection of 20E increased the mRNA level of trehalase 1A (ApTre-1A) and trehalase 2 (ApTre-2) of A. pernyi diapause pupae in a dose-dependent manner but did not affect the mRNA level of trehalase 1B (ApTre-1B). Meanwhile, exogenous 20E increased the enzyme activities of soluble and membrane-bound trehalase, leading to a decline in hemolymph trehalose. Conversely, the expression of ApTre-1A and ApTre-2 were down-regulated after the ecdysone receptor gene (ApEcRB1) was silenced by RNA interference or by injection of an ecdysone receptor antagonist cucurbitacin B (CucB), which inhibits the 20E pathway. Moreover, CucB treatment delayed adult emergence, which suggests that ApEcRB1 might be involved in regulating pupal-adult development of A. pernyi by mediating ApTre-1A and ApTre-2 expressions. This study provides an overview of the changes in the expression and activity of different trehalase enzymes in A. pernyi in response to 20E, confirming the important role of 20E in controlling trehalose catabolism during A. pernyi diapause termination and posttermination period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Na Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yu-Bo Liu
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Xue-Qin Xie
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Jia-Ning Zhang
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Wen-Li Li
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
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Gibert JM. [Phenotypic plasticity in insects]. Biol Aujourdhui 2020; 214:33-44. [PMID: 32773028 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2020005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Insects represent 85% of the animals. They have adapted to many environments and play a major role in ecosystems. Many insect species exhibit phenotypic plasticity. We here report on the mechanisms involved in phenotypic plasticity of different insects (aphids, migratory locust, map butterfly, honeybee) and also on the nutritional size plasticity in Drosophila and the plasticity of the wing eye-spots of the butterfly Bicyclus anynana. We also describe in more detail our work concerning the thermal plasticity of pigmentation in Drosophila. We have shown that the expression of the tan, yellow and Ddc genes, encoding enzymes of the melanin synthesis pathway, is modulated by temperature and that it is a consequence, at least in part, of the temperature-sensitive expression of the bab locus genes that repress them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Gibert
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement (IBPS-LBD), 75005 Paris, France
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Shang F, Niu J, Ding BY, Wang JJ. Comparative Insight into the Bacterial Communities in Alate and Apterous Morphs of Brown Citrus Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:1436-1444. [PMID: 32040182 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wing polyphenism (alate and apterous morphs) in aphids is a trade-off between dispersal and reproduction. How bacterial communities are associated with wing polyphenism in aphids is still not clearly understood. This study used 16S rRNA sequencing to examine the differences in diversity of the bacterial community between alate and apterous morphs in Aphis citricidus, the main vector of the Citrus tristeza virus. Eighty-one operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to 37 orders, 34 classes, and 13 phyla were identified from all samples. Among these OTUs, Wolbachia (79.17%), Buchnera (17.64%), and Pseudomonas (2.99%) were the dominant bacterial genera. The diversity of symbionts varied between the two morphs; apterous morphs had more bacterial diversity (69 OTUs belonging to 45 families, 21 classes, and 12 phyla) than alate morphs (45 OTUs belonging to 36 families, 15 classes, and 10 phyla). In addition, the abundance of five OTUs was significantly different between two morphs. Among these OTUs, two Pseudomonas species (Pseudomonas_brenneri [OTU21] and unclassified_Pseudomonas [OTU13]) represented a high proportion (3.93% and 2.06%) in alate morphs but were present in low abundance (0.006% and 0.002%) in apterous morphs. RT-qPCR showed consistent results with high-throughput DNA sequencing. The preliminary survey showed the difference in composition and frequency of bacteria between alate and apterous morphs. Thus, the results contribute to anew insight of microorganisms that may be involved in wing dimorphism and helpful for controlling the dispersal of this pest through artificial elimination or reinfection of bacterial symbionts or targeting symbiosis-related host genes by RNA interference in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinzhi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bi-Yue Ding
