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Nguyen HTM, van der Westhuizen ET, Langmead CJ, Tobin AB, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A, Valant C. Opportunities and challenges for the development of M 1 muscarinic receptor positive allosteric modulators in the treatment for neurocognitive deficits. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2114-2142. [PMID: 36355830 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting allosteric sites of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1 receptors) is a promising strategy to treat neurocognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Indeed, the last two decades have seen an impressive body of work focussing on the design and development of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) for the M1 receptor. This has led to the identification of a structurally diverse range of highly selective M1 PAMs. In preclinical models, M1 PAMs have shown rescue of cognitive deficits and improvement of endpoints predictive of symptom domains of schizophrenia. Yet, to date only a few M1 PAMs have reached early-stage clinical trials, with many of them failing to progress further due to on-target mediated cholinergic adverse effects that have plagued the development of this class of ligand. This review covers the recent preclinical and clinical studies in the field of M1 receptor drug discovery for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, with a specific focus on M1 PAM, highlighting both the undoubted potential but also key challenges for the successful translation of M1 PAMs from bench-side to bedside. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong T M Nguyen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Gurevich VV. Arrestins: A Small Family of Multi-Functional Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6284. [PMID: 38892473 PMCID: PMC11173308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The first member of the arrestin family, visual arrestin-1, was discovered in the late 1970s. Later, the other three mammalian subtypes were identified and cloned. The first described function was regulation of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling: arrestins bind active phosphorylated GPCRs, blocking their coupling to G proteins. It was later discovered that receptor-bound and free arrestins interact with numerous proteins, regulating GPCR trafficking and various signaling pathways, including those that determine cell fate. Arrestins have no enzymatic activity; they function by organizing multi-protein complexes and localizing their interaction partners to particular cellular compartments. Today we understand the molecular mechanism of arrestin interactions with GPCRs better than the mechanisms underlying other functions. However, even limited knowledge enabled the construction of signaling-biased arrestin mutants and extraction of biologically active monofunctional peptides from these multifunctional proteins. Manipulation of cellular signaling with arrestin-based tools has research and likely therapeutic potential: re-engineered proteins and their parts can produce effects that conventional small-molecule drugs cannot.
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Shen G, Zhou Z, Guo Y, Li L, Zeng J, Wang J, Zhao J. Cholinergic signaling of muscarinic receptors directly involves in the neuroprotection of muscone by inducing Ca 2+ antagonism and maintaining mitochondrial function. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117192. [PMID: 37734472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Musk, a traditional Chinese medicine, is broadly used in inducing resuscitation and refreshing the mind, activating blood and alleviating pain. It is commonly used for the treatment of ischemic stroke, and muscone is its core medicinal component. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to explore whether muscone ameliorates neuronal damage through cholinergic signaling of muscarinic receptors. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of muscone were tested in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) as well as injured neurons induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in PC12 cells. Cell counting kit 8 (CCK8) assay was used to measure the cell viability, and the production of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) were examined by kit. 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE) and Fluo-4 acetoxymethyl ester (Fluo-4 AM) staining were used to demonstrate effect of muscone on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) and intracellular Ca2+ measurement in cells respectively, in which all of those staining was visualized by laser confocal microscope. For in vivo experiments, rats' cerebral blood flow was measured using laser Doppler blood flowmetry to evaluate the MCAO model, and a modified neurological severity score (mNSS) was used to assess the recovery of neurological function. Calculate infarct rate was measured by 2,3,5-Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride (TTC) staining. Except DCFH-DA and Fluo-4 AM staining, 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl benzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) staining was used to observe intracellular Ca2+ measurement in brain cells. Protein levels in cells and tissues were detected by Western blot. RESULTS Pretreatment with muscone significantly improved the cell viability, lactic acid production, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse and function, Ca2+ overload, ROS generation, and cell apoptosis in OGD PC12 cells. Muscone also regulated PI3K, ERK and AKT signal pathways by activating cholinergic signaling of muscarinic receptors in PC12 cells induced with OGD. More importantly, the blocking of cholinergic signaling of muscarinic receptors by atropine significantly reduces the neuroprotective effects of muscone, including the cell viability, Ca2+ efflux, and mitochondrial repair. Furthermore, muscone was found to effectively alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction and elevated levels of ROS induced by the MCAO in the brain tissue. Notably, this beneficial effect of muscone was attenuated by atropine but not by (+)-Sparteine. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that muscone exerts its neuroprotective effects by activating muscarinic receptors of cholinergic signaling, thus providing a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of OGD-induced nerve injury in stroke. The findings suggest that these treatments may hold potential benefits for stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Shen
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610032, China; Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Zongyuan Zhou
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Yanlei Guo
- Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Li Li
- Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Jin Zeng
- Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Chengdu, 610000, China.
| | - Junning Zhao
- Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Chengdu, 610000, China.
