1
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Linghu C, Liu Y, Yang X, Li D, Tan YY, Mohamed Hafiz MHB, Rohani MFB, Du Z, Su J, Li Y, Huo Y, Xu H, Wang X, Wang Y, Yu J, Gao H, Hsia KJ. Fibrillar adhesives with unprecedented adhesion strength, switchability and scalability. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae106. [PMID: 39309978 PMCID: PMC11413535 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bio-inspired fibrillar adhesives have received worldwide attention but their potentials have been limited by a trade-off between adhesion strength and adhesion switchability, and a size scale effect that restricts the fibrils to micro/nanoscales. Here, we report a class of adhesive fibrils that achieve unprecedented adhesion strength (∼2 MPa), switchability (∼2000), and scalability (up to millimeter-scale at the single fibril level), by leveraging the rubber-to-glass (R2G) transition in shape memory polymers (SMPs). Moreover, R2G SMP fibrillar adhesive arrays exhibit a switchability of >1000 (with the aid of controlled buckling) and an adhesion efficiency of 57.8%, with apparent contact area scalable to 1000 mm2, outperforming existing fibrillar adhesives. We further demonstrate that the SMP fibrillar adhesives can be used as soft grippers and reusable superglue devices that are capable of holding and releasing heavy objects >2000 times of their own weight. These findings represent significant advances in smart fibrillar adhesives for numerous applications, especially those involving high-payload scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Linghu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yangchengyi Liu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Dong Li
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yee Yuan Tan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | | | - Mohammad Fadhli Bin Rohani
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Zihao Du
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jiangtao Su
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yan Li
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yucheng Huo
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Hanyan Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiufeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Huajian Gao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Institute of High-Performance Computing, A*STAR, Singapore 138632, Singapore
- Mechano-X Institute, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - K Jimmy Hsia
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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2
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Park W, Park S, An H, Seong M, Bae J, Jeong HE. A Sensorized Soft Robotic Hand with Adhesive Fingertips for Multimode Grasping and Manipulation. Soft Robot 2024; 11:698-708. [PMID: 38484295 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2023.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Soft robotic grippers excel at achieving conformal and reliable contact with objects without the need for complex control algorithms. However, they still lack in grasp and manipulation abilities compared with human hands. In this study, we present a sensorized multi-fingered soft gripper with bioinspired adhesive fingertips that can provide both fingertip-based adhesion grasping and finger-based form closure grasping modes. The gripper incorporates mushroom-like microstructures on its adhesive fingertips, enabling robust adhesion through uniform load shearing. A single fingertip exhibits a maximum load capacity of 4.18 N against a flat substrate. The soft fingers have multiple joints, and each joint can be independently actuated through pneumatic control. This enables diverse bending motions and stable grasping of various objects, with a maximum load capacity of 28.29 N for three fingers. In addition, the soft gripper is equipped with a kirigami-patterned stretchable sensor for motion monitoring and control. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our design by successfully grasping and manipulating a diverse range of objects with varying shapes, sizes, and curvatures. Moreover, we present the practical application of our sensorized soft gripper for remotely controlled cooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wookeun Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute Science and Technology, Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute Science and Technology, Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Hail An
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute Science and Technology, Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Seong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute Science and Technology, Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Joonbum Bae
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute Science and Technology, Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Eui Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute Science and Technology, Ulsan Republic of Korea
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Xin Y, Zhou X, Bark H, Lee PS. The Role of 3D Printing Technologies in Soft Grippers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307963. [PMID: 37971199 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Soft grippers are essential for precise and gentle handling of delicate, fragile, and easy-to-break objects, such as glassware, electronic components, food items, and biological samples, without causing any damage or deformation. This is especially important in industries such as healthcare, manufacturing, agriculture, food handling, and biomedical, where accuracy, safety, and preservation of the objects being handled are critical. This article reviews the use of 3D printing technologies in soft grippers, including those made of functional materials, nonfunctional materials, and those with sensors. 3D printing processes that can be used to fabricate each class of soft grippers are discussed. Available 3D printing technologies that are often used in soft grippers are primarily extrusion-based printing (fused deposition modeling and direct ink writing), jet-based printing (polymer jet), and immersion printing (stereolithography and digital light processing). The materials selected for fabricating soft grippers include thermoplastic polymers, UV-curable polymers, polymer gels, soft conductive composites, and hydrogels. It is conclude that 3D printing technologies revolutionize the way soft grippers are being fabricated, expanding their application domains and reducing the difficulties in customization, fabrication, and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Xin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Smart Grippers for Soft Robotics (SGSR), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Xinran Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Smart Grippers for Soft Robotics (SGSR), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Hyunwoo Bark
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Smart Grippers for Soft Robotics (SGSR), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore
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4
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Zhao J, Xia N, Zhang L. A review of bioinspired dry adhesives: from achieving strong adhesion to realizing switchable adhesion. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2024; 19:051003. [PMID: 38996419 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad62cf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
In the early twenty-first century, extensive research has been conducted on geckos' ability to climb vertical walls with the advancement of microscopy technology. Unprecedented studies and developments have focused on the adhesion mechanism, structural design, preparation methods, and applications of bioinspired dry adhesives. Notably, strong adhesion that adheres to both the principles of contact splitting and stress uniform distribution has been discovered and proposed. The increasing popularity of flexible electronic skins, soft crawling robots, and smart assembly systems has made switchable adhesion properties essential for smart adhesives. These adhesives are designed to be programmable and switchable in response to external stimuli such as magnetic fields, thermal changes, electrical signals, light exposure as well as mechanical processes. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the development history of bioinspired dry adhesives from achieving strong adhesion to realizing switchable adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Neng Xia
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China 999077, People's Republic of China
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Park B, Jeong C, Ok J, Kim TI. Materials and Structural Designs toward Motion Artifact-Free Bioelectronics. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6148-6197. [PMID: 38690686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Bioelectronics encompassing electronic components and circuits for accessing human information play a vital role in real-time and continuous monitoring of biophysiological signals of electrophysiology, mechanical physiology, and electrochemical physiology. However, mechanical noise, particularly motion artifacts, poses a significant challenge in accurately detecting and analyzing target signals. While software-based "postprocessing" methods and signal filtering techniques have been widely employed, challenges such as signal distortion, major requirement of accurate models for classification, power consumption, and data delay inevitably persist. This review presents an overview of noise reduction strategies in bioelectronics, focusing on reducing motion artifacts and improving the signal-to-noise ratio through hardware-based approaches such as "preprocessing". One of the main stress-avoiding strategies is reducing elastic mechanical energies applied to bioelectronics to prevent stress-induced motion artifacts. Various approaches including strain-compliance, strain-resistance, and stress-damping techniques using unique materials and structures have been explored. Future research should optimize materials and structure designs, establish stable processes and measurement methods, and develop techniques for selectively separating and processing overlapping noises. Ultimately, these advancements will contribute to the development of more reliable and effective bioelectronics for healthcare monitoring and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeonghak Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanho Jeong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehyung Ok
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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6
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Yao X, Chen H, Qin H, Cong HP. Nanocomposite Hydrogel Actuators with Ordered Structures: From Nanoscale Control to Macroscale Deformations. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300414. [PMID: 37365950 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Flexible intelligent actuators with the characteristics of flexibility, safety and scalability, are highly promising in industrial production, biomedical fields, environmental monitoring, and soft robots. Nanocomposite hydrogels are attractive candidates for soft actuators due to their high pliability, intelligent responsiveness, and capability to execute large-scale rapid reversible deformations under external stimuli. Here, the recent advances of nanocomposite hydrogels as soft actuators are reviewed and focus is on the construction of elaborate and programmable structures by the assembly of nano-objects in the hydrogel matrix. With the help of inducing the gradient or oriented distributions of the nanounits during the gelation process by the external forces or molecular interactions, nanocomposite hydrogels with ordered structures are achieved, which can perform bending, spiraling, patterned deformations, and biomimetic complex shape changes. Given great advantages of these intricate yet programmable shape-morphing, nanocomposite hydrogel actuators have presented high potentials in the fields of moving robots, energy collectors, and biomedicines. In the end, the challenges and future perspectives of this emerging field of nanocomposite hydrogel actuators are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Haili Qin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Huai-Ping Cong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
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7
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Liu Y, Wang H, Li J, Li P, Li S. Gecko-Inspired Controllable Adhesive: Structure, Fabrication, and Application. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:149. [PMID: 38534834 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9030149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The gecko can achieve flexible climbing on various vertical walls and even ceilings, which is closely related to its unique foot adhesion system. In the past two decades, the mechanism of the gecko adhesion system has been studied in-depth, and a verity of gecko-inspired adhesives have been proposed. In addition to its strong adhesion, its easy detachment is also the key to achieving efficient climbing locomotion for geckos. A similar controllable adhesion characteristic is also key to the research into artificial gecko-inspired adhesives. In this paper, the structures, fabrication methods, and applications of gecko-inspired controllable adhesives are summarized for future reference in adhesive development. Firstly, the controllable adhesion mechanism of geckos is introduced. Then, the control mechanism, adhesion performance, and preparation methods of gecko-inspired controllable adhesives are described. Subsequently, various successful applications of gecko-inspired controllable adhesives are presented. Finally, future challenges and opportunities to develop gecko-inspired controllable adhesive are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of NC Machine Tools and Integrated Manufacturing Equipment of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of NC Machine Tools and Integrated Manufacturing Equipment of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Jiangchao Li
