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Boulgakoff L, D'Amato G, Miquerol L. Molecular Regulation of Cardiac Conduction System Development. Curr Cardiol Rep 2024:10.1007/s11886-024-02094-7. [PMID: 38990492 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-024-02094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The cardiac conduction system, composed of pacemaker cells and conducting cardiomyocytes, orchestrates the propagation of electrical activity to synchronize heartbeats. The conduction system plays a crucial role in the development of cardiac arrhythmias. In the embryo, the cells of the conduction system derive from the same cardiac progenitors as the contractile cardiomyocytes and and the key question is how this choice is made during development. RECENT FINDINGS This review focuses on recent advances in developmental biology using the mouse as animal model to better understand the cellular origin and molecular regulations that control morphogenesis of the cardiac conduction system, including the latest findings in single-cell transcriptomics. The conducting cell fate is acquired during development starting with pacemaking activity and last with the formation of a complex fast-conducting network. Cardiac conduction system morphogenesis is controlled by complex transcriptional and gene regulatory networks that differ in the components of the cardiac conduction system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaetano D'Amato
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS IBDM UMR7288, Marseille, France
| | - Lucile Miquerol
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS IBDM UMR7288, Marseille, France.
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2
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Mishra A, Tavasoli M, Sokolenko S, McMaster CR, Pasumarthi KB. Atrial natriuretic peptide signaling co-regulates lipid metabolism and ventricular conduction system gene expression in the embryonic heart. iScience 2024; 27:108748. [PMID: 38235330 PMCID: PMC10792247 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and its high affinity receptor (NPRA) are involved in the formation of ventricular conduction system (VCS). Inherited genetic variants in fatty acid oxidation (FAO) genes are known to cause conduction abnormalities in newborn children. Although the effect of ANP on energy metabolism in noncardiac cell types is well documented, the role of lipid metabolism in VCS cell differentiation via ANP/NPRA signaling is not known. In this study, histological sections and primary cultures obtained from E11.5 mouse ventricles were analyzed to determine the role of metabolic adaptations in VCS cell fate determination and maturation. Exogenous treatment of E11.5 ventricular cells with ANP revealed a significant increase in lipid droplet accumulation, FAO and higher expression of VCS marker Cx40. Using specific inhibitors, we further identified PPARγ and FAO as critical downstream regulators of ANP-mediated regulation of metabolism and VCS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Mahtab Tavasoli
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Stanislav Sokolenko
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Olejnickova V, Hamor PU, Janacek J, Bartos M, Zabrodska E, Sankova B, Kvasilova A, Kolesova H, Sedmera D. Development of ventricular trabeculae affects electrical conduction in the early endothermic heart. Dev Dyn 2024; 253:78-90. [PMID: 36400745 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ventricular trabeculae play a role, among others, in the impulse spreading in ectothermic hearts. Despite the morphological similarity with the early developing hearts of endotherms, this trabecular function in mammalian and avian embryos was poorly addressed. RESULTS We simulated impulse propagation inside the looping ventricle and revealed delayed apical activation in the heart with inhibited trabecular growth. This finding was corroborated by direct imaging of the endocardial surface showing early activation within the trabeculae implying preferential spreading of depolarization along with them. Targeting two crucial pathways of trabecular formation (Neuregulin/ErbB and Nkx2.5), we showed that trabecular development is also essential for proper conduction patterning. Persistence of the slow isotropic conduction likely contributed to the pumping failure in the trabeculae-deficient hearts. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed the essential role of trabeculae in intraventricular impulse spreading and conduction patterning in the early endothermic heart. Lack of trabeculae leads to the failure of conduction parameters differentiation resulting in primitive ventricular activation with consequent impact on the cardiac pumping function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Olejnickova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Uriel Hamor
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Janacek
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Bartos
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Stomatology, General University Hospital in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Zabrodska
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Sankova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Kvasilova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kolesova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Sedmera
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Dobreva G, Heineke J. Inter- and Intracellular Signaling Pathways. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:271-294. [PMID: 38884717 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, both congenital and acquired, are the leading cause of death worldwide, associated with significant health consequences and economic burden. Due to major advances in surgical procedures, most patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) survive into adulthood but suffer from previously unrecognized long-term consequences, such as early-onset heart failure. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms resulting in heart defects and the lifelong complications due to hemodynamic overload are of utmost importance. Congenital heart disease arises in the first trimester of pregnancy, due to defects in the complex morphogenetic patterning of the heart. This process is coordinated through a complicated web of intercellular communication between the epicardium, the endocardium, and the myocardium. In the postnatal heart, similar crosstalk between cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts exists during pathological hemodynamic overload that emerges as a consequence of a congenital heart defect. Ultimately, communication between cells triggers the activation of intracellular signaling circuits, which allow fine coordination of cardiac development and function. Here, we review the inter- and intracellular signaling mechanisms in the heart as they were discovered mainly in genetically modified mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergana Dobreva
- ECAS (European Center for Angioscience), Department of Cardiovascular Genomics and Epigenomics, Mannheim Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Joerg Heineke
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany.
- ECAS (European Center for Angioscience), Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Mannheim Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
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5
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Grego-Bessa J, Gómez-Apiñaniz P, Prados B, Gómez MJ, MacGrogan D, de la Pompa JL. Nrg1 Regulates Cardiomyocyte Migration and Cell Cycle in Ventricular Development. Circ Res 2023; 133:927-943. [PMID: 37846569 PMCID: PMC10631509 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.323321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac ventricles provide the contractile force of the beating heart throughout life. How the primitive endocardium-layered myocardial projections called trabeculae form and mature into the adult ventricles is of great interest for biology and regenerative medicine. Trabeculation is dependent on the signaling protein Nrg1 (neuregulin-1). However, the mechanism of action of Nrg1 and its role in ventricular wall maturation are poorly understood. METHODS We investigated the functions and downstream mechanisms of Nrg1 signaling during ventricular chamber development using confocal imaging, transcriptomics, and biochemical approaches in mice with cardiac-specific inactivation or overexpression of Nrg1. RESULTS Analysis of cardiac-specific Nrg1 mutant mice showed that the transcriptional program underlying cardiomyocyte-oriented cell division and trabeculae formation depends on endocardial Nrg1 to myocardial ErbB2 (erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2) signaling and phospho-Erk (phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase; pErk) activation. Early endothelial loss of Nrg1 and reduced pErk activation diminished cardiomyocyte Pard3 and Crumbs2 (Crumbs Cell Polarity Complex Component 2) protein and altered cytoskeletal gene expression and organization. These alterations are associated with abnormal gene expression related to mitotic spindle organization and a shift in cardiomyocyte division orientation. Nrg1 is crucial for trabecular growth and ventricular wall thickening by regulating an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-like process in cardiomyocytes involving migration, adhesion, cytoskeletal actin turnover, and timely progression through the cell cycle G2/M phase. Ectopic cardiac Nrg1 overexpression and high pErk signaling caused S-phase arrest, sustained high epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-like gene expression, and prolonged trabeculation, blocking compact myocardium maturation. Myocardial trabecular patterning alterations resulting from above- or below-normal Nrg1-dependent pErk activation were concomitant with sarcomere actin cytoskeleton disorganization. The Nrg1 loss- and gain-of-function transcriptomes were enriched for Yap1 (yes-associated protein-1) gene signatures, identifying Yap1 as a potential downstream effector. Furthermore, biochemical and imaging data reveal that Nrg1 influences pErk activation and Yap1 nuclear-cytoplasmic distribution during trabeculation. CONCLUSIONS These data establish the Nrg1-ErbB2/ErbB4-Erk axis as a crucial regulator of cardiomyocyte cell cycle progression and migration during ventricular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Grego-Bessa
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development & Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (J.G.-B., P.G.-A., B.P., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (J.G.-B., P.G.-A., B.P., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.)
| | - Paula Gómez-Apiñaniz
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development & Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (J.G.-B., P.G.-A., B.P., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (J.G.-B., P.G.-A., B.P., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.)
| | - Belén Prados
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development & Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (J.G.-B., P.G.-A., B.P., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (J.G.-B., P.G.-A., B.P., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.)
| | | | - Donal MacGrogan
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development & Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (J.G.-B., P.G.-A., B.P., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (J.G.-B., P.G.-A., B.P., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.)