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4
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Zhai R, Wang Z, Chai Z, Niu X, Li C, Jin C, Hu Y. Distinct activation mechanisms of β-arrestin-1 revealed by 19F NMR spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7865. [PMID: 38030602 PMCID: PMC10686989 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Arrestins (βarrs) are functionally versatile proteins that play critical roles in the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathways. While it is well established that the phosphorylated receptor tail plays a central role in βarr activation, emerging evidence highlights the contribution from membrane lipids. However, detailed molecular mechanisms of βarr activation by different binding partners remain elusive. In this work, we present a comprehensive study of the structural changes in critical regions of βarr1 during activation using 19F NMR spectroscopy. We show that phosphopeptides derived from different classes of GPCRs display different βarr1 activation abilities, whereas binding of the membrane phosphoinositide PIP2 stabilizes a distinct partially activated conformational state. Our results further unveil a sparsely-populated activation intermediate as well as complex cross-talks between different binding partners, implying a highly multifaceted conformational energy landscape of βarr1 that can be intricately modulated during signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibo Zhai
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhuoqi Wang
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhaofei Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Joint Laboratory of the National Centers for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan and in Beijing, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaogang Niu
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Conggang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Joint Laboratory of the National Centers for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan and in Beijing, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Changwen Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Joint Laboratory of the National Centers for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan and in Beijing, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Yunfei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Joint Laboratory of the National Centers for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan and in Beijing, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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5
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Eiger DS, Smith JS, Shi T, Stepniewski TM, Tsai CF, Honeycutt C, Boldizsar N, Gardner J, Nicora CD, Moghieb AM, Kawakami K, Choi I, Hicks C, Zheng K, Warman A, Alagesan P, Knape NM, Huang O, Silverman JD, Smith RD, Inoue A, Selent J, Jacobs JM, Rajagopal S. Phosphorylation barcodes direct biased chemokine signaling at CXCR3. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:362-382.e8. [PMID: 37030291 PMCID: PMC10147449 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-biased agonism, selective activation of certain signaling pathways relative to others, is thought to be directed by differential GPCR phosphorylation "barcodes." At chemokine receptors, endogenous chemokines can act as "biased agonists", which may contribute to the limited success when pharmacologically targeting these receptors. Here, mass spectrometry-based global phosphoproteomics revealed that CXCR3 chemokines generate different phosphorylation barcodes associated with differential transducer activation. Chemokine stimulation resulted in distinct changes throughout the kinome in global phosphoproteomics studies. Mutation of CXCR3 phosphosites altered β-arrestin 2 conformation in cellular assays and was consistent with conformational changes observed in molecular dynamics simulations. T cells expressing phosphorylation-deficient CXCR3 mutants resulted in agonist- and receptor-specific chemotactic profiles. Our results demonstrate that CXCR3 chemokines are non-redundant and act as biased agonists through differential encoding of phosphorylation barcodes, leading to distinct physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan S Eiger
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Smith
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Dermatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Dermatology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tujin Shi
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Tomasz Maciej Stepniewski
- Research Program on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences of Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chia-Feng Tsai
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | | | | | - Julia Gardner
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Carrie D Nicora
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | | | - Kouki Kawakami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Issac Choi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Chloe Hicks
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Zheng
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anmol Warman
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Priya Alagesan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicole M Knape
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ouwen Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Justin D Silverman
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Jana Selent
- Research Program on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences of Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jon M Jacobs
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
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6
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Eiger DS, Smith JS, Shi T, Stepniewski TM, Tsai CF, Honeycutt C, Boldizsar N, Gardner J, Nicora CD, Moghieb AM, Kawakami K, Choi I, Zheng K, Warman A, Alagesan P, Knape NM, Huang O, Silverman JD, Smith RD, Inoue A, Selent J, Jacobs JM, Rajagopal S. Phosphorylation barcodes direct biased chemokine signaling at CXCR3. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.14.532634. [PMID: 36993369 PMCID: PMC10055163 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) biased agonism, the activation of some signaling pathways over others, is thought to largely be due to differential receptor phosphorylation, or "phosphorylation barcodes." At chemokine receptors, ligands act as "biased agonists" with complex signaling profiles, which contributes to the limited success in pharmacologically targeting these receptors. Here, mass spectrometry-based global phosphoproteomics revealed that CXCR3 chemokines generate different phosphorylation barcodes associated with differential transducer activation. Chemokine stimulation resulted in distinct changes throughout the kinome in global phosphoproteomic studies. Mutation of CXCR3 phosphosites altered β-arrestin conformation in cellular assays and was confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations. T cells expressing phosphorylation-deficient CXCR3 mutants resulted in agonist- and receptor-specific chemotactic profiles. Our results demonstrate that CXCR3 chemokines are non-redundant and act as biased agonists through differential encoding of phosphorylation barcodes and lead to distinct physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan S. Eiger
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Smith
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Dermatology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tujin Shi
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Tomasz Maciej Stepniewski
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences of Pompeu Fabra University (UPF)-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Chia-Feng Tsai
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | | | | | - Julia Gardner
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Carrie D. Nicora
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | | | - Kouki Kawakami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Issac Choi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Kevin Zheng
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Anmol Warman
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Priya Alagesan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Nicole M. Knape
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ouwen Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Justin D. Silverman
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Richard D. Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Jana Selent
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences of Pompeu Fabra University (UPF)-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Jon M. Jacobs
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
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7
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Haider RS, Matthees ESF, Drube J, Reichel M, Zabel U, Inoue A, Chevigné A, Krasel C, Deupi X, Hoffmann C. β-arrestin1 and 2 exhibit distinct phosphorylation-dependent conformations when coupling to the same GPCR in living cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5638. [PMID: 36163356 PMCID: PMC9512828 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
β-arrestins mediate regulatory processes for over 800 different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) by adopting specific conformations that result from the geometry of the GPCR–β-arrestin complex. However, whether β-arrestin1 and 2 respond differently for binding to the same GPCR is still unknown. Employing GRK knockout cells and β-arrestins lacking the finger-loop-region, we show that the two isoforms prefer to associate with the active parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) in different complex configurations (“hanging” and “core”). Furthermore, the utilisation of advanced NanoLuc/FlAsH-based biosensors reveals distinct conformational signatures of β-arrestin1 and 2 when bound to active PTH1R (P-R*). Moreover, we assess β-arrestin conformational changes that are induced specifically by proximal and distal C-terminal phosphorylation and in the absence of GPCR kinases (GRKs) (R*). Here, we show differences between conformational changes that are induced by P-R* or R* receptor states and further disclose the impact of site-specific GPCR phosphorylation on arrestin-coupling and function. Here the authors present improved intramolecular sensors for β-arrestin2 and 1, which enable assessment of conformational changes of both isoforms in living cells. These reveal that the same GPCR induces differential conformational rearrangements that determine the functional diversity between the two β-arrestins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael S Haider
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Jena; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Edda S F Matthees
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Jena; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Drube
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Jena; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Mona Reichel
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Jena; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zabel
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Versbacherstraße 9, D-97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Cornelius Krasel
- Philipps-Universität Marburg; Fachbereich Pharmazie; Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmazie, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 1, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Xavier Deupi
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland.,Condensed Matter Theory Group, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Jena; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, D-07745, Jena, Germany.