- Key Laboratory of NC Machine Tools and Integrated Manufacturing Equipment of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Pengyang Li
- Key Laboratory of NC Machine Tools and Integrated Manufacturing Equipment of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Shujuan Li
- Key Laboratory of NC Machine Tools and Integrated Manufacturing Equipment of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
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8
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Li S, Zhang J, He J, Liu W, Wang Y, Huang Z, Pang H, Chen Y. Functional PDMS Elastomers: Bulk Composites, Surface Engineering, and Precision Fabrication. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304506. [PMID: 37814364 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-the simplest and most common silicone compound-exemplifies the central characteristics of its class and has attracted tremendous research attention. The development of PDMS-based materials is a vivid reflection of the modern industry. In recent years, PDMS has stood out as the material of choice for various emerging technologies. The rapid improvement in bulk modification strategies and multifunctional surfaces has enabled a whole new generation of PDMS-based materials and devices, facilitating, and even transforming enormous applications, including flexible electronics, superwetting surfaces, soft actuators, wearable and implantable sensors, biomedicals, and autonomous robotics. This paper reviews the latest advances in the field of PDMS-based functional materials, with a focus on the added functionality and their use as programmable materials for smart devices. Recent breakthroughs regarding instant crosslinking and additive manufacturing are featured, and exciting opportunities for future research are highlighted. This review provides a quick entrance to this rapidly evolving field and will help guide the rational design of next-generation soft materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jian He
- Yizhi Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, No. 99 Danba Road, Putuo District, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
- Center for Composites, COMAC Shanghai Aircraft Manufacturing Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Zhongjie Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Huan Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Yiwang Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis/Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang, 330022, China
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Song Y, Dai Z, Ji A, Wu H, Gorb S. Rate-dependent adhesion together with limb collaborations facilitate grasshoppers reliable attachment under highly dynamic conditions. iScience 2023; 26:108264. [PMID: 37965153 PMCID: PMC10641511 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic attachment is indispensable for animals to cope with unexpected disturbances. Minor attention has been paid to the dynamic performance of insects' adhesive pads. Through experiments pulling whole grasshoppers off a glass rod at varying speeds, surprising findings emerged. The feet did not always maintain contact but released and then reconnected to the substrate rapidly during leg extension, potentially reducing the shock damage to pads. As the pulling speeds increased from 1 to 400 mm/s, the maximum forces of single front tarsus insects and entire tarsi insects were nearly proportional to the 1/3 power of pulling speeds by 0.11 and 0.29 times, respectively. The force of some individuals could be even 800 times greater than their weight, which is unexpectedly high for smooth insect pads. This work not only helps us to understand the attachment intelligence of animals but is also informative for artificial attachment in extreme situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Song
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhendong Dai
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao Street, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Aihong Ji
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao Street, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Huaping Wu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Stanislav Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D - 24118 Kiel, Germany
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10
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Guo Y, Zhang L, Wang Y, Liang J, Liu X, Jiang Y, Jiang L, Chen H. Nanofiber embedded bioinspired strong wet friction surface. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi4843. [PMID: 37824620 PMCID: PMC10569708 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi4843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Robust and reversible wet attachments are important for medical engineering and wearable electronics. Although ultrastrong capillarity from interfacial nano-thick liquid bridges creates tree frog's strong wet friction, its unstable nano-liquid characteristic challenges further wet friction enhancement. Here, unique hierarchical micro-nano fibrous pillars have been discovered on Chinese bush crickets exhibiting a robust wet friction ~3.8 times higher than tree frog's bulk pillar. By introducing a nano-fibrous pillar array covered with thin films (NFPF), the pillar's separation position switches from the rear to front side compared with bulk pillars, indicating the interfacial contact stress shifting from compressing to stretching. This largely decreases the interfacial separation stress to form more stable and larger nano-liquid bridges. The NFPF array with self-splitting of interfacial liquid and contact stress further guards such interfacial stress shifting to ensure a ~1.9 times friction enhancement. Last, the theories are established, and the applications on wearable electronics are validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurun Guo
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonggang Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Laboratory of Bioinspired Smart Interface Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huawei Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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11
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Li S, Tian H, Wang C, Li X, Chen X, Chen X, Shao J. Smart Manipulation of Complex Optical Elements via Contact-adaptive Dry Adhesives. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303874. [PMID: 37688358 PMCID: PMC10602548 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of complex, high-precision optical devices or systems, which have vital applications in the aerospace, medical, and military fields, requires the ability to reliably manipulate and assemble optical elements. However, this is a challenging task as these optical elements require contamination-free and damage-free manipulation and come in a variety of sizes and shapes. Here, a smart, contact-adaptive adhesive based on magnetic actuation is developed to address this challenge. Specifically, the surface bio-inspired adhesives made of fluororubber facilitate contamination-free and damage-free adhesion. The stiffness modulation of packaged magnetorheological grease based on the magnetorheological effect endows the smart adhesive with a high conformability to the optical elements in the soft state, a high grip force in the stiff state, and the ability to quickly release the optical elements in the recovered soft state. The smart adhesive provides a versatile solution for reliably and quickly manipulating and assembling multiscale optical elements with planar or complex 3D shapes without causing surface contamination or damage. These extraordinary capabilities are demonstrated by the manipulation and assembly of various optical elements, such as convex/concave/ball lenses and extremely complex-shaped light guide plates. The proposed smart adhesive is a promising candidate for conventional optical element manipulation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Micro‐ and Nano‐technology Research CenterState Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710049China
| | - Hongmiao Tian
- Micro‐ and Nano‐technology Research CenterState Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710049China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Micro‐ and Nano‐technology Research CenterState Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710049China
| | - Xiangming Li
- Micro‐ and Nano‐technology Research CenterState Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710049China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710049China
| | - Xiaoliang Chen
- Micro‐ and Nano‐technology Research CenterState Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710049China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710049China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Micro‐ and Nano‐technology Research CenterState Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710049China
| | - Jinyou Shao
- Micro‐ and Nano‐technology Research CenterState Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710049China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710049China
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12
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Huang Z, Li L, Yin T, Brown KA, Wang Y. Rational Structural Design of Polymer Pens for Energy-Efficient Photoactuation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3595. [PMID: 37688221 PMCID: PMC10490353 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoactuated pens have emerged as promising tools for expedient, mask-free, and versatile nanomanufacturing. However, the challenge of effectively controlling individual pens in large arrays for high-throughput patterning has been a significant hurdle. In this study, we introduce novel generations of photoactuated pens and explore the impact of pen architecture on photoactuation efficiency and crosstalk through simulations and experiments. By introducing a thermal insulating layer and incorporating an air ap in the architecture design, we have achieved the separation of pens into independent units. This new design allowed for improved control over the actuation behavior of individual pens, markedly reducing the influence of neighboring pens. The results of our research suggest novel applications of photoactive composite films as advanced actuators across diverse fields, including lithography, adaptive optics, and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Le Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Taishan Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Keith A. Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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13
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Acharya S, Roberts P, Rane T, Singhal R, Hong P, Ranade V, Majidi C, Webster-Wood V, Reeja-Jayan B. Gecko adhesion based sea star crawler robot. Front Robot AI 2023; 10:1209202. [PMID: 37469630 PMCID: PMC10352780 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2023.1209202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, efforts in bioinspired soft robotics have led to mobile systems that emulate features of natural animal locomotion. This includes combining mechanisms from multiple organisms to further improve movement. In this work, we seek to improve locomotion in soft, amphibious robots by combining two independent mechanisms: sea star locomotion gait and gecko adhesion. Specifically, we present a sea star-inspired robot with a gecko-inspired adhesive surface that is able to crawl on a variety of surfaces. It is composed of soft and stretchable elastomer and has five limbs that are powered with pneumatic actuation. The gecko-inspired adhesion provides additional grip on wet and dry surfaces, thus enabling the robot to climb on 25° slopes and hold on statically to 51° slopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampada Acharya
- Far-from-equilibrium Materials Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Peter Roberts
- Soft Machines Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tejas Rane
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Raghav Singhal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Peize Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Viraj Ranade
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Carmel Majidi
- Soft Machines Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Victoria Webster-Wood
- The CMU B.O.R.G, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - B. Reeja-Jayan
- Far-from-equilibrium Materials Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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14