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development & Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (J.G.-B., P.G.-A., B.P., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (J.G.-B., P.G.-A., B.P., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.)
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Kim EE, Shekhar A, Ramachandran J, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Liu FY, Zhang J, Fishman GI. The transcription factor EBF1 non-cell-autonomously regulates cardiac growth and differentiation. Development 2023; 150:dev202054. [PMID: 37787076 PMCID: PMC10652039 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Reciprocal interactions between non-myocytes and cardiomyocytes regulate cardiac growth and differentiation. Here, we report that the transcription factor Ebf1 is highly expressed in non-myocytes and potently regulates heart development. Ebf1-deficient hearts display myocardial hypercellularity and reduced cardiomyocyte size, ventricular conduction system hypoplasia, and conduction system disease. Growth abnormalities in Ebf1 knockout hearts are observed as early as embryonic day 13.5. Transcriptional profiling of Ebf1-deficient embryonic cardiac non-myocytes demonstrates dysregulation of Polycomb repressive complex 2 targets, and ATAC-Seq reveals altered chromatin accessibility near many of these same genes. Gene set enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes in cardiomyocytes isolated from E13.5 hearts of wild-type and mutant mice reveals significant enrichment of MYC targets and, consistent with this finding, we observe increased abundance of MYC in mutant hearts. EBF1-deficient non-myocytes, but not wild-type non-myocytes, are sufficient to induce excessive accumulation of MYC in co-cultured wild-type cardiomyocytes. Finally, we demonstrate that BMP signaling induces Ebf1 expression in embryonic heart cultures and controls a gene program enriched in EBF1 targets. These data reveal a previously unreported non-cell-autonomous pathway controlling cardiac growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene E. Kim
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Akshay Shekhar
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jayalakshmi Ramachandran
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Fang-Yu Liu
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Glenn I. Fishman
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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7
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Single-cell transcriptomic analysis identifies murine heart molecular features at embryonic and neonatal stages. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7960. [PMID: 36575170 PMCID: PMC9794824 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35691-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart development is a continuous process involving significant remodeling during embryogenesis and neonatal stages. To date, several groups have used single-cell sequencing to characterize the heart transcriptomes but failed to capture the progression of heart development at most stages. This has left gaps in understanding the contribution of each cell type across cardiac development. Here, we report the transcriptional profile of the murine heart from early embryogenesis to late neonatal stages. Through further analysis of this dataset, we identify several transcriptional features. We identify gene expression modules enriched at early embryonic and neonatal stages; multiple cell types in the left and right atriums are transcriptionally distinct at neonatal stages; many congenital heart defect-associated genes have cell type-specific expression; stage-unique ligand-receptor interactions are mostly between epicardial cells and other cell types at neonatal stages; and mutants of epicardium-expressed genes Wt1 and Tbx18 have different heart defects. Assessment of this dataset serves as an invaluable source of information for studies of heart development.
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8
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Kvasilova A, Gregorovicova M, Olejnickova V, Kolesova H, Sedmera D. Myocardial development in crocodylians. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:2029-2047. [PMID: 36045487 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports confirmed the notion that there exists a rudimentary cardiac conduction system (CCS) in the crocodylian heart, and development of its ventricular part is linked to septation. We thus analyzed myocardial development with the emphasis on the CCS components and vascularization in two different crocodylian species. RESULTS Using optical mapping and HNK-1 immunostaining, pacemaker activity was localized to the right-sided sinus venosus. The atrioventricular conduction was restricted to dorsal part of the atrioventricular canal. Within the ventricle, the impulse was propagated from base-to-apex initially by the trabeculae, later by the ventricular septum, in which strands of HNK-1 positivity were temporarily observed. Completion of ventricular septation correlated with transition of ventricular epicardial activation pattern to mature apex-to-base direction from two periapical foci. Despite a gradual thickening of the ventricular wall, no morphological differentiation of the Purkinje network was observed. Thin-walled coronary vessels with endothelium positive for QH1 obtained a smooth muscle coat after septation. Intramyocardial vessels were abundant especially in the rapidly thickening left ventricular wall. CONCLUSIONS Most of the CCS components present in the homeiotherm hearts can be identified in the developing crocodylian heart, with a notable exception of the Purkinje network distinct from the trabeculae carneae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Kvasilova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Gregorovicova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Olejnickova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kolesova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Sedmera
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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9
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Neffeová K, Olejníčková V, Naňka O, Kolesová H. Development and diseases of the coronary microvasculature and its communication with the myocardium. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1560. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Neffeová
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Olejníčková
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology Czech Academy of Science Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Naňka
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kolesová
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology Czech Academy of Science Prague Czech Republic
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10
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Wang Y, Wei J, Zhang P, Zhang X, Wang Y, Chen W, Zhao Y, Cui X. Neuregulin-1, a potential therapeutic target for cardiac repair. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:945206. [PMID: 36120374 PMCID: PMC9471952 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.945206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NRG1 (Neuregulin-1) is an effective cardiomyocyte proliferator, secreted and released by endothelial vascular cells, and affects the cardiovascular system. It plays a major role in heart growth, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and other cardiovascular processes. Numerous experiments have shown that NRG1 can repair the heart in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, ischemia reperfusion, heart failure, cardiomyopathy and other cardiovascular diseases. NRG1 can connect related signaling pathways through the NRG1/ErbB pathway, which form signal cascades to improve the myocardial microenvironment, such as regulating cardiac inflammation, oxidative stress, necrotic apoptosis. Here, we summarize recent research advances on the molecular mechanisms of NRG1, elucidate the contribution of NRG1 to cardiovascular disease, discuss therapeutic approaches targeting NRG1 associated with cardiovascular disease, and highlight areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianliang Wei
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Yanan Zhao, ; Xiangning Cui,
| | - Xiangning Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yanan Zhao, ; Xiangning Cui,
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11
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Mishra A, Pasumarthi KBS. Application of Three-Dimensional Culture Method in the Cardiac Conduction System Research. Methods Protoc 2022; 5:mps5030050. [PMID: 35736551 PMCID: PMC9227420 DOI: 10.3390/mps5030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the most common type of birth defects. Several human case studies and genetically altered animal models have identified abnormalities in the development of ventricular conduction system (VCS) in the heart. While cell-based therapies hold promise for treating CHDs, translational efforts are limited by the lack of suitable in vitro models for feasibility and safety studies. A better understanding of cell differentiation pathways can lead to development of cell-based therapies for individuals living with CHD/VCS disorders. Here, we describe a new and reproducible 3-D cell culture method for studying cardiac cell lineage differentiation in vitro. We used primary ventricular cells isolated from embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) mouse embryos, which can differentiate into multiple cardiac cell types including VCS cells. We compared 3-D cultures with three types of basement membrane extracts (BME) for their abilities to support E11.5 ventricular cell differentiation. In addition, the effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and an inhibitor for its high affinity receptor were tested on cell differentiation in 3-D cultures. Following the cell culture, protocols for immunofluorescence imaging, cell extraction and protein isolation from the 3-D culture matrix and in-cell western methods are described. Further, these approaches can be used to study the effects of various ligands and genetic interventions on VCS cell development. We propose that these methodologies may also be extended for differentiation studies using other sources of stem cells such as induced pluripotent stem cells.
