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Wang S, Zhao W, Wang X, Zheng G. Temporal trend and driving effect of demographic transitions on embedded carbon emissions of Chinese households. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:45507-45521. [PMID: 38965112 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
A population is regarded as the main non-economic driver of carbon emissions, causing the climatic crisis, especially in China experiencing a dramatic demographic transition. In contrast to aging, low fertility, the most remarkable feature of the Chinese population transition, has always been ignored when evaluating carbon emissions, due to the lack of long-run data. To narrow this gap, an integrated framework combining the continuous input-output tables from 1997 to 2018 with the Mann-Kendall test and vector auto-regression was presented to clarify the fluctuating trend of household embedded carbon emissions and the driving pattern of low fertility, aging, and urbanization. Our main findings showed that changes in household embedded carbon emissions have increased sharply in the last two decades. The growth of Chinese household embedded carbon emissions began to accelerate in 2001, which lagged 1 year behind the demographic indicators. Low fertility has a positive impact on households' embedded carbon emissions. More importantly, the impact of low fertility is more significant and far-reaching than that of aging. These suggest that aggressive policies for stimulating fertility and low-carbon lifestyles should be considered by policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (China Ministry of Education), School of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, People's Republic of China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenjin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (China Ministry of Education), School of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, People's Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian'en Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (China Ministry of Education), School of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, People's Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Guochen Zheng
- Hebei University of Environmental Engineering, 066102, Qinhuangdao, People's Republic of China
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2
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Asimow NG, Turner AJ, Cohen RC. Sustained Reductions of Bay Area CO 2 Emissions 2018-2022. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:6586-6594. [PMID: 38572839 PMCID: PMC11025126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Cities represent a significant and growing portion of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Quantifying urban emissions and trends over time is needed to evaluate the efficacy of policy targeting emission reductions as well as to understand more fundamental questions about the urban biosphere. A number of approaches have been proposed to measure, report, and verify (MRV) changes in urban CO2 emissions. Here we show that a modest capital cost, spatially dense network of sensors, the Berkeley Environmental Air Quality and CO2 Network (BEACO2N), in combination with Bayesian inversions, result in a synthesis of measured CO2 concentrations and meteorology to yield an improved estimate of CO2 emissions and provide a cost-effective and accurate assessment of CO2 emissions trends over time. We describe nearly 5 years of continuous CO2 observations (2018-2022) in a midsized urban region (the San Francisco Bay Area). These observed concentrations constrain a Bayesian inversion that indicates the interannual trend in urban CO2 emissions in the region has been a modest decrease at a rate of 1.8 ± 0.3%/year. We interpret this decrease as primarily due to passenger vehicle electrification, reducing on-road emissions at a rate of 2.6 ± 0.7%/year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi G. Asimow
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Science, University
of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander J. Turner
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Science, University
of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ronald C. Cohen
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Science, University
of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- College
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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3
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Liu W, Niu Z, Feng X, Zhou W, Liang D, Lyu M, Wang G, Lu X, Liu L, Turnbull JC. Atmospheric CO 2 and 14CO 2 observations at the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains in China: Temporal characteristics and source quantification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170682. [PMID: 38325447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
A two-year (March 2021 to February 2023) continuous atmospheric CO2 and a one-year regular atmospheric 14CO2 measurement records were measured at the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains in Xi'an, China, aiming to study the temporal characteristics of atmospheric CO2 and the contributions from the sources of fossil fuel CO2 (CO2ff) and biological CO2 (CO2bio) fluxes. The two-year mean CO2 mole fraction was 442.2 ± 16.3 ppm, with a yearly increase of 4.7 ppm (i.e., 1.1 %) during the two-year observations. Seasonal CO2 mole fractions were the highest in winter (452.1 ± 17.7 ppm) and the lowest in summer (433.5 ± 13.3 ppm), with the monthly CO2 levels peaking in January and troughing in June. Diurnal CO2 levels peaked at dawn (05:00-07:00) in spring, summer and autumn, and at 10:00 in winter. 14C analysis revealed that the excess CO2 (CO2ex, atmospheric CO2 minus background CO2) at this site was mainly from CO2ff emissions (67.0 ± 26.8 %), and CO2ff mole fractions were the highest in winter (20.6 ± 17.7 ppm). Local CO enhancement above the background mole fraction (ΔCO) was significantly (r = 0.74, p < 0.05) positively correlated with CO2ff in a one-year measurement, and ΔCO:CO2ff showed a ratio of 23 ± 6 ppb/ppm during summer and winter sampling days, much lower than previous measurements and suggesting an improvement in combustion efficiency over the last decade. CO2bio mole fractions also peaked in winter (14.2 ± 9.6 ppm), apparently due to biomass combustion and the lower and more stable wintertime atmospheric boundary layer. The negative CO2bio values in summer indicated that terrestrial vegetation of the Qinling Mountains had the potential to uptake atmospheric CO2 during the corresponding sampling days. This site is most sensitive to local emissions from Xi'an and to short distance transportation from the southern Qinling Mountains through the valleys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Interdisciplinary Research Center of Earth Science Frontier, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhenchuan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, China.
| | - Xue Feng
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Weijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Joint Xi'an AMS Center Between IEECAS and Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Dan Liang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Mengni Lyu
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guowei Wang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Joint Xi'an AMS Center Between IEECAS and Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Earth Science Frontier, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jocelyn C Turnbull
- National Isotope Center, GNS Science, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand; CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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Fung PL, Al-Jaghbeer O, Pirjola L, Aaltonen H, Järvi L. Exploring the discrepancy between top-down and bottom-up approaches of fine spatio-temporal vehicular CO 2 emission in an urban road network. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165827. [PMID: 37517739 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Road transport emissions of high spatial and temporal resolution are useful for greenhouse gas emission assessment in local action plans. However, estimating these high-resolution emissions is not straightforward, and different indirect approaches exist. The main aim of this study is to examine the differences in CO2 emissions obtained with different methods within a street canyon network in Helsinki, Finland, where a mobile laboratory campaign to quantify traffic emissions has been conducted. We compared three aerodynamic resistance based top-down methods (MOST1, MOST2 and BHT) and three activity based bottom-up microscopic emission models (NGM, HBEFAv4.2 and PHEMlight). The resulted CO2 fluxes using different methods could vary a few orders of magnitude. The combination of MOST1 and NGM model leads to the smallest discrepancy (sMAPE = 16.90 %) and the highest correlation coefficient (r = 0.78) among the rest. We evaluated the discrepancies in terms of different spatial (microenvrionments, local climate zones LCZs and grid sizes) and temporal features (seasons and periods of day). Measurements taken in LCZs of open high-rise regions and microenvironments of main road tend to have larger discrepancies between the two approaches. Using a coarser grid would lead to a relatively small discrepancy and high correlation in the wintertime, yet a loss in distinctive spatial variation. The discrepancies were also elevated on winter evenings. Among all explanatory variables, relative humidity shows the strongest relative importance for the discrepancy of the two approaches, followed by LCZs. Therefore, we stress the importance of choosing a suitable model for vehicular CO2 emission calculation based on meteorological conditions and LCZs. Such model comparison made on a local scale directly supports environmental organisations and cities' climate action plans where detailed information of CO2 emissions are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak Lun Fung
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Finland.
