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Ahmad N, Hussain H, Naeem M, Rahman SU, Khan KA, Iqbal B, Umar AW. Metabolites-induced co-evolutionary warfare between plants, viruses, and their associated vectors: So close yet so far away. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 346:112165. [PMID: 38925477 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Agriculture and global food security encounter significant challenges due to viral threats. In the following decades, several molecular studies have focused on discovering biosynthetic pathways of numerous defensive and signaling compounds, as key regulators of plant interactions, either with viruses or their associated vectors. Nevertheless, the complexities of specialized metabolites mediated plant-virus-vector tripartite viewpoint and the identification of their co-evolutionary crossroads toward antiviral defense system, remain elusive. The current study reviews the various roles of plant-specialized metabolites (PSMs) and how plants use these metabolites to defend against viruses. It discusses recent examples of specialized metabolites that have broad-spectrum antiviral properties. Additionally, the study presents the co-evolutionary basis of metabolite-mediated plant-virus-insect interactions as a potential bioinspired approach to combat viral threats. The prospects also show promising metabolic engineering strategies aimed at discovering a wide range of PSMs that are effective in fending off viruses and their related vectors. These advances in understanding the potential role of PSMs in plant-virus interactions not only serve as a cornerstone for developing plant antiviral systems, but also highlight essential principles of biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Ahmad
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hamad Hussain
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23390, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Saeed Ur Rahman
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Applied College, Center of Bee Research and its Products (CBRP), and Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Babar Iqbal
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Abdul Wakeel Umar
- BNU-HKUST Laboratory of Green Innovation, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai (BNUZ), Zhuhai City 519087, People's Republic of China.
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Jung S, Maeda HA. Debottlenecking the L-DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase step with enhanced tyrosine supply boosts betalain production in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:2456-2471. [PMID: 38498597 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic biology provides emerging tools to produce valuable compounds in plant hosts as sustainable chemical production platforms. However, little is known about how supply and utilization of precursors is coordinated at the interface of plant primary and specialized metabolism, limiting our ability to efficiently produce high levels of target specialized metabolites in plants. L-Tyrosine is an aromatic amino acid precursor of diverse plant natural products including betalain pigments, which are used as the major natural food red colorants and more recently a visual marker for plant transformation. Here, we studied the impact of enhanced L-tyrosine supply on the production of betalain pigments by expressing arogenate dehydrogenase (TyrA) from table beet (Beta vulgaris, BvTyrAα), which has relaxed feedback inhibition by L-tyrosine. Unexpectedly, betalain levels were reduced when BvTyrAα was coexpressed with the betalain pathway genes in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves; L-tyrosine and 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) levels were drastically elevated but not efficiently converted to betalains. An additional expression of L-DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase (DODA), but not CYP76AD1 or cyclo-DOPA 5-O-glucosyltransferase, together with BvTyrAα and the betalain pathway, drastically enhanced betalain production, indicating that DODA is a major rate-limiting step of betalain biosynthesis in this system. Learning from this initial test and further debottlenecking the DODA step maximized betalain yield to an equivalent or higher level than that in table beet. Our data suggest that balancing between enhanced supply ("push") and effective utilization ("pull") of precursor by alleviating a bottleneck step is critical in successful plant synthetic biology to produce high levels of target compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Jung
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Nishihara M, Hirabuchi A, Teshima T, Uesugi S, Takahashi H. Flower color modification in Torenia fournieri by genetic engineering of betacyanin pigments. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:614. [PMID: 38937670 PMCID: PMC11210153 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Betalains are reddish and yellow pigments that accumulate in a few plant species of the order Caryophyllales. These pigments have antioxidant and medicinal properties and can be used as functional foods. They also enhance resistance to stress or disease in crops. Several plant species belonging to other orders have been genetically engineered to express betalain pigments. Betalains can also be used for flower color modification in ornamental plants, as they confer vivid colors, like red and yellow. To date, betalain engineering to modify the color of Torenia fournieri-or wishbone flower-a popular ornamental plant, has not been attempted. RESULTS We report the production of purple-reddish-flowered torenia plants from the purple torenia cultivar "Crown Violet." Three betalain-biosynthetic genes encoding CYP76AD1, dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) 4,5-dioxygenase (DOD), and cyclo-DOPA 5-O-glucosyltransferase (5GT) were constitutively ectopically expressed under the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, and their expression was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. The color traits, measured by spectrophotometric colorimeter and spectral absorbance of fresh petal extracts, revealed a successful flower color modification from purple to reddish. Red pigmentation was also observed in whole plants. LC-DAD-MS and HPLC analyses confirmed that the additional accumulated pigments were betacyanins-mainly betanin (betanidin 5-O-glucoside) and, to a lesser extent, isobetanin (isobetanidin 5-O-glucoside). The five endogenous anthocyanins in torenia flower petals were also detected. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the possibility of foreign betacyanin accumulation in addition to native pigments in torenia, a popular garden bedding plant. To our knowledge, this is the first report presenting engineered expression of betalain pigments in the family Linderniaceae. Genetic engineering of betalains would be valuable in increasing the flower color variation in future breeding programs for torenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nishihara
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, 024-0003, Iwate, Japan.
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Kenjojima, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan.
| | - Akiko Hirabuchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, 024-0003, Iwate, Japan
| | - Takuya Teshima
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, 024-0003, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shota Uesugi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, 024-0003, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, 024-0003, Iwate, Japan
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, 871-12 Sugidou, Mashikimach, Kamimashiki-gun, Kumamoto, 861-2205, Japan
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Wang Y, Di Z, Qin M, Qu S, Zhong W, Yuan L, Zhang J, Hibberd JM, Yu Z. Advancing Engineered Plant Living Materials through Tobacco BY-2 Cell Growth and Transfection within Tailored Granular Hydrogel Scaffolds. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:1094-1104. [PMID: 38799669 PMCID: PMC11117683 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.4c00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In this study, an innovative approach is presented in the field of engineered plant living materials (EPLMs), leveraging a sophisticated interplay between synthetic biology and engineering. We detail a 3D bioprinting technique for the precise spatial patterning and genetic transformation of the tobacco BY-2 cell line within custom-engineered granular hydrogel scaffolds. Our methodology involves the integration of biocompatible hydrogel microparticles (HMPs) primed for 3D bioprinting with Agrobacterium tumefaciens capable of plant cell transfection, serving as the backbone for the simultaneous growth and transformation of tobacco BY-2 cells. This system facilitates the concurrent growth and genetic modification of tobacco BY-2 cells within our specially designed scaffolds. These scaffolds enable the cells to develop into predefined patterns while remaining conducive to the uptake of exogenous DNA. We showcase the versatility of this technology by fabricating EPLMs with unique structural and functional properties, exemplified by EPLMs exhibiting distinct pigmentation patterns. These patterns are achieved through the integration of the betalain biosynthetic pathway into tobacco BY-2 cells. Overall, our study represents a groundbreaking shift in the convergence of materials science and plant synthetic biology, offering promising avenues for the evolution of sustainable, adaptive, and responsive living material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengao Di
- Department
of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, U.K.