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8
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Jensen JB, Falkenburger BH, Dickson EJ, de la Cruz L, Dai G, Myeong J, Jung SR, Kruse M, Vivas O, Suh BC, Hille B. Biophysical physiology of phosphoinositide rapid dynamics and regulation in living cells. J Gen Physiol 2022; 154:e202113074. [PMID: 35583815 PMCID: PMC9121023 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202113074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide membrane lipids are ubiquitous low-abundance signaling molecules. They direct many physiological processes that involve ion channels, membrane identification, fusion of membrane vesicles, and vesicular endocytosis. Pools of these lipids are continually broken down and refilled in living cells, and the rates of some of these reactions are strongly accelerated by physiological stimuli. Recent biophysical experiments described here measure and model the kinetics and regulation of these lipid signals in intact cells. Rapid on-line monitoring of phosphoinositide metabolism is made possible by optical tools and electrophysiology. The experiments reviewed here reveal that as for other cellular second messengers, the dynamic turnover and lifetimes of membrane phosphoinositides are measured in seconds, controlling and timing rapid physiological responses, and the signaling is under strong metabolic regulation. The underlying mechanisms of this metabolic regulation remain questions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill B. Jensen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Eamonn J. Dickson
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Lizbeth de la Cruz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Gucan Dai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jongyun Myeong
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Martin Kruse
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Bates College, Lewiston, ME
| | - Oscar Vivas
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Byung-Chang Suh
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Bertil Hille
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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9
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Chavez-Abiega S, Grönloh MLB, Gadella TWJ, Bruggeman FJ, Goedhart J. Single cell imaging of ERK and Akt activation dynamics and heterogeneity induced by G protein-coupled receptors. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274205. [PMID: 35107584 PMCID: PMC8977056 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinases play key roles in signaling networks that are activated by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Kinase activities are generally inferred from cell lysates, hiding cell-to-cell variability. To study the dynamics and heterogeneity of ERK and Akt proteins, we employed high-content biosensor imaging with kinase translocation reporters. The kinases were activated with GPCR ligands. We observed ligand concentration-dependent response kinetics to histamine, α2-adrenergic and S1P receptor stimulation. By using G-protein inhibitors, we observed that Gq mediated the ERK and Akt responses to histamine. In contrast, Gi was necessary for ERK and Akt activation in response to α2-adrenergic receptor activation. ERK and Akt were also strongly activated by S1P, showing high heterogeneity at the single-cell level, especially for ERK. Cluster analysis of time series derived from 68,000 cells obtained under the different conditions revealed several distinct populations of cells that display similar response dynamics. ERK response dynamics to S1P showed high heterogeneity, which was reduced by the inhibition of Gi. To conclude, we have set up an imaging and analysis strategy that reveals substantial cell-to-cell heterogeneity in kinase activity driven by GPCRs. Summary: High-content biosensor imaging with kinase translocation reporters reveals substantial cell-to-cell heterogeneity in kinase activity driven by G-protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Chavez-Abiega
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Systems Biology Lab/AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max L B Grönloh
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T W J Gadella
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Bruggeman
- Systems Biology Lab/AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Goedhart
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Kim K, Han Y, Duan L, Chung KY. Scaffolding of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling by β-Arrestins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23021000. [PMID: 35055186 PMCID: PMC8778048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23021000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
β-arrestins were initially identified to desensitize and internalize G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Receptor-bound β-arrestins also initiate a second wave of signaling by scaffolding mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling components, MAPK kinase kinase, MAPK kinase, and MAPK. In particular, β-arrestins facilitate ERK1/2 or JNK3 activation by scaffolding signal cascade components such as ERK1/2-MEK1-cRaf or JNK3-MKK4/7-ASK1. Understanding the precise molecular and structural mechanisms of β-arrestin-mediated MAPK scaffolding assembly would deepen our understanding of GPCR-mediated MAPK activation and provide clues for the selective regulation of the MAPK signaling cascade for therapeutic purposes. Over the last decade, numerous research groups have attempted to understand the molecular and structural mechanisms of β-arrestin-mediated MAPK scaffolding assembly. Although not providing the complete mechanism, these efforts suggest potential binding interfaces between β-arrestins and MAPK signaling components and the mechanism for MAPK signal amplification by β-arrestin-mediated scaffolding. This review summarizes recent developments of cellular and molecular works on the scaffolding mechanism of β-arrestin for MAPK signaling cascade.
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11
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Perry-Hauser NA, Hopkins JB, Zhuo Y, Zheng C, Perez I, Schultz KM, Vishnivetskiy SA, Kaya AI, Sharma P, Dalby KN, Chung KY, Klug CS, Gurevich VV, Iverson TM. The two non-visual arrestins engage ERK2 differently. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167465. [PMID: 35077767 PMCID: PMC8977243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Arrestin binding to active phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptors terminates G protein coupling and initiates another wave of signaling. Among the effectors that bind directly to receptor-associated arrestins are extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), which promote cellular proliferation and survival. Arrestins may also engage ERK1/2 in isolation in a pre- or post-signaling complex that is likely in equilibrium with the full signal initiation complex. Molecular details of these binary complexes remain unknown. Here, we investigate the molecular mechanisms whereby arrestin-2 and arrestin-3 (a.k.a. β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2, respectively) engage ERK1/2 in pairwise interactions. We find that purified arrestin-3 binds ERK2 more avidly than arrestin-2. A combination of biophysical techniques and peptide array analysis demonstrates that the molecular basis in this difference of binding strength is that the two non-visual arrestins bind ERK2 via different parts of the molecule. We propose a structural model of the ERK2-arrestin-3 complex in solution using size-exclusion chromatography coupled to small angle X-ray scattering (SEC-SAXS). This binary complex exhibits conformational heterogeneity. We speculate that this drives the equilibrium either toward the full signaling complex with receptor-bound arrestin at the membrane or toward full dissociation in the cytoplasm. As ERK1/2 regulates cell migration, proliferation, and survival, understanding complexes that relate to its activation could be exploited to control cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Perry-Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, United States. https://twitter.com/EmilyBroadis
| | - Jesse B Hopkins
- BioCAT, Department of Physics, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, United States
| | - Ya Zhuo
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Chen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, United States
| | - Ivette Perez
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, United States; Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Kathryn M Schultz
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Sergey A Vishnivetskiy
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, United States
| | - Ali I Kaya
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, United States
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, United States
| | - Kevin N Dalby
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ka Young Chung
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, United States
| | - Candice S Klug
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, United States.
| | - T M Iverson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, United States; Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States; Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, United States.
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12
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Smith SJ. Transcriptomic evidence for dense peptidergic networks within forebrains of four widely divergent tetrapods. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 71:100-109. [PMID: 34775262 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The primary function common to every neuron is communication with other neurons. Such cell-cell signaling can take numerous forms, including fast synaptic transmission and slower neuromodulation via secreted messengers, such as neuropeptides, dopamine, and many other diffusible small molecules. Individual neurons are quite diverse, however, in all particulars of both synaptic and neuromodulatory communication. Neuron classification schemes have therefore proven very useful in exploring the emergence of network function, behavior, and cognition from the communication functions of individual neurons. Recently published single-cell mRNA sequencing data and corresponding transcriptomic neuron classifications from turtle, songbird, mouse, and human provide evidence for a long evolutionary history and adaptive significance of localized peptidergic signaling. Across all four species, sets of at least twenty orthologous cognate pairs of neuropeptide precursor protein and receptor genes are expressed in individually sparse but heavily overlapping patterns suggesting that all forebrain neuron types are densely interconnected by local peptidergic signals.