| | - Omar Al-Jaghbeer
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Liisa Pirjola
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Metropolia Applied University, P.O. Box 4071, Vantaa 01600, Finland
| | - Hermanni Aaltonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Leena Järvi
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Finland
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Jiang H, Han Y, Zalhaf AS, Yang P, Wang C. Low-cost urban carbon monitoring network and implications for china: a comprehensive review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:105012-105029. [PMID: 37726626 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29836-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The development and renewal of gas sensor technology have enabled more and more low-cost gas sensors to form a carbon monitoring network to meet the requirements of the city. In the context of China's commitment to achieving the "double carbon" target by 2060, this paper reviews the principles of four standard gas sensors and the application of several low-cost sensors in urban carbon monitoring networks, with the aim of providing a practical reference for the future deployment of carbon monitoring networks in Chinese cities. Moreover, the types, prices, and deployment of the sensors used in each project are summarized. Based on this review, non-dispersive infrared sensors have the best performance among the sensors and are commonly used in many cities. Lots of urban climate networks in cities were summarized by many reviews in the literature, but only a few sensors were studied, and they did not consider carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors. This review focuses on the dense CO2 urban monitoring network, and some case studies are also discussed, such as Seoul and San Francisco. To address the issue of how to better ensure the balance between cost and accuracy in the deployment of sensor networks, this paper proposes a method of simultaneously deploying medium-precision and high-precision fixed sensors and mobile sensors to form an urban carbon monitoring network. Finally, the prospects and recommendations, such as different ways to mitigate CO2 and develop an entire carbon monitoring system for future urban carbon monitoring in China, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Jiang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
| | - Amr S Zalhaf
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
- Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, 31511, Egypt
| | - Ping Yang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Congling Wang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
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6
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Mallongi A, Ernyasih E. Health risk assessments of exposure carbon dioxide among communities and children around Tonasa cement plant, Pangkep Regency, Indonesia. Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) application. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e271436. [PMID: 37792746 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.271436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to carbon dioxide (CO2) can have a negative influence on one's health and be hazardous to the environment. It could be both directly and indirectly to those communities who are living near the CO2 point sources. This study aimed to investigate the magnitude of CO2 level in ambient air and its spatial distribution which then continued to assess the potential health risks posed by communities living surround the site as well as applied the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) approach to predict the risks magnitude among adult and children due to CO2 air pollution from the cement industry activities in Pangkep. This observational analytic study applied health risk assessment due to the CO2 exposure both to adult and children population. To estimate the non carcinogenic risk, study used the Monte Carlo Simulation model with 10,000 iterations to estimate the risk through the inhalation pathway suffered by communities, as well as analyzing the sensitivity level every single health risk parameter. The highest risks for the adults was in station 7 with 7,641 whereas the lowest risks was in station 3 with 1,194, respectively. Furthermore, the highest risks for child was in station 4 with 498 whereas the lowest one was in station 15 with 32, respectively. Those non carcinogenic HQ were exceed the standard for adult but not at risks for children. The results of the Monte Carlo Simulation that assessed the non risks cancer probability with the 5th and 95th percentiles demonstrated that adult population were at value of 0.83 and 1.53 0.83 and 1.53 respectively, that still indicated at low risk for developing adverse health effects among those communities temporarily. However, at the same percentiles children indicated at value of 199 and 388 that indicated at risk for developing adverse health effects among those children. In addition, level of sensitivity analysis result indicated that exposure frequency with (20,9%) for adult and the exposure duration with (25,6%) for children were the most contributing factors to health risks among, respectively. Simulation determines the critical factors with major effects in reducing health risks. The CO2 magnitude not poses risks to adults, by contrast, children are at risk. Thus, limiting exposure frequency and inhalation of CO2 levels in the school for children area are highly demanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mallongi
- Hasanuddin University, Faculty of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Tamalanrea, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - E Ernyasih
- Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta, Faculty of Public Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
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7
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Jin S, Zhang E, Guo H, Hu C, Zhang Y, Yan D. Comprehensive evaluation of carbon sequestration potential of landscape tree species and its influencing factors analysis: implications for urban green space management. CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT 2023; 18:17. [PMID: 37668811 PMCID: PMC10481583 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-023-00238-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) has aggravated global warming and promoted urban tree planting projects for many countries. So it's imperative to select high carbon sequestering landscape tree species while considering their aesthetic values of urban green space. RESULTS 32 tree species were selected as test objects which were commonly used in landscaping in Zhengzhou, a typical northern city of China. To assess the comprehensive carbon sequestration potential of landscape tree species in different plant configuration types, we simultaneously considered their daily net carbon sequestration per unit leaf area (wCO2), daily net carbon sequestration per unit land area (WCO2) and daily net carbon sequestration of the whole plant (QCO2) through cluster analysis. Besides that, we found out the key factors affecting carbon sequestration potential of landscape tree species by redundancy analysis. CONCLUSION Populus, P Stenoptera, P. acerifolia among large arbors (LA), V odoratissimum, P. Serratifolia, S. oblata among small arbors (SA), and B sinica var. Parvifolia, B. Megistophylla, L quihoui among shrubs (S) were recommended for local urban green space management. Photosynthetic rate (Pn), crown area (CA) and leaf area index (LAI) were the key factors which affected the comprehensive carbon sequestration potential both for LA, SA and S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Jin
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, No. 63, Nongye Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Ershan Zhang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, No. 63, Nongye Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Haotian Guo
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, No. 63, Nongye Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Chuanwei Hu
- Plam Eco-Town Development CO., LTD, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Dongfeng Yan
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, No. 63, Nongye Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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Yang L, Zhao S, Liu S. Urban environments provide new perspectives for forecasting vegetation phenology responses under climate warming. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:4383-4396. [PMID: 37249105 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Given that already-observed temperature increase within cities far exceeds the projected global temperature rise by the end of the century, urban environments often offer a unique opportunity for studying ecosystem response to future warming. However, the validity of thermal gradients in space serving as a substitute for those in time is rarely tested. Here, we investigated vegetation phenology dynamics in China's 343 cities and empirically test whether phenological responses to spatial temperature rise in urban settings can substitute for those to temporal temperature rise in their natural counterparts based on satellite-derived vegetation phenology and land surface temperature from 2003 to 2018. We found prevalent advancing spring phenology with "high confidence" and delaying autumn phenology with "medium confidence" under the context of widespread urban warming. Furthermore, we showed that space cannot substitute for time in predicting phenological shifts under climate warming at the national scale and for most cities. The thresholds of ~11°C mean annual temperature and ~600 mm annual precipitation differentiated the magnitude of phenological sensitivity to temperature across space and through time. Below those thresholds, there existed stronger advanced spring phenology and delayed autumn phenology across the spatial urbanization gradients than through time, and vice versa. Despite the complex and diverse relationships between phenological sensitivities across space and through time, we found that the directions of the temperature changes across spatial gradients were converged (i.e., mostly increased), but divergent through temporal gradients (i.e., increased or decreased without a predominant direction). Similarly, vegetation phenology changes more uniformly over space than through time. These results suggested that the urban environments provide a real-world condition to understand vegetation phenology response under future warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqing Zhao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- College of Ecology and the Environment, Hainan University, Hainan, China
| | - Shuguang Liu
- College of Ecology and the Environment, Hainan University, Hainan, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, and College of Biological Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
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Niepsch D, Clarke LJ, Newton J, Tzoulas K, Cavan G. High spatial resolution assessment of air quality in urban centres using lichen carbon, nitrogen and sulfur contents and stable-isotope-ratio signatures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:58731-58754. [PMID: 36991207 PMCID: PMC10163116 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26652-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution and poor air quality is impacting human health globally and is a major cause of respiratory and cardiovascular disease and damage to human organ systems. Automated air quality monitoring stations continuously record airborne pollutant concentrations, but are restricted in number, costly to maintain and cannot document all spatial variability of airborne pollutants. Biomonitors, such as lichens, are commonly used as an inexpensive alternative to assess the degree of pollution and monitor air quality. However, only a few studies combined lichen carbon, nitrogen and sulfur contents, with their stable-isotope-ratio signatures (δ13C, δ15N and δ34S values) to assess spatial variability of air quality and to 'fingerprint' potential pollution sources. In this study, a high-spatial resolution lichen biomonitoring approach (using Xanthoria parietina and Physcia spp.) was applied to the City of Manchester (UK), the centre of the urban conurbation Greater Manchester, including considerations of its urban characteristics (e.g., building heights and traffic statistics), to investigate finer spatial detail urban air quality. Lichen wt% N and δ15N signatures, combined with lichen nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) concentrations, suggest a complex mixture of airborne NOx and NHx compounds across Manchester. In contrast, lichen S wt%, combined with δ34S strongly suggest anthropogenic sulfur sources, whereas C wt% and δ13C signatures were not considered reliable indicators of atmospheric carbon emissions. Manchester's urban attributes were found to influence lichen pollutant loadings, suggesting deteriorated air quality in proximity to highly trafficked roads and densely built-up areas. Lichen elemental contents and stable-isotope-ratio signatures can be used to identify areas of poor air quality, particularly at locations not covered by automated air quality measurement stations. Therefore, lichen biomonitoring approaches provide a beneficial method to supplement automated monitoring stations and also to assess finer spatial variability of urban air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Niepsch
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
| | - Leon J Clarke
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Jason Newton