- Earlham
Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UG, U.K.
| | - Minglang Qin
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shenming Qu
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Zhong
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingfeng Yuan
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
| | - Julian M. Hibberd
- Department
of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, U.K.
| | - Ziyi Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
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Adico MDW, Bayala B, Zoure AA, Lagarde A, Bazie JTV, Traore L, Buñay J, Yonli AT, Djigma F, Bambara HA, Baron S, Simporé J, Lobaccaro JMA. In vitro activities and mechanisms of action of anti-cancer molecules from African medicinal plants: a systematic review. Am J Cancer Res 2024; 14:1376-1401. [PMID: 38590420 PMCID: PMC10998760 DOI: 10.62347/auhb5811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In recent years, African countries have been faced with a rapid increase in morbidity and mortality due to this pathology. Management is often complicated by the high treatment costs, side effects and the increasing occurrence of resistance to treatments. The identification of new active ingredients extracted from endemic medicinal plants is definitively an interesting approach for the implementation of new therapeutic strategies: their extraction is often lower cost; their identification is based on an ethnobotanical history and a tradipratic approach; their use by low-income populations is simpler; this can help in the development of new synthetic molecules that are more active, more effective and with fewer side effects. The objective of this review is to document the molecules derived from African medicinal plants whose in vitro anti-cancer activities and the mechanisms of molecular actions have been identified. From the scientific databases Science Direct, PubMed and Google Scholar, we searched for publications on compounds isolated from African medicinal plants and having activity on cancer cells in culture. The data were analyzed in particular with regard to the cytotoxicity of the compounds and their mode of action. A total of 90 compounds of these African medicinal plants were selected. They come from nine chemical groups: alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, quinones, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, xanthones and organic sulfides. These compounds have been associated with several cellular effects: i) Cytotoxicity, including caspase activation, alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential, and/or induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS); ii) Anti-angiogenesis; iii) Anti-metastatic properties. This review points out that the cited African plants are rich in active ingredients with anticancer properties. It also stresses that screening of these anti-tumor active ingredients should be continued at the continental scale. Altogether, this work provides a rational basis for the selection of phytochemical compounds for use in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc DW Adico
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Génétique (LABIOGENE), Université Joseph KI-ZERBOOuagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA)Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Bagora Bayala
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Génétique (LABIOGENE), Université Joseph KI-ZERBOOuagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA)Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Ecole Normale SupérieureKoudougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdou A Zoure
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Génétique (LABIOGENE), Université Joseph KI-ZERBOOuagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA)Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire de recherches Biomédicales (LaReBio), Département de santé publique et biomédicale, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS/CNRST)Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Aurélie Lagarde
- Institute Génétique, Reproduction, Développement, UMR CNRS 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean TV Bazie
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Génétique (LABIOGENE), Université Joseph KI-ZERBOOuagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA)Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Département des Substances Naturelles (DSN), Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Appliquées (IRSAT)Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Lassina Traore
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Génétique (LABIOGENE), Université Joseph KI-ZERBOOuagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA)Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Julio Buñay
- Institute Génétique, Reproduction, Développement, UMR CNRS 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Albert T Yonli
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Génétique (LABIOGENE), Université Joseph KI-ZERBOOuagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA)Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Florencia Djigma
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Génétique (LABIOGENE), Université Joseph KI-ZERBOOuagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA)Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Hierrhum A Bambara
- Service d’oncologie, Centre hospitalier universitaire BOGODOGO, Université Joseph KI-ZERBOOuagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Silvère Baron
- Institute Génétique, Reproduction, Développement, UMR CNRS 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jacques Simporé
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Génétique (LABIOGENE), Université Joseph KI-ZERBOOuagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA)Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Faculté de médecine, Université Saint Thomas d’Aquin (USTA)Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jean-Marc A Lobaccaro
- Institute Génétique, Reproduction, Développement, UMR CNRS 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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6
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Feng Y, Yan X, Guo F, Wang S, Liu Z, Long W. Identification, expression analysis of quinoa betalain biosynthesis genes and their role in seed germination and cold stress. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2250891. [PMID: 37616475 PMCID: PMC10453985 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2250891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Betalains provide Chenopodium quinoa bright color, and the key enzyme genes for betalain biosynthesis include CYP76AD, DODA, and GTs. In this study, 59 CqCYP76AD, CqDODA and CqGTs genes in quinoa were identified and characterized by gene structural characteristics, phylogenetic relationships and gene expression patterns. The CqCYP76AD genes were divided into ɑ, β and γ types, CqDODA into ɑ and β types, and CqGTs into CqcDOPA5GT, CqB5GT and CqB6GT types according to phylogenetic relationships. The analysis of co-linearity identified eight pairs of duplicated genes which were subjected to purifying selection during evolution. CqCYP76AD and CqDODA, as well as CqcDOPA5GT and CqB5GT may have been evolutionarily linked in genetic inheritance, based on gene location and gene structure study. The tissue expression specificity of CqCYP76AD, CqDODA, and CqGTs genes in response to seed germination and cold stress was studied by RNA-Seq data. The genes CqCYP76AD, CqDODA, and CqGTs were involved in betalain biosynthesis and cold stress. CqCYP76AD, CqDODA, CqcDOPA5GT and CqB5GT gene sequences were consistent in the eight quinoa samples and showed significant variations in expression. In contrast, the inconsistency between changes in gene expression and betalain accumulation indicates that other factors may influence betalain biosynthesis in quinoa. This study offers the theoretical basis for the roles of the CqCYP76AD, CqDODA, and CqGTs genes in betalain biosynthesis and cold stress in quinoa, as well as a guide for the full utilization of betalains in quinoa plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Feng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xingzhu Yan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Fenggen Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shiyi Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhengjie Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenhong Long
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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7
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Wu M, Northen TR, Ding Y. Stressing the importance of plant specialized metabolites: omics-based approaches for discovering specialized metabolism in plant stress responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1272363. [PMID: 38023861 PMCID: PMC10663375 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1272363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a diverse range of specialized metabolites that play pivotal roles in mediating environmental interactions and stress adaptation. These unique chemical compounds also hold significant agricultural, medicinal, and industrial values. Despite the expanding knowledge of their functions in plant stress interactions, understanding the intricate biosynthetic pathways of these natural products remains challenging due to gene and pathway redundancy, multifunctionality of proteins, and the activity of enzymes with broad substrate specificity. In the past decade, substantial progress in genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics has made the exploration of plant specialized metabolism more feasible than ever before. Notably, recent advances in integrative multi-omics and computational approaches, along with other technologies, are accelerating the discovery of plant specialized metabolism. In this review, we present a summary of the recent progress in the discovery of plant stress-related specialized metabolites. Emphasis is placed on the application of advanced omics-based approaches and other techniques in studying plant stress-related specialized metabolism. Additionally, we discuss the high-throughput methods for gene functional characterization. These advances hold great promise for harnessing the potential of specialized metabolites to enhance plant stress resilience in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Wu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Trent R. Northen
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Yezhang Ding
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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8