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12
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Pirruccello JP, Di Achille P, Nauffal V, Nekoui M, Friedman SF, Klarqvist MDR, Chaffin MD, Weng LC, Cunningham JW, Khurshid S, Roselli C, Lin H, Koyama S, Ito K, Kamatani Y, Komuro I, Jurgens SJ, Benjamin EJ, Batra P, Natarajan P, Ng K, Hoffmann U, Lubitz SA, Ho JE, Lindsay ME, Philippakis AA, Ellinor PT. Genetic analysis of right heart structure and function in 40,000 people. Nat Genet 2022; 54:792-803. [PMID: 35697867 PMCID: PMC10313645 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart diseases often involve maldevelopment of the evolutionarily recent right heart chamber. To gain insight into right heart structure and function, we fine-tuned deep learning models to recognize the right atrium, right ventricle and pulmonary artery, measuring right heart structures in 40,000 individuals from the UK Biobank with magnetic resonance imaging. Genome-wide association studies identified 130 distinct loci associated with at least one right heart measurement, of which 72 were not associated with left heart structures. Loci were found near genes previously linked with congenital heart disease, including NKX2-5, TBX5/TBX3, WNT9B and GATA4. A genome-wide polygenic predictor of right ventricular ejection fraction was associated with incident dilated cardiomyopathy (hazard ratio, 1.33 per standard deviation; P = 7.1 × 10-13) and remained significant after accounting for a left ventricular polygenic score. Harnessing deep learning to perform large-scale cardiac phenotyping, our results yield insights into the genetic determinants of right heart structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Pirruccello
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paolo Di Achille
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Victor Nauffal
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mahan Nekoui
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel F Friedman
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marcus D R Klarqvist
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark D Chaffin
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lu-Chen Weng
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan W Cunningham
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shaan Khurshid
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carolina Roselli
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Honghuang Lin
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA, USA
- Division of Clinical Informatics, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Satoshi Koyama
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genomics and Informatics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kaoru Ito
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genomics and Informatics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sean J Jurgens
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology and Preventive Medicine Sections, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Epidemiology Department, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Puneet Batra
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pradeep Natarajan
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Udo Hoffmann
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven A Lubitz
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Demoulas Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer E Ho
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- CardioVascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark E Lindsay
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Thoracic Aortic Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Demoulas Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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Feulner L, van Vliet PP, Puceat M, Andelfinger G. Endocardial Regulation of Cardiac Development. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9050122. [PMID: 35621833 PMCID: PMC9144171 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9050122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocardium is a specialized form of endothelium that lines the inner side of the heart chambers and plays a crucial role in cardiac development. While comparatively less studied than other cardiac cell types, much progress has been made in understanding the regulation of and by the endocardium over the past two decades. In this review, we will summarize what is currently known regarding endocardial origin and development, the relationship between endocardium and other cardiac cell types, and the various lineages that endocardial cells derive from and contribute to. These processes are driven by key molecular mechanisms such as Notch and BMP signaling. These pathways in particular have been well studied, but other signaling pathways and mechanical cues also play important roles. Finally, we will touch on the contribution of stem cell modeling in combination with single cell sequencing and its potential translational impact for congenital heart defects such as bicuspid aortic valves and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The detailed understanding of cellular and molecular processes in the endocardium will be vital to further develop representative stem cell-derived models for disease modeling and regenerative medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Feulner
- Cardiovascular Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (L.F.); (P.P.v.V.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Patrick Piet van Vliet
- Cardiovascular Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (L.F.); (P.P.v.V.)
- LIA (International Associated Laboratory) CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada;
- LIA (International Associated Laboratory) INSERM, 13885 Marseille, France
| | - Michel Puceat
- LIA (International Associated Laboratory) CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada;
- LIA (International Associated Laboratory) INSERM, 13885 Marseille, France
- INSERM U-1251, Marseille Medical Genetics, Aix-Marseille University, 13885 Marseille, France
| | - Gregor Andelfinger
- Cardiovascular Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (L.F.); (P.P.v.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Correspondence:
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14
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Valizadeh A, Asghari S, Mansouri P, Alemi F, Majidinia M, Mahmoodpoor A, Yousefi B. The roles of signaling pathways in cardiac regeneration. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2142-2166. [PMID: 34521319 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210914115411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, knowledge of cardiac regeneration mechanisms has dramatically expanded. Regeneration can replace lost parts of organs, common among animal species. The heart is commonly considered an organ with terminal development, which has no reparability potential during post-natal life; however, some intrinsic regeneration capacity has been reported for cardiac muscle, which opens novel avenues in cardiovascular disease treatment. Different endogenous mechanisms were studied for cardiac repairing and regeneration in recent decades. Survival, proliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis, cell-cell communication, cardiomyogenesis, and anti-aging pathways are the most important mechanisms that have been studied in this regard. Several in vitro and animal model studies focused on proliferation induction for cardiac regeneration reported promising results. These studies have mainly focused on promoting proliferation signaling pathways and demonstrated various signaling pathways such as Wnt, PI3K/Akt, IGF-1, TGF-β, Hippo, and VEGF signaling cardiac regeneration. Therefore, in this review, we intended to discuss the connection between different critical signaling pathways in cardiac repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Valizadeh
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
| | - Samira Asghari
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
| | - Parinaz Mansouri
- Students Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
| | - Forough Alemi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia. Iran
| | - Ata Mahmoodpoor
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
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15
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New Insights into the Development and Morphogenesis of the Cardiac Purkinje Fiber Network: Linking Architecture and Function. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8080095. [PMID: 34436237 PMCID: PMC8397066 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8080095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid propagation of electrical activity through the ventricular conduction system (VCS) controls spatiotemporal contraction of the ventricles. Cardiac conduction defects or arrhythmias in humans are often associated with mutations in key cardiac transcription factors that have been shown to play important roles in VCS morphogenesis in mice. Understanding of the mechanisms of VCS development is thus crucial to decipher the etiology of conduction disturbances in adults. During embryogenesis, the VCS, consisting of the His bundle, bundle branches, and the distal Purkinje network, originates from two independent progenitor populations in the primary ring and the ventricular trabeculae. Differentiation into fast-conducting cardiomyocytes occurs progressively as ventricles develop to form a unique electrical pathway at late fetal stages. The objectives of this review are to highlight the structure–function relationship between VCS morphogenesis and conduction defects and to discuss recent data on the origin and development of the VCS with a focus on the distal Purkinje fiber network.
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16
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Rho-Proteins and Downstream Pathways as Potential Targets in Sepsis and Septic Shock: What Have We Learned from Basic Research. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081844. [PMID: 34440613 PMCID: PMC8391638 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis and septic shock are associated with acute and sustained impairment in the function of the cardiovascular system, kidneys, lungs, liver, and brain, among others. Despite the significant advances in prevention and treatment, sepsis and septic shock sepsis remain global health problems with elevated mortality rates. Rho proteins can interact with a considerable number of targets, directly affecting cellular contractility, actin filament assembly and growing, cell motility and migration, cytoskeleton rearrangement, and actin polymerization, physiological functions that are intensively impaired during inflammatory conditions, such as the one that occurs in sepsis. In the last few decades, Rho proteins and their downstream pathways have been investigated in sepsis-associated experimental models. The most frequently used experimental design included the exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in both in vitro and in vivo approaches, but experiments using the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis have also been performed. The findings described in this review indicate that Rho proteins, mainly RhoA and Rac1, are associated with the development of crucial sepsis-associated dysfunction in different systems and cells, including the endothelium, vessels, and heart. Notably, the data found in the literature suggest that either the inhibition or activation of Rho proteins and associated pathways might be desirable in sepsis and septic shock, accordingly with the cellular system evaluated. This review included the main findings, relevance, and limitations of the current knowledge connecting Rho proteins and sepsis-associated experimental models.