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Linghu C, Liu Y, Tan YY, Sing JHM, Tang Y, Zhou A, Wang X, Li D, Gao H, Hsia KJ. Overcoming the adhesion paradox and switchability conflict on rough surfaces with shape-memory polymers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221049120. [PMID: 36940332 PMCID: PMC10068835 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221049120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart adhesives that can be applied and removed on demand play an important role in modern life and manufacturing. However, current smart adhesives made of elastomers suffer from the long-standing challenges of the adhesion paradox (rapid decrease in adhesion strength on rough surfaces despite adhesive molecular interactions) and the switchability conflict (trade-off between adhesion strength and easy detachment). Here, we report the use of shape-memory polymers (SMPs) to overcome the adhesion paradox and switchability conflict on rough surfaces. Utilizing the rubbery-glassy phase transition in SMPs, we demonstrate, through mechanical testing and mechanics modeling, that the conformal contact in the rubbery state followed by the shape-locking effect in the glassy state results in the so-called rubber-to-glass (R2G) adhesion (defined as making contact in the rubbery state to a certain indentation depth followed by detachment in the glassy state), with extraordinary adhesion strength (>1 MPa) proportional to the true surface area of a rough surface, overcoming the classic adhesion paradox. Furthermore, upon transitioning back to the rubbery state, the SMP adhesives can detach easily due to the shape-memory effect, leading to a simultaneous improvement in adhesion switchability (up to 103, defined as the ratio of the SMP R2G adhesion to its rubbery-state adhesion) as the surface roughness increases. The working principle and the mechanics model of R2G adhesion provide guidelines for developing stronger and more switchable adhesives adaptable to rough surfaces, thereby enhancing the capabilities of smart adhesives, and impacting various fields such as adhesive grippers and climbing robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Linghu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Singapore
| | - Yangchengyi Liu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan411105, China
| | - Yee Yuan Tan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Singapore
| | - Jun Heng Marcus Sing
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Singapore
| | - Yuxuan Tang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Singapore
| | - Aiwu Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Singapore
| | - Xiufeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan411105, China
| | - Dong Li
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Singapore
| | - Huajian Gao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Singapore
- Institute of High-Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore138632, Singapore
| | - K. Jimmy Hsia
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Singapore
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15
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Wang D, Hu H, Li S, Tian H, Fan W, Li X, Chen X, Taylor AC, Shao J. Sensing-triggered stiffness-tunable smart adhesives. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf4051. [PMID: 36921055 PMCID: PMC10017039 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf4051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Artificial dry adhesives have exhibited great potential in the field of robotics. However, there is still a wide gap between bioinspired adhesives and living tissues, especially regarding the surface adaptability and switching ability of attachment/detachment. Here, we propose a sensing-triggered stiffness-tunable smart adhesive material, combining the functions of muscle tissues and sensing nerves rather than traditional biomimetic adhesive strategy that only focuses on structural geometry. Authorized by real-time perception of the interface contact state, conformal contact, shape locking, and active releasing are achieved by adjusting the stiffness based on the magnetorheological effect. Because of the fast switching of the magnetic field, a millisecond-level attachment/detachment response is successfully achieved, breaking the bottleneck of adhesive materials for high-speed manipulation. The innovative design can be applied to any toe's surface structure, opening up a previously unknown avenue for the development of adhesive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duorui Wang
- Micro-and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Hong Hu
- Micro-and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Micro-and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Hongmiao Tian
- Micro-and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Xiangming Li
- Micro-and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Xiaoliang Chen
- Micro-and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Ambrose C. Taylor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jinyou Shao
- Micro-and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
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16
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Duan W, Yu Z, Cui W, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Tian Y. Bio-inspired switchable soft adhesion for the boost of adhesive surfaces and robotics applications: A brief review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 313:102862. [PMID: 36848868 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
In nature, millions of creatures, such as geckos, tree frogs, octopuses, etc., have evolved fantastic switchable adhesion capabilities to climb swiftly on vertical even inverted surfaces or hunt for prey easily, adapting to harsh and unpredictable environments. Notably, these fascinating adhesive behaviors depend on interfacial forces (friction, van der Waals force, capillary force, vacuum suction, etc.), which primarily originate from the interactions between the soft micro/nanostructures evolved in the natural creatures and objects. Over the past few decades, these biological switchable adhesives have inspired scientists to explore and engineer desirable artificial adhesives. In this review, we summarized the state-of-the-art research on the ultra-fast adhesive motion of three types of biological organisms (gecko, tree frog, and octopus). Firstly, the basic adhesion principles in the three representative organisms, including micro/nanostructures, interfacial forces, and fundamental adhesion models, are reviewed. Then, we discussed the adhesion mechanisms of the prominent organisms from the perspective of soft contacts between micro/nanostructures and the substrates. Later, the mechanics-guided design principles of artificial adhesive surfaces, as well as the smart adhesion strategies, are summarized. The applications of these bio-inspired switchable adhesives are demonstrated, including wearable electronic devices, soft grippers, and climbing robots. The challenges and opportunities in this fast-growing field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwang Duan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zhilin Yu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wenhui Cui
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zengxin Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wenling Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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17
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Goshtasbi A, Sadeghi A. A bioinspired stiffness tunable sucker for passive adaptation and firm attachment to angular substrates. Front Robot AI 2023; 10:1080015. [PMID: 36824985 PMCID: PMC9941350 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2023.1080015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to adapt and conform to angular and uneven surfaces improves the suction cup's performance in grasping and manipulation. However, in most cases, the adaptation costs lack of required stiffness for manipulation after surface attachment; thus, the ideal scenario is to have compliance during adaptation and stiffness after attachment to the surface. Inspired by the capability of stiffness regulation in octopus suction cup, this article presents a suction cup that adapts to steep angular surfaces due to compliance and has high stiffness after attachment. In this design, the stiffness after attachment is provided by using granular jamming as vacuum driven stiffness modulation. Thus, the design is composed of a conventional active suction pad connected to a granular stalk, emulating a hinge behavior during adaptation and creating high stiffness by jamming granular particles driven by the same vacuum as the suction pad. During the experiment, the suction cup can adapt to angles up to 85° with a force lower than 0.5 N. We also investigated the effect of granular stalk's length on the adaptation and how this design performs compared to passive adaptation without stiffness modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Goshtasbi
- Soft Robotics Laboratory, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
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18
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Bonardd S, Nandi M, Hernández García JI, Maiti B, Abramov A, Díaz Díaz D. Self-Healing Polymeric Soft Actuators. Chem Rev 2023; 123:736-810. [PMID: 36542491 PMCID: PMC9881012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural evolution has provided multicellular organisms with sophisticated functionalities and repair mechanisms for surviving and preserve their functions after an injury and/or infection. In this context, biological systems have inspired material scientists over decades to design and fabricate both self-healing polymeric materials and soft actuators with remarkable performance. The latter are capable of modifying their shape in response to environmental changes, such as temperature, pH, light, electrical/magnetic field, chemical additives, etc. In this review, we focus on the fusion of both types of materials, affording new systems with the potential to revolutionize almost every aspect of our modern life, from healthcare to environmental remediation and energy. The integration of stimuli-triggered self-healing properties into polymeric soft actuators endow environmental friendliness, cost-saving, enhanced safety, and lifespan of functional materials. We discuss the details of the most remarkable examples of self-healing soft actuators that display a macroscopic movement under specific stimuli. The discussion includes key experimental data, potential limitations, and mechanistic insights. Finally, we include a general table providing at first glance information about the nature of the external stimuli, conditions for self-healing and actuation, key information about the driving forces behind both phenomena, and the most important features of the achieved movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bonardd
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad
de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, La Laguna 38206, Tenerife Spain
- Instituto
Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, La Laguna 38206, Tenerife Spain
| | - Mridula Nandi
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - José Ignacio Hernández García
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad
de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, La Laguna 38206, Tenerife Spain
- Instituto
Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, La Laguna 38206, Tenerife Spain
| | - Binoy Maiti
- School
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia
Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United
States
| | - Alex Abramov
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätstrasse 31, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - David Díaz Díaz
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad
de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, La Laguna 38206, Tenerife Spain
- Instituto
Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, La Laguna 38206, Tenerife Spain
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätstrasse 31, Regensburg 93053, Germany
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19
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Reversible Adhesive Bio-Toe with Hierarchical Structure Inspired by Gecko. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8010040. [PMID: 36648826 PMCID: PMC9844372 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The agile locomotion of adhesive animals is mainly attributed to their sophisticated hierarchical feet and reversible adhesion motility. Their structure-function relationship is an urgent issue to be solved to understand biologic adhesive systems and the design of bionic applications. In this study, the reversible adhesion/release behavior and structural properties of gecko toes were investigated, and a hierarchical adhesive bionic toe (bio-toe) consisting of an upper elastic actuator as the supporting/driving layer and lower bionic lamellae (bio-lamellae) as the adhesive layer was designed, which can adhere to and release from targets reversibly when driven by bi-directional pressure. A mathematical model of the nonlinear deformation and a finite element model of the adhesive contact of the bio-toe were developed. Meanwhile, combined with experimental tests, the effects of the structure and actuation on the adhesive behavior and mechanical properties of the bio-toe were investigated. The research found that (1) the bending curvature of the bio-toe, which is approximately linear with pressure, enables the bio-toe to adapt to a wide range of objects controllably; (2) the tabular bio-lamella could achieve a contact rate of 60% with a low squeeze contact of less than 0.5 N despite a ±10° tilt in contact posture; (3) the upward bending of the bio-toe under negative pressure provided sufficient rebounding force for a 100% success rate of release; (4) the ratio of shear adhesion force to preload of the bio-toe with tabular bio-lamellae reaches approximately 12, which is higher than that of most existing adhesion units and frictional gripping units. The bio-toe shows good adaptability, load capacity, and reversibility of adhesion when applied as the basic adhesive unit in a robot gripper and wall-climbing robot. Finally, the proposed reversible adhesive bio-toe with a hierarchical structure has great potential for application in space, defense, industry, and daily life.