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Nishihara M, Hirabuchi A, Goto F, Nishizaki Y, Uesugi S, Watanabe A, Tasaki K, Washiashi R, Sasaki N. Production of yellow-flowered gentian plants by genetic engineering of betaxanthin pigments. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1177-1188. [PMID: 37606277 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Genetic engineering of flower color provides biotechnological products such as blue carnations or roses by accumulating delphinidin-based anthocyanins not naturally existing in these plant species. Betalains are another class of pigments that in plants are only synthesized in the order Caryophyllales. Although they have been engineered in several plant species, especially red-violet betacyanins, the yellow betaxanthins have yet to be engineered in ornamental plants. We attempted to produce yellow-flowered gentians by genetic engineering of betaxanthin pigments. First, white-flowered gentian lines were produced by knocking out the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) gene using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. Beta vulgaris BvCYP76AD6 and Mirabilis jalapa MjDOD, driven by gentian petal-specific promoters, flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) and anthocyanin 5,3'-aromatic acyltransferase (AT), respectively, were transformed into the above DFR-knockout white-flowered line; the resultant gentian plants had vivid yellow flowers. Expression analysis and pigment analysis revealed petal-specific expression and accumulation of seven known betaxanthins in their petals to c. 0.06-0.08 μmol g FW-1 . Genetic engineering of vivid yellow-flowered plants can be achieved by combining genome editing and a suitable expression of betaxanthin-biosynthetic genes in ornamental plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nishihara
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4, Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Akiko Hirabuchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4, Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Fumina Goto
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4, Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Yuzo Nishizaki
- Division of Food Additives, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Shota Uesugi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4, Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Aiko Watanabe
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4, Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tasaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4, Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737, Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0034, Japan
| | - Rie Washiashi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4, Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Sasaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4, Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
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9
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Orsi B, Sestari I, Preczenhak AP, de Abreu Vieira AP, Tessmer MA, da Silva Souza MA, Hassimotto NMA, Kluge RA. Fruits from tomato carotenoid mutants have altered susceptibility to grey mold. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 204:108100. [PMID: 37864928 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
The necrotrophic fungus Botritys cinerea takes advantage of the oxidative burst to facilitate tissue infection, leading to substantial losses during tomato postharvest. Tomato fruit is a source of carotenoids, pigments with a wide variety of isomeric configurations that determine their antioxidant capacity. Here, fruit susceptibility to B. cinerea was assessed in Micro-Tom Near Isogenic lines harboring mutations that alter the profile of carotenoids. Wound-inoculated fruit of the mutants Delta carotene (Del) and tangerine (t), which show large variety of carotenoids rather than the major accumulation of trans-lycopene, were less susceptible to the pathogen. Differences in susceptibility between the mutants were only observed in ripe fruit, after the formation of carotenoids, and they were associated with attenuation of damage caused by reactive oxygen species. The greater variety of carotenoid isomers, which in turn contributed to the greater lipophilic antioxidant capacity of fruit, was associated with the less susceptible mutants, Del and t. Together, our data reveals a potential activity of carotenoids in fruit defense, in addition to the well-known and widespread ecological role as attractors of seed dispersers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Orsi
- University of São Paulo, Department of Biological Sciences, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ivan Sestari
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Department of Biological and Agronomical Sciences, Curitibanos, SC, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Preczenhak
- University of São Paulo, Department of Biological Sciences, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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10
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Samach A, Mafessoni F, Gross O, Melamed-Bessudo C, Filler-Hayut S, Dahan-Meir T, Amsellem Z, Pawlowski WP, Levy AA. CRISPR/Cas9-induced DNA breaks trigger crossover, chromosomal loss, and chromothripsis-like rearrangements. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3957-3972. [PMID: 37497643 PMCID: PMC10615209 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) generated by the Cas9 nuclease are commonly repaired via nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). However, little is known about unrepaired DSBs and the type of damage they trigger in plants. We designed an assay that detects loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in somatic cells, enabling the study of a broad range of DSB-induced genomic events. The system relies on a mapped phenotypic marker which produces a light purple color (betalain pigment) in all plant tissues. Plants with sectors lacking the Betalain marker upon DSB induction between the marker and the centromere were tested for LOH events. Using this assay, we detected a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) flower with a twin yellow and dark purple sector, corresponding to a germinally transmitted somatic crossover event. We also identified instances of small deletions of genomic regions spanning the T-DNA and whole chromosome loss. In addition, we show that major chromosomal rearrangements including loss of large fragments, inversions, and translocations were clearly associated with the CRISPR-induced DSB. Detailed characterization of complex rearrangements by whole-genome sequencing and molecular and cytological analyses supports a model in which a breakage-fusion-bridge cycle followed by chromothripsis-like rearrangements had been induced. Our LOH assay provides a tool for precise breeding via targeted crossover detection. It also uncovers CRISPR-mediated chromothripsis-like events in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Samach
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001,Israel
| | - Fabrizio Mafessoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001,Israel
| | - Or Gross
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001,Israel
| | - Cathy Melamed-Bessudo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001,Israel
| | - Shdema Filler-Hayut
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001,Israel
| | - Tal Dahan-Meir
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001,Israel
| | - Ziva Amsellem
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001,Israel
| | | | - Avraham A Levy
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001,Israel
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11
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Zhang W, Qi X, Zhi H, Ren Y, Zhang L, Gao Y, Sui Y, Zhang H, Tang S, Jia G, Xie C, Wu C, Diao X. A straight-forward seed production technology system for foxtail millet (Setaria italica). JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2023-2035. [PMID: 37154486 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
For autogamous crops, a precondition for using heterosis is to produce sufficient pure male-sterile female parents that can be used to produce hybrid seeds. To date, cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and environment-sensitive genic male sterility (EGMS) have been used commercially to exploit heterosis for autogamous species. However, neither CMS nor EGMS has been established for foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Here, we report on the establishment and application of a seed production technology (SPT) system for this crop. First, we established a DsRed-based SPT system, but found that it was unsuitable because it required the use of a fluorescent device for seed sorting. Instead, we constructed an SPT system with de novo betalain biosynthesis as the selection marker. This allowed us to distinguish transgenic seeds with the naked eye, thereby facilitating the identification of SPT maintainer line seeds. In this system, a seed sorter was not required to obtain sufficient seeds. The key point of the strategy is that the seed pool of the SPT maintainer line is propagated by artificial identification and harvesting of male-fertile individuals in the field, and the male-sterile line seed pool for hybrid production is produced and propagated by free pollination of male-sterile plants with the SPT maintainer line. In a field experiment, we obtained 423.96 kg male-sterile line seeds per acre, which is sufficient to plant 700.18 acres of farmland for hybrid seed production or male-sterile line reproduction. Our study therefore describes a powerful tool for hybrid seed production in foxtail millet, and demonstrates how the SPT system can be used for a small-grained crop with high reproduction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiantao Qi
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hui Zhi
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yushuang Ren
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuanzhu Gao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yi Sui
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Haoshan Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Sha Tang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guanqing Jia
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chuanxiao Xie
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chuanyin Wu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xianmin Diao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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12