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17
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Dong Y, Qian L, Liu J. Molecular and cellular basis of embryonic cardiac chamber maturation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 118:144-149. [PMID: 33994094 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Heart malformation is the leading cause of human birth defects, and many of the congenital heart diseases (CHDs) originate from genetic defects that impact cardiac development and maturation. During development, the vertebrate heart undergoes a series of complex morphogenetic processes that increase its ability to pump blood. One of these processes leads to the formation of the sheet-like muscular projections called trabeculae. Trabeculae increase cardiac output and permit nutrition and oxygen uptake in the embryonic myocardium prior to coronary vascularization without increasing heart size. Cardiac trabeculation is also crucial for the development of the intraventricular fast conduction system. Alterations in cardiac trabecular development can manifest as a variety of congenital defects such as left ventricular noncompaction. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying cardiac trabecular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhan Dong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Li Qian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jiandong Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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18
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Wang Y, Lu P, Jiang L, Wu B, Zhou B. Control of sinus venous valve and sinoatrial node development by endocardial NOTCH1. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 116:1473-1486. [PMID: 31591643 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Sinus venous valve (SVV) and sinoatrial node (SAN) develop together at the sinoatrial junction during embryogenesis. SVV ensures unidirectional cardiac input and SAN generates sinus rhythmic contraction, respectively; both functions are essential for embryonic survival. We aim to reveal the potential role of endocardial NOTCH signalling in SVV and SAN formation. METHODS AND RESULTS We specifically deleted Notch1 in the endocardium using an Nfatc1Cre line. This deletion resulted in underdeveloped SVV and SAN, associated with reduced expression of T-box transcription factors, Tbx5 andTbx18, which are essential for the formation of SVV and SAN. The deletion also led to decreased expression of Wnt2 in myocardium of SVV and SAN. WNT2 treatment was able to rescue the growth defect of SVV and SAN resulted from the Notch1 deletion in whole embryo cultures. Furthermore, the Notch1 deletion reduced the expression of Nrg1 in the SVV myocardium and supplement of NRG1 restored the growth of SVV in cultured Notch1 knockout embryos. CONCLUSION Our findings support that endocardial NOTCH1 controls the development of SVV and SAN by coordinating myocardial WNT and NRG1 signalling functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, China.,Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Pengfei Lu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Liping Jiang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Bingruo Wu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Paediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.,Department of Cardiology of First Affiliated Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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19
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Bhattacharyya S, Munshi NV. Development of the Cardiac Conduction System. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a037408. [PMID: 31988140 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac conduction system initiates and propagates each heartbeat. Specialized conducting cells are a well-conserved phenomenon across vertebrate evolution, although mammalian and avian species harbor specific components unique to organisms with four-chamber hearts. Early histological studies in mammals provided evidence for a dominant pacemaker within the right atrium and clarified the existence of the specialized muscular axis responsible for atrioventricular conduction. Building on these seminal observations, contemporary genetic techniques in a multitude of model organisms has characterized the developmental ontogeny, gene regulatory networks, and functional importance of individual anatomical compartments within the cardiac conduction system. This review describes in detail the transcriptional and regulatory networks that act during cardiac conduction system development and homeostasis with a particular emphasis on networks implicated in human electrical variation by large genome-wide association studies. We conclude with a discussion of the clinical implications of these studies and describe some future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikhil V Munshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology.,McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development.,Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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20
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Optimizing the Use of iPSC-CMs for Cardiac Regeneration in Animal Models. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091561. [PMID: 32887495 PMCID: PMC7552322 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In 2006, the first induced pluripotent stem cells were generated by reprogramming skin cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells undergo fast cell division, can differentiate into many different cell types, can be patient-specific, and do not raise ethical issues. Thus, they offer great promise as in vitro disease models, drug toxicity testing platforms, and for autologous tissue regeneration. Heart failure is one of the major causes of death worldwide. It occurs when the heart cannot meet the body’s metabolic demands. Induced pluripotent stem cells can be differentiated into cardiac myocytes, can form patches resembling native cardiac tissue, and can engraft to the damaged heart. However, despite correct host/graft coupling, most animal studies demonstrate an arrhythmogenicity of the engrafted tissue and variable survival. This is partially because of the heterogeneity and immaturity of the cells. New evidence suggests that by modulating induced pluripotent stem cells-cardiac myocytes (iPSC-CM) metabolism by switching substrates and changing metabolic pathways, you can decrease iPSC-CM heterogeneity and arrhythmogenicity. Novel culture methods and tissue engineering along with animal models of heart failure are needed to fully unlock the potential of cardiac myocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells for cardiac regeneration. Abstract Heart failure (HF) is a common disease in which the heart cannot meet the metabolic demands of the body. It mostly occurs in individuals 65 years or older. Cardiac transplantation is the best option for patients with advanced HF. High numbers of patient-specific cardiac myocytes (CMs) can be generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and can possibly be used to treat HF. While some studies found iPSC-CMS can couple efficiently to the damaged heart and restore cardiac contractility, almost all found iPSC-CM transplantation is arrhythmogenic, thus hampering the use of iPSC-CMs for cardiac regeneration. Studies show that iPSC-CM cultures are highly heterogeneous containing atrial-, ventricular- and nodal-like CMs. Furthermore, they have an immature phenotype, resembling more fetal than adult CMs. There is an urgent need to overcome these issues. To this end, a novel and interesting avenue to increase CM maturation consists of modulating their metabolism. Combined with careful engineering and animal models of HF, iPSC-CMs can be assessed for their potential for cardiac regeneration and a cure for HF.
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21
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A missense mutation of ErbB2 produces a novel mouse model of stillbirth associated with a cardiac abnormality but lacking abnormalities of placental structure. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233007. [PMID: 32492036 PMCID: PMC7269201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In humans, stillbirth describes the death of a fetus before birth after 28 weeks gestation, and accounts for approximately 2.6 million deaths worldwide annually. In high-income countries, up to half of stillbirths have an unknown cause and are described as “unexplained stillbirths”; this lack of understanding impairs efforts to prevent stillbirth. There are also few animal models of stillbirth, but those that have been described usually have significant placental abnormalities. This study describes a novel mutant murine model of fetal death with atrial conduction block due to an ErbB2 missense mutation which is not associated with abnormal placental morphology. Methods Phenotypic characterisation and histological analysis of the mutant mouse model was conducted. The mRNA distribution of the early cardiomyocyte marker Nkx2-5 was assessed via in situ hybridisation. Cardiac structure was quantified and cellular morphology evaluated by electron microscopy. Immunostaining was employed to quantify placental structure and cell characteristics on matched heterozygous and homozygous mutant placental samples. Results There were no structural abnormalities observed in hearts of mutant embryos. Comparable Nkx2-5 expression was observed in hearts of mutants and controls, suggesting normal cardiac specification. Additionally, there was no significant difference in the weight, placenta dimensions, giant cell characteristics, labyrinth tissue composition, levels of apoptosis, proliferation or vascularisation between placentas of homozygous mutant mice and controls. Conclusion Embryonic lethality in the ErbB2 homozygous mutant mouse cannot be attributed to placental pathology. As such, we conclude the ErbB2M802R mutant is a model of stillbirth with a non-placental cause of death. The mechanism of the atrial block resulting from ErbB2 mutation and its role in embryonic death is still unclear. Studying this mutant mouse model could identify candidate genes involved in stillbirth associated with structural or functional cardiac defects.