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Waters J, Emerson B, Arribas P, McCulloch G. Dispersal Reduction: Causes, Genomic Mechanisms, and Evolutionary Consequences. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 35:512-522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Liu Z, Xu J, Ling L, Luo X, Yang D, Yang X, Zhang X, Huang Y. miR-34 regulates larval growth and wing morphogenesis by directly modulating ecdysone signalling and cuticle protein in Bombyx mori. RNA Biol 2020; 17:1342-1351. [PMID: 32401141 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1767953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNA) are small non-coding RNAs that modulate the myriad biological activities by targeting genes, and many studies showed that miRNAs played a pivotal role in insect development. Here, we find that Bm-miRNA (miR-34) controls larval growth and wing morphology by targeting BmE74 and BmCPG4. Overexpression of miR-34 in the whole body caused a smaller body size, partially displays deformed wings and venation defects in adults. Ablation of miR-34 by transgenic CRISPR/Cas9 technology resulted in a severe developmental delay during the larval stage. Moreover, we confirmed that miR-34 directly targeted BmE74 and BmCPG4 by using a dual luciferase reporter assay in HEK293T cells. Remarkably, loss-of-function of BmCPG4 caused wing defects, which was similar to the phenotype of miR-34 overexpression in animals. In addition, our analysis revealed that ecdysone strongly inhibited miR-34 expression in vivo. Taken together, our study identifies miR-34 as a modulator that regulates larval growth and wing morphogenesis by directly modulating ecdysone signalling and cuticle protein in Bombyx mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, CAS , Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, CAS , Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Ling
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, CAS , Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyu Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, CAS , Shanghai, China
| | - Dehong Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, CAS , Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, CAS , Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, CAS , Shanghai, China
| | - Yongping Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, CAS , Shanghai, China
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Burton NO, Riccio C, Dallaire A, Price J, Jenkins B, Koulman A, Miska EA. Cysteine synthases CYSL-1 and CYSL-2 mediate C. elegans heritable adaptation to P. vranovensis infection. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1741. [PMID: 32269224 PMCID: PMC7142082 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Parental exposure to pathogens can prime offspring immunity in diverse organisms. The mechanisms by which this heritable priming occurs are largely unknown. Here we report that the soil bacteria Pseudomonas vranovensis is a natural pathogen of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and that parental exposure of animals to P. vranovensis promotes offspring resistance to infection. Furthermore, we demonstrate a multigenerational enhancement of progeny survival when three consecutive generations of animals are exposed to P. vranovensis. By investigating the mechanisms by which animals heritably adapt to P. vranovensis infection, we found that parental infection by P. vranovensis results in increased expression of the cysteine synthases cysl-1 and cysl-2 and the regulator of hypoxia inducible factor rhy-1 in progeny, and that these three genes are required for adaptation to P. vranovensis. These observations establish a CYSL-1, CYSL-2, and RHY-1 dependent mechanism by which animals heritably adapt to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O Burton
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.
| | - Cristian Riccio
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Alexandra Dallaire
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Jonathan Price
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Benjamin Jenkins
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Albert Koulman
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Eric A Miska
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
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The miR-9b microRNA mediates dimorphism and development of wing in aphids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:8404-8409. [PMID: 32217736 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919204117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wing dimorphism is a phenomenon of phenotypic plasticity in aphid dispersal. However, the signal transduction for perceiving environmental cues (e.g., crowding) and the regulation mechanism remain elusive. Here, we found that aci-miR-9b was the only down-regulated microRNA (miRNA) in both crowding-induced wing dimorphism and during wing development in the brown citrus aphid Aphis citricidus We determined a targeted regulatory relationship between aci-miR-9b and an ABC transporter (AcABCG4). Inhibition of aci-miR-9b increased the proportion of winged offspring under normal conditions. Overexpression of aci-miR-9b resulted in decline of the proportion of winged offspring under crowding conditions. In addition, overexpression of aci-miR-9b also resulted in malformed wings during wing development. This role of aci-miR-9b mediating wing dimorphism and development was also confirmed in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum The downstream action of aci-miR-9b-AcABCG4 was based on the interaction with the insulin and insulin-like signaling pathway. A model for aphid wing dimorphism and development was demonstrated as the following: maternal aphids experience crowding, which results in the decrease of aci-miR-9b. This is followed by the increase of ABCG4, which then activates the insulin and insulin-like signaling pathway, thereby causing a high proportion of winged offspring. Later, the same cascade, "miR-9b-ABCG4-insulin signaling," is again involved in wing development. Taken together, our results reveal that a signal transduction cascade mediates both wing dimorphism and development in aphids via miRNA. These findings would be useful in developing potential strategies for blocking the aphid dispersal and reducing viral transmission.