- Stable Isotope Ecology Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), East Kilbride, G75 0QF, UK
| | - Konstantinos Tzoulas
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Gina Cavan
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
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10
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Liang M, Zhang Y, Ma Q, Yu D, Chen X, Cohen JB. Dramatic decline of observed atmospheric CO 2 and CH 4 during the COVID-19 lockdown over the Yangtze River Delta of China. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:712-722. [PMID: 36182176 PMCID: PMC9515762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The temporal variation of greenhouse gas concentrations in China during the COVID-19 lockdown in China is analyzed in this work using high resolution measurements of near surface △CO2, △CH4 and △CO concentrations above the background conditions at Lin'an station (LAN), a regional background station in the Yangtze River Delta region. During the pre-lockdown observational period (IOP-1), both △CO2 and △CH4 exhibited a significant increasing trend relative to the 2011-2019 climatological mean. The reduction of △CO2, △CH4 and △CO during the lockdown observational period (IOP-2) (which also coincided with the Chinese New Year Holiday) reached up to 15.0 ppm, 14.2 ppb and 146.8 ppb, respectively, and a reduction of △CO2/△CO probably due to a dramatic reduction from industrial emissions. △CO2, △CH4 and △CO were observed to keep declining during the post-lockdown easing phase (IOP-3), which is the synthetic result of lower than normal CO2 emissions from rural regions around LAN coupled with strong uptake of the terrestrial ecosystem. Interestingly, the trend reversed to gradual increase for all species during the later easing phase (IOP-4), with △CO2/△CO constantly increasing from IOP-2 to IOP-3 and finally IOP-4, consistent with recovery in industrial emissions associated with the staged resumption of economic activity. On average, △CO2 declined sharply throughout the days during IOP-2 but increased gradually throughout the days during IOP-4. The findings showcase the significant role of emission reduction in accounting for the dramatic changes in measured atmospheric △CO2 and △CH4 associated with the COVID-19 lockdown and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liang
- Meteorological Observation Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Meteorological Observation Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Qianli Ma
- Lin'an Atmospheric Regional Background Station, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Hangzhou 311307, China
| | - Dajiang Yu
- Longfengshan Regional Background Station, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Heilongjiang 150200, China
| | - Xiaojian Chen
- Shanxi Meteorological Information Center, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Shanxi 030000, China
| | - Jason Blake Cohen
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
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Ueyama M, Takano T. A decade of CO 2 flux measured by the eddy covariance method including the COVID-19 pandemic period in an urban center in Sakai, Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 304:119210. [PMID: 35358629 PMCID: PMC8958160 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cities constitute an important source of greenhouse gases, but few results originating from long-term, direct CO2 emission monitoring efforts have been reported. In this study, CO2 emissions were quasi-continuously measured in an urban center in Sakai, Osaka, Japan by the eddy covariance method from 2010 to 2021. Long-term CO2 emissions reached 22.2 ± 2.0 kg CO2 m-2 yr-1 from 2010 to 2019 (± denotes the standard deviation) in the western sector from the tower representing the densely built-up area. Throughout the decade, the annual CO2 emissions remained stable. According to an emission inventory, traffic emissions represented the major source of CO2 emissions within the flux footprint. The interannual variations in the annual CO2 flux were positively correlated with the mean annual traffic counts at two highway entrances and exits. The CO2 emissions decreased suddenly, by 32% ± 3.1%, in April and May 2020 during the period in which the first state of emergency associated with COVID-19 was declared. The annual CO2 emissions also decreased by 25% ± 3.1% in 2020. Direct long-term observations of CO2 emissions comprise a useful tool to monitor future emission reductions and sudden disruptions in emissions, such as those beginning in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Ueyama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Tsugumi Takano
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
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12
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Response of Land Use and Net Primary Productivity to Coal Mining: A Case Study of Huainan City and Its Mining Areas. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11070973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle is essential to the global carbon cycle. Mining activities have seriously damaged the terrestrial ecosystem and destroyed the carbon sequestration ability of vegetation, which is of great significance to studying the effect of coal mining on land structure change and carbon sink function in cities and mining areas. However, the existing research lacks the targeted analysis of the carbon sink level of the mining area combined with the mining data. Based on the coal-mining information, land-use data, and MODIS NPP data, this study analyzed the spatio-temporal change characteristics of land use and NPP in Huainan City and its mining areas from 2001 to 2020. The results showed that: (1) 22.5% of the land types in the mining area have changed, much higher than 3.2% in Huainan; 40.08 km2 of the cropland in the mining area has been transformed into waterbodies, seriously affecting regional food security. (2) NPP fluctuates with rainfall, has a weak correlation with temperature, and is restricted by coal-mining factors. The average NPP of most coal mines is significantly lower than that of non-mining areas. The NPP of Huainan City showed an overall growth trend of 2.20 g/(m2 × a), which was much higher than the average value of 0.43 g/(m2 × a) in the mining area. Especially in the Guqiao mine, the difference in NPPslope before and after mining was as high as 16.92 g/(m2 × a). (3) The probability integral method was used to estimate that 195.16 km2 of land in Huainan would be damaged by mining in 2020. The distribution of damage degree was negatively correlated with NPPslope, which meant the more serious the damage was, the less NPPslope was. This study revealed the characteristics of land-use change and NPP spatio-temporal response in resource-based cities and mining-disturbed areas. It quantitatively estimated the impact of mining activities on regional carbon sink function. It can provide theory and data support for mining areas to carry out ecological protection and restoration, improve the environmental service function of resource-based cities, and formulate sustainable development strategies.
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13
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Mitchell LE, Lin JC, Hutyra LR, Bowling DR, Cohen RC, Davis KJ, DiGangi E, Duren RM, Ehleringer JR, Fain C, Falk M, Guha A, Karion A, Keeling RF, Kim J, Miles NL, Miller CE, Newman S, Pataki DE, Prinzivalli S, Ren X, Rice A, Richardson SJ, Sargent M, Stephens BB, Turnbull JC, Verhulst KR, Vogel F, Weiss RF, Whetstone J, Wofsy SC. A multi-city urban atmospheric greenhouse gas measurement data synthesis. Sci Data 2022; 9:361. [PMID: 35750672 PMCID: PMC9232515 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban regions emit a large fraction of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) that contribute to modern-day climate change. As such, a growing number of urban policymakers and stakeholders are adopting emission reduction targets and implementing policies to reach those targets. Over the past two decades research teams have established urban GHG monitoring networks to determine how much, where, and why a particular city emits GHGs, and to track changes in emissions over time. Coordination among these efforts has been limited, restricting the scope of analyses and insights. Here we present a harmonized data set synthesizing urban GHG observations from cities with monitoring networks across North America that will facilitate cross-city analyses and address scientific questions that are difficult to address in isolation. Measurement(s) | carbon dioxide • methane • carbon monoxide | Technology Type(s) | spectroscopy | Sample Characteristic - Environment | city | Sample Characteristic - Location | North America |
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John C Lin
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Riley M Duren
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Abhinav Guha
- Bay Area Air Quality Management District, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anna Karion
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Ralph F Keeling
- Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jooil Kim
- Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Charles E Miller
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Sally Newman
- Bay Area Air Quality Management District, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Xinrong Ren
- Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Rice
- Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jocelyn C Turnbull
- GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.,CIRES, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kristal R Verhulst
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Felix Vogel
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ray F Weiss
- Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James Whetstone
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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14
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15
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Lian X, Jiao L, Zhong J, Jia Q, Liu J, Liu Z. Artificial light pollution inhibits plant phenology advance induced by climate warming. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118110. [PMID: 34525438 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural photic regime has been drastically altered by the artificial night sky luminance. Despite evidence of sufficient light brightness inducing plant physiology and affecting phenology, generalization regarding effects of light pollution on plant phenology across species and locations is less clear. Meanwhile, the relative contributions and joint effects of artificial light pollution and climate change or other anthropic stressors still remain unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, we utilized in situ plant phenological observations of seven tree species during 1991-2015 in Europe, night-time light dataset and gridded temperature dataset to investigate the impacts of the artificial light pollution on spatial-temporal shifts of plant phenological phases under climatic warming. We found 70% of the observation sites were exposed to increased light pollution during 1992-2015. Among them, plant phenological phases substantially delayed at 12-39% observation sites of leaf-out, and 6-53% of flowering. We also found plant species appeared to be more sensitive to artificial light pollution, and phenology advancement was hindered more prominently and even delay phenomenon exhibited when the color level showed stronger sky brightness. Linear mixed models indicate that although temperature plays a dominant role in shifts of plant phenological phases at the spatial scale, the inhibitory effect of artificial light pollution is evident considering the interactions. To our knowledge, this study is the first to quantitatively establish the relationship between artificial light pollution and plant phenology across species and locations. Meanwhile, these findings provide a new insight into the ecological responses of plant phenology to the potential but poorly understood environmental stressors under this warmer world and call for light pollution to be accorded the equal status as other global change phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihong Lian
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Limin Jiao
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Jing Zhong
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Qiqi Jia
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Jiafeng Liu
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Zejin Liu
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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16