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22
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FISHMAN GLENNI. TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF THE CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN CLINICAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2020; 131:48-54. [PMID: 32675842 PMCID: PMC7358472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac conduction system (VCS) is essential for normal myocardial excitation and contraction. Heritable and acquired syndromes perturbing conduction system formation or function are responsible for a substantial burden of cardiovascular disease, including heart block, triggered and reentrant arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death, myocardial dyssynchrony, and progression of heart failure. Our laboratory has employed stem cell models, genetically encoded conduction system reporter mice, comparative transcriptional profiling, and a battery of functional assays to elucidate the molecular determinants of conduction system development, physiology, and disease pathogenesis. Through these strategies, we have uncovered a diversity of novel conduction system-enriched genes, including transcription factors, receptors, and signaling molecules that modulate conduction system physiology. Our long-term goals are to leverage these discoveries for therapeutic impact and to diminish the burden of diseases resulting from abnormal cardiac rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- GLENN I. FISHMAN
- Correspondence and reprint requests: Glenn I. Fishman, MD, NYU School of Medicine, Science Building, Room 717, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY 10016212-263-3967212-263-3972
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23
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Mia MM, Singh MK. The Hippo Signaling Pathway in Cardiac Development and Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:211. [PMID: 31632964 PMCID: PMC6779857 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart disease continues to be the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cardiac malformation during development could lead to embryonic or postnatal death. However, matured heart tissue has a very limited regenerative capacity. Thus, loss of cardiomyocytes from injury or diseases in adults could lead to heart failure. The Hippo signaling pathway is a newly identified signaling cascade that modulates regenerative response by regulating cardiomyocyte proliferation in the embryonic heart, as well as in postnatal hearts after injury. In this review, we summarize recent findings highlighting the function and regulation of the Hippo signaling pathway in cardiac development and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masum M Mia
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Manvendra K Singh
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center, Singapore, Singapore
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24
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Tan CMJ, Lewandowski AJ. The Transitional Heart: From Early Embryonic and Fetal Development to Neonatal Life. Fetal Diagn Ther 2019; 47:373-386. [PMID: 31533099 DOI: 10.1159/000501906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Formation of the human heart involves complex biological signals, interactions, specification of myocardial progenitor cells, and heart tube looping. To facilitate survival in the hypoxemic intrauterine environment, the fetus possesses structural, physiological, and functional cardiovascular adaptations that are fundamentally different from the neonate. At birth, upon separation from the placental circulation, the neonatal cardiovascular system takes over responsibility of vital processes for survival. The transition from the fetal to neonatal circulation is considered to be a period of intricate physiological, anatomical, and biochemical changes in the cardiovascular system. With a successful cardiopulmonary transition to the extrauterine environment, the fetal shunts are functionally modified or eliminated, enabling independent life. Investigations using medical imaging tools such as ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging have helped to define normal and abnormal patterns of cardiac remodeling both in utero and ex utero. This has not only allowed for a better understanding of how congenital cardiac malformations alter the hemodynamic transition to the extrauterine environment but also how other more common complications during pregnancy including intrauterine growth restriction, preeclampsia, and preterm delivery adversely affect offspring cardiac remodeling during this early transitional period. This review article describes key cardiac progenitors involved in embryonic heart development; the cellular, physiological, and anatomical changes during the transition from fetal to neonatal circulation; as well as the unique impact that different pregnancy complications have on cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Mei Jun Tan
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adam James Lewandowski
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,
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25
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Abstract
The rate and rhythm of heart muscle contractions are coordinated by the cardiac conduction system (CCS), a generic term for a collection of different specialized muscular tissues within the heart. The CCS components initiate the electrical impulse at the sinoatrial node, propagate it from atria to ventricles via the atrioventricular node and bundle branches, and distribute it to the ventricular muscle mass via the Purkinje fibre network. The CCS thereby controls the rate and rhythm of alternating contractions of the atria and ventricles. CCS function is well conserved across vertebrates from fish to mammals, although particular specialized aspects of CCS function are found only in endotherms (mammals and birds). The development and homeostasis of the CCS involves transcriptional and regulatory networks that act in an embryonic-stage-dependent, tissue-dependent, and dose-dependent manner. This Review describes emerging data from animal studies, stem cell models, and genome-wide association studies that have provided novel insights into the transcriptional networks underlying CCS formation and function. How these insights can be applied to develop disease models and therapies is also discussed.
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26
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Rao P, Liu Z, Duan H, Dang S, Li H, Zhong L, Wang X, Wang L, Wang X. Pretreatment with neuregulin-1 improves cardiac electrophysiological properties in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:3141-3149. [PMID: 30936986 PMCID: PMC6434250 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) is considered to be a potential therapeutic agent for cardiovascular diseases due to its diverse protective effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of NRG-1 on cardiac electrophysiology in rats with myocardial infarction (MI). The rats were randomly divided into three groups: The sham operation group (SO; n=8); MI group (n=8); and the MI with recombinant human NRG (rhNRG)-1 administration group (NRG-1 group; 10 µg/kg; n=8). A rat MI model was established via ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The rats in the NRG-1 group received a 10 µg/kg rhNRG-1 injection through the tail vein 30 min prior to ligation. Following 24 h of intervention, the field potential (FP) parameters, including the interspike interval (ISI), field potential duration (FPD), FPrise, FPmin, FPmax and conduction velocity (CV), were measured using microelectrode array technology. Subsequently, burst pacing was performed to assess ventricular arrhythmia (VA) susceptibility in the left ventricle. FP parameters in the MI group were significantly different when compared with those observed in the SO group. ISI, FPD, FPrise and FPmax in the infarct, peri-infarct and normal zones, as well as the CV of the infarct and peri-infarct zones, were all significantly decreased, and FPmin in the normal zone was increased (P<0.05). However, when compared with the MI group, NRG-1 prolonged the ISI and FPD in the 3 zones, and increased FPrise in the infarct zone, FPmax in the normal zone and CV in the peri-infarct zone; it also decreased FPmin in the normal zone (P<0.05). Furthermore, the incidence of VA was significantly reduced in the NRG-1 group when compared with the MI group (P<0.05). In conclusion, NRG-1 improved cardiac electrophysiological properties and reduced VA susceptibility in acute MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Rao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ziqiang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Huinan Duan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Song Dang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Haitao Li
- Department of Cardiology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570100, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Medical and Healthcare Center for Women and Children, Wuhan, Hubei 430015, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Yuan SM. Fetal Arrhythmias: Genetic Background and Clinical Implications. Pediatr Cardiol 2019; 40:247-256. [PMID: 30478614 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-018-2008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fetal arrhythmias are a common phenomenon of pregnancies. However, debates remain with regard to the etiologies and early treatment of choices for severe fetal arrhythmias. The gene regulatory networks govern cardiac conduction system development to produce distinct nodal and fast conduction phenotypes. The slow conduction properties of nodes that display automaticity are determined by the cardiac ion channel genes, whereas the fast conduction properties are regulated by the transcription factors. Mutations of genes specific for the developmental processes and/or functional status of cardiac conduction system including ion channel promoter (minK-lacZ), GATA family of zinc finger proteins (GATA4), the homeodomain transcription factor (Nkx2.5), the homeodomain-only protein (Hop) and the T-box transcription factors (Tbx2, Tbx3 and Tbx5), hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4 (HCN4) and connexins, may cause fetal arrhythmias. It is expected that development of investigational antiarrhythmic agents based on genetic researches on cardiac conduction system, and clinical application of percutaneously implantable fetal pacemaker for the treatment of fetal arrhythmias would come to true.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Min Yuan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Putian, Teaching Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 389 Longdejing Street, Chengxiang District, Putian, 351100, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Moore-Morris T, van Vliet PP, Andelfinger G, Puceat M. Role of Epigenetics in Cardiac Development and Congenital Diseases. Physiol Rev 2019; 98:2453-2475. [PMID: 30156497 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00048.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart is the first organ to be functional in the fetus. Heart formation is a complex morphogenetic process regulated by both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Congenital heart diseases (CHD) are the most prominent congenital diseases. Genetics is not sufficient to explain these diseases or the impact of them on patients. Epigenetics is more and more emerging as a basis for cardiac malformations. This review brings the essential knowledge on cardiac biology of development. It further provides a broad background on epigenetics with a focus on three-dimensional conformation of chromatin. Then, we summarize the current knowledge of the impact of epigenetics on cardiac cell fate decision. We further provide an update on the epigenetic anomalies in the genesis of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Moore-Morris
- Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM UMR- 1251, Marseille , France ; Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; and Laboratoire International Associé INSERM, Marseille France-CHU Ste Justine, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Piet van Vliet
- Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM UMR- 1251, Marseille , France ; Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; and Laboratoire International Associé INSERM, Marseille France-CHU Ste Justine, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gregor Andelfinger
- Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM UMR- 1251, Marseille , France ; Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; and Laboratoire International Associé INSERM, Marseille France-CHU Ste Justine, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Puceat
- Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM UMR- 1251, Marseille , France ; Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; and Laboratoire International Associé INSERM, Marseille France-CHU Ste Justine, Quebec, Canada
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29
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Yuan SM. Fetal arrhythmias: Surveillance and management. Hellenic J Cardiol 2018; 60:72-81. [PMID: 30576831 DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal arrhythmias warrant sophisticated surveillance and management, especially for the high-risk pregnancies. Clinically, fetal arrhythmias can be categorized into 3 types: premature contractions, tachyarrhythmias, and bradyarrhythmias. Fetal arrhythmias include electrocardiography, cardiotocography, echocardiography and magnetocardiography. Oxygen saturation monitoring can be an effective way of fetal surveillance for congenital complete AV block or SVT during labor. Genetic surveillance of fetal arrhythmias may facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms of the arrhythmias and provide theoretical basis for diagnosis and treatment. For fetal benign arrhythmias, usually no treatment but a close follow-up is need, while persistant fetal arrhythmias with congestive heart dysfunction or hydrops fetalis, intrauterine or postnatal treatments are required. The prognoses of fetal arrhythmias depend on the type and severity of fetal arrhythmias and the associated fetal conditions. Responses of fetal arrhythmias to individual treatments and clinical schemes are heterogeneous, and the prognoses are poor particularly under such circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Min Yuan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Putian, Teaching Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Putian, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Quantification of Cardiomyocyte Beating Frequency Using Fourier Transform Analysis. PHOTONICS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics5040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pacemaker cardiomyocytes of the sinoatrial node (SAN) beat more rapidly than cells of the working myocardium. Beating in SAN cells responds to β-adrenergic and cholinergic signaling by speeding up or slowing, respectively. Beat rate has traditionally been assessed using voltage or calcium sensitive dyes, however these may not reflect the true rate of beating because they sequester calcium. Finally, in vitro differentiated cardiomyocytes sometimes briefly pause during imaging giving inaccurate beat rates. We have developed a MATLAB automation to calculate cardiac beat rates directly from video clips based on changes in pixel density at the edges of beating areas. These data are normalized to minimize the effects of secondary movement and are converted to frequency data using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). We find that this gives accurate beat rates even when there are brief pauses in beating. This technique can be used to rapidly assess beating of cardiomyocytes in organoid culture. This technique could also be combined with field scanning techniques to automatically and accurately assess beating within a complex cardiac organoid.