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Li B, Bickel RD, Parker BJ, Saleh Ziabari O, Liu F, Vellichirammal NN, Simon JC, Stern DL, Brisson JA. A large genomic insertion containing a duplicated follistatin gene is linked to the pea aphid male wing dimorphism. eLife 2020; 9:e50608. [PMID: 32141813 PMCID: PMC7060042 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wing dimorphisms have long served as models for examining the ecological and evolutionary tradeoffs associated with alternative phenotypes. Here, we investigated the genetic cause of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) male wing dimorphism, wherein males exhibit one of two morphologies that differ in correlated traits that include the presence or absence of wings. We mapped this trait difference to a single genomic region and, using third generation, long-read sequencing, we identified a 120 kb insertion in the wingless allele. This insertion includes a duplicated follistatin gene, which is a strong candidate gene in the minimal mapped interval to cause the dimorphism. We found that both alleles were present prior to pea aphid biotype lineage diversification, we estimated that the insertion occurred millions of years ago, and we propose that both alleles have been maintained in the species, likely due to balancing selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binshuang Li
- Department of Biology, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
| | - Ryan D Bickel
- Department of Biology, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
| | - Benjamin J Parker
- Department of Biology, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
| | | | - Fangzhou Liu
- Department of Biology, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
| | | | | | - David L Stern
- Janelia Research Campus of the Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
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Fan Y, Li X, Mohammed AAAH, Liu Y, Gao X. miR-147b-modulated expression of vestigial regulates wing development in the bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:71. [PMID: 31969125 PMCID: PMC6977242 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most aphids exhibit wing polyphenism in which wingless and winged morphs produce depending on the population density and host plant quality. Although the influence of environmental factors on wing polyphenism of aphids have been extensively investigated, molecular mechanisms underlining morph differentiation (i.e. wing development /degeneration), one downstream aspect of the wing polyphenism, has been poorly understood. RESULTS We examined the expression levels of the twenty genes involved in wing development network, and only vestigial (vg) showed significantly different expression levels in both whole-body and wall-body of third instar nymphs, with 5.4- and 16.14- fold higher expression in winged lines compared to wingless lines, respectively in Rhopalosiphum padi. vg expression was higher in winged lines compared to wingless lines in third, fourth instar nymphs and adults. Larger difference expression was observed in third (21.38-fold) and fourth (20.91-fold) instar nymphs relative to adults (3.12-fold). Suppression of vg using RNAi repressed the wing development of third winged morphs. Furthermore, dual luciferase reporter assay revealed that the miR-147 can target the vg mRNA. Modulation of miR-147b levels by microinjection of its agomir (mimic) decreased vg expression levels and repressed wing development. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that vg is essential for wing development in R. padi and that miR-147b modulates its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Fan
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuxia Li
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Abd Allah A. H. Mohammed
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiwu Gao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
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Gulati P, Kohli S, Narang A, Brahmachari V. Mining histone methyltransferases and demethylases from whole genome sequence. J Biosci 2020; 45:9. [PMID: 31965987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation through post-translational modification of histones, especially methylation, is well conserved in evolution. Although there are several insect genomes sequenced, an analysis with a focus on their epigenetic repertoire is limited. We have utilized a novel work-flow to identify one or more domains as highpriority domain (HPD), if present in at least 50% of the genes of a given functional class in the reference genome, namely, that of Drosophila melanogaster. Based on this approach, we have mined histone methyltransferases and demethylases from the whole genome sequence of Aedes aegypti (Diptera), the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, the triatomid bug Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera), the honeybee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera), the silkworm Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera) and the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera). We identified 38 clusters consisting of arginine methyltransferases, lysine methyltransferases and demethylases using OrthoFinder, and the presence of HPD was queried in these sequences using InterProScan. This approach led us to identify putative novel members and currently inaccurate ones. Other than the highpriority domains, these proteins contain shared and unique domains that can mediate protein-protein interaction. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that there is different extent of protein sequence similarity; average similarity between histone lysine methyltransferases varies from 41% (for active mark) to 48% (for repressive mark), arginine methyltransferases is 51%, and demethylases is 52%. The method utilized here facilitates reliable identification of desired functional class in newly sequenced genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Gulati
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