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Venturi S, Randazzo A, Tassi F, Gioli B, Buccianti A, Gualtieri G, Capecchiacci F, Cabassi J, Brilli L, Carotenuto F, Santi R, Vagnoli C, Zaldei A, Vaselli O. Unveiling the changes in urban atmospheric CO 2 in the time of COVID-19 pandemic: A case study of Florence (Italy). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148877. [PMID: 34252774 PMCID: PMC8254387 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by global mobility restrictions and slowdown in manufacturing activities. Accordingly, cities experienced a significant decrease of CO2 emissions. In this study, continuous measurements of CO2 fluxes, atmospheric CO2 concentrations and δ13C-CO2 values were performed in the historical center of Florence (Italy) before, during and after the almost two-month long national lockdown. The temporal trends of the analyzed parameters, combined with the variations in emitting source categories (from inventory data), evidenced a fast response of flux measurements to variations in the strength of the emitting sources. Similarly, the δ13C-CO2 values recorded the change in the prevailing sources contributing to urban atmospheric CO2, confirming the effectiveness of carbon isotopic data as geochemical tracers for identifying and quantifying the relative contributions of emitting sources. Although the direct impact of restriction measurements on CO2 concentrations was less clear due to seasonal trends and background fluctuations, an in-depth analysis of the daily local CO2 enhancement with respect to the background values revealed a progressive decrease throughout the lockdown phase at the end of the heating season (>10 ppm), followed by a net increase (ca. 5 ppm) with the resumption of traffic. Finally, the investigation of the shape of the frequency distribution of the analyzed variables revealed interesting aspects concerning the dynamics of the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Venturi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy; Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources (IGG), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Antonio Randazzo
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Franco Tassi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy; Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources (IGG), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Beniamino Gioli
- Institute for BioEconomy (IBE), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Antonella Buccianti
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gualtieri
- Institute for BioEconomy (IBE), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Capecchiacci
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy; Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources (IGG), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Jacopo Cabassi
- Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources (IGG), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Brilli
- Institute for BioEconomy (IBE), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Federico Carotenuto
- Institute for BioEconomy (IBE), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Riccardo Santi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Carolina Vagnoli
- Institute for BioEconomy (IBE), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zaldei
- Institute for BioEconomy (IBE), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Orlando Vaselli
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy; Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources (IGG), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
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17
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Guo D, Chen H, Long R, Zou S. Who avoids being involved in personal carbon trading? An investigation based on the urban residents in eastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:43365-43381. [PMID: 33834333 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Personal carbon trading scheme has been pulled into the public eye with the increasing urgency of downstream carbon emission reduction, and its feasibility largely depends on public acceptability. This study established a hierarchical framework for urban residents' approach-avoidance responses to personal carbon trading; adopted Likert scale and manikin task methods to assess the current states of residents' responses by investigating 1892 respondents in eastern China; employed one-way analysis of variance to identify the demographic differences of their responses; and used regression analysis to explore the influences of psychological factors on their responses. The findings showed that urban residents' responses to personal carbon trading scheme and participation could be classified into five response hierarchies: deep avoidance, shallow avoidance, uncertain, shallow approach, and deep approach. The average of residents' responses denoted a shallow approach, with the characteristics of median stability, duration, and noise. Moreover, residents holding deep approach responses to the scheme and participation respectively accounted for 42.365% and 34.275% of the total, which indicated a gap between attitude and behavior. Urban residents' responses exhibited significant differences with respect to demographic characteristics. Most of the residents with the most avoidance response were young males (i.e., 18-20 years old), older first-line employees (i.e., older than 50 years old), and those on subsistence incomes (i.e., annual individual or household income was RMB 30,000-50,000 yuan). Additionally, residents who held egoistic values, had low senses of social responsibility, knew little about carbon reductions, and preferred comfortable life were likely to avoid the scheme and participation. Finally, policy suggestions are proposed for the enhancement of urban residents' attitudes towards personal carbon trading, thereby providing valuable references for its implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyan Guo
- Centre for Energy Economics and Management Research, School of Management, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Economics and Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China.
| | - Ruyin Long
- School of Economics and Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Shaohui Zou
- Centre for Energy Economics and Management Research, School of Management, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
- School of Energy, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
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18
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Hallar AG, Brown SS, Crosman E, Barsanti K, Cappa CD, Faloona I, Fast J, Holmes HA, Horel J, Lin J, Middlebrook A, Mitchell L, Murphy J, Womack CC, Aneja V, Baasandorj M, Bahreini R, Banta R, Bray C, Brewer A, Caulton D, de Gouw J, De Wekker SF, Farmer DK, Gaston CJ, Hoch S, Hopkins F, Karle NN, Kelly JT, Kelly K, Lareau N, Lu K, Mauldin RL, Mallia DV, Martin R, Mendoza D, Oldroyd HJ, Pichugina Y, Pratt KA, Saide P, Silva PJ, Simpson W, Stephens BB, Stutz J, Sullivan A. Coupled Air Quality and Boundary-Layer Meteorology in Western U.S. Basins during Winter: Design and Rationale for a Comprehensive Study. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2021; 0:1-94. [PMID: 34446943 PMCID: PMC8384125 DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-20-0017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wintertime episodes of high aerosol concentrations occur frequently in urban and agricultural basins and valleys worldwide. These episodes often arise following development of persistent cold-air pools (PCAPs) that limit mixing and modify chemistry. While field campaigns targeting either basin meteorology or wintertime pollution chemistry have been conducted, coupling between interconnected chemical and meteorological processes remains an insufficiently studied research area. Gaps in understanding the coupled chemical-meteorological interactions that drive high pollution events make identification of the most effective air-basin specific emission control strategies challenging. To address this, a September 2019 workshop occurred with the goal of planning a future research campaign to investigate air quality in Western U.S. basins. Approximately 120 people participated, representing 50 institutions and 5 countries. Workshop participants outlined the rationale and design for a comprehensive wintertime study that would couple atmospheric chemistry and boundary-layer and complex-terrain meteorology within western U.S. basins. Participants concluded the study should focus on two regions with contrasting aerosol chemistry: three populated valleys within Utah (Salt Lake, Utah, and Cache Valleys) and the San Joaquin Valley in California. This paper describes the scientific rationale for a campaign that will acquire chemical and meteorological datasets using airborne platforms with extensive range, coupled to surface-based measurements focusing on sampling within the near-surface boundary layer, and transport and mixing processes within this layer, with high vertical resolution at a number of representative sites. No prior wintertime basin-focused campaign has provided the breadth of observations necessary to characterize the meteorological-chemical linkages outlined here, nor to validate complex processes within coupled atmosphere-chemistry models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erik Crosman
- Department of Life, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, West Texas A&M University
| | - Kelley Barsanti
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California, Riverside
| | - Christopher D. Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis 95616 USA
| | - Ian Faloona
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis
| | - Jerome Fast
- Atmospheric Science and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest, National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Heather A. Holmes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - John Horel
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - John Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Logan Mitchell
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jennifer Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline C. Womack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado/ NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - Viney Aneja
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University
| | | | - Roya Bahreini
- Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | | | - Casey Bray
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University
| | - Alan Brewer
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - Dana Caulton
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming
| | - Joost de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences & Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | | | | | - Cassandra J. Gaston
- Department of Atmospheric Science - Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami
| | - Sebastian Hoch
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Nakul N. Karle
- Environmental Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, TX
| | - James T. Kelly
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Kerry Kelly
- Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Neil Lareau
- Atmospheric Sciences and Environmental Sciences and Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China, 100871
| | - Roy L. Mauldin
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
| | - Derek V. Mallia
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Randal Martin
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Logan, UT
| | - Daniel Mendoza
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Holly J. Oldroyd
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis
| | | | | | - Pablo Saide
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, and Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Phillip J. Silva
- Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Bowling Green, KY
| | - William Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-6160
| | - Britton B. Stephens
- Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO
| | - Jochen Stutz
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Amy Sullivan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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19
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Roten D, Wu D, Fasoli B, Oda T, Lin JC. An Interpolation Method to Reduce the Computational Time in the Stochastic Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Modeling of Spatially Dense XCO 2 Retrievals. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2021; 8:e2020EA001343. [PMID: 33869670 PMCID: PMC8047910 DOI: 10.1029/2020ea001343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A growing constellation of satellites is providing near-global coverage of column-averaged CO2 observations. Launched in 2019, NASA's OCO-3 instrument is set to provide XCO2 observations at a high spatial and temporal resolution for regional domains (100 × 100 km). The atmospheric column version of the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (X-STILT) model is an established method of determining the influence of upwind sources on column measurements of the atmosphere, providing a means of analysis for current OCO-3 observations and future space-based column-observing missions. However, OCO-3 is expected to provide hundreds of soundings per targeted observation, straining this already computationally intensive technique. This work proposes a novel scheme to be used with the X-STILT model to generate upwind influence footprints with less computational expense. The method uses X-STILT generated influence footprints from a key subset of OCO-3 soundings. A nonlinear weighted averaging is applied to these footprints to construct additional footprints for the remaining soundings. The effects of subset selection, meteorological data, and topography are investigated for two test sites: Los Angeles, California, and Salt Lake City, Utah. The computational time required to model the source sensitivities for OCO-3 interpretation was reduced by 62% and 78% with errors smaller than other previously acknowledged uncertainties in the modeling system (OCO-3 retrieval error, atmospheric transport error, prior emissions error, etc.). Limitations and future applications for future CO2 missions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Roten
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Dien Wu
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Benjamin Fasoli
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Tomohiro Oda
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and ResearchUniversities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGlobal Modeling and Assimilation OfficeGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - John C. Lin