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31
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Abstract
Death of adult cardiac myocytes and supportive tissues resulting from cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction is the proximal driver of pathological ventricular remodeling that often culminates in heart failure. Unfortunately, no currently available therapeutic barring heart transplantation can directly replenish myocytes lost from the injured heart. For decades, the field has struggled to define the intrinsic capacity and cellular sources for endogenous myocyte turnover in pursuing more innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at regenerating the injured heart. Although controversy persists to this day as to the best therapeutic regenerative strategy to use, a growing consensus has been reached that the very limited capacity for new myocyte formation in the adult mammalian heart is because of proliferation of existing cardiac myocytes but not because of the activity of an endogenous progenitor cell source of some sort. Hence, future therapeutic approaches should take into consideration the fundamental biology of myocyte renewal in designing strategies to potentially replenish these cells in the injured heart.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- From the Department of Pediatrics (R.J.V., J.D.M.)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.D.M.)
| | - Steven R Houser
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; and the Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (S.R.H.)
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32
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Oikonomopoulos A, Kitani T, Wu JC. Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes as a Platform for Cell Therapy Applications: Progress and Hurdles for Clinical Translation. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1624-1634. [PMID: 29699941 PMCID: PMC6035734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Regenerative therapy has been applied to restore lost cardiac muscle and cardiac performance. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can provide an unlimited source of cardiomyocytes and therefore play a key role in cardiac regeneration. Despite initial encouraging results from pre-clinical studies, progress toward clinical applications has been hampered by issues such as tumorigenesis, arrhythmogenesis, immune rejection, scalability, low graft-cell survival, and poor engraftment. Here, we review recent developments in iPSC research on regenerating injured heart tissue, including novel advances in cell therapy and potential strategies to overcome current obstacles in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Oikonomopoulos
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tomoya Kitani
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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33
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Shekhar A, Lin X, Lin B, Liu FY, Zhang J, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Tsirigos A, Bu L, Fishman GI, Park DS. ETV1 activates a rapid conduction transcriptional program in rodent and human cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9944. [PMID: 29967479 PMCID: PMC6028599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid impulse propagation is a defining attribute of the pectinated atrial myocardium and His-Purkinje system (HPS) that safeguards against atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, conduction block, and myocardial dyssynchrony. The complex transcriptional circuitry that dictates rapid conduction remains incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that ETV1 (ER81)-dependent gene networks dictate the unique electrophysiological characteristics of atrial and His-Purkinje myocytes. Cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of ETV1 results in cardiac conduction abnormalities, decreased expression of rapid conduction genes (Nkx2-5, Gja5, and Scn5a), HPS hypoplasia, and ventricularization of the unique sodium channel properties that define Purkinje and atrial myocytes in the adult heart. Forced expression of ETV1 in postnatal ventricular myocytes (VMs) reveals that ETV1 promotes a HPS gene signature while diminishing ventricular and nodal gene networks. Remarkably, ETV1 induction in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes increases rapid conduction gene expression and inward sodium currents, converting them towards a HPS phenotype. Our data identify a cardiomyocyte-autonomous, ETV1-dependent pathway that is responsible for specification of rapid conduction zones in the heart and demonstrate that ETV1 is sufficient to promote a HPS transcriptional and functional program upon VMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Shekhar
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Xianming Lin
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Bin Lin
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Fang-Yu Liu
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Alireza Khodadadi-Jamayran
- Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Aristotelis Tsirigos
- Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Lei Bu
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Glenn I Fishman
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, 10016, USA.
| | - David S Park
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, 10016, USA.
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34
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Direct Reprograming to Regenerate Myocardium and Repair Its Pacemaker and Conduction System. MEDICINES 2018; 5:medicines5020048. [PMID: 29867004 PMCID: PMC6023490 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The regenerative medicine field has been revolutionized by the direct conversion of one cell type to another by ectopic expression of lineage-specific transcription factors. The direct reprogramming of fibroblasts to induced cardiac myocytes (iCMs) by core cardiac transcription factors (Gata4, Mef2c, Tbx5) both in vitro and in vivo has paved the way in cardiac regeneration and repair. Several independent research groups have successfully reported the direct reprogramming of fibroblasts in injured myocardium to cardiac myocytes employing a variety of approaches that rely on transcription factors, small molecules, and micro RNAs (miRNAs). Recently, this technology has been considered for local repair of the pacemaker and the cardiac conduction system. To address this, we will first discuss the direct reprograming advancements in the setting of working myocardium regeneration, and then elaborate on how this technology can be applied to repair the cardiac pacemaker and the conduction system.
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35
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Characterizing the role of atrial natriuretic peptide signaling in the development of embryonic ventricular conduction system. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6939. [PMID: 29720615 PMCID: PMC5932026 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients born with congenital heart defects frequently encounter arrhythmias due to defects in the ventricular conduction system (VCS) development. Although recent studies identified transcriptional networks essential for the heart development, there is scant information on the mechanisms regulating VCS development. Based on the association of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) expression with VCS forming regions, it was reasoned that ANP could play a critical role in differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) and cardiomyocytes (CMs) toward a VCS cell lineage. The present study showed that treatment of embryonic ventricular cells with ANP or cell permeable 8-Br-cGMP can induce gene expression of important VCS markers such as hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel-4 (HCN4) and connexin 40 (Cx40). Inhibition of protein kinase G (PKG) via Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS further confirmed the role of ANP/NPRA/cGMP/PKG pathway in the regulation of HCN4 and Cx40 gene expression. Additional experiments indicated that ANP may regulate VCS marker gene expression by modulating levels of miRNAs that are known to control the stability of transcripts encoding HCN4 and Cx40. Genetic ablation of NPRA revealed significant decreases in VCS marker gene expression and defects in Purkinje fiber arborisation. These results provide mechanistic insights into the role of ANP/NPRA signaling in VCS formation.