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20
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Finger-palm synergistic soft gripper for dynamic capture via energy harvesting and dissipation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7700. [PMID: 36513668 PMCID: PMC9747793 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35479-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Robotic grippers, inspired by human hands, show an extraordinary ability to manipulate objects of various shapes, sizes, or materials. However, capturing objects with varying kinetic energy remains challenging, regardless of the classical rigid-bodied or frontier soft-bodied grippers. Here, we demonstrate a rapid energy harvesting and dissipation mechanism for the soft grippers leveraging the finger-palm synergy. Theoretically and experimentally, this mechanism enables a soft gripper to reliably capture high-speed targets by dissipating and harvesting almost all the target's kinetic energy within 30 milliseconds. The energy harvesting and dissipating capability are adjustable and can be enhanced by inflating pressure. Additionally, the harvested energy is autonomously transferred into fingers to enhance their grasping force and reduce the response time. To highlight, the grippers we developed are integrated into a six-rotor drone and successfully capture flying objects in an outdoor experiment. These results significantly advance robotics development in achieving dynamic capture of dynamic targets.
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21
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Core-shell dry adhesives for rough surfaces via electrically responsive self-growing strategy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7659. [PMID: 36496484 PMCID: PMC9741600 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35436-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioinspired dry adhesives have an extraordinary impact in the field of robotic manipulation and locomotion. However, there is a considerable difference between artificial structures and biological ones regarding surface adaptability, especially for rough surfaces. This can be attributed to their distinct structural configuration and forming mechanism. Here, we propose a core-shell adhesive structure that is obtained through a growth strategy, i.e., an electrically responsive self-growing core-shell structure. This growth strategy results in a specific mushroom-shaped structure with a rigid core and a soft shell, which exhibits excellent adhesion on typical target surfaces with roughness ranging from the nanoscale to the microscale up to dozens of micrometers. The proposed adhesion strategy extends dry adhesives from smooth surfaces to rough ones, especially for rough surfaces with roughness up to dozens or hundreds of micrometers, opening an avenue for the development of dry adhesive-based devices and systems.
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22
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Luo A, Pande SS, Turner KT. Versatile Adhesion-Based Gripping via an Unstructured Variable Stiffness Membrane. Soft Robot 2022; 9:1177-1185. [PMID: 35834559 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2021.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible and variable dry adhesion is a promising approach for versatile robotic grasping. Variable stiffness materials with a modulus that can be tuned using an external stimulus offer a unique approach to realize dynamic control of adhesion. In this study, an unstructured shape memory polymer (SMP) membrane with variable stiffness is used to pick-and-place three-dimensional objects. The variable stiffness of the SMP allows the membrane to conform to and make good contact with objects of various shapes in its soft state and then achieve high adhesive load capacity by switching to the stiff state. Release of objects is realized by switching to the soft state. The ratio between the high-adhesion and low-adhesion state is demonstrated to be >2000 on a curved substrate and ∼115 on a flat substrate. This gripper exhibits no adhesion in the unactivated state and maintains adhesion passively once actuation is complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoyi Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sumukh S Pande
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin T Turner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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23
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Jiang Q, Wang L, Weng Z, Wang Z, Dai Z, Chen W. Effect of the Structural Characteristics on Attachment-Detachment Mechanics of a Rigid-Flexible Coupling Adhesive Unit. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7030119. [PMID: 36134923 PMCID: PMC9496190 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The terminal toes of adhesive animals are characterized by rigid-flexible coupling, and their structure–function relationship is an urgent problem to be solved in understanding bioinspired adhesive systems and the design of biomimetic adhesive units. In this paper, inspired by the rigid-flexible coupling adhesive system of the gecko toe, a rigid-flexible coupling adhesive unit was designed, the interface strength of the adhesives under different preloads was tested, and the model and analysis method of the compression and peeling process of the rigid-flexible coupling adhesive unit was established. Meanwhile, combined with the experimental test, the effect of the coupling mechanism of the rigid-flexible structure on the interfacial stress and the final peeling force during the compression and peeling process of the adhesive unit was studied. The research found that the length of the adhesive unit L has no apparent effect on the normal peel force of the system within a specific range, and the normal peeling force increases linearly with the increase in the compression force P; while the influence of the inclination angle θ0 of the adhesive unit and the thickness of the rigid backing layer hb on the final normal peeling force of the system presents nonlinear characteristics, when the inclination angle θ0 of the adhesive unit is 5°, and the thickness of the rigid backing layer hb is 0.2 mm or 0.3 mm, the normal peel force and the ratio of adhesion force to preload the system reaches its maximum value. Compared with the flexible adhesive unit, the compressed zone formed by the rigid-flexible coupling adhesive unit during the same compression process increased by 6.7 times, while under the same peeling force, the peel zone increased by 8 times, and the maximum normal tensile stress at the peeling end decreased by 20 times. The rigid-flexible coupling mechanics improves the uniformity of the contact stress during the compression and peeling process. The research results provide guidelines for the design of the rigid-flexible coupling adhesive unit, further providing the end effector of the bionic wall-climbing robot with a rigid-flexible coupled bionic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Jiang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Liuwei Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Zhiyuan Weng
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Zhouyi Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shenzhen 518063, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (W.C.)
| | - Zhendong Dai
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (W.C.)