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13
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Scaffolding mechanism of arrestin-2 in the cRaf/MEK1/ERK signaling cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2026491118. [PMID: 34507982 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026491118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrestins were initially identified for their role in homologous desensitization and internalization of G protein-coupled receptors. Receptor-bound arrestins also initiate signaling by interacting with other signaling proteins. Arrestins scaffold MAPK signaling cascades, MAPK kinase kinase (MAP3K), MAPK kinase (MAP2K), and MAPK. In particular, arrestins facilitate ERK1/2 activation by scaffolding ERK1/2 (MAPK), MEK1 (MAP2K), and Raf (MAPK3). However, the structural mechanism underlying this scaffolding remains unknown. Here, we investigated the mechanism of arrestin-2 scaffolding of cRaf, MEK1, and ERK2 using hydrogen/deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry, tryptophan-induced bimane fluorescence quenching, and NMR. We found that basal and active arrestin-2 interacted with cRaf, while only active arrestin-2 interacted with MEK1 and ERK2. The ATP binding status of MEK1 or ERK2 affected arrestin-2 binding; ATP-bound MEK1 interacted with arrestin-2, whereas only empty ERK2 bound arrestin-2. Analysis of the binding interfaces suggested that the relative positions of cRaf, MEK1, and ERK2 on arrestin-2 likely facilitate sequential phosphorylation in the signal transduction cascade.
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14
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Myeong J, de la Cruz L, Jung SR, Yeon JH, Suh BC, Koh DS, Hille B. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate is regenerated by speeding of the PI 4-kinase pathway during long PLC activation. J Gen Physiol 2021; 152:211533. [PMID: 33186442 PMCID: PMC7671494 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202012627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic metabolism of membrane phosphoinositide lipids involves several cellular compartments including the ER, Golgi, and plasma membrane. There are cycles of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation and of synthesis, transfer, and breakdown. The simplified phosphoinositide cycle comprises synthesis of phosphatidylinositol in the ER, transport, and phosphorylation in the Golgi and plasma membranes to generate phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, followed by receptor-stimulated hydrolysis in the plasma membrane and return of the components to the ER for reassembly. Using probes for specific lipid species, we have followed and analyzed the kinetics of several of these events during stimulation of M1 muscarinic receptors coupled to the G-protein Gq. We show that during long continued agonist action, polyphosphorylated inositol lipids are initially depleted but then regenerate while agonist is still present. Experiments and kinetic modeling reveal that the regeneration results from gradual but massive up-regulation of PI 4-kinase pathways rather than from desensitization of receptors. Golgi pools of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and the lipid kinase PI4KIIIα (PI4KA) contribute to this homeostatic regeneration. This powerful acceleration, which may be at the level of enzyme activity or of precursor and product delivery, reveals strong regulatory controls in the phosphoinositide cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongyun Myeong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Lizbeth de la Cruz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Jun-Hee Yeon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Byung-Chang Suh
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Duk-Su Koh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Bertil Hille
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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15
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Jung SR, Jiang Y, Seo JB, Chiu DT, Hille B, Koh DS. β-arrestin-dependent PI(4,5)P 2 synthesis boosts GPCR endocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2011023118. [PMID: 33879605 PMCID: PMC8092559 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011023118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
β-arrestins regulate many cellular functions including intracellular signaling and desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Previous studies show that β-arrestin signaling and receptor endocytosis are modulated by the plasma membrane phosphoinositide lipid phosphatidylinositol-(4, 5)-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2). We found that β-arrestin also helped promote synthesis of PI(4,5)P2 and up-regulated GPCR endocytosis. We studied these questions with the Gq-coupled protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), which activates phospholipase C, desensitizes quickly, and undergoes extensive endocytosis. Phosphoinositides were monitored and controlled in live cells using lipid-specific fluorescent probes and genetic tools. Applying PAR2 agonist initiated depletion of PI(4,5)P2, which then recovered during rapid receptor desensitization, giving way to endocytosis. This endocytosis could be reduced by various manipulations that depleted phosphoinositides again right after phosphoinositide recovery: PI(4)P, a precusor of PI(4,5)P2, could be depleted at either the Golgi or the plasma membrane (PM) using a recruitable lipid 4-phosphatase enzyme and PI(4,5)P2 could be depleted at the PM using a recruitable 5-phosphatase. Endocytosis required the phosphoinositides. Knock-down of β-arrestin revealed that endogenous β-arrestin normally doubles the rate of PIP5-kinase (PIP5K) after PAR2 desensitization, boosting PI(4,5)P2-dependent formation of clathrin-coated pits (CCPs) at the PM. Desensitized PAR2 receptors were swiftly immobilized when they encountered CCPs, showing a dwell time of ∼90 s, 100 times longer than for unactivated receptors. PAR2/β-arrestin complexes eventually accumulated around the edges or across the surface of CCPs promoting transient binding of PIP5K-Iγ. Taken together, β-arrestins can coordinate potentiation of PIP5K activity at CCPs to induce local PI(4,5)P2 generation that promotes recruitment of PI(4,5)P2-dependent endocytic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ryoung Jung
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yifei Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Jong Bae Seo
- Department of Biosciences, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine, Health and Life Convergence Sciences, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel T Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Bertil Hille
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Duk-Su Koh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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16
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van der Westhuizen ET, Choy KHC, Valant C, McKenzie-Nickson S, Bradley SJ, Tobin AB, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A. Fine Tuning Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Signaling Through Allostery and Bias. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:606656. [PMID: 33584282 PMCID: PMC7878563 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.606656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The M1 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are highly pursued drug targets for neurological diseases, in particular for Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Due to high sequence homology, selective targeting of any of the M1-M5 mAChRs through the endogenous ligand binding site has been notoriously difficult to achieve. With the discovery of highly subtype selective mAChR positive allosteric modulators in the new millennium, selectivity through targeting an allosteric binding site has opened new avenues for drug discovery programs. However, some hurdles remain to be overcome for these promising new drug candidates to progress into the clinic. One challenge is the potential for on-target side effects, such as for the M1 mAChR where over-activation of the receptor by orthosteric or allosteric ligands can be detrimental. Therefore, in addition to receptor subtype selectivity, a drug candidate may need to exhibit a biased signaling profile to avoid such on-target adverse effects. Indeed, recent studies in mice suggest that allosteric modulators for the M1 mAChR that bias signaling toward specific pathways may be therapeutically important. This review brings together details on the signaling pathways activated by the M1 and M4 mAChRs, evidence of biased agonism at these receptors, and highlights pathways that may be important for developing new subtype selective allosteric ligands to achieve therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T. van der Westhuizen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - K. H. Christopher Choy