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36
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Artap S, Manderfield LJ, Smith CL, Poleshko A, Aghajanian H, See K, Li L, Jain R, Epstein JA. Endocardial Hippo signaling regulates myocardial growth and cardiogenesis. Dev Biol 2018; 440:22-30. [PMID: 29727635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway has been implicated in control of cell and organ size, proliferation, and endothelial-mesenchymal transformation. This pathway impacts upon two partially redundant transcription cofactors, Yap and Taz, that interact with other factors, including members of the Tead family, to affect expression of downstream genes. Yap and Taz have been shown to regulate, in a cell-autonomous manner, myocardial proliferation, myocardial hypertrophy, regenerative potential, and overall size of the heart. Here, we show that Yap and Taz also play an instructive, non-cell-autonomous role in the endocardium of the developing heart to regulate myocardial growth through release of the paracrine factor, neuregulin. Without endocardial Yap and Taz, myocardial growth is impaired causing early post-natal lethality. Thus, the Hippo signaling pathway regulates cell size via both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms. Furthermore, these data suggest that Hippo may regulate organ size via a sensing and paracrine function in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Artap
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Cardiovascular Institute and the Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lauren J Manderfield
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Cardiovascular Institute and the Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cheryl L Smith
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Cardiovascular Institute and the Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrey Poleshko
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Cardiovascular Institute and the Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Haig Aghajanian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Cardiovascular Institute and the Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kelvin See
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Cardiovascular Institute and the Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Cardiovascular Institute and the Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rajan Jain
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Cardiovascular Institute and the Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan A Epstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Cardiovascular Institute and the Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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37
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Lipovsky CE, Brumback BD, Khandekar A, Rentschler SL. Multi-Scale Assessments of Cardiac Electrophysiology Reveal Regional Heterogeneity in Health and Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018. [PMID: 29517992 PMCID: PMC5872364 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The left and right ventricles of the four-chambered heart have distinct developmental origins and functions. Chamber-specific developmental programming underlies the differential gene expression of ion channel subunits regulating cardiac electrophysiology that persists into adulthood. Here, we discuss regional specific electrical responses to genetic mutations and cardiac stressors, their clinical correlations, and describe many of the multi-scale techniques commonly used to analyze electrophysiological regional heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Lipovsky
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8103, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Brittany D Brumback
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8103, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Aditi Khandekar
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8103, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Stacey L Rentschler
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8103, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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38
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Kurokawa YK, Shang MR, Yin RT, George SC. Modeling trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity in vitro using human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Toxicol Lett 2018; 285:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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39
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40
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Brown D, Samsa LA, Ito C, Ma H, Batres K, Arnaout R, Qian L, Liu J. Neuregulin-1 is essential for nerve plexus formation during cardiac maturation. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:2007-2017. [PMID: 29265764 PMCID: PMC5824398 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Neuregulin‐1 (Nrg1)/ErbB pathway plays multiple, critical roles in early cardiac and nervous system development and has been implicated in both heart and nerve repair processes. However, the early embryonic lethality of mouse Nrg1 mutants precludes an analysis of Nrg1's function in later cardiac development and homeostasis. In this study, we generated a novel nrg1 null allele targeting all known isoforms of nrg1 in zebrafish and examined cardiac structural and functional parameters throughout development. We found that zebrafish nrg1 mutants instead survived until young adult stages when they exhibited reduced survivorship. This coincided with structural and functional defects in the developing juvenile and young adult hearts, as demonstrated by reduced intracardiac myocardial density, cardiomyocyte cell number, swimming performance and dysregulated heartbeat. Interestingly, nrg1 mutant hearts were missing long axons on the ventricle surface by standard length (SL) 5 mm, which preceded juvenile and adult cardiac defects. Given that the autonomic nervous system normally exerts fine control of cardiac output through this nerve plexus, these data suggest that Nrg1 may play a critical role in establishing the cardiac nerve plexus such that inadequate innervation leads to deficits in cardiac maturation, function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brown
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Leigh Ann Samsa
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cade Ito
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hong Ma
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Karla Batres
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rima Arnaout
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Li Qian
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jiandong Liu
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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41
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Rupert CE, Coulombe KLK. IGF1 and NRG1 Enhance Proliferation, Metabolic Maturity, and the Force-Frequency Response in hESC-Derived Engineered Cardiac Tissues. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:7648409. [PMID: 28951744 PMCID: PMC5603111 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7648409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and neuregulin-1β (NRG1) play important roles during cardiac development both individually and synergistically. In this study, we analyze how 3D cardiac tissue engineered from human embryonic stem cell- (hESC-) derived cardiomyocytes and 2D-plated hESC-cardiomyocytes respond to developmentally relevant growth factors both to stimulate maturity and to characterize the therapeutic potential of IGF1 and NRG1. When administered to engineered cardiac tissues, a significant decrease in active force production of ~65% was measured in all treatment groups, likely due to changes in cellular physiology. Developmentally related processes were identified in engineered tissues as IGF1 increased hESC-cardiomyocyte proliferation 3-fold over untreated controls and NRG1 stimulated oxidative phosphorylation and promoted a positive force-frequency relationship in tissues up to 3 Hz. hESC-cardiomyocyte area increased significantly with NRG1 and IGF1 + NRG1 treatment in 2D culture and gene expression data suggested increased cardiac contractile components in engineered tissues, indicating the need for functional analysis in a 3D platform to accurately characterize engineered cardiac tissue response to biochemical stimulation. This study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of IGF1 for boosting proliferation and NRG1 for promoting metabolic and contractile maturation in engineered human cardiac tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassady E. Rupert
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Kareen L. K. Coulombe
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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42
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Abstract
The generation and propagation of the cardiac impulse is the central function of the cardiac conduction system (CCS). Impulse initiation occurs in nodal tissues that have high levels of automaticity, but slow conduction properties. Rapid impulse propagation is a feature of the ventricular conduction system, which is essential for synchronized contraction of the ventricular chambers. When functioning properly, the CCS produces ~2.4 billion heartbeats during a human lifetime and orchestrates the flow of cardiac impulses, designed to maximize cardiac output. Abnormal impulse initiation or propagation can result in brady- and tachy-arrhythmias, producing an array of symptoms, including syncope, heart failure or sudden cardiac death. Underlying the functional diversity of the CCS are gene regulatory networks that direct cell fate towards a nodal or a fast conduction gene program. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of the transcriptional networks that dictate the components of the CCS, the growth factor-dependent signaling pathways that orchestrate some of these transcriptional hierarchies and the effect of aberrant transcription factor expression on mammalian conduction disease.
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43
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Lineages of the Cardiac Conduction System. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2017; 4:jcdd4020005. [PMID: 29367537 PMCID: PMC5715704 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd4020005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiac conduction system (CCS) initiates and coordinately propagates the electrical impulse to orchestrate the heartbeat. It consists of a set of interconnected components with shared properties. A better understanding of the origin and specification of CCS lineages has allowed us to better comprehend the etiology of CCS disease and has provided leads for development of therapies. A variety of technologies and approaches have been used to investigate CCS lineages, which will be summarized in this review. The findings imply that there is not a single CCS lineage. In contrast, early cell fate decisions segregate the lineages of the CCS components while they remain connected to each other.