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Chen K, Yu Y, Zhang Z, Hu B, Liu X, James AA, Tan A. Engineering a complex, multiple enzyme-mediated synthesis of natural plant pigments in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306322120. [PMID: 37549256 PMCID: PMC10433459 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306322120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants produce various pigments that not only appear as attractive colors but also provide valuable resources in applications in daily life and scientific research. Biosynthesis pathways for these natural plant pigments are well studied, and most have multiple enzymes that vary among plant species. However, adapting these pathways to animals remains a challenge. Here, we describe successful biosynthesis of betalains, water-soluble pigments found only in a single plant order, Caryophyllales, in transgenic silkworms by coexpressing three betalain synthesis genes, cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP76AD1, DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase, and betanidin 5-O-glucosyltransferase. Betalains can be synthesized in various tissues under the control of the ubiquitous IE1 promoter but accumulate mainly in the hemolymph with yields as high as 274 μg/ml. Additionally, transformed larvae and pupae show a strong red color easily distinguishable from wild-type animals. In experiments in which expression is controlled by the promoter of silk gland-specific gene, fibroin heavy-chain, betalains are found predominantly in the silk glands and can be secreted into cocoons through spinning. Betalains in transformed cocoons are easily recovered from cocoon shells in water with average yields reaching 14.4 μg/mg. These data provide evidence that insects can synthesize natural plant pigments through a complex, multiple enzyme-mediated synthesis pathway. Such pigments also can serve as dominant visible markers in insect transgenesis applications. This study provides an approach to producing valuable plant-derived compounds by using genetically engineered silkworms as a bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang212100, China
| | - Ye Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang212100, China
| | - Zhongjie Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang212100, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang212100, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang212100, China
| | - Anthony A. James
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA92697-3900
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA92697-3900
| | - Anjiang Tan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang212100, China
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13
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Negin B, Jander G. Convergent and divergent evolution of plant chemical defenses. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 73:102368. [PMID: 37087925 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The majority of the several hundred thousand specialized metabolites produced by plants function in defense against insects and other herbivores. Despite this diversity, identical metabolites or structurally distinct metabolites hitting the same targets in herbivorous animals have evolved repeatedly. This convergent evolution may reflect the constraints of plant primary metabolism in providing metabolic precursors, as well as the limited number of readily accessible targets in animals. These restrictions may make it uncommon for plants to develop completely novel toxic and deterrent metabolites, despite the ongoing evolution of resistance mechanisms in insect herbivores. Defensive compounds that are unique to individual genera or species often have long biosynthetic pathways that may complicate the repeated evolution of these metabolites in different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Negin
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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14
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Wang D, Zhong Y, Feng B, Qi X, Yan T, Liu J, Guo S, Wang Y, Liu Z, Cheng D, Zhang Y, Shi Y, Zhang S, Pan R, Liu C, Chen S. The RUBY reporter enables efficient haploid identification in maize and tomato. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023. [PMID: 37195892 PMCID: PMC10363758 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In vivo haploid induction has been extended from maize to monocotyledonous plants like rice, wheat, millet and dicotyledonous plants such as tomato, rapeseed, tobacco and cabbage. Accurate identification of haploids is a crucial step of doubled haploid technology, where a useful identification marker is very pivotal. R1-nj is an extensively used visual marker for haploid identification in maize. RFP and eGFP have been shown to be feasible in identifying haploid. However, these methods are either limited to specific species, or require specific equipment. It still lacks an efficient visual marker that is practical across different crop species. In this study, we introduced the RUBY reporter, a betalain biosynthesis system, into maize and tomato haploid inducers as a new marker for haploid identification. Results showed that expression of RUBY could result in deep betalain pigmentation in maize embryos as early as 10 days after pollination, and enabled 100% accuracy of immature haploid embryo identification. Further investigation in tomato revealed that the new marker led to deep red pigmentation in radicles and haploids can be identified easily and accurately. The results demonstrated that the RUBY reporter is a background-independent and efficient marker for haploid identification and would be promising in doubled haploid breeding across different crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhong
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Feng
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Qi
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tongzheng Yan
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinchu Liu
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuwei Guo
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zongkai Liu
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dehe Cheng
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunlu Shi
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaisong Zhang
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - RuXue Pan
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxu Liu
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Shaojiang Chen
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
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15
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Saito S, Nishihara M, Kohakura M, Kimura K, Yashiro T, Takasawa S, Arimura GI. Metabolic engineering of betacyanin in vegetables for anti-inflammatory therapy. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:1357-1365. [PMID: 36702621 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Betalains, which consist of the subgroups betaxanthins and betacyanins, are hydrophilic pigments that have classically been used for food colorants. Owing to their strong antioxidant property, their usefulness for application for therapeutic use is also expected. In addition, as betalains are mainly naturally available from plants of the order Caryophyllales, including beet (Beta vulgaris), metabolic engineering for betalain production in crops such as vegetables, fruits and cereals may provide new food resources useful for healthcare. Here we conducted metabolic engineering of betacyanins in tomato fruits and potato tubers. The transgenic tomato fruits and potato tubers with coexpression of betacyanin biosynthesis genes, CYP76AD1 from B. vulgaris, DOD (DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase) and 5GT (cyclo-DOPA 5-O-glucosyltransferase) from Mirabilis jalapa, under control of suitable specific promoters, possessed dark red tissues with enriched accumulation of betacyanins (betanin and isobetanin). The anti-inflammatory activity of transgenic tomato fruit extract was superior to that of wild-type fruit extract on macrophage RAW264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as a result of decreased LPS-stimulated transcript levels of proinflammatory genes. These findings were in accord with the observation that administration of the transgenic tomato fruits ameliorated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis as well as body weight loss and disease activity index in mice, via suppression of DSS-stimulated transcript levels of pro-inflammatory genes, including Tnf (encoding TNF-alpha), Il6, and Ptgs2 (encoding cyclooxygenae 2). Intriguingly, given the fact that the transgenic potato tuber extract failed to enrich the anti-inflammatory activity of macrophage cells, it is likely that metabolic engineering of betacyanins will be a powerful way of increasing the anti-inflammatory property of ordinary foods such as tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Saito
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masato Kohakura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kimura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Yashiro
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seidai Takasawa
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gen-Ichiro Arimura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Li X, Mitchell M, Rolland V, Allen S, MacMillan C, Pettolino F. 'Pink cotton candy'-A new dye-free cotton. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:677-679. [PMID: 36577687 PMCID: PMC10037141 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Li
- CSIRO Agriculture and FoodCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Madeline Mitchell
- CSIRO Agriculture and FoodCanberraACTAustralia
- Food Agility CRCSydneyNSWAustralia
- Present address:
RMIT UniversityMelbourneVicAustralia
| | | | - Sue Allen
- CSIRO Agriculture and FoodCanberraACTAustralia
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17