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon McKenzie-Nickson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophie J. Bradley
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B. Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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17
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Latorraca NR, Masureel M, Hollingsworth SA, Heydenreich FM, Suomivuori CM, Brinton C, Townshend RJL, Bouvier M, Kobilka BK, Dror RO. How GPCR Phosphorylation Patterns Orchestrate Arrestin-Mediated Signaling. Cell 2020; 183:1813-1825.e18. [PMID: 33296703 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Binding of arrestin to phosphorylated G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) controls many aspects of cell signaling. The number and arrangement of phosphates may vary substantially for a given GPCR, and different phosphorylation patterns trigger different arrestin-mediated effects. Here, we determine how GPCR phosphorylation influences arrestin behavior by using atomic-level simulations and site-directed spectroscopy to reveal the effects of phosphorylation patterns on arrestin binding and conformation. We find that patterns favoring binding differ from those favoring activation-associated conformational change. Both binding and conformation depend more on arrangement of phosphates than on their total number, with phosphorylation at different positions sometimes exerting opposite effects. Phosphorylation patterns selectively favor a wide variety of arrestin conformations, differently affecting arrestin sites implicated in scaffolding distinct signaling proteins. We also reveal molecular mechanisms of these phenomena. Our work reveals the structural basis for the long-standing "barcode" hypothesis and has important implications for design of functionally selective GPCR-targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi R Latorraca
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthieu Masureel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Scott A Hollingsworth
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Franziska M Heydenreich
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carl-Mikael Suomivuori
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Connor Brinton
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Raphael J L Townshend
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Brian K Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ron O Dror
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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18
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Møller TC, Pedersen MF, van Senten JR, Seiersen SD, Mathiesen JM, Bouvier M, Bräuner-Osborne H. Dissecting the roles of GRK2 and GRK3 in μ-opioid receptor internalization and β-arrestin2 recruitment using CRISPR/Cas9-edited HEK293 cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17395. [PMID: 33060647 PMCID: PMC7567791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Most G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) recruit β-arrestins and internalize upon agonist stimulation. For the μ-opioid receptor (μ-OR), this process has been linked to development of opioid tolerance. GPCR kinases (GRKs), particularly GRK2 and GRK3, have been shown to be important for μ-OR recruitment of β-arrestin and internalization. However, the contribution of GRK2 and GRK3 to β-arrestin recruitment and receptor internalization, remain to be determined in their complete absence. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing we established HEK293 cells with knockout of GRK2, GRK3 or both to dissect their individual contributions in β-arrestin2 recruitment and μ-OR internalization upon stimulation with four different agonists. We showed that GRK2/3 removal reduced agonist-induced μ-OR internalization and β-arrestin2 recruitment substantially and we found GRK2 to be more important for these processes than GRK3. Furthermore, we observed a sustained and GRK2/3 independent component of β-arrestin2 recruitment to the plasma membrane upon μ-OR activation. Rescue expression experiments restored GRK2/3 functions. Inhibition of GRK2/3 using the small molecule inhibitor CMPD101 showed a high similarity between the genetic and pharmacological approaches, cross-validating the specificity of both. However, off-target effects were observed at high CMPD101 concentrations. These GRK2/3 KO cell lines should prove useful for a wide range of studies on GPCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thor C Møller
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mie F Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey R van Senten
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie D Seiersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper M Mathiesen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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19
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Kaya AI, Perry NA, Gurevich VV, Iverson TM. Phosphorylation barcode-dependent signal bias of the dopamine D1 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14139-14149. [PMID: 32503917 PMCID: PMC7321966 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918736117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Agonist-activated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) must correctly select from hundreds of potential downstream signaling cascades and effectors. To accomplish this, GPCRs first bind to an intermediary signaling protein, such as G protein or arrestin. These intermediaries initiate signaling cascades that promote the activity of different effectors, including several protein kinases. The relative roles of G proteins versus arrestins in initiating and directing signaling is hotly debated, and it remains unclear how the correct final signaling pathway is chosen given the ready availability of protein partners. Here, we begin to deconvolute the process of signal bias from the dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) by exploring factors that promote the activation of ERK1/2 or Src, the kinases that lead to cell growth and proliferation. We found that ERK1/2 activation involves both arrestin and Gαs, while Src activation depends solely on arrestin. Interestingly, we found that the phosphorylation pattern influences both arrestin and Gαs coupling, suggesting an additional way the cells regulate G protein signaling. The phosphorylation sites in the D1R intracellular loop 3 are particularly important for directing the binding of G protein versus arrestin and for selecting between the activation of ERK1/2 and Src. Collectively, these studies correlate functional outcomes with a physical basis for signaling bias and provide fundamental information on how GPCR signaling is directed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali I Kaya
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Nicole A Perry
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | | | - T M Iverson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232;
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
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20