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44
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Transmural electrophysiological heterogeneity, the T-wave and ventricular arrhythmias. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 122:202-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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45
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Shekhar A, Lin X, Liu FY, Zhang J, Mo H, Bastarache L, Denny JC, Cox NJ, Delmar M, Roden DM, Fishman GI, Park DS. Transcription factor ETV1 is essential for rapid conduction in the heart. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:4444-4459. [PMID: 27775552 DOI: 10.1172/jci87968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid impulse propagation in the heart is a defining property of pectinated atrial myocardium (PAM) and the ventricular conduction system (VCS) and is essential for maintaining normal cardiac rhythm and optimal cardiac output. Conduction defects in these tissues produce a disproportionate burden of arrhythmic disease and are major predictors of mortality in heart failure patients. Despite the clinical importance, little is known about the gene regulatory network that dictates the fast conduction phenotype. Here, we have used signal transduction and transcriptional profiling screens to identify a genetic pathway that converges on the NRG1-responsive transcription factor ETV1 as a critical regulator of fast conduction physiology for PAM and VCS cardiomyocytes. Etv1 was highly expressed in murine PAM and VCS cardiomyocytes, where it regulates expression of Nkx2-5, Gja5, and Scn5a, key cardiac genes required for rapid conduction. Mice deficient in Etv1 exhibited marked cardiac conduction defects coupled with developmental abnormalities of the VCS. Loss of Etv1 resulted in a complete disruption of the normal sodium current heterogeneity that exists between atrial, VCS, and ventricular myocytes. Lastly, a phenome-wide association study identified a link between ETV1 and bundle branch block and heart block in humans. Together, these results identify ETV1 as a critical factor in determining fast conduction physiology in the heart.
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46
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Repair Injured Heart by Regulating Cardiac Regenerative Signals. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:6193419. [PMID: 27799944 PMCID: PMC5075315 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6193419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac regeneration is a homeostatic cardiogenic process by which the sections of malfunctioning adult cardiovascular tissues are repaired and renewed employing a combination of both cardiomyogenesis and angiogenesis. Unfortunately, while high-quality regeneration can be performed in amphibians and zebrafish hearts, mammalian hearts do not respond in kind. Indeed, a long-term loss of proliferative capacity in mammalian adult cardiomyocytes in combination with dysregulated induction of tissue fibrosis impairs mammalian endogenous heart regenerative capacity, leading to deleterious cardiac remodeling at the end stage of heart failure. Interestingly, several studies have demonstrated that cardiomyocyte proliferation capacity is retained in mammals very soon after birth, and cardiac regeneration potential is correspondingly preserved in some preadolescent vertebrates after myocardial infarction. There is therefore great interest in uncovering the molecular mechanisms that may allow heart regeneration during adult stages. This review will summarize recent findings on cardiac regenerative regulatory mechanisms, especially with respect to extracellular signals and intracellular pathways that may provide novel therapeutics for heart diseases. Particularly, both in vitro and in vivo experimental evidences will be presented to highlight the functional role of these signaling cascades in regulating cardiomyocyte proliferation, cardiomyocyte growth, and maturation, with special emphasis on their responses to heart tissue injury.
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47
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Khandekar A, Springer S, Wang W, Hicks S, Weinheimer C, Diaz-Trelles R, Nerbonne JM, Rentschler S. Notch-Mediated Epigenetic Regulation of Voltage-Gated Potassium Currents. Circ Res 2016; 119:1324-1338. [PMID: 27697822 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ventricular arrhythmias often arise from the Purkinje-myocyte junction and are a leading cause of sudden cardiac death. Notch activation reprograms cardiac myocytes to an induced Purkinje-like state characterized by prolonged action potential duration and expression of Purkinje-enriched genes. OBJECTIVE To understand the mechanism by which canonical Notch signaling causes action potential prolongation. METHODS AND RESULTS We find that endogenous Purkinje cells have reduced peak K+ current, Ito, and IK,slow when compared with ventricular myocytes. Consistent with partial reprogramming toward a Purkinje-like phenotype, Notch activation decreases peak outward K+ current density, as well as the outward K+ current components Ito,f and IK,slow. Gene expression studies in Notch-activated ventricles demonstrate upregulation of Purkinje-enriched genes Contactin-2 and Scn5a and downregulation of K+ channel subunit genes that contribute to Ito,f and IK,slow. In contrast, inactivation of Notch signaling results in increased cell size commensurate with increased K+ current amplitudes and mimics physiological hypertrophy. Notch-induced changes in K+ current density are regulated at least in part via transcriptional changes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrates dynamic RBP-J (recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J region) binding and loss of active histone marks on K+ channel subunit promoters with Notch activation, and similar transcriptional and epigenetic changes occur in a heart failure model. Interestingly, there is a differential response in Notch target gene expression and cellular electrophysiology in left versus right ventricular cardiac myocytes. CONCLUSIONS In summary, these findings demonstrate a novel mechanism for regulation of voltage-gated potassium currents in the setting of cardiac pathology and may provide a novel target for arrhythmia drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Khandekar
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Steven Springer
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Stephanie Hicks
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Carla Weinheimer
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | - Jeanne M Nerbonne
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Stacey Rentschler
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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48
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Calderon D, Bardot E, Dubois N. Probing early heart development to instruct stem cell differentiation strategies. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:1130-1144. [PMID: 27580352 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientists have studied organs and their development for centuries and, along that path, described models and mechanisms explaining the developmental principles of organogenesis. In particular, with respect to the heart, new fundamental discoveries are reported continuously that keep changing the way we think about early cardiac development. These discoveries are driven by the need to answer long-standing questions regarding the origin of the earliest cells specified to the cardiac lineage, the differentiation potential of distinct cardiac progenitor cells, and, very importantly, the molecular mechanisms underlying these specification events. As evidenced by numerous examples, the wealth of developmental knowledge collected over the years has had an invaluable impact on establishing efficient strategies to generate cardiovascular cell types ex vivo, from either pluripotent stem cells or via direct reprogramming approaches. The ability to generate functional cardiovascular cells in an efficient and reliable manner will contribute to therapeutic strategies aimed at alleviating the increasing burden of cardiovascular disease and morbidity. Here we will discuss the recent discoveries in the field of cardiac progenitor biology and their translation to the pluripotent stem cell model to illustrate how developmental concepts have instructed regenerative model systems in the past and promise to do so in the future. Developmental Dynamics 245:1130-1144, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damelys Calderon
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Evan Bardot
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Nicole Dubois
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
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49
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Chen J, Zeng F, Forrester SJ, Eguchi S, Zhang MZ, Harris RC. Expression and Function of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Physiology and Disease. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1025-1069. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the prototypical member of a family of membrane-associated intrinsic tyrosine kinase receptors, the ErbB family. EGFR is activated by multiple ligands, including EGF, transforming growth factor (TGF)-α, HB-EGF, betacellulin, amphiregulin, epiregulin, and epigen. EGFR is expressed in multiple organs and plays important roles in proliferation, survival, and differentiation in both development and normal physiology, as well as in pathophysiological conditions. In addition, EGFR transactivation underlies some important biologic consequences in response to many G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists. Aberrant EGFR activation is a significant factor in development and progression of multiple cancers, which has led to development of mechanism-based therapies with specific receptor antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This review highlights the current knowledge about mechanisms and roles of EGFR in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Chen
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fenghua Zeng
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven J. Forrester
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raymond C. Harris
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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50
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Ueda H, Oikawa A, Nakamura A, Terasawa F, Kawagishi K, Moriizumi T. Neuregulin Receptor ErbB2 Localization at T-tubule in Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 53:87-91. [PMID: 15637341 DOI: 10.1177/002215540505300110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that ErbB receptors for neuregulins play an important role in cardiac development and muscle spindle formation during embryogenesis; however, little is known about their functions in adulthood. Recent reports indicate that breast cancer therapy with humanized monoclonal ErbB2 antibody induces cardiomyopathy, suggesting that ErbB2 serves as a crucial signaling receptor, even in the adult heart. Here, we examine ErbB2 expression and localization in both cardiac and skeletal muscle of adult mice via immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. ErbB2 was detected as a band ~185 kD molecular mass in each cardiac and skeletal muscle extraction. Confocal images of double labeling showed that ErbB2 was colocalized with caveolin-3 in cardiac muscle and with dihydropyridine receptor in skeletal muscle, suggesting that ErbB2 was localized at the T-tubule. In addition, immunoelectron micrographs clearly demonstrated that ErbB2 was located at the T-tubule in both types of muscle. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that neuregulin-ErbB2 signaling plays a role in the physiological function of cardiac and skeletal muscle, even in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideho Ueda
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Health Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan.
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