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Yoshida Y, Sugiura K, Tomita M, Matsumoto M, Arakawa K. Comparison of the transcriptomes of two tardigrades with different hatching coordination. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 19:24. [PMID: 31864287 PMCID: PMC6925440 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-019-0205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tardigrades are microscopic organisms, famous for their tolerance against extreme environments. The establishment of rearing systems of multiple species has allowed for comparison of tardigrade physiology, in particular in embryogenesis. Interestingly, in-lab cultures of limnic species showed smaller variation in hatching timing than terrestrial species, suggesting a hatching regulation mechanism acquired by adaptation to their habitat. RESULTS To this end, we screened for coordinated gene expression during the development of two species of tardigrades, Hypsibius exemplaris and Ramazzottius varieornatus, and observed induction of the arthropod molting pathway. Exposure of ecdysteroids and juvenile hormone analog affected egg hatching but not embryonic development in only the limnic H. exemplaris. CONCLUSION These observations suggest a hatching regulation mechanism by the molting pathway in H. exemplaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yoshida
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Mizukami 246-2, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenta Sugiura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Fujisawa, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masaru Tomita
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Mizukami 246-2, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Midori Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Fujisawa, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuharu Arakawa
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Mizukami 246-2, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan.
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Rauf I, Asif M, Amin I, Naqvi RZ, Umer N, Mansoor S, Jander G. Silencing cathepsin L expression reduces Myzus persicae protein content and the nutritional value as prey for Coccinella septempunctata. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 28:785-797. [PMID: 30980445 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gut-expressed aphid genes, which may be more easily inhibited by RNA interference (RNAi) constructs, are attractive targets for pest control efforts involving transgenic plants. Here we show that expression of cathepsin L, which encodes a cysteine protease that functions in aphid guts, can be reduced by expression of an RNAi construct in transgenic tobacco. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated by up to 80% adult mortality, reduced fecundity, and delayed nymph production of Myzus persicae (green peach aphids) when cathepsin L expression was reduced by plant-mediated RNAi. Consistent with the function of cathepsin L as a gut protease, M. persicae fed on the RNAi plants had a lower protein content in their bodies and excreted more protein and/or free amino acids in their honeydew. Larvae of Coccinella septempunctata (seven-spotted ladybugs) grew more slowly on aphids having reduced cathepsin L expression, suggesting that prey insect nutritive value, and not just direct negative effects of the RNAi construct, needs to be considered when producing transgenic plants for RNAi-mediated pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rauf
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - M Asif
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - I Amin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - R Z Naqvi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - N Umer
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - S Mansoor
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - G Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Grantham ME, Shingleton AW, Dudley E, Brisson JA. Expression profiling of winged- and wingless-destined pea aphid embryos implicates insulin/insulin growth factor signaling in morph differences. Evol Dev 2019; 22:257-268. [PMID: 31682317 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Developmental plasticity allows the matching of adult phenotypes to different environments. Although considerable effort has gone into understanding the evolution and ecology of plasticity, less is known about its developmental genetic basis. We focused on the pea aphid wing polyphenism, in which high- or low-density environments cause viviparous aphid mothers to produce winged or wingless offspring, respectively. Maternally provided ecdysone signals to embryos to be winged or wingless, but it is unknown how embryos respond to that signal. We used transcriptional profiling to investigate the gene expression state of winged-destined (WD) and wingless-destined (WLD) embryos at two developmental stages. We found that embryos differed in a small number of genes, and that gene sets were enriched for the insulin-signaling portion of the FoxO pathway. To look for a global signature of insulin signaling, we examined the size and stage of WD and WLD embryos but found no differences. These data suggest the hypothesis that FoxO signaling is important for morph development in a tissue-specific manner. We posit that maternally supplied ecdysone affects embryonic FoxO signaling, which ultimately plays a role in alternative morph development. Our study is one of an increasing number that implicate insulin signaling in the generation of alternative environmentally induced morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Grantham
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | | | - Emma Dudley
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
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Menz MHM, Reynolds DR, Gao B, Hu G, Chapman JW, Wotton KR. Mechanisms and Consequences of Partial Migration in Insects. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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