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
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20
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Honeycutt WT, Kim T, Ley MT, Materer NF. Sensor array for wireless remote monitoring of carbon dioxide and methane near carbon sequestration and oil recovery sites. RSC Adv 2021; 11:6972-6984. [PMID: 35423189 PMCID: PMC8694925 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08593f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon sequestration and enhanced oil recovery are two important geochemical applications currently deployed using carbon dioxide (CO2), a prevalent greenhouse gas. Despite the push to find ways to use and store excess CO2, the development of a large-area monitoring system is lacking. For these applications, there is little literature reporting the development and testing of sensor systems capable of operating in remote areas without maintenance and having significantly low cost to allow their deployment across a large land area. This paper presents the design and validation of a low-cost solar-power distributed sensing architecture using a wireless mesh network integrated, at selective nodes, into a cellular network. This combination allows an “internet of things” approach in remote locations and the integration of a large number of sensor units to monitor CO2 and methane (CH4). This system will allow efficient large area monitoring of both rare catastrophic leaks along with the common micro-seepage of greenhouse gas near carbon sequestration and oil recovery sites. The deployment and testing of the sensor system was performed in an open field at Oklahoma State University. The two-tear network functionality and robustness were determined from a multi-year field study. The reliability of the system was benchmarked by correlating the measured temperature, pressure, and humidity measurement by the network of devices to existing weather data. The CO2 and CH4 gas concentration tracked their expected daily and seasonal cycles. This multi-year field study established that this system can operate in remote areas with minimal human interactions. Demonstration of a solar-powered sensor array for remote carbon sequestration and enhanced oil recovery monitoring. An unattended sensor array can collect real-time gas concentrations, allow leak detection, and measure daily concentration cycles.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley T Honeycutt
- Oklahoma Biological Survey, University of Oklahoma 111 Chesapeake St. Norman OK 73019 USA
| | - Taehwan Kim
- Centre for Infrastructure and Engineering and Safety, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - M Tyler Ley
- College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology, Oklahoma State University 201 ATRC Stillwater OK 74078 USA
| | - Nicholas F Materer
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University 107 Physical Sciences Stillwater OK 74078 USA +1-405-744-5920
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Bácsné-Bába É, Ráthonyi G, Pfau C, Müller A, Szabados GN, Harangi-Rákos M. Sustainability-Sport-Physical Activity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041455. [PMID: 33557153 PMCID: PMC7913963 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study is a synthesizing analysis of international literature on correlations between sustainability, sport, and physical activity. The study of sustainability is considered essential in modern research; its multidisciplinary approach relies on sports science and sports economics as well. There are several aspects of sustainability that are closely associated with health and health preservation; the beneficial effect of exercise on health is also widely known. For the analysis of this complex matter, our current study relied on secondary sources, and besides exploring specialist literature, it also illustrates and analyzes related statistical data. Our results highlight the correlations between living environment and physical activity, the importance of increasing individual commitment towards sustainability and using green spaces for exercising, as well as questions on social and environmental development in relation to physical activity. The study revealed the existence of highly complex links between physical environment, physical activities, and sustainability. The results section of our study provides a brief summary on the possible ways of making people physically active. Increasing physical activity is of paramount importance for achieving the objectives formulated in relation to sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Bácsné-Bába
- Institute of Sport Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (É.B.-B.); (C.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Gergely Ráthonyi
- Institute of Applied Informatics and Logistics, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-508-390
| | - Christa Pfau
- Institute of Sport Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (É.B.-B.); (C.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Anetta Müller
- Institute of Sport Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (É.B.-B.); (C.P.); (A.M.)
| | - György Norbert Szabados
- Institute of Management and Organization Sciences, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Mónika Harangi-Rákos
- Institute of Rural Development, Regional Economy and Tourism Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
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22
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Determinants of Residents' Approach-Avoidance Responses to the Personal Carbon Trading Scheme: An Empirical Analysis of Urban Residents in Eastern China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020822. [PMID: 33477986 PMCID: PMC7835834 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The personal carbon trading (PCT) scheme is a policy instrument for reducing downstream carbon emissions and creating a green lifestyle, and a bottleneck hampering its implementation is the behavioral willingness of residents. Due to a pre-existing stimulus-response association, the willingness of residents can be intuitively reflected by their approach–avoidance responses. This study theoretically analyzed the mechanisms for influencing residents’ approach–avoidance responses towards the personal carbon trading scheme based on open-ended interviews, and empirically examined the mechanisms by developing rating scales and conducting questionnaire surveys on urban residents in eastern China. Findings showed that residents’ approach–avoidance responses could be negatively affected by their preference for comfort, whereas they were positively impacted by their ecological values, sense of social responsibility, cognition of the behaviors for carbon emission reduction, and cognition of personal carbon trading. In terms of subjective norms, the culture of environmentalism had a positive effect on residents’ responses to PCT scheme, while the culture of consumerism caused a negative impact on their responses. Furthermore, the perceived behavioral controls of residents partially mediated the relationships between their psychological characteristics and approach–avoidance responses. Finally, primary and pivotal suggestions were proposed for nudging Chinese urban residents towards approaching the personal carbon trading scheme, which provide theoretical support and practical guidance for its implementation.
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23
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Karion A, Lopez-Coto I, Gourdji SM, Mueller K, Ghosh S, Callahan W, Stock M, DiGangi E, Prinzivalli S, Whetstone J. Background conditions for an urban greenhouse gas network in the Washington, D.C. and Baltimore metropolitan region. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2021; 21:10.5194/acp-21-6257-2021. [PMID: 36873665 PMCID: PMC9982866 DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-6257-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
As city governments take steps towards establishing emissions reduction targets, the atmospheric research community is increasingly able to assist in tracking emissions reductions. Researchers have established systems for observing atmospheric greenhouse gases in urban areas with the aim of attributing greenhouse gas concentration enhancements (and thus, emissions) to the region in question. However, to attribute enhancements to a particular region, one must isolate the component of the observed concentration attributable to fluxes inside the region by removing the background, which is the component due to fluxes outside. In this study, we demonstrate methods to construct several versions of a background for our carbon dioxide and methane observing network in the Washington, DC and Baltimore, MD metropolitan region. Some of these versions rely on transport and flux models, while others are based on observations upwind of the domain. First, we evaluate the backgrounds in a synthetic data framework, then we evaluate against real observations from our urban network. We find that backgrounds based on upwind observations capture the variability better than model-based backgrounds, although care must be taken to avoid bias from biospheric carbon dioxide fluxes near background stations in summer. Model-based backgrounds also perform well when upwind fluxes can be modeled accurately. Our study evaluates different background methods and provides guidance determining background methodology that can impact the design of urban monitoring networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karion
- Special Programs Office, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Israel Lopez-Coto
- Special Programs Office, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Sharon M. Gourdji
- Special Programs Office, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Kimberly Mueller
- Special Programs Office, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Subhomoy Ghosh
- Special Programs Office, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
- Center for Research Computing, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, 46556, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - James Whetstone
- Special Programs Office, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
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Mallia DV, Mitchell LE, Kunik L, Fasoli B, Bares R, Gurney KR, Mendoza DL, Lin JC. Constraining Urban CO 2 Emissions Using Mobile Observations from a Light Rail Public Transit Platform. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15613-15621. [PMID: 33274635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urban environments are characterized by pronounced spatiotemporal heterogeneity, which can present sampling challenges when utilizing conventional greenhouse gas (GHG) measurement systems. In Salt Lake City, Utah, a GHG instrument was deployed on a light rail train car that continuously traverses the Salt Lake Valley (SLV) through a range of urban typologies. CO2 measurements from a light rail train car were used within a Bayesian inverse modeling framework to constrain urban emissions across the SLV during the fall of 2015. The primary objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate whether ground-based mobile measurements could be used to constrain urban emissions using an inverse modeling framework and (2) quantify the information that mobile observations provided relative to conventional GHG monitoring networks. Preliminary results suggest that ingesting mobile measurements into an inverse modeling framework generated a posterior emission estimate that more closely aligned with observations, reduced posterior emission uncertainties, and extends the geographical extent of emission adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek V Mallia
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Logan E Mitchell
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Lewis Kunik
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ben Fasoli
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ryan Bares
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Kevin R Gurney
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, United States
| | - Daniel L Mendoza
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Pulmonary Division, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Department of City & Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - John C Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Abstract
Multiple social and environmental justice concerns are linked to the urban form such as the distribution of socioeconomic class populations, healthcare spending, air pollution exposure, and human mobility. Because of this, the implications of the relationships between built urban form, sociodemographic factors, and air quality warrant analysis at a high spatial resolution. This study used 1m resolved LiDAR data to characterize land use in Salt Lake County, Utah, and associate it with sociodemographic and air quality data at the census block group and zip code levels. We found that increasing tree cover was associated with higher per capita income and lower minority populations while increasing built cover was linked to lower per capita income and higher minority populations. Air quality showed less strong correlations, however, decreased non-irrigated cover, increased built cover, and higher amounts of households living under poverty were related to higher long-term PM2.5 exposure. Due to regional air pollution concerns, several policy efforts have been undertaken to improve air quality and reduce negative health outcomes in Utah which are being informed by regulatory and research-grade air quality sensors.