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24
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Abstract
Anchoring soft millirobots on surfaces, such as biological tissues, is essential to perform long-duration medical functions robustly on a target position. For robust anchoring, we propose a wireless mechanism that can be precisely controlled by remote heating to achieve on-demand needle release and mechanical interlocking. Such a mechanism can be easily integrated on existing untethered soft robots, allowing them to anchor robustly to soft surfaces while retaining their locomotion capabilities. Furthermore, we demonstrate advanced functionalities of such robots, such as controlled surface detachment and subsurface drug delivery into three-dimensional cancer spheroids. Given these capabilities, the proposed mechanism can serve as a platform for the development of soft robots with a new suite of biomedical capabilities. Untethered soft miniature robots capable of accessing hard-to-reach regions can enable new, disruptive, and minimally invasive medical procedures. However, once the control input is removed, these robots easily move from their target location because of the dynamic motion of body tissues or fluids, thereby restricting their use in many long-term medical applications. To overcome this, we propose a wireless spring-preloaded barbed needle release mechanism, which can provide up to 1.6 N of force to drive a barbed needle into soft tissues to allow robust on-demand anchoring on three-dimensional (3D) surfaces. The mechanism is wirelessly triggered using radio-frequency remote heating and can be easily integrated into existing untethered soft robotic platforms without sacrificing their mobility. Design guidelines aimed at maximizing anchoring over the range of the most biological tissues (kPa range) and extending the operating depth of the device inside the body (up to 75%) are also presented. Enabled by these advances, we achieve robust anchoring on a variety of ex vivo tissues and demonstrate the usage of such a device when integrated with existing soft robotic platforms and medical imaging. Moreover, by simply changing the needle, we demonstrate additional functionalities such as controlled detachment and subsurface drug delivery into 3D cancer spheroids. Given these capabilities, our proposed mechanism could enable the development of a new class of biomedical-related functionalities, such as local drug delivery, disease monitoring, and hyperthermia for future untethered soft medical robots.
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25
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Shi Z, Tan D, Wang Z, Xiao K, Zhu B, Meng F, Liu Q, Wang X, Xue L. Switchable Adhesion on Curved Surfaces Mimicking the Coordination of Radial-Oriented Spatular Tips and Motion of Gecko Toes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:31448-31454. [PMID: 35763590 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bio-inspired structured adhesives have promising applications in many fields, like biomedicine, robotics, and aerospace. However, achieving robust and switchable adhesion in structured adhesives on non-planar surfaces remains highly challenging. Inspired by the gripping and rolling motions of gecko toes, a strong and switchable adhesive, which comprises a pillar array with radial-oriented spatular tips and is named as PROST, is developed. PROST possesses a robust adhesion on flat surfaces and doubles its adhesion on curved surfaces. Moreover, in situ and fast adhesion switching of PROST on flat/curved surfaces in dry and wet conditions has been realized by solvent stimulation, mimicking the bending locomotion of gecko toes. The work here provides a new strategy for designing controllable adhesion on curved substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhekun Shi
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, The Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Di Tan
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, The Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, The Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Kangjian Xiao
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, The Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, The Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Fandong Meng
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, The Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Quan Liu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, The Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Noise and Vibration, National Key Laboratory on Ship Vibration and Noise, Nava University of Engineer, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Longjian Xue
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, The Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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26
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Li M, Pal A, Aghakhani A, Pena-Francesch A, Sitti M. Soft actuators for real-world applications. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2022; 7:235-249. [PMID: 35474944 PMCID: PMC7612659 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-021-00389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by physically adaptive, agile, reconfigurable and multifunctional soft-bodied animals and human muscles, soft actuators have been developed for a variety of applications, including soft grippers, artificial muscles, wearables, haptic devices and medical devices. However, the complex performance of biological systems cannot yet be fully replicated in synthetic designs. In this Review, we discuss new materials and structural designs for the engineering of soft actuators with physical intelligence and advanced properties, such as adaptability, multimodal locomotion, self-healing and multi-responsiveness. We examine how performance can be improved and multifunctionality implemented by using programmable soft materials, and highlight important real-world applications of soft actuators. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for next-generation soft actuators, including physical intelligence, adaptability, manufacturing scalability and reproducibility, extended lifetime and end-of-life strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Aniket Pal
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amirreza Aghakhani
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Abdon Pena-Francesch
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Robotics Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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27
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Hassan A, Kim Y, Ryu S, Hatton B, Filleter T. Divisions in a Fibrillar Adhesive Increase the Adhesive Strength. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:59478-59486. [PMID: 34847669 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To realize the potential of bioinspired fibrillar adhesive applications ranging from biomedical devices to robotic grippers, there has been a significant effort to improve their adhesive strength and understanding of the underlying adhesion and detachment mechanisms. These efforts include changes to the backing layer, which connects the roots of all of the pillars in the fibrillar adhesive. However, previous approaches such as thickness or elastic modulus changes are selectively advantageous to the adhesive strength depending on the substrate condition because of the trade-off between conformity to misaligned/rough surfaces and increased interfacial stress concentrations. In this work, we explore mechanical divisions (cuts) in the backing layer as a new approach to improve the adhesive strength without this trade-off. We combine experiments and finite element analysis (FEA) to study the effect of the divisions, which decouples the mechanical interaction between the pillars on the divided layers, and show that the adhesive strength can be improved regardless of the substrate condition. Tensile adhesion experiments show increased adhesive strength with cuts to a micropost array (150 μm diameter posts) by approximately 25% for 4 divisions. In situ imaging of pillar detachment shows a transition of the detachment process from a peel-like detachment to a random detachment sequence. FEA simulations of the detachment process suggest that the increased strength may originate from a simultaneous enhancement of the load distribution between the pillars and the compliance of the backing layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aly Hassan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Yongtae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seunghwa Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Benjamin Hatton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A1, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3G8, Canada
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28
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Ruotolo W, Brouwer D, Cutkosky MR. From grasping to manipulation with gecko-inspired adhesives on a multifinger gripper. Sci Robot 2021; 6:eabi9773. [PMID: 34910528 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abi9773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Ruotolo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 424 Panama Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dane Brouwer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 424 Panama Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark R Cutkosky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 424 Panama Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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29
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Zhang C, Liu L, Xu K, Dong Z, Ding Y, Li Q, Li P. Hydraulically Coupled Dielectric Elastomer Actuators for a Bioinspired Suction Cup. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203481. [PMID: 34685240 PMCID: PMC8538296 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Suction cups of cephalopods show a preeminent performance when absorbing irregular or flat objects. In this paper, an octopi-inspired suction cup, driven by hydraulically coupled dielectric elastomer actuators (HCDEAs), is proposed, which is considered to be controlled easily and have compact structure. To investigate the performance of suction cups, experiments have been conducted to clarify the effect of the pre-stretch ratio and chamber angle on suction forces. It could be seen that both factors have a complicated influence on suction forces, and the best performance obtained was a reasonable combination of the pre-stretch ratio and chamber angle. Here, we achieved a maximum suction force of 175 mN with λp = 1.2, α = 23° under a DC voltage of 3500 V. To enhance the capacity and adaptation of the suction cup, flat objects of various types of materials were introduced as targets. Experimental results displayed that for tested materials, including a dry/wet acrylic plate, CD, ceramic wafer, and aluminum plate, the suction cup showed outstanding performance of absorbing and lifting the target without any damage or scratch to them. Our research may serve as a guide to the optimal design and provide insights into the performance of the HCDEAs-actuated suction cup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Expressway Construction Machinery of Shaanxi Province, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China; (C.Z.); (Z.D.)
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Expressway Construction Machinery of Shaanxi Province, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China; (C.Z.); (Z.D.)
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (K.X.); (Y.D.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kanghui Xu
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (K.X.); (Y.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Zhonghong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Expressway Construction Machinery of Shaanxi Province, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China; (C.Z.); (Z.D.)
| | - Yuxi Ding
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (K.X.); (Y.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Qi Li
- Highway School, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China;
| | - Pengfei Li
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (K.X.); (Y.D.); (P.L.)