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Deng YJ, Duan AQ, Liu H, Wang YH, Zhang RR, Xu ZS, Xiong AS. Generating colorful carrot germplasm through metabolic engineering of betalains pigments. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad024. [PMID: 37786858 PMCID: PMC10541523 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are tyrosine-derived plant pigments exclusively found in the Caryophyllales order and some higher fungi and generally classified into two groups: red-violet betacyanins and yellow-orange betaxanthins. Betalains attract great scientific and economic interest because of their relatively simple biosynthesis pathway, attractive colors and health-promoting properties. Co-expressing two core genes BvCYP76AD1 and BvDODA1 with or without a glycosyltransferase gene MjcDOPA5GT allowed the engineering of carrot (an important taproot vegetable) to produce a palette of unique colors. The highest total betalains content, 943.2 μg·g-1 DW, was obtained in carrot taproot transformed with p35S:RUBY which produces all of the necessary enzymes for betalains synthesis. Root-specific production of betalains slightly relieved tyrosine consumption revealing the possible bottleneck in betalains production. Furthermore, a unique volcano-like phenotype in carrot taproot cross-section was created by vascular cambium-specific production of betalains. The betalains-fortified carrot in this study is thus anticipated to be used as functional vegetable and colorful carrot germplasm in breeding to promote health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jie Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ao-Qi Duan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hui Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ya-Hui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rong-Rong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
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18
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Liu X, Zhang P, Zhao Q, Huang AC. Making small molecules in plants: A chassis for synthetic biology-based production of plant natural products. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:417-443. [PMID: 35852486 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant natural products have been extensively exploited in food, medicine, flavor, cosmetic, renewable fuel, and other industrial sectors. Synthetic biology has recently emerged as a promising means for the cost-effective and sustainable production of natural products. Compared with engineering microbes for the production of plant natural products, the potential of plants as chassis for producing these compounds is underestimated, largely due to challenges encountered in engineering plants. Knowledge in plant engineering is instrumental for enabling the effective and efficient production of valuable phytochemicals in plants, and also paves the way for a more sustainable future agriculture. In this manuscript, we briefly recap the biosynthesis of plant natural products, focusing primarily on industrially important terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenylpropanoids. We further summarize the plant hosts and strategies that have been used to engineer the production of natural products. The challenges and opportunities of using plant synthetic biology to achieve rapid and scalable production of high-value plant natural products are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qiao Zhao
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ancheng C Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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19
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Singh G, Agrawal H, Bednarek P. Specialized metabolites as versatile tools in shaping plant-microbe associations. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:122-144. [PMID: 36503863 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants are rich repository of a large number of chemical compounds collectively referred to as specialized metabolites. These compounds are of importance for adaptive processes including responses against changing abiotic conditions and interactions with various co-existing organisms. One of the strikingly affirmed functions of these specialized metabolites is their involvement in plants' life-long interactions with complex multi-kingdom microbiomes including both beneficial and harmful microorganisms. Recent developments in genomic and molecular biology tools not only help to generate well-curated information about regulatory and structural components of biosynthetic pathways of plant specialized metabolites but also to create and screen mutant lines defective in their synthesis. In this review, we have comprehensively surveyed the function of these specialized metabolites and discussed recent research findings demonstrating the responses of various microbes on tested mutant lines having defective biosynthesis of particular metabolites. In addition, we attempt to provide key clues about the impact of these metabolites on the assembly of the plant microbiome by summarizing the major findings of recent comparative metagenomic analyses of available mutant lines under customized and natural microbial niches. Subsequently, we delineate benchmark initiatives that aim to engineer or manipulate the biosynthetic pathways to produce specialized metabolites in heterologous systems but also to diversify their immune function. While denoting the function of these metabolites, we also discuss the critical bottlenecks associated with understanding and exploiting their function in improving plant adaptation to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Singh
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Himani Agrawal
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
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20
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Wijesinghe VN, Choo WS. Antimicrobial betalains. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3347-3367. [PMID: 36036373 PMCID: PMC9826318 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are nitrogen-containing plant pigments that can be red-violet (betacyanins) or yellow-orange (betaxanthins), currently employed as natural colourants in the food and cosmetic sectors. Betalains exhibit antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of microbes including multidrug-resistant bacteria, as well as single-species and dual-species biofilm-producing bacteria, which is highly significant given the current antimicrobial resistance issue reported by The World Health Organization. Research demonstrating antiviral activity against dengue virus, in silico studies including SARS-CoV-2, and anti-fungal effects of betalains highlight the diversity of their antimicrobial properties. Though limited in vivo studies have been conducted, antimalarial and anti-infective activities of betacyanin have been observed in living infection models. Cellular mechanisms of antimicrobial activity of betalains are yet unknown; however existing research has laid the framework for a potentially novel antimicrobial agent. This review covers an overview of betalains as antimicrobial agents and discussions to fully exploit their potential as therapeutic agents to treat infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of ScienceMonash University MalaysiaBandar SunwaySelangorMalaysia
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21
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Davies KM, Landi M, van Klink JW, Schwinn KE, Brummell DA, Albert NW, Chagné D, Jibran R, Kulshrestha S, Zhou Y, Bowman JL. Evolution and function of red pigmentation in land plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:613-636. [PMID: 36070407 PMCID: PMC9670752 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Land plants commonly produce red pigmentation as a response to environmental stressors, both abiotic and biotic. The type of pigment produced varies among different land plant lineages. In the majority of species they are flavonoids, a large branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Flavonoids that can confer red colours include 3-hydroxyanthocyanins, 3-deoxyanthocyanins, sphagnorubins and auronidins, which are the predominant red pigments in flowering plants, ferns, mosses and liverworts, respectively. However, some flowering plants have lost the capacity for anthocyanin biosynthesis and produce nitrogen-containing betalain pigments instead. Some terrestrial algal species also produce red pigmentation as an abiotic stress response, and these include both carotenoid and phenolic pigments. SCOPE In this review, we examine: which environmental triggers induce red pigmentation in non-reproductive tissues; theories on the functions of stress-induced pigmentation; the evolution of the biosynthetic pathways; and structure-function aspects of different pigment types. We also compare data on stress-induced pigmentation in land plants with those for terrestrial algae, and discuss possible explanations for the lack of red pigmentation in the hornwort lineage of land plants. CONCLUSIONS The evidence suggests that pigment biosynthetic pathways have evolved numerous times in land plants to provide compounds that have red colour to screen damaging photosynthetically active radiation but that also have secondary functions that provide specific benefits to the particular land plant lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - John W van Klink
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Department of Chemistry, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kathy E Schwinn
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - David A Brummell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Nick W Albert
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - David Chagné
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Rubina Jibran
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Samarth Kulshrestha
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Yanfei Zhou
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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22
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Pucker B, Brockington SF. The evidence for anthocyanins in the betalain-pigmented genus Hylocereus is weak. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:739. [PMID: 36348495 PMCID: PMC9644512 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08947-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we respond to Zhou (BMC Genomics 21:734, 2020) “Combined Transcriptome and Metabolome analysis of Pitaya fruit unveiled the mechanisms underlying peel and pulp color formation” published in BMC Genomics. Given the evolutionary conserved anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in betalain-pigmented species, we are open to the idea that species with both anthocyanins and betalains might exist. However, in absence of LC-MS/MS spectra, apparent lack of biological replicates, and no comparison to authentic standards, the findings of Zhou (BMC Genomics 21:734, 2020) are not a strong basis to propose the presence of anthocyanins in betalain-pigmented pitaya. In addition, our re-analysis of the datasets indicates the misidentification of important genes and the omission of key flavonoid and anthocyanin synthesis genes ANS and DFR. Finally, our re-analysis of the RNA-Seq dataset reveals no correlation between anthocyanin biosynthesis gene expression and pigment status.