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26
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Investigating the Uncertainties Propagation Analysis of CO2 Emissions Gridded Maps at the Urban Scale: A Case Study of Jinjiang City, China. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12233932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gridded CO2 emission maps at the urban scale can aid the design of low-carbon development strategies. However, the large uncertainties associated with such maps increase policy-related risks. Therefore, an investigation of the uncertainties in gridded maps at the urban scale is essential. This study proposed an analytic workflow to assess uncertainty propagation during the gridding process. Gridded CO2 emission maps were produced using two resolutions of geospatial datasets (e.g., remote sensing satellite-derived products) for Jinjiang City, China, and a workflow was applied to analyze uncertainties. The workflow involved four submodules that can be used to evaluate the uncertainties of CO2 emissions in gridded maps, caused by the gridded model and input. Fine-resolution (30 m) maps have a larger spatial variation in CO2 emissions, which gives the fine-resolution maps a higher degree of uncertainty propagation. Furthermore, the uncertainties of gridded CO2 emission maps, caused by inserting a random error into spatial proxies, were found to decrease after the gridding process. This can be explained by the “compensation of error” phenomenon, which may be attributed to the cancellation of the overestimated and underestimated values among the different sectors at the same grid. This indicates a nonlinear change between the sum of the uncertainties for different sectors and the actual uncertainties in the gridded maps. In conclusion, the present workflow determined uncertainties were caused by the gridded model and input. These results may aid decision-makers in establishing emission reduction targets, and in developing both low-carbon cities and community policies.
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27
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Almutairi AM, Akkam Y, Alajmi MF, Akkam N. Effect of Air Pollution on Glutathione S-Transferase Activity and Total Antioxidant Capacity: Cross Sectional Study in Kuwait. J Health Pollut 2020; 10:200906. [PMID: 32874762 PMCID: PMC7453819 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-10.27.200906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution poses a significant threat to human health worldwide. Investigating potential health impacts is essential to the development of regulations and legislation to minimize health risks. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to investigate the potentially hazardous effect of air pollution on the Ali Sabah Al Salem residential area in Kuwait by comparing the pollution level to a control area (Al-Qirawan) by assessing two biomarkers: erythrocyte glutathione S-transferases (e-GST) and total blood antioxidant, and then correlating the activity to pollution-related oxidative stress. METHODS The average concentrations of several airborne gases were measured at Ali Sabah Al Salem and Al-Qirawan, including ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter less than 10 μm (PM10), sulfur dioxide, ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, and non-methane hydrocarbon. A total of fifty-eight participants were sampled from two different areas and divided into two groups. The study group was composed of 40 residents exposed to polluted ambient air in the Ali Sabah Al Salem residential area. A reference group composed of 18 residents in the Al-Qairawan area living far from major pollution sources was also tested. RESULTS All measured gases were higher in concentration at Ali Sabah Al Salem compared to the Al-Qirawan area. Furthermore, PM10 and sulfur dioxide were higher than World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The e-GST activity was lower among participants of the Ali Sabah Al Salem residential area compared to participants living in the Al-Qairawan area. The total antioxidant capacity in whole blood of Ali Sabah Al Salem residents was significantly (p<0.0001) higher than in control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Residents in Ali Sabah Al Salem are exposed to a high level of air pollution that has a serious impact on glutathione S-transferases levels. Subsequently, regulations on pollution sources are needed to lower current health risks. Furthermore, the present study provides evidence that finger-prick blood sampling is a quick, non-invasive method suitable for screening e-GST activity and total antioxidants which may be applied for surveillance purposes. PARTICIPANT CONSENT Obtained. ETHICS APPROVAL The study was approved by the Scientific Research Committee of the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Kuwait. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M. Almutairi
- Science Department, College of Basic Education, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, (PAAET), Alardyia, Kuwait
| | - Yazan Akkam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad F. Alajmi
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Mubarak Al-Abdullah, Kuwait
| | - Nosaibah Akkam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
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28
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Profile of James R. Ehleringer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20348-20350. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015163117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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29
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Lauvaux T, Gurney KR, Miles NL, Davis KJ, Richardson SJ, Deng A, Nathan BJ, Oda T, Wang JA, Hutyra L, Turnbull J. Policy-Relevant Assessment of Urban CO 2 Emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10237-10245. [PMID: 32806908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Global fossil fuel carbon dioxide (FFCO2) emissions will be dictated to a great degree by the trajectory of emissions from urban areas. Conventional methods to quantify urban FFCO2 emissions typically rely on self-reported economic/energy activity data transformed into emissions via standard emission factors. However, uncertainties in these traditional methods pose a roadblock to implementation of effective mitigation strategies, independently monitor long-term trends, and assess policy outcomes. Here, we demonstrate the applicability of the integration of a dense network of greenhouse gas sensors with a science-driven building and street-scale FFCO2 emissions estimation through the atmospheric CO2 inversion process. Whole-city FFCO2 emissions agree within 3% annually. Current self-reported inventory emissions for the city of Indianapolis are 35% lower than our optimal estimate, with significant differences across activity sectors. Differences remain, however, regarding the spatial distribution of sectoral FFCO2 emissions, underconstrained despite the inclusion of coemitted species information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lauvaux
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA, CNRS, UVSQ/IPSL, Université Paris-Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kevin R Gurney
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, United States
| | - Natasha L Miles
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kenneth J Davis
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Scott J Richardson
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Aijun Deng
- Utopus Insights, Valhalla, New York 10595, United States
| | - Brian J Nathan
- OSU Pytheas, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus Aix Technopôle de l'environnement Arbois Méditerranée, Aix-en-Provence, 13013 MarseilleFrance
| | - Tomohiro Oda
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research, Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, Maryland 21046, United States
| | - Jonathan A Wang
- University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Lucy Hutyra
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jocelyn Turnbull
- Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory, GNS Science, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
- CIRES, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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30
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A Simplified Framework for High-Resolution Urban Vegetation Classification with Optical Imagery in the Los Angeles Megacity. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12152399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High spatial resolution maps of Los Angeles, California are needed to capture the heterogeneity of urban land cover while spanning the regional domain used in carbon and water cycle models. We present a simplified framework for developing a high spatial resolution map of urban vegetation cover in the Southern California Air Basin (SoCAB) with publicly available satellite imagery. This method uses Sentinel-2 (10–60 × 10–60 m) and National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) (0.6 × 0.6 m) optical imagery to classify urban and non-urban areas of impervious surface, tree, grass, shrub, bare soil/non-photosynthetic vegetation, and water. Our approach was designed for Los Angeles, a geographically complex megacity characterized by diverse Mediterranean land cover and a mix of high-rise buildings and topographic features that produce strong shadow effects. We show that a combined NAIP and Sentinel-2 classification reduces misclassified shadow pixels and resolves spatially heterogeneous vegetation gradients across urban and non-urban regions in SoCAB at 0.6–10 m resolution with 85% overall accuracy and 88% weighted overall accuracy. Results from this study will enable the long-term monitoring of land cover change associated with urbanization and quantification of biospheric contributions to carbon and water cycling in cities.