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Verweij EWE, Al Araaj B, Prabhata WR, Prihandoko R, Nijmeijer S, Tobin AB, Leurs R, Vischer HF. Differential Role of Serines and Threonines in Intracellular Loop 3 and C-Terminal Tail of the Histamine H 4 Receptor in β-Arrestin and G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase Interaction, Internalization, and Signaling. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:321-333. [PMID: 32296771 PMCID: PMC7155198 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The histamine H4 receptor (H4R) activates Gαi-mediated signaling and recruits β-arrestin2 upon stimulation with histamine. β-Arrestins play a regulatory role in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by interacting with phosphorylated serine and threonine residues in the GPCR C-terminal tail and intracellular loop 3, resulting in receptor desensitization and internalization. Using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based biosensors, we show that G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRK) 2 and 3 are more quickly recruited to the H4R than β-arrestin1 and 2 upon agonist stimulation, whereas receptor internalization dynamics toward early endosomes was slower. Alanine-substitution revealed that a serine cluster at the distal end of the H4R C-terminal tail is essential for the recruitment of β-arrestin1/2, and consequently, receptor internalization and desensitization of G protein-driven extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation and label-free cellular impedance. In contrast, alanine substitution of serines and threonines in the intracellular loop 3 of the H4R did not affect β-arrestin2 recruitment and receptor desensitization, but reduced β-arrestin1 recruitment and internalization. Hence, β-arrestin recruitment to H4R requires the putative phosphorylated serine cluster in the H4R C-terminal tail, whereas putative phosphosites in the intracellular loop 3 have different effects on β-arrestin1 versus β-arrestin2. Mutation of these putative phosphosites in either intracellular loop 3 or the C-terminal tail did not affect the histamine-induced recruitment of GRK2 and GRK3 but does change the interaction of H4R with GRK5 and GRK6, respectively. Identification of H4R interactions with these proteins is a first step in the understanding how this receptor might be dysregulated in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléonore W E Verweij
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Betty Al Araaj
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wimzy R Prabhata
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi Prihandoko
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Saskia Nijmeijer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Leurs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry F Vischer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Apostolakou AE, Baltoumas FA, Stravopodis DJ, Iconomidou VA. Extended Human G-Protein Coupled Receptor Network: Cell-Type-Specific Analysis of G-Protein Coupled Receptor Signaling Pathways. J Proteome Res 2019; 19:511-524. [PMID: 31774292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate crucial physiological functions in humans, have been implicated in an array of diseases, and are therefore prime drug targets. GPCRs signal via a multitude of pathways, mainly through G-proteins and β-arrestins, to regulate effectors responsible for cellular responses. The limited number of transducers results in different GPCRs exerting control on the same pathway, while the availability of signaling proteins in a cell defines the result of GPCR activation. The aim of this study was to construct the extended human GPCR network (hGPCRnet) and examine the effect that cell-type specificity has on GPCR signaling pathways. To achieve this, protein-protein interaction data between GPCRs, G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), Gα subunits, β-arrestins, and effectors were combined with protein expression data in cell types. This resulted in the hGPCRnet, a very large interconnected network, and similar cell-type-specific networks in which, distinct GPCR signaling pathways were formed. Finally, a user friendly web application, hGPCRnet ( http://bioinformatics.biol.uoa.gr/hGPCRnet ), was created to allow for the visualization and exploration of these networks and of GPCR signaling pathways. This work, and the resulting application, can be useful in further studies of GPCR function and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avgi E Apostolakou
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Sciences , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis , Athens 15701 , Greece
| | - Fotis A Baltoumas
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Sciences , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis , Athens 15701 , Greece
| | - Dimitrios J Stravopodis
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Sciences , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis , Athens 15701 , Greece
| | - Vassiliki A Iconomidou
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Sciences , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis , Athens 15701 , Greece
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22
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Cowan AE, Mendes P, Blinov ML. ModelBricks-modules for reproducible modeling improving model annotation and provenance. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2019; 5:37. [PMID: 31602314 PMCID: PMC6783478 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-019-0114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Most computational models in biology are built and intended for "single-use"; the lack of appropriate annotation creates models where the assumptions are unknown, and model elements are not uniquely identified. Simply recreating a simulation result from a publication can be daunting; expanding models to new and more complex situations is a herculean task. As a result, new models are almost always created anew, repeating literature searches for kinetic parameters, initial conditions and modeling specifics. It is akin to building a brick house starting with a pile of clay. Here we discuss a concept for building annotated, reusable models, by starting with small well-annotated modules we call ModelBricks. Curated ModelBricks, accessible through an open database, could be used to construct new models that will inherit ModelBricks annotations and thus be easier to understand and reuse. Key features of ModelBricks include reliance on a commonly used standard language (SBML), rule-based specification describing species as a collection of uniquely identifiable molecules, association with model specific numerical parameters, and more common annotations. Physical bricks can vary substantively; likewise, to be useful the structure of ModelBricks must be highly flexible-it should encapsulate mechanisms from single reactions to multiple reactions in a complex process. Ultimately, a modeler would be able to construct large models by using multiple ModelBricks, preserving annotations and provenance of model elements, resulting in a highly annotated model. We envision the library of ModelBricks to rapidly grow from community contributions. Persistent citable references will incentivize model creators to contribute new ModelBricks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E. Cowan
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, UConn Health, Farmington, CT USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT USA
| | - Pedro Mendes
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, UConn Health, Farmington, CT USA
- Center for Quantitative Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT USA
- Department of Cell Biology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT USA
| | - Michael L. Blinov
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, UConn Health, Farmington, CT USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT USA
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23
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Pal S, Chattopadhyay A. Extramembranous Regions in G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Cinderella in Receptor Biology? J Membr Biol 2019; 252:483-497. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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24
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Abstract
The organs require oxygen and other types of nutrients (amino acids, sugars, and lipids) to function, the heart consuming large amounts of fatty acids for oxidation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation.