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23
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Li X, Tang Y, Li L, Liang G, Li J, Liu C, He X, Sun J. Comparative transcriptomic profiling in the pulp and peel of pitaya fruit uncovers the gene networks regulating pulp color formation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:968925. [PMID: 35991450 PMCID: PMC9382024 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.968925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pitaya (genus Hylocereus) is a popular fruit. To develop pitaya fruit with greater marketability and high nutritional value, it is important to elucidate the roles of candidate genes and key metabolites that contribute to the coloration of the pitaya pulp and peel. By combining transcriptome and biochemical analyses, we compared and analyzed the dynamic changes in the peel and pulp of H. undatus (white pulp) and H. polyrhizus (red pulp) fruits at four key time points during ripening. Differential expression analysis and temporal analysis revealed the difference regulation in pathways of plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and betalain biosynthesis. Our results suggest that color formation of purple-red peel and pulp of pitaya is influenced by betalains. Increased tyrosine content and fluctuation in acylated betalain content may be responsible for pulp color formation, while some of the key genes in this network showed differential expression patterns during ripening between white pulp and red pulp fruits. The data and analysis results of this study provide theoretical basis for the red color formation mechanism of pitaya, which will facilitate future work to improve pitaya fruit physical appearance and marketability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Li
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Yayuan Tang
- Agro-food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-processing Technology, Nanning, China
| | - Li Li
- Agro-food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-processing Technology, Nanning, China
| | - Guidong Liang
- Horticultural Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Chaoan Liu
- Horticultural Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Xuemei He
- Agro-food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-processing Technology, Nanning, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
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24
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Wittayathanarattana T, Wanichananan P, Supaibulwatana K, Goto E. Enhancement of bioactive compounds in baby leaf Amaranthus tricolor L. using short-term application of UV-B irradiation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 182:202-215. [PMID: 35525201 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Baby-leaf vegetables are a trade name for leafy vegetables sold as leaves with petioles at the seedling stage. Amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) is a nutritious baby-leaf vegetable containing many bioactive compounds. The effects of short-term ultraviolet B (UV-B) treatments on the growth and quality of baby leaf amaranth were studied, including the conditions of a 24-h recovery period after irradiation, and different irradiation intensities (3.0-9.0 W m-2), irradiation periods (4-16 h), and cumulative energies (130-170 kJ m-2). A recovery period experiment was conducted to observe the changes in the growth and quality of leaves at 0 and 24 h after UV-B irradiation. The results showed that the concentrations of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanin, and ascorbic acid in the leaves, as well as the leaf antioxidant capacity increased 24 h after UV-B irradiation. Increases in target compound concentrations and antioxidant capacity without negative growth and appearance effects were observed in leaves irradiated with UV-B at 3, 6, and 9 W m-2 for irradiation periods of 12 and 16, 8 and 12, and 4 h, respectively. The highest bioactive compound concentration was found in leaves irradiated with UV-B at 6 W m-2 for 7 h (cumulative energy: 150 kJ m-2). It was concluded that UV-B irradiation at 6 W m-2 with a cumulative energy of 150 kJ m-2 and a 24 h post-irradiation recovery period could be an appropriate treatment to increase bioactive compounds in baby leaf amaranth without causing appearance abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takon Wittayathanarattana
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Praderm Wanichananan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | | | - Eiji Goto
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan; Plant Molecular Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan.
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25
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Dong Y, Aharoni A. Image to insight: exploring natural products through mass spectrometry imaging. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1510-1530. [PMID: 35735199 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00011c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2017 to 2022Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has become a mature molecular imaging technique that is well-matched for natural product (NP) discovery. Here we present a brief overview of MSI, followed by a thorough discussion of different MSI applications in NP research. This review will mainly focus on the recent progress of MSI in plants and microorganisms as they are the main producers of NPs. Specifically, the opportunity and potential of combining MSI with other imaging modalities and stable isotope labeling are discussed. Throughout, we focus on both the strengths and weaknesses of MSI, with an eye on future improvements that are necessary for the progression of MSI toward routine NP studies. Finally, we discuss new areas of research, future perspectives, and the overall direction that the field may take in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Dong
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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26
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Hong Y, Zhou Q, Hao Y, Huang AC. Crafting the plant root metabolome for improved microbe-assisted stress resilience. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1945-1950. [PMID: 34877653 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants and microbes coinhabit the earth and have coevolved during environmental changes over time. Root metabolites are the key to mediating the dynamic association between plants and microbes, yet the underlying functions and mechanisms behind this remain largely illusive. Knowledge of metabolite-mediated alteration of the root microbiota in response to environmental stress will open avenues for engineering root microbiotas for improved plant stress resistance and health. Here, we synthesize recent advances connecting environmental stresses, the root metabolome and microbiota, and propose integrated synthetic biology-based strategies for tuning the plant root metabolome in situ for microbe-assisted stress resistance, offering potential solutions to combat climate change. The current limitations, challenges and perspectives for engineering the plant root metabolome for modulating microbiota are collectively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yechun Hong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yuqiong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Ancheng C Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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27
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Microbial community functioning during plant litter decomposition. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7451. [PMID: 35523988 PMCID: PMC9076648 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial life in soil is fueled by dissolved organic matter (DOM) that leaches from the litter layer. It is well known that decomposer communities adapt to the available litter source, but it remains unclear if they functionally compete or synergistically address different litter types. Therefore, we decomposed beech, oak, pine and grass litter from two geologically distinct sites in a lab-scale decomposition experiment. We performed a correlative network analysis on the results of direct infusion HR-MS DOM analysis and cross-validated functional predictions from 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and with DOM and metaproteomic analyses. Here we show that many functions are redundantly distributed within decomposer communities and that their relative expression is rapidly optimized to address litter-specific properties. However, community changes are likely forced by antagonistic mechanisms as we identified several natural antibiotics in DOM. As a consequence, the decomposer community is specializing towards the litter source and the state of decomposition (community divergence) but showing similar litter metabolomes (metabolome convergence). Our multi-omics-based results highlight that DOM not only fuels microbial life, but it additionally holds meta-metabolomic information on the functioning of ecosystems.