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30
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Song S, Joshi S, Paik J. CMOS-Inspired Complementary Fluidic Circuits for Soft Robots. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100924. [PMID: 34459157 PMCID: PMC8529426 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The latest efforts in digital fluidic circuits' research aim at being electronics-free, light-weight, and compliant controllers for soft robots; however, challenges arise to adjust the fluidic circuit's digital logic operations. Currently there is no other way to modulate the amplitude or frequency but to structurally redesign the entire fluidic circuitry. This is mainly because there is currently no method to create an analog circuit-like behavior in the digital fluidic circuits using conventional digitized fluidic gates. In this work, a new approach is presented to designing a circuit with digitized fluidic gates that is comparable to an analog circuit capable of actively tuning the circuit's fluidic characteristics, such as pressure gain, amplitude of output, and time response. For the first time, a pressure-controlled oscillator is modeled, designed, and prototyped that not only controls the fluidic oscillation, but also modulates its frequency using only a single, quasi-static pressure input. It can also demonstrate the circuit's performance for the control of a soft robotic system by actively modulating the motion of a soft earthworm robot up to twice of crawling speeds. This work has distinct contributions to designing and building intelligent pneumatic controllers toward truly comprehensive soft robotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukho Song
- Reconfigurable Robotics LaboratoryÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)Lausanne1015Switzerland
| | - Sagar Joshi
- Reconfigurable Robotics LaboratoryÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)Lausanne1015Switzerland
| | - Jamie Paik
- Reconfigurable Robotics LaboratoryÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)Lausanne1015Switzerland
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31
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Li X, Li X, Li L, Meng Y, Tian Y. Load Sharing Design of a Multi-legged Adaptable Gripper With Gecko-Inspired Controllable Adhesion. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2021.3107603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Son D, Liimatainen V, Sitti M. Machine Learning-Based and Experimentally Validated Optimal Adhesive Fibril Designs. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102867. [PMID: 34414656 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Setae, fibrils located on a gecko's feet, have been an inspiration of synthetic dry microfibrillar adhesives in the last two decades for a wide range of applications due to unique properties: residue-free, repeatable, tunable, controllable and silent adhesion; self-cleaning; and breathability. However, designing dry fibrillar adhesives is limited by a template-based-design-approach using a pre-determined bioinspired T- or wedge-shaped mushroom tip. Here, a machine learning-based computational approach to optimize designs of adhesive fibrils is shown, exploring a much broader design space. A combination of Bayesian optimization and finite element methods creates novel optimal designs of adhesive fibrils, which are fabricated by two-photon-polymerization-based 3D microprinting and double-molding-based replication out of polydimethylsiloxane. Such optimal elastomeric fibril designs outperform previously proposed designs by maximum 77% in the experiments of dry adhesion performance on smooth surfaces. Furthermore, finite-element-analyses reveal that the adhesion of the fibrils is sensitive to the 3D fibril stem shape, tensile deformation, and fibril microfabrication limits, which contrast with the previous assumptions that mostly neglect the deformation of the fibril tip and stem, and focus only on the fibril tip geometry. The proposed computational fibril design could help design future optimal fibrils with less help from human intuition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon Son
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ville Liimatainen
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Okmetic Oy, Vantaa, 01510, Finland
| | - Metin Sitti
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
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33
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Lee HJ, Baik S, Hwang GW, Song JH, Kim DW, Park BY, Min H, Kim JK, Koh JS, Yang TH, Pang C. An Electronically Perceptive Bioinspired Soft Wet-Adhesion Actuator with Carbon Nanotube-Based Strain Sensors. ACS NANO 2021; 15:14137-14148. [PMID: 34425674 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of bioinspired switchable adhesive systems has promising solutions in various industrial/medical applications. Switchable and perceptive adhesion regardless of the shape or surface shape of the object is still challenging in dry and aquatic surroundings. We developed an electronic sensory soft adhesive device that recapitulates the attaching, mechanosensory, and decision-making capabilities of a soft adhesion actuator. The soft adhesion actuator of an artificial octopus sucker may precisely control its robust attachment against surfaces with various topologies in wet environments as well as a rapid detachment upon deflation. Carbon nanotube-based strain sensors are three-dimensionally coated onto the irregular surface of the artificial octopus sucker to mimic nerve-like functions of an octopus and identify objects via patterns of strain distribution. An integration with machine learning complements decision-making capabilities to predict the weight and center of gravity for samples with diverse shapes, sizes, and mechanical properties, and this function may be useful in turbid water or fragile environments, where it is difficult to utilize vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heon Joon Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyul Baik
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gui Won Hwang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Wan Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Yong Park
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Data Science, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongho Min
- Department SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Kyu Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Sung Koh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Heon Yang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju-si 27469, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyun Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyunggi-do, Republic of Korea
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34
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Li S, Liu H, Tian H, Wang C, Wang D, Wu Y, Shao J. Dytiscus lapponicus-Inspired Structure with High Adhesion in Dry and Underwater Environments. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:42287-42296. [PMID: 34455771 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal adhesive structure of many animals generates reliable adhesion on their engaged surfaces. However, current bio-inspired adhesion structures are difficult to function well in dry and underwater environments simultaneously. Interestingly, the male Dytiscus lapponicus attaches firmly to the rough shell of the female D. lapponicus in both dry and underwater conditions owing to the adhesive setae of its forelegs, and to the best of our knowledge, designing adhesive structures on multienvironments has never been reported. Here, a D. lapponicus-inspired adhesion structure (DIAS) is proposed and fabricated using double-exposure-fill molding technology accompanied with the material curing shrinkage, in which different structural features could be achieved by varying curing shrinkage ratios, elastic moduli, and back exposure time. The DIAS offered high, reversible, and repeatable strength in dry and underwater conditions with values of 205 and 133 kPa, respectively. By comparing the adhesion properties of different shapes via testing experiments and numerical analysis, a structural feature with an inclination of 15° was found to be optimal. Finally, the potential application of the DIAS in flexible electronic smart skin-attachable devices was demonstrated on a pig skin, paving the way for further bio-inspired adhesive designs for both dry and wet scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Haoran Liu
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Hongmiao Tian
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Duorui Wang
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Yihang Wu
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Jinyou Shao
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
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35
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Song S, Drotlef D, Son D, Koivikko A, Sitti M. Adaptive Self-Sealing Suction-Based Soft Robotic Gripper. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100641. [PMID: 34218533 PMCID: PMC8425915 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
While suction cups prevail as common gripping tools for a wide range of real-world parts and surfaces, they often fail to seal the contact interface when engaging with irregular shapes and textured surfaces. In this work, the authors propose a suction-based soft robotic gripper where suction is created inside a self-sealing, highly conformable and thin flat elastic membrane contacting a given part surface. Such soft gripper can self-adapt the size of its effective suction area with respect to the applied load. The elastomeric membrane covering edge of the soft gripper can develop an air-tight self-sealing with parts even smaller than the gripper diameter. Such gripper shows 4 times higher adhesion than the one without the membrane on various textured surfaces. The two major advantages, underactuated self-adaptability and enhanced suction performance, allow the membrane-based suction mechanism to grip various three-dimensional (3D) geometries and delicate parts, such as egg, lime, apple, and even hydrogels without noticeable damage, which can have not been gripped with the previous adhesive microstructures-based and active suction-based soft grippers. The structural and material simplicity of the proposed soft gripper design can have a broad use in diverse fields, such as digital manufacturing, robotic manipulation, transfer printing, and medical gripping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukho Song
- Physical Intelligence DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Intelligent SystemsStuttgart70569Germany
- Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic InterfacesÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneGeneva1202Switzerland
| | - Dirk‐Michael Drotlef
- Physical Intelligence DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Intelligent SystemsStuttgart70569Germany
| | - Donghoon Son
- Physical Intelligence DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Intelligent SystemsStuttgart70569Germany
- School of Mechanical EngineeringPusan National UniversityBusan46241South Korea
| | - Anastasia Koivikko
- Physical Intelligence DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Intelligent SystemsStuttgart70569Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampere33720Finland
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Intelligent SystemsStuttgart70569Germany
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
- School of Medicine and College of EngineeringKoç UniversityIstanbul34450Turkey
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36
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Su L, Jin DD, Pan CF, Xia N, Chan KF, Iacovacci V, Xu T, Du X, Zhang L. A mobile magnetic pad with fast light-switchable adhesion capabilities. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2021; 16:055005. [PMID: 34225261 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac114a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Octopus suckers that possess the ability to actively control adhesion through muscle actuation have inspired artificial adhesives for safe manipulation of thin and delicate objects. However, the design of adhesives with fast adhesion switching speed to transport cargoes in confined spaces remains an open challenge. Here, we present an untethered magnetic adhesive pad combining the functionality of fast adhesion switching and remotely controlled locomotion. The adhesive pad can be activated from low-adhesion state to high-adhesion state by near infrared laser within 30 s, allowing to fulfill a high-throughput task of retrieving and releasing objects. Moreover, under the guidance of external magnetic field, the proposed pad is demonstrated to transport thin and fragile electronic components across a tortuous path, thus indicating its potential for dexterous delivery in complex working environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Su