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25
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Haider RS, Godbole A, Hoffmann C. To sense or not to sense-new insights from GPCR-based and arrestin-based biosensors. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 57:16-24. [PMID: 30408632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Advances in resolving crystal structures of GPCRs and their binding partners as well as improvements in live-cell microscopy and the fluorescent proteins pallet has greatly driven new ideas for designing optical sensors for the same. Sensors have been developed to monitor ligand binding as well as the ensuing ligand-induced conformational changes in GPCRs, G-proteins and arrestins. In this review we will highlight the functionality of such sensor designs starting from monitoring ligand binding to receptor activation and interaction with arrestins. Furthermore, we will highlight the importance of sensor designs to monitor receptor-dependent arrestin conformations and give an idea about the various detected arrestin conformations and their possible implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Silvanus Haider
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Hans-Knöll Straße 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Amod Godbole
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Hans-Knöll Straße 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Hans-Knöll Straße 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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26
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Renz BW, Tanaka T, Sunagawa M, Takahashi R, Jiang Z, Macchini M, Dantes Z, Valenti G, White RA, Middelhoff MA, Ilmer M, Oberstein PE, Angele MK, Deng H, Hayakawa Y, Westphalen CB, Werner J, Remotti H, Reichert M, Tailor YH, Nagar K, Friedman RA, Iuga AC, Olive KP, Wang TC. Cholinergic Signaling via Muscarinic Receptors Directly and Indirectly Suppresses Pancreatic Tumorigenesis and Cancer Stemness. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:1458-1473. [PMID: 30185628 PMCID: PMC6214763 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In many solid tumors, parasympathetic input is provided by the vagus nerve, which has been shown to modulate tumor growth. However, whether cholinergic signaling directly regulates progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has not been defined. Here, we found that subdiaphragmatic vagotomy in LSL-Kras +/G12D;Pdx1-Cre (KC) mice accelerated PDAC development, whereas treatment with the systemic muscarinic agonist bethanechol restored the normal KC phenotype, thereby suppressing the accelerated tumorigenesis caused by vagotomy. In LSL-Kras +/G12D;LSL-Trp53 +/R172H;Pdx1-Cre mice with established PDAC, bethanechol significantly extended survival. These effects were mediated in part through CHRM1, which inhibited downstream MAPK/EGFR and PI3K/AKT pathways in PDAC cells. Enhanced cholinergic signaling led to a suppression of the cancer stem cell (CSC) compartment, CD11b+ myeloid cells, TNFα levels, and metastatic growth in the liver. Therefore, these data suggest that cholinergic signaling directly and indirectly suppresses growth of PDAC cells, and therapies that stimulate muscarinic receptors may be useful in the treatment of PDAC.Significance: Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy or Chrm1 knockout accelerates pancreatic tumorigenesis, in part via expansion of the CSC compartment. Systemic administration of a muscarinic agonist suppresses tumorigenesis through MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling, in early stages of tumor growth and in more advanced, metastatic disease. Therefore, CHRM1 may represent a potentially attractive therapeutic target. Cancer Discov; 8(11); 1458-73. ©2018 AACR. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1333.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/prevention & control
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cholinergic Agents/pharmacology
- Genes, ras
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Receptor, Muscarinic M1/physiology
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard W Renz
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich; and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masaki Sunagawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Ryota Takahashi
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Zhengyu Jiang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Marina Macchini
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Zahra Dantes
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Ruth A White
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Moritz A Middelhoff
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Matthias Ilmer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich; and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul E Oberstein
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Martin K Angele
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich; and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Huan Deng
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Pathology, and Molecular Medicine and Genetics Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Benedikt Westphalen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich; and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich; and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Helen Remotti
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Maximilian Reichert
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Yagnesh H Tailor
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Karan Nagar
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Richard A Friedman
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource of the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Alina C Iuga
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Kenneth P Olive
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
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27
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Hitchinson B, Eby JM, Gao X, Guite-Vinet F, Ziarek JJ, Abdelkarim H, Lee Y, Okamoto Y, Shikano S, Majetschak M, Heveker N, Volkman BF, Tarasova NI, Gaponenko V. Biased antagonism of CXCR4 avoids antagonist tolerance. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/552/eaat2214. [PMID: 30327409 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat2214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Repeated dosing of drugs targeting G protein-coupled receptors can stimulate antagonist tolerance, which reduces their efficacy; thus, strategies to avoid tolerance are needed. The efficacy of AMD3100, a competitive antagonist of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 that mobilizes leukemic blasts from the bone marrow into the blood to sensitize them to chemotherapy, is reduced after prolonged treatment. Tolerance to AMD3100 increases the abundance of CXCR4 on the surface of leukemic blasts, which promotes their rehoming to the bone marrow. AMD3100 inhibits both G protein signaling by CXCR4 and β-arrestin1/2-dependent receptor endocytosis. We demonstrated that biased antagonists of G protein-dependent chemotaxis but not β-arrestin1/2 recruitment and subsequent receptor endocytosis avoided tolerance. The peptide antagonist X4-2-6, which is derived from transmembrane helix 2 and extracellular loop 1 of CXCR4, limited chemotaxis and signaling but did not promote CXCR4 accumulation on the cell surface or cause tolerance. The activity of X4-2-6 was due to its distinct mechanism of inhibition of CXCR4. The peptide formed a ternary complex with the receptor and its ligand, the chemokine CXCL12. Within this complex, X4-2-6 released the portion of CXCL12 critical for receptor-mediated activation of G proteins but enabled the rest of the chemokine to recruit β-arrestins to the receptor. In contrast, AMD3100 displaced all components of the chemokine responsible for CXCR4 activation. We further identified a small molecule with similar biased antagonist properties to those of X4-2-6, which may provide a viable alternative to patients when antagonist tolerance prevents drugs from reaching efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Hitchinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan M Eby
- Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xianlong Gao
- Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Francois Guite-Vinet
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joshua J Ziarek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Hazem Abdelkarim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Youngshim Lee
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Biomolecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yukari Okamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sojin Shikano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthias Majetschak
- Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Nikolaus Heveker
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Nadya I Tarasova
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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28
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Sabbir MG, Fernyhough P. Muscarinic receptor antagonists activate ERK-CREB signaling to augment neurite outgrowth of adult sensory neurons. Neuropharmacology 2018; 143:268-281. [PMID: 30248305 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A major cellular effector activated by G protein coupled receptors is extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). The ERK signaling cascade regulates a variety of cellular processes including growth and proliferation. Both G protein and β-arrestin-mediated signaling lead to ERK activation by phosphorylation through different kinases. Recently, we have shown muscarinic acetylcholine type 1 receptor (M1R) antagonists, muscarinic toxin 7 (MT7) and pirenzepine, elevated neurite outgrowth and protected from small and large fiber neuropathy in adult sensory neurons in various animal models. Thus, we tested the novel hypothesis that muscarinic antagonists could drive neurite outgrowth through altered M1R-ERK signaling. We have used two dimensional isoelectric focusing/SDS-PAGE combined with analysis using multiple phospho-epitope specific antibodies to study ERK1/2 phosphorylation and activation of its downstream nuclear effector cyclic response element binding protein (CREB). Activated CREB is known to exhibit neuroprotective and growth promoting effects. One hour of treatment with MT7 and pirenzepine activated ERK through M1R and induced a significant increase in levels of pCREB(S133) in cultured sensory neurons. Further, pharmacological blockade or siRNA based knockdown of ERK abolished the MT7 and pirenzepine mediated neuritogenic effect. In addition, we have shown drug-induced alterations of charged protein fractions that may possess additional post-translationally modified forms of ERK and CREB. For the first time we show that long-term treatment, e.g. 1 h, with muscarinic antagonists selective or specific for M1R can activate a biased β-arrestin dependent ERK-CREB signal cascade. Our study gives novel insight into muscarinic antagonist-mediated modulation of M1R-ERK-CREB signaling which could be exploited for therapy in neuropathic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Golam Sabbir
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada.