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28
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Ahrazem O, Diretto G, Rambla JL, Rubio-Moraga Á, Lobato-Gómez M, Frusciante S, Argandoña J, Presa S, Granell A, Gómez-Gómez L. Engineering high levels of saffron apocarotenoids in tomato. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac074. [PMID: 35669709 PMCID: PMC9157650 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Crocins and picrocrocin are high-value hydrophilic pigments produced in saffron and used commercially in the food and pharmaceutical industries. These apocarotenoids are derived from the oxidative cleavage of zeaxanthin by specific carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases. The pathway for crocins and picrocrocin biosynthesis was introduced into tomato using fruit specific and constitutive promoters and resulted in 14.48 mg/g of crocins and 2.92 mg/g of picrocrocin in the tomato DW, without compromising plant growth. The strategy involved expression of CsCCD2L to produce crocetin dialdehyde and 2,6,6-trimethyl-4-hydroxy-1-carboxaldehyde-1-cyclohexene, and of glycosyltransferases UGT709G1 and CsUGT2 for picrocrocin and crocins production, respectively. Metabolic analyses of the engineered fruits revealed picrocrocin and crocetin-(β-D-gentiobiosyl)-(β-D-glucosyl)-ester, as the predominant crocin molecule, as well as safranal, at the expense of the usual tomato carotenoids. The results showed the highest crocins content ever obtained by metabolic engineering in heterologous systems. In addition, the engineered tomatoes showed higher antioxidant capacity and were able to protect against neurological disorders in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, these new developed tomatoes could be exploited as a new platform to produce economically competitive saffron apocarotenoids with health-promoting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Ahrazem
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Biotechnology laboratory, Casaccia Research Centre, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - José Luis Rambla
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Ángela Rubio-Moraga
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - María Lobato-Gómez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Sarah Frusciante
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Biotechnology laboratory, Casaccia Research Centre, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Javier Argandoña
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - Silvia Presa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete 02071, Spain
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29
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Novais C, Molina AK, Abreu RMV, Santo-Buelga C, Ferreira ICFR, Pereira C, Barros L. Natural Food Colorants and Preservatives: A Review, a Demand, and a Challenge. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2789-2805. [PMID: 35201759 PMCID: PMC9776543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The looming urgency of feeding the growing world population along with the increasing consumers' awareness and expectations have driven the evolution of food production systems and the processes and products applied in the food industry. Although substantial progress has been made on food additives, the controversy in which some of them are still shrouded has encouraged research on safer and healthier next generations. These additives can come from natural sources and confer numerous benefits for health, beyond serving the purpose of coloring or preserving, among others. As limiting factors, these additives are often related to stability, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness issues, which justify the need for innovative solutions. In this context, and with the advances witnessed in computers and computational methodologies for in silico experimental aid, the development of new safer and more efficient natural additives with dual functionality (colorant and preservative), for instance by the copigmentation phenomena, may be achieved more efficiently, circumventing the current difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Novais
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus
de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Adriana K. Molina
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus
de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Rui M. V. Abreu
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus
de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Celestino Santo-Buelga
- Grupo
de Investigación en Polifenoles (GIP-USAL), Facultad de Farmacia,
Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, Universidad
de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus
de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Carla Pereira
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus
de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus
de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
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30
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Lyu X, Lyu Y, Yu H, Chen W, Ye L, Yang R. Biotechnological advances for improving natural pigment production: a state-of-the-art review. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:8. [PMID: 38647847 PMCID: PMC10992905 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In current years, natural pigments are facing a fast-growing global market due to the increase of people's awareness of health and the discovery of novel pharmacological effects of various natural pigments, e.g., carotenoids, flavonoids, and curcuminoids. However, the traditional production approaches are source-dependent and generally subject to the low contents of target pigment compounds. In order to scale-up industrial production, many efforts have been devoted to increasing pigment production from natural producers, via development of both in vitro plant cell/tissue culture systems, as well as optimization of microbial cultivation approaches. Moreover, synthetic biology has opened the door for heterologous biosynthesis of pigments via design and re-construction of novel biological modules as well as biological systems in bio-platforms. In this review, the innovative methods and strategies for optimization and engineering of both native and heterologous producers of natural pigments are comprehensively summarized. Current progress in the production of several representative high-value natural pigments is also presented; and the remaining challenges and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Lyu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lyu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - WeiNing Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Lidan Ye
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ruijin Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Yuan G, Lu H, Weston DJ, Jawdy S, Tschaplinski TJ, Tuskan GA, Yang X. Reporter genes confer new-to-nature ornamental traits in plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac077. [PMID: 35669710 PMCID: PMC9160727 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. The Department of Energy will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Yuan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Haiwei Lu
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN 37831, USA
| | - David J Weston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Sara Jawdy
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Timothy J Tschaplinski
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Corresponding author: ;
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Corresponding author: ;
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32
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Xie GR, Chen HJ. Comprehensive Betalain Profiling of Djulis ( Chenopodium formosanum) Cultivars Using HPLC-Q-Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:15699-15715. [PMID: 34910494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are water-soluble pigments that may be used as alternatives to artificial colorants in the food industry. In addition, the betalain profile may be of taxonomic significance to some higher plants. Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum) is an emerging crop grown by Taiwan aboriginal communities, and its various cultivars contain different betalain compositions. To develop an authenticity method for evaluating djulis cultivars, we performed comprehensive betalain profiling with HPLC-Q-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). An HRMS method for betalain annotation was developed and used to identify 68 betalains, including 10 betacyanins, 24 betacyanin derivatives, and 34 betaxanthins. The profile of betacyanins and their derivatives could be utilized to classify different cultivars of djulis, while betaxanthins were less informative. Furthermore, the betalain profiles were indicative of the geographic origin of djulis. This HRMS method and analytical platform for betalains may be helpful to guide further investigations of natural pigments in other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Ru Xie
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Jhang Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Portillo-Nava C, Guerrero-Esperanza M, Guerrero-Rangel A, Guevara-Domínguez P, Martínez-Gallardo N, Nava-Sandoval C, Ordaz-Ortiz J, Sánchez-Segura L, Délano-Frier J. Natural or light-induced pigment accumulation in grain amaranths coincides with enhanced resistance against insect herbivory. PLANTA 2021; 254:101. [PMID: 34669050 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Increased resistance to insect herbivory in grain amaranth plants is associated with increased betalain pigmentation, either naturally acquired or accumulated in response to blue-red light irradiation. Betalains are water-soluble pigments characteristic of plants of the Caryophyllales order. Their abiotic stress-induced accumulation is believed to protect against oxidative damage, while their defensive function against biotic aggressors is scarce. A previous observation of induced betalain-biosynthetic gene expression in stressed grain amaranth plants led to the proposal that these pigments play a defensive role against insect herbivory. This study provided further support for this premise. First, a comparison of "green" and "red" Amaranthus cruentus phenotypes showed that the latter suffered less insect herbivory damage. Coincidentally, growth and vitality of Manduca sexta larvae were more severely affected when fed on red-leafed A. cruentus plants or on an artificial diet supplemented with red-leaf pigment extracts. Second, the exposure of A. cruentus and A. caudatus plants, having contrasting pigmentation phenotypes, to light enriched in the blue and red wavelength spectra led to pigment accumulation throughout the plant and to increased resistance to insect herbivory. These events were accompanied by the induced expression of known betalain-biosynthetic genes, including uncharacterized DODA genes believed to participate in this biosynthetic pathway in a still undefined way. Finally, transient co-expression of different combinations of betalain-biosynthetic genes in Nicotiana benthamiana led to detectable accumulation of betalamic acid and betanidin. This outcome supported the participation of certain AhDODA and other genes in the grain amaranth betalain-biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Portillo-Nava
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Kilómetro 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Moisés Guerrero-Esperanza
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Kilómetro 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Armando Guerrero-Rangel
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Kilómetro 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Paulina Guevara-Domínguez
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Kilómetro 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Norma Martínez-Gallardo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Kilómetro 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Cecilia Nava-Sandoval
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N,Col. Santo Tomás, CDMX, CP, 11340, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, México
| | - José Ordaz-Ortiz
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Kilómetro 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Lino Sánchez-Segura
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Kilómetro 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - John Délano-Frier
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Kilómetro 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México.
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Tomizawa E, Ohtomo S, Asai K, Ohta Y, Takiue Y, Hasumi A, Nishihara M, Nakatsuka T. Additional betalain accumulation by genetic engineering leads to a novel flower color in lisianthus ( Eustoma grandiflorum). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2021; 38:323-330. [PMID: 34782819 PMCID: PMC8562576 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.0516a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Betalains, comprising violet betacyanins and yellow betaxanthins, are pigments found in plants belonging to the order Caryophyllales. In this study, we induced the accumulation of betalains in ornamental lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) by genetic engineering. Three betalain biosynthetic genes encoding CYP76AD1, dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) 4,5-dioxygenase (DOD), and cyclo-DOPA 5-O-glucosyltransferase (5GT) were expressed under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter in lisianthus, in which anthocyanin pigments are responsible for the pink flower color. During the selection process on hygromycin-containing media, some shoots with red leaves were obtained. However, most red-colored shoots were suppressed root induction and incapable of further growth. Only clone #1 successfully acclimatized and bloomed, producing pinkish-red flowers, with a slightly greater intensity of red color than that in wild-type flowers. T1 plants derived from clone #1 segregated into five typical flower color phenotypes: wine red, bright pink, pale pink, pale yellow, and salmon pink. Among these, line #1-1 showed high expression levels of all three transgenes and exhibited a novel wine-red flower color. In the flower petals of line #1-1, abundant betacyanins and low-level betaxanthins were coexistent with anthocyanins. In other lines, differences in the relative accumulation of betalain and anthocyanin pigments resulted in flower color variations, as described above. Thus, this study is the first to successfully produce novel flower color varieties in ornamental plants by controlling betalain accumulation through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Tomizawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Shogo Ohtomo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Kanako Asai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Yuka Ohta
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Yukako Takiue
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hasumi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Nakatsuka
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- College of Agriculture, Academic Institute, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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Timoneda A, Yunusov T, Quan C, Gavrin A, Brockington SF, Schornack S. MycoRed: Betalain pigments enable in vivo real-time visualisation of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001326. [PMID: 34260583 PMCID: PMC8312983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) are mutualistic interactions formed between soil fungi and plant roots. AM symbiosis is a fundamental and widespread trait in plants with the potential to sustainably enhance future crop yields. However, improving AM fungal association in crop species requires a fundamental understanding of host colonisation dynamics across varying agronomic and ecological contexts. To this end, we demonstrate the use of betalain pigments as in vivo visual markers for the occurrence and distribution of AM fungal colonisation by Rhizophagus irregularis in Medicago truncatula and Nicotiana benthamiana roots. Using established and novel AM-responsive promoters, we assembled multigene reporter constructs that enable the AM-controlled expression of the core betalain synthesis genes. We show that betalain colouration is specifically induced in root tissues and cells where fungal colonisation has occurred. In a rhizotron setup, we also demonstrate that betalain staining allows for the noninvasive tracing of fungal colonisation along the root system over time. We present MycoRed, a useful innovative method that will expand and complement currently used fungal visualisation techniques to advance knowledge in the field of AM symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Timoneda
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Temur Yunusov
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clement Quan
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandr Gavrin
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Xu Y, Tong Z, Zhang X, Zhang X, Luo Z, Shao W, Li L, Ma Q, Zheng X, Fang W. Plant volatile organic compound (E)-2-hexenal facilitates Botrytis cinerea infection of fruits by inducing sulfate assimilation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:432-446. [PMID: 33792940 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Investigation into plant-fungal pathogen interactions is one of the most interesting fields in plant sciences. However, the roles of plant volatile organic compounds in the arms race are still largely unknown. Based on precise quantification of plant volatiles, we discovered that the plant volatile organic compound (E)-2-hexenal, at concentrations that were similar to or lower than those in tissues of strawberry and tomato fruits, upregulates sulfate assimilation in spores and hyphae of the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. This upregulation is independent of the types of sulfur sources in the plant and can be achieved in the presence of inorganic sulfate and organic sulfur sources. Using the fungal deletion mutants, we further found that sulfate assimilation is involved in the infection of tomato and strawberry fruits by B. cinerea, and that the severity of the disease is proportional to the sulfate content in the fruits. Both before and during the infection, (E)-2-hexenal induced utilisation of plant sulfate by B. cinerea facilitates its pathogenesis through enhancing its tolerance to oxidative stress. This work provides novel insights into the role of plant volatiles in plant-fungal pathogen interaction and highlights the importance of sulfur levels in the host in the prevention of grey mould disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqun Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 315100, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Zhichao Tong
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 315100, China
| | - Xiaochen Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 315100, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Zisheng Luo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 315100, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Wenyong Shao
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 315100, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Quan Ma
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 315100, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 315100, China
| | - Weiguo Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
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Polturak G, Osbourn A. The emerging role of biosynthetic gene clusters in plant defense and plant interactions. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009698. [PMID: 34214143 PMCID: PMC8253395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Polturak
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
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38
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Pucker B, Singh HB, Kumari M, Khan MI, Brockington SF. The report of anthocyanins in the betalain-pigmented genus Hylocereus is not well evidenced and is not a strong basis to refute the mutual exclusion paradigm. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:297. [PMID: 34187352 PMCID: PMC8240293 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Here we respond to the paper entitled "Contribution of anthocyanin pathways to fruit flesh coloration in pitayas" (Fan et al., BMC Plant Biol 20:361, 2020). In this paper Fan et al. 2020 propose that the anthocyanins can be detected in the betalain-pigmented genus Hylocereus, and suggest they are responsible for the colouration of the fruit flesh. We are open to the idea that, given the evolutionary maintenance of fully functional anthocyanin synthesis genes in betalain-pigmented species, anthocyanin pigmentation might co-occur with betalain pigments, as yet undetected, in some species. However, in absence of the LC-MS/MS spectra and co-elution/fragmentation of the authentic standard comparison, the findings of Fan et al. 2020 are not credible. Furthermore, our close examination of the paper, and re-analysis of datasets that have been made available, indicate numerous additional problems. Namely, the failure to detect betalains in an untargeted metabolite analysis, accumulation of reported anthocyanins that does not correlate with the colour of the fruit, absence of key anthocyanin synthesis genes from qPCR data, likely mis-identification of key anthocyanin genes, unreproducible patterns of correlated RNAseq data, lack of gene expression correlation with pigmentation accumulation, and putative transcription factors that are weak candidates for transcriptional up-regulation of the anthocyanin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boas Pucker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Hidam Bishworjit Singh
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, 781014, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Monika Kumari
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, 781014, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Mohammad Imtiyaj Khan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, 781014, Guwahati, Assam, India.
| | - Samuel F Brockington
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
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Sadowska-Bartosz I, Bartosz G. Biological Properties and Applications of Betalains. Molecules 2021; 26:2520. [PMID: 33925891 PMCID: PMC8123435 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Betalains are water-soluble pigments present in vacuoles of plants of the order Caryophyllales and in mushrooms of the genera Amanita, Hygrocybe and Hygrophorus. Betalamic acid is a constituent of all betalains. The type of betalamic acid substituent determines the class of betalains. The betacyanins (reddish to violet) contain a cyclo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (cyclo-DOPA) residue while the betaxanthins (yellow to orange) contain different amino acid or amine residues. The most common betacyanin is betanin (Beetroot Red), present in red beets Beta vulgaris, which is a glucoside of betanidin. The structure of this comprehensive review is as follows: Occurrence of Betalains; Structure of Betalains; Spectroscopic and Fluorescent Properties; Stability; Antioxidant Activity; Bioavailability, Health Benefits; Betalains as Food Colorants; Food Safety of Betalains; Other Applications of Betalains; and Environmental Role and Fate of Betalains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Rzeszow University, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