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Dong Jin
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Feng Pan
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Neng Xia
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Fung Chan
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Veronica Iacovacci
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa 56025, Italy
| | - Tiantian Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Robotics and Intelligent System, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemin Du
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering (IBHE), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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37
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Hu Q, Dong E, Sun D. Soft Gripper Design Based on the Integration of Flat Dry Adhesive, Soft Actuator, and Microspine. IEEE T ROBOT 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/tro.2020.3043981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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38
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Hao Y, Visell Y. Beyond Soft Hands: Efficient Grasping With Non-Anthropomorphic Soft Grippers. Front Robot AI 2021; 8:632006. [PMID: 34307466 PMCID: PMC8293914 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.632006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Grasping and manipulation are challenging tasks that are nonetheless critical for many robotic systems and applications. A century ago, robots were conceived as humanoid automata. While conceptual at the time, this viewpoint remains influential today. Many robotic grippers have been inspired by the dexterity and functionality of the prehensile human hand. However, multi-fingered grippers that emulate the hand often integrate many kinematic degrees-of-freedom, and thus complex mechanisms, which must be controlled in order to grasp and manipulate objects. Soft fingers can facilitate grasping through intrinsic compliance, enabling them to conform to diverse objects. However, as with conventional fingered grippers, grasping via soft fingers involves challenges in perception, computation, and control, because fingers must be placed so as to achieve force closure, which depends on the shape and pose of the object. Emerging soft robotics research on non-anthropomorphic grippers has yielded new techniques that can circumvent fundamental challenges associated with grasping via fingered grippers. Common to many non-anthropomorphic soft grippers are mechanisms for morphological deformation or adhesion that simplify the grasping of diverse objects in different poses, without detailed knowledge of the object geometry. These advantages may allow robots to be used in challenging applications, such as logistics or rapid manufacturing, with lower cost and complexity. In this perspective, we examine challenges associated with grasping via anthropomorphic grippers. We describe emerging soft, non-anthropomorphic grasping methods, and how they may reduce grasping complexities. We conclude by proposing several research directions that could expand the capabilities of robotic systems utilizing non-anthropomorphic grippers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Hao
- Soft Transducers Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Yon Visell
- Media Arts and Technology Program, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
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39
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Son C, Kim S. Dual Adaptation of a Flexible Shape Memory Polymer Adhesive. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:27656-27662. [PMID: 34077179 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A shape memory polymer (SMP) adhesive forms a conformal and hermetic contact with a target surface at the soft, rubbery state and provides a high-strength dry adhesion at the rigid, glassy state. In particular, recent SMP adhesive studies show SMP's ability to adhere to various rough and even underwater yet rigid surfaces. However, achieving and retaining the strong adhesion on flexible target surfaces such as common fabrics has not been reported since a flexible target surface would easily be peeled off from an SMP adhesive, which is too rigid to accommodate the target surface flexing. Here, we introduce the dual adaptation of an SMP adhesive composed of a thin SMP layer and a backing fabric, which involves the shape adaptation to make a strong adhesive contact and the flexure adaptation to tolerate a target surface flexing. To discover the criteria for optimizing both shape and flexure adaptations, we present the theoretical rationale as well as the computational and experimental studies in this work. Based on the findings here, we design a thin SMP adhesive and demonstrate its dry and underwater adhesive performances on common clothes to highlight its potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChangHee Son
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Seok Kim
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohand University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
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40
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Zhang Y, Zhang W, Yang J, Pu W. Bioinspired Soft Robotic Fingers with Sequential Motion Based on Tendon-Driven Mechanisms. Soft Robot 2021; 9:531-541. [PMID: 34115957 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2021.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The conformability is yet a challenge for most soft robotic grippers due to the continuous motion and deformation of these machines under external force. Herein, inspired by the movement mechanism of human fingers, we propose a novel tendon-driven soft robotic finger with a preprogrammed bending configuration and a human finger like sequential motion that can be obtained by matching the stiffness gradient of the finger joints with three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. The contents of this article are organized as follows. First, the effect of the anisotropy caused by 3D printing filling direction on the mechanical property is investigated by tensile test. Then, kinematic, stiffness, and fingertip trajectory models are established to analyze the influence of the cross-section thickness and width on the bending and bearing capacity of the finger joint. Furthermore, several experiments are conducted on a self-built experimental platform to evaluate the advantages of sequential motion induced by stiffness gradients. Results reveal that soft robotic fingers with sequential motion show excellent conformability on the object surfaces with various curvatures and outperform nonsequential motion fingers with larger envelop range. Without changing motion trajectories of the fingertip, the deformability of the finger can be tuned by adjusting only the stiffness of the joint. Besides, a two-finger gripper is developed, which presents the capability of grasping objects with different shapes and weights in practical applications. The sequential motion mechanism proposed in this study shows promising potential in soft grippers and robotic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wang Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jialong Yang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Pu
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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41
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Hensel R, Thiemecke J, Booth JA. Preventing Catastrophic Failure of Microfibrillar Adhesives in Compliant Systems Based on Statistical Analysis of Adhesive Strength. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:19422-19429. [PMID: 33847491 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Adhesives based on fibrillar surface microstructures have shown great potential for handling applications requiring strong, reversible, and switchable adhesion. Recently, the importance of the statistical distribution of adhesive strength of individual fibrils in controlling the overall performance was revealed. Strength variations physically correspond to different interfacial defect sizes, which, among other factors, are related to surface roughness. For analysis of the strength distribution, Weibull's statistical theory of fracture was introduced. In this study, the importance of the statistical properties in controlling the stability of attachment is explored. Considering the compliance of the loading system, we develop a stability criterion based on the Weibull statistical parameters. It is shown that when the distribution in fibril adhesive strength is narrow, the global strength is higher but unstable detachment is more likely. Experimental variation of the loading system compliance for a specimen of differing statistical properties shows a transition to unstable detachment at low system stiffness, in good agreement with the theoretical stability map. This map serves to inform the design of gripper compliance, when coupled with statistical analysis of strength on the target surface of interest. Such a treatment could prevent catastrophic failure by spontaneous detachment of an object from an adhesive gripper.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Hensel
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jonathan Thiemecke
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jamie A Booth
- Mechanical Engineering Department, California State University, Northridge, California 91330, United States
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42
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Huang J, Liu Y, Yang Y, Zhou Z, Mao J, Wu T, Liu J, Cai Q, Peng C, Xu Y, Zeng B, Luo W, Chen G, Yuan C, Dai L. Electrically programmable adhesive hydrogels for climbing robots. Sci Robot 2021; 6:6/53/eabe1858. [PMID: 34043565 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abe1858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although there have been notable advances in adhesive materials, the ability to program attaching and detaching behavior in these materials remains a challenge. Here, we report a borate ester polymer hydrogel that can rapidly switch between adhesive and nonadhesive states in response to a mild electrical stimulus (voltages between 3.0 and 4.5 V). This behavior is achieved by controlling the exposure and shielding of the catechol group through water electrolysis-induced reversible cleavage and reformation of the borate ester moiety. By switching the electric field direction, the hydrogel can repeatedly attach to and detach from various surfaces with a response time as low as 1 s. This programmable attaching/detaching strategy provides an alternative approach for robot climbing. The hydrogel is simply pasted onto the moving parts of climbing robots without complicated engineering and morphological designs. Using our hydrogel as feet and wheels, the tethered walking robots and wheeled robots can climb on both vertical and inverted conductive substrates (i.e., moving upside down) such as stainless steel and copper. Our study establishes an effective route for the design of smart polymer adhesives that are applicable in intelligent devices and an electrochemical strategy to regulate the adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Huang
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Mao
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Wu
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Qipeng Cai
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaohua Peng
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiting Xu
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Birong Zeng
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiang Luo
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Guorong Chen
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Conghui Yuan
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China. .,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizong Dai
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China. .,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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43
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Wang Z, Furuta H, Hirai S, Kawamura S. A Scooping-Binding Robotic Gripper for Handling Various Food Products. Front Robot AI 2021; 8:640805. [PMID: 33842557 PMCID: PMC8032991 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.640805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Food products are usually difficult to handle for robots because of their large variations in shape, size, softness, and surface conditions. It is ideal to use one robotic gripper to handle as many food products as possible. In this study, a scooping-binding robotic gripper is proposed to achieve this goal. The gripper was constructed using a pneumatic parallel actuator and two identical scooping-binding mechanisms. The mechanism consists of a thin scooping plate and multiple rubber strings for binding. When grasping an object, the mechanisms actively makes contact with the environment for scooping, and the object weight is mainly supported by the scooping plate. The binding strings are responsible for stabilizing the grasping by wrapping around the object. Therefore, the gripper can perform high-speed pick-and-place operations. Contact analysis was conducted using a simple beam model and a finite element model that were experimentally validated. Tension property of the binding string was characterized and an analytical model was established to predict binding force based on object geometry and binding displacement. Finally, handling tests on 20 food items, including products with thin profiles and slippery surfaces, were performed. The scooping-binding gripper succeeded in handling all items with a takt time of approximately 4 s. The gripper showed potential for actual applications in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongkui Wang
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Haruki Furuta
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hirai
- Department of Robotics, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Sadao Kawamura
- Department of Robotics, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Chitose Robotics Inc., Tokyo, Japan
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44
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Koivikko A, Drotlef DM, Sitti M, Sariola V. Magnetically switchable soft suction grippers. EXTREME MECHANICS LETTERS 2021; 44:101263. [PMID: 33834089 PMCID: PMC7610552 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2021.101263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Grasping is one of the key tasks for robots. Gripping fragile and complex three-dimensional (3D) objects without applying excessive contact forces has been a challenge for traditional rigid robot grippers. To solve this challenge, soft robotic grippers have been recently proposed for applying small forces and for conforming to complex 3D object shapes passively and easily. However, rigid grippers are still able to exert larger forces, necessary for picking heavy objects. Therefore, in this study, we propose a magnetically switchable soft suction gripper (diameter: 20 mm) to be able to apply both small and large forces. The suction gripper is in its soft state during approach and attachment while it is switched to its rigid state during picking. Such stiffness switching is enabled by filling the soft suction cup with a magnetorheological fluid (MR fluid), which is switched between low-viscosity (soft) and high-viscosity (rigid) states using a strong magnetic field. We characterized the gripper by measuring the force required to pull the gripper from a smooth glass surface. The force was up to 90% larger when the magnetic field was applied (7.1 N vs. 3.8 N). We also demonstrated picking of curved, rough, and wet 3D objects, and thin and delicate films. The proposed stiffness-switchable gripper can also carry heavy objects and still be delicate while handling fragile objects, which is very beneficial for future potential industrial part pick-and-place applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Koivikko
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Dirk-Michael Drotlef
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Veikko Sariola
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
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45
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Gong Z. Layer-Scale and Chip-Scale Transfer Techniques for Functional Devices and Systems: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:842. [PMID: 33806237 PMCID: PMC8065746 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hetero-integration of functional semiconductor layers and devices has received strong research interest from both academia and industry. While conventional techniques such as pick-and-place and wafer bonding can partially address this challenge, a variety of new layer transfer and chip-scale transfer technologies have been developed. In this review, we summarize such transfer techniques for heterogeneous integration of ultrathin semiconductor layers or chips to a receiving substrate for many applications, such as microdisplays and flexible electronics. We showed that a wide range of materials, devices, and systems with expanded functionalities and improved performance can be demonstrated by using these technologies. Finally, we give a detailed analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques, and discuss the future research directions of layer transfer and chip transfer techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Gong
- Institute of Semiconductors, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, No. 363 Changxing Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China;
- Foshan Debao Display Technology Co Ltd., Room 508-1, Level 5, Block A, Golden Valley Optoelectronics, Nanhai District, Foshan 528200, China
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46
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Baik S, Hwang GW, Jang S, Jeong S, Kim KH, Yang TH, Pang C. Bioinspired Microsphere-Embedded Adhesive Architectures for an Electrothermally Actuating Transport Device of Dry/Wet Pliable Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:6930-6940. [PMID: 33523645 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For highly conformable and universal transport devices, bioinspired dry adhesion systems with reversible molecular attractions (e.g., van der Waals forces, capillarity, or suction stress) between the engaged surfaces have recently become favorable for various dry/wet processes in flexible devices and medical applications. In addition, many efforts have been made for switchable attachments of such adhesives by employing costly sophisticated systems such as mechanically deformable chucks, UV-radiating components, or fluidic channels. In this work, we propose a simple electrothermally actuating transport device based on an octopus-inspired microsphere-embedded sucker (OMS). The adhesive with microsphere-embedded suckers offers enhanced adhesion on dry/wet surfaces, in accordance with investigation of the geometric and materials parameters of the novel suction architecture for maximizing adhesion interactions. Inspired by muscle actuation of octopus tentacles, we laminate the electrothermally reactive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) layer on the backside of the OMS adhesive patch. By controlling inputs of electrical energy, our assembled actuator may actively expand and contract reversibly to induce switchable attachments and detachments. Our bioinspired device can be integrated onto a robotic arm to attach and release against dry/wet flexible thin objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangyul Baik
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gui Won Hwang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyeon Jang
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Jeong
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Heon Yang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyun Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
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47
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Abstract
SUMMARYInteraction between a robot and its environment requires perception about the environment, which helps the robot in making a clear decision about the object type and its location. After that, the end effector will be brought to the object’s location for grasping. There are many research studies on the reaching and grasping of objects using different techniques and mechanisms for increasing accuracy and robustness during grasping and reaching tasks. Thus, this paper presents an extensive review of research directions and topics of different approaches such as sensing, learning and gripping, which have been implemented within the current five years.
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48
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Coulson R, Stabile CJ, Turner KT, Majidi C. Versatile Soft Robot Gripper Enabled by Stiffness and Adhesion Tuning via Thermoplastic Composite. Soft Robot 2021; 9:189-200. [PMID: 33481683 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2020.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the field of robotics, stiffness tuning technologies have potential for a variety of applications-perhaps most notably for robotic grasping. Many stiffness tuning grippers have been developed that can grasp fragile or irregularly shaped objects without causing damage and while still accommodating large loads. In addition to limiting gripper deformation when lifting an object, increasing gripper stiffness after contact formation improves load sharing at the interface and enhances adhesion. In this study, we present a novel stiffness and adhesion tuning gripper, enabled by the thermally induced phase change of a thermoplastic composite material embedded within a silicone contact pad. The gripper operates by bringing the pad into contact with an object while in its heated, soft state, and then allowing the pad to cool and stiffen to form a strong adhesive bond before lifting the object. Pull-off tests conducted using the gripper show that transitioning from a soft to stiff state during grasping enables up to 6 × increase in adhesion strength. Additionally, a finite element model is developed to simulate the behavior of the gripper. Finally, pick-and-place demonstrations are performed, which highlight the gripper's ability to delicately grasp objects of various shapes, sizes, and weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Coulson
- Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher J Stabile
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin T Turner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carmel Majidi
- Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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49
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Hooked on mushrooms: Preparation and mechanics of a bioinspired soft probabilistic fastener. Biointerphases 2021; 16:011002. [PMID: 33706524 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Probabilistic fasteners are known to provide strong attachment onto their respective surfaces. Examples are Velcro® and the "3M dual lock" system. However, these systems typically only function using specific counter surfaces and are often destructive to other surfaces such as fabrics. Moreover, the design parameters to optimize their functionality are not obvious. Here, we present a surface patterned with soft micrometric features inspired by the mushroom shape showing a nondestructive mechanical interlocking and thus attachment to fabrics. We provide a scalable experimental approach to prepare these surfaces and quantify the attachment strength with rheometric and video-based analysis. In these "probabilistic fasteners," we find that higher feature densities result in higher attachment force; however, the individual feature strength is higher on a low feature density surface. We interpret our results via a load-sharing principle common in fiber bundle models. Our work provides new handles for tuning the mechanical attachment properties of soft patterned surfaces that can be used in various applications including soft robotics.
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50
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Suresh SA, Hajj-Ahmad A, Hawkes EW, Cutkosky MR. Forcing the issue: testing gecko-inspired adhesives. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20200730. [PMID: 33435840 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials are traditionally tested either by imposing controlled displacements and measuring the corresponding forces, or by imposing controlled forces. The first of these approaches is more common because it is straightforward to control the displacements of a stiff apparatus and, if the material suddenly fails, little energy is released. However, when testing gecko-inspired adhesives, an applied force paradigm is closer to how the adhesives are loaded in practice. Moreover, we demonstrate that the controlled displacement paradigm can lead to artefacts in the assumed behaviour unless the imposed loading trajectory precisely matches the deflections that would occur in applications. We present the design of a controlled-force system and protocol for testing directional gecko-inspired adhesives and show that results obtained with it are in some cases substantially different from those with controlled-displacement testing. An advantage of the controlled-force testing approach is that it allows accurate generation of adhesive limit curves without prior knowledge of the expected behaviour of the material or the loading details associated with practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan A Suresh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amar Hajj-Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elliot W Hawkes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Mark R Cutkosky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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