| | - Paul Fernyhough
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada; Dept of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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29
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Latorraca NR, Wang JK, Bauer B, Townshend RJL, Hollingsworth SA, Olivieri JE, Xu HE, Sommer ME, Dror RO. Molecular mechanism of GPCR-mediated arrestin activation. Nature 2018; 557:452-456. [PMID: 29720655 PMCID: PMC6294333 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite intense interest in discovering drugs that cause G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to selectively stimulate or block arrestin signalling, the structural mechanism of receptor-mediated arrestin activation remains unclear1,2. Here we reveal this mechanism through extensive atomic-level simulations of arrestin. We find that the receptor's transmembrane core and cytoplasmic tail-which bind distinct surfaces on arrestin-can each independently stimulate arrestin activation. We confirm this unanticipated role of the receptor core, and the allosteric coupling between these distant surfaces of arrestin, using site-directed fluorescence spectroscopy. The effect of the receptor core on arrestin conformation is mediated primarily by interactions of the intracellular loops of the receptor with the arrestin body, rather than the marked finger-loop rearrangement that is observed upon receptor binding. In the absence of a receptor, arrestin frequently adopts active conformations when its own C-terminal tail is disengaged, which may explain why certain arrestins remain active long after receptor dissociation. Our results, which suggest that diverse receptor binding modes can activate arrestin, provide a structural foundation for the design of functionally selective ('biased') GPCR-targeted ligands with desired effects on arrestin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi R Latorraca
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jason K Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian Bauer
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Scott A Hollingsworth
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julia E Olivieri
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - H Eric Xu
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Martha E Sommer
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ron O Dror
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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30
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Lu MY, Lu SS, Chang SL, Liao F. The Phosphorylation of CCR6 on Distinct Ser/Thr Residues in the Carboxyl Terminus Differentially Regulates Biological Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:415. [PMID: 29552015 PMCID: PMC5840145 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CCR6 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that recognizes a single chemokine ligand, CCL20 and is primarily expressed by leukocytes. Upon ligand binding, CCR6 activates Gαi heterotrimeric G proteins to induce various potential cellular outcomes through context-specific cell signaling. It is well known that differential phosphorylation of Ser and Thr residues in the C-terminal domains or intracellular loops of GPCRs can generate barcodes that regulate GPCR function by regulating the recruitment of β-arrestins. In this study, we demonstrate that ligand binding to CCR6 induces receptor phosphorylation at Ser/Thr residues in the C-terminal tail, rather than intracellular loops. Using mutagenesis experiments, we determined that distinct clusters of Ser/Thr residues in the C-terminal domain differentially regulate CCL20-induced signaling and cellular response. Substituting the Thr360/Ser361/Thr363 cluster or the Ser370/Ser371 cluster with Ala residues modulated cellular response upon CCL20 stimulation. Notably, receptor internalization, chemotaxis, F-actin distribution, transient ERK1/2 activation, and β-arrestin 2 recruitment were oppositely affected by mutating the two clusters, suggesting that phosphorylation of CCR6 C-terminal Ser/Thr residues directs the cell signaling response upon receptor activation. Moreover, activated CCR6 weakly recruited β-arrestin 1 in comparison with β-arrestin 2, and the two arrestin proteins seemed to play overlapping but distinct roles in mediating CCL20/CCR6-induced cellular responses. Taken together, the effects of site-specific Ser/Thr phosphorylation on CCR6 demonstrate the existence of barcodes on the protein that dictate the activation of different cell signaling profiles and lead to distinct biological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yi Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Syuan-Shao Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Fang Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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31
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Jung SR, Hille B. Optical approaches for visualization of arrestin binding to muscarinic receptor. Methods Cell Biol 2018; 149:1-18. [PMID: 30616813 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled seven-transmembrane receptors (GPCRs) mediate responses to hormones, metabolites, lipids, and neurotransmitters at the cell membrane, and so they are prominent drug targets. Although many structural, biochemical, cell biological, and biophysical studies made remarkable progress to understand mechanisms of GPCR signaling, there still are many unanswered questions about arrestin-dependent GPCR signaling. In this chapter, we focus on optical assays to see muscarinic receptor-arrestin interactions with ensemble FRET and single-molecule TIRF imaging in live cells and finally to integrate the information to simulate hypothesized steps in Virtual Cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bertil Hille
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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32
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Wang Z, Wang C, Fang Y, Yuan H, Quan Y, Cheng Y. Color-tunable AIE-active conjugated polymer nanoparticles as drug carriers for self-indicating cancer therapy via intramolecular FRET mechanism. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00329g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, two novel AIE-active conjugated polymers were synthesized by Pd-catalyzed Suzuki coupling polymerization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yayun Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
| | - Hong Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yiwu Quan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
| | - Yixiang Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
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Hilger D, Masureel M, Kobilka BK. Structure and dynamics of GPCR signaling complexes. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:4-12. [PMID: 29323277 PMCID: PMC6535338 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-017-0011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 544] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) relay numerous extracellular signals by triggering intracellular signaling through coupling with G proteins and arrestins. Recent breakthroughs in the structural determination of GPCRs and GPCR-transducer complexes represent important steps toward deciphering GPCR signal transduction at a molecular level. A full understanding of the molecular basis of GPCR-mediated signaling requires elucidation of the dynamics of receptors and their transducer complexes as well as their energy landscapes and conformational transition rates. Here, we summarize current insights into the structural plasticity of GPCR-G-protein and GPCR-arrestin complexes that underlies the regulation of the receptor's intracellular signaling profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hilger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthieu Masureel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian K Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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34
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Sustained Activity of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor: Homer, Arrestin, and Beyond. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:5125624. [PMID: 29359050 PMCID: PMC5735635 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5125624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
When activated, metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlus) exert long-lasting changes within the glutamatergic synapses. One mechanism is a tonic effect of downstream signal transduction pathways via sustained activation of mGlu itself. Like many other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), mGlu can exist in a constitutively active state, which persists agonist independently. In this paper, we review the current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the constitutive activity of group I mGlus. The issues concerning Homer1a mechanism in the constitutive activity of group I mGlus and recent findings regarding the significant role of β-arrestin in sustained GPCR activity are also discussed. We propose that once in a state of sustained activation, the mGlu persistently activates downstream signaling pathways, including various adaptor proteins and kinases, such as β-arrestin and mitogen-activated protein kinases. In turn, these effector molecules bind to or phosphorylate the mGlu C-terminal binding domains and consequently regulate the activation state of the mGlu.
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