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31
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Shi K, Xu T, Li Y, Chen Z, Gong W, Wu J, Yu B. Effects of urban forms on CO 2 emissions in China from a multi-perspective analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 262:110300. [PMID: 32250786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Effectively evaluating the effects of urban forms on CO2 emissions has become a hot topic in socioeconomic sustainable development; however, few studies have been able to explore the urban form-CO2 emission relationships from a multi-perspective view. Here, we attempted to analyze the relationships between urban forms and CO2 emissions in 264 Chinese cities, with explicit consideration of the government policies, urban area size, population size, and economic structure. First, urban forms were calculated using the urban land derived from multiple-source remote sensing data. Second, we collected and processed CO2 emissions and three control variables. Finally, a correlation analysis was implemented to explore whether and to what extent the spatial patterns of urban forms were associated with CO2 emissions. The results show that urban form irregularity had a more significant impact on CO2 emissions in low-carbon pilot cities than in non-pilot cities. The impact of the complexity of urban forms on CO2 emissions was relatively significant in the small- and large-sized cities than in the medium-sized cities. Moreover, urban form complexity had a significant correlation with CO2 emissions in all of the cities, the level of which basically increased with the population size. This study provides scientific bases for use in policy-making to prepare effective policies for developing a low-carbon economy with consideration of the associations between urban forms and CO2 emissions in different scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifang Shi
- School of Geographical Sciences, State Cultivation Base of Eco-agriculture for Southwest Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Kaster Ecosystem, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Remote Sensing Big Data Application, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 2 Tiansheng Rd, 400715, China.
| | - Tao Xu
- School of Geographical Sciences, State Cultivation Base of Eco-agriculture for Southwest Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Kaster Ecosystem, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Remote Sensing Big Data Application, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 2 Tiansheng Rd, 400715, China.
| | - Yuanqing Li
- School of Geographical Sciences, State Cultivation Base of Eco-agriculture for Southwest Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Kaster Ecosystem, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Remote Sensing Big Data Application, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 2 Tiansheng Rd, 400715, China.
| | - Zuoqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Wenkang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Jianping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Bailang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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A Multiscale Evaluation of the Coupling Relationship between Urban Land and Carbon Emissions: A Case Study of Chongqing, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17103416. [PMID: 32422930 PMCID: PMC7277681 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the coupling relationship between urban land and carbon emissions (CE) is one of the important premises for coordinating the urban development and the ecological environment. Due to the influence of the scale effect, a systematic evaluation of the CE at different scales will help to develop more reasonable strategies for low-carbon urban planning. However, corresponding studies are still lacking. Hence, two administrative scales (e.g., region and county) in Chongqing were selected as experimental objects to compare and analyze the CE at different scales using the spatiotemporal coupling and coupling coordination models. The results show that urban land and carbon emissions presented a significant growth trend in Chongqing at different scales from 2000 to 2015. The strength of the spatiotemporal coupling relationship between urban land and total carbon emissions gradually increased with increasing scale. At the regional scale, the high coupling coordination between urban land and total carbon emissions was mainly concentrated in the urban functional development region. Additionally, the high coupling coordination between urban land and carbon emission intensity (OI) was still located in the counties within the metropolitan region of Chongqing, but the low OI was mainly distributed in the counties in the northeastern and southeastern regions of Chongqing at the county level. This study illustrates the multiscale trend of CE and suggests differentiated urban land and carbon emission reduction policies for controlling urban land sprawl and reducing carbon emissions.
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Karnauskas KB, Miller SL, Schapiro AC. Fossil Fuel Combustion Is Driving Indoor CO 2 Toward Levels Harmful to Human Cognition. GEOHEALTH 2020; 4:e2019GH000237. [PMID: 32426622 PMCID: PMC7229519 DOI: 10.1029/2019gh000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human activities are elevating atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations to levels unprecedented in human history. The majority of anticipated impacts of anthropogenic CO2 emissions are mediated by climate warming. Recent experimental studies in the fields of indoor air quality and cognitive psychology and neuroscience, however, have revealed significant direct effects of indoor CO2 levels on cognitive function. Here, we shed light on this connection and estimate the impact of continued fossil fuel emissions on human cognition. We conclude that indoor CO2 levels may indeed reach levels harmful to cognition by the end of this century, and the best way to prevent this hidden consequence of climate change is to reduce fossil fuel emissions. Finally, we offer recommendations for a broad, interdisciplinary approach to improving such understanding and prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher B. Karnauskas
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- Department of Environmental & Occupational HealthColorado School of Public HealthAuroraCOUSA
| | - Shelly L. Miller
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Anna C. Schapiro
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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34
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Hou Y, Zhou W, Cheng P, Xiong X, Du H, Niu Z, Yu X, Fu Y, Lu X. 14C-AMS measurements in modern tree rings to trace local fossil fuel-derived CO 2 in the greater Xi'an area, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136669. [PMID: 32023512 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fossil fuel-derived CO2 (CO2ff) time series are critical to understanding urban carbon emissions, and to devise strategies to mitigate emission reduction. Using tree ring 14C archives, we reconstruct an historical CO2ff time series from 1991 to 2015 in the greater Xi'an region, China. CO2ff concentrations from the urban sites reached 22.5 ppm, with an average of 14.0 ppm, while average values from rural and mountain sites averaged about 6.0 ppm. These values provide a good measure of the distribution of anthropogenic CO2 emissions in the region. We also observed CO2ff concentration increases from both urban and rural sites during the study period, with more significant increases among urban sites. The persistent rise in CO2ff was attributed to increasing energy consumption caused by regional socio-economic development, which are corroborated by strong correlations between CO2ff and socioeconomic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Weijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an 710061, China; Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Peng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an 710061, China; Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaohu Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hua Du
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhenchuan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yunchong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an 710061, China; Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an 710061, China
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35
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Karion A, Callahan W, Stock M, Prinzivalli S, Verhulst KR, Kim J, Salameh PK, Lopez-Coto I, Whetstone J. Greenhouse gas observations from the Northeast Corridor tower network. EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE DATA 2020. [PMID: 33133298 DOI: 10.5194/essd-12-699-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We present the organization, structure, instrumentation, and measurements of the Northeast Corridor greenhouse gas observation network. This network of tower-based in situ carbon dioxide and methane observation stations was established in 2015 with the goal of quantifying emissions of these gases in urban areas in the northeastern United States. A specific focus of the network is the cities of Baltimore, MD, and Washington, DC, USA, with a high density of observation stations in these two urban areas. Additional observation stations are scattered throughout the northeastern US, established to complement other existing urban and regional networks and to investigate emissions throughout this complex region with a high population density and multiple metropolitan areas. Data described in this paper are archived at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and can be found at https://doi.org/10.18434/M32126 (Karion et al., 2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karion
- Special Programs Office, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kristal R Verhulst
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jooil Kim
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peter K Salameh
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Israel Lopez-Coto
- Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - James Whetstone
- Special Programs Office, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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36
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Karion A, Callahan W, Stock M, Prinzivalli S, Verhulst KR, Kim J, Salameh PK, Lopez-Coto I, Whetstone J. Greenhouse gas observations from the Northeast Corridor tower network. EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE DATA 2020; 12:https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-699-2020. [PMID: 33133298 PMCID: PMC7593892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2024]
Abstract
We present the organization, structure, instrumentation, and measurements of the Northeast Corridor greenhouse gas observation network. This network of tower-based in situ carbon dioxide and methane observation stations was established in 2015 with the goal of quantifying emissions of these gases in urban areas in the northeastern United States. A specific focus of the network is the cities of Baltimore, MD, and Washington, DC, USA, with a high density of observation stations in these two urban areas. Additional observation stations are scattered throughout the northeastern US, established to complement other existing urban and regional networks and to investigate emissions throughout this complex region with a high population density and multiple metropolitan areas. Data described in this paper are archived at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and can be found at https://doi.org/10.18434/M32126 (Karion et al., 2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karion
- Special Programs Office, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kristal R. Verhulst
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jooil Kim
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peter K. Salameh
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Israel Lopez-Coto
- Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - James Whetstone
- Special Programs Office, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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37
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Goldberg DL, Lu Z, Oda T, Lamsal LN, Liu F, Griffin D, McLinden CA, Krotkov NA, Duncan BN, Streets DG. Exploiting OMI NO 2 satellite observations to infer fossil-fuel CO 2 emissions from U.S. megacities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133805. [PMID: 31419680 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fossil-fuel CO2 emissions and their trends in eight U.S. megacities during 2006-2017 are inferred by combining satellite-derived NOX emissions with bottom-up city-specific NOX-to-CO2 emission ratios. A statistical model is fit to a collection NO2 plumes observed from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), and is used to calculate top-down NOX emissions. Decreases in OMI-derived NOX emissions are observed across the eight cities from 2006 to 2017 (-17% in Miami to -58% in Los Angeles), and are generally consistent with long-term trends of bottom-up inventories (-25% in Miami to -49% in Los Angeles), but there are some interannual discrepancies. City-specific NOX-to-CO2 emission ratios, used to calculate inferred CO2, are estimated through annual bottom-up inventories of NOX and CO2 emissions disaggregated to 1 × 1 km2 resolution. Over the study period, NOX-to-CO2 emission ratios have decreased by ~40% nationwide (-24% to -51% for our studied cities), which is attributed to a faster reduction in NOX when compared to CO2 due to policy regulations and fuel type shifts. Combining top-down NOX emissions and bottom-up NOX-to-CO2 emission ratios, annual fossil-fuel CO2 emissions are derived. Inferred OMI-based top-down CO2 emissions trends vary between +7% in Dallas to -31% in Phoenix. For 2017, we report annual fossil-fuel CO2 emissions to be: Los Angeles 113 ± 49 Tg/yr; New York City 144 ± 62 Tg/yr; and Chicago 55 ± 24 Tg/yr. A study in the Los Angeles area, using independent methods, reported a 2013-2016 average CO2 emissions rate of 104 Tg/yr and 120 Tg/yr, which suggests that the CO2 emissions from our method are in good agreement with other studies' top-down estimates. We anticipate future remote sensing instruments - with better spatial and temporal resolution - will better constrain the NOX-to-CO2 ratio and reduce the uncertainty in our method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Goldberg
- Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA; Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Zifeng Lu
- Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA; Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tomohiro Oda
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research (GESTAR), University Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA; Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Lok N Lamsal
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research (GESTAR), University Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA; Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Fei Liu
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research (GESTAR), University Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA; Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Debora Griffin
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris A McLinden
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nickolay A Krotkov
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Bryan N Duncan
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - David G Streets
- Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA; Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
The modification of the surface radiation and energy balance in urban areas causes their temperatures to exceed those of the surrounding countryside1. It has thus been suggested that urban environments may serve as field laboratories for studying the effects of a warming climate on biota in a space-for-time substitution2–5. We investigated changes in the timing of plant phenology and temperature across study sites differing in the degree of urbanization using publicly available pan European data sets for the period 1981-20106,7. We found a significant advancement in leaf development, flowering and fruiting phenological phases with higher degrees of urbanization, while a significant delay was observed for leaf senescence phenological phases. Along with these phenological changes an increase of air temperature with higher degrees of urbanization was observed. This increase was largest during the periods of leaf development, flowering and fruiting and smallest during the period of leaf senescence. Based on these results we show that the apparent temperature sensitivity of phenological phases to urban warming is either significantly dampened (leaf development, flowering and fruiting) or reversed (leaf senescence) compared to the temperature sensitivity inferred from temporal changes in phenology and temperature. We conclude that gradients in urbanization represent a poor analog for the temporal changes in plant phenology, apparently due to confounding factors associated with urbanization.
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Cobley LAE, Pataki DE. Vehicle emissions and fertilizer impact the leaf chemistry of urban trees in Salt Lake Valley, UT. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:112984. [PMID: 31401524 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.112984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The urban nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) cycles are substantially influenced by human activity. Alterations to these cycles include increased inputs from fossil fuel combustion and fertilizer use. The leaf chemistry of urban trees can be used to distinguish between these different N and C sources. Here, we evaluated relationships between urban vegetation and different N and C sources in street and residential trees in the Salt Lake Valley, Utah. We tested three hypotheses: 1) unfertilized street trees on high traffic density roads will have higher leaf %N, more enriched δ15N and more depleted δ13C than unfertilized street trees on low traffic density roads; 2) trees in high income residential neighborhoods will have higher leaf %N, more depleted δ15N and more enriched δ13C than trees in lower income neighborhoods; and 3) unfertilized street trees will have lower leaf %N, more enriched δ15N and more depleted δ13C than fertilized residential trees. Leaf δ15N was more enriched near high traffic density roads for one study species. However, street tree δ15N and δ13C were largely influenced by vehicle emissions from primary and secondary roads within 1000 m radius rather than the immediately adjacent road. Leaf δ13C was correlated with neighborhood income, although this relationship may be the result of variations in irrigation practices rather than variations in C sources. Finally, unfertilized trees in downtown Salt Lake had lower leaf %N, more enriched δ15N and more depleted δ13C than fertilized trees. These results highlight that urban trees can serve as biomonitors of the environment. Moreover, they emphasize that roads can have large spatial footprints and that the leaf chemistry of urban vegetation may be influenced by the spatial patterns in roads and road densities at the landscape scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A E Cobley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - D E Pataki
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Göswein V, Silvestre JD, Habert G, Freire F. Dynamic Assessment of Construction Materials in Urban Building Stocks: A Critical Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9992-10006. [PMID: 31343868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of understanding on the different types of dynamics of building stocks, in real life and in models. Moreover, there is now a particular interest in the embodied impacts of construction materials, since with the increasing efficiency of buildings operation, embodied impacts gain more importance in the overall building life cycle. This critical review wants to advance the understanding of the type of dynamics, methods, and tools used. The well-known IPAT equation is adapted for building stocks and three dynamics are defined: spatial, evolutionary temporal, and spatial-cohort dynamic. A framework is defined that can help researchers choose a method, tool, and dynamics of input parameters depending on their research goal, case study, and data. Moreover, generally valid conclusions are drawn, including MFA is useful to model spatially dynamic material flows; GIS is needed to include spatial dynamics. Retrofit, compared to construction and demolition, is understudied and usually analyzed through top-down methods. Material intensity and emission intensity are rarely modeled in a dynamic way. Overall, scholars seem to perform increasingly data intensive and complex studies tailored to a specific case study. However, there are big differences in the quality depending on the dynamic of input parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Göswein
- CERIS, Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georesources , Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Rovisco Pais 1 , 1049-001 , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - José Dinis Silvestre
- CERIS, Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georesources , Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Rovisco Pais 1 , 1049-001 , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Guillaume Habert
- Chair of Sustainable Construction, IBI , ETH Zürich , Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Fausto Freire
- ADAI-LAETA, Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Coimbra, Polo II Campus , R. Luís Reis Santos , 3030-788 Coimbra , Portugal
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Waxman EM, Cossel KC, Giorgetta F, Truong GW, Swann WC, Coddington I, Newbury NR. Estimating vehicle carbon dioxide emissions from Boulder, Colorado, using horizontal path-integrated column measurements. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2019; 19:10.5194/acp-19-4177-2019. [PMID: 31555337 PMCID: PMC6759866 DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-4177-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We performed 7.5 weeks of path-integrated concentration measurements of CO2, CH4, H2O, and HDO over the city of Boulder, Colorado. An open-path dual-comb spectrometer simultaneously measured time-resolved data across a reference path, located near the mountains to the west of the city, and across an over-city path that intersected two-thirds of the city, including two major commuter arteries. By comparing the measured concentrations over the two paths when the wind is primarily out of the west, we observe daytime CO2 enhancements over the city. Given the warm weather and the measurement footprint, the dominant contribution to the CO2 enhancement is from city vehicle traffic. We use a Gaussian plume model combined with reported city traffic patterns to estimate city emissions of on-road CO2 as (6.2 ± 2.2) × 105 metric tons (t) CO2 yr-1 after correcting for non-traffic sources. Within the uncertainty, this value agrees with the city's bottom-up greenhouse gas inventory for the on-road vehicle sector of 4.5 × 105 t CO2 yr-1. Finally, we discuss experimental modifications that could lead to improved estimates from our path-integrated measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M. Waxman
- Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Kevin C. Cossel
- Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Fabrizio Giorgetta
- Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Gar-Wing Truong
- Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- now at: Crystalline Mirror Solutions LLC, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
| | - William C. Swann
- Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Ian Coddington
- Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Nathan R. Newbury
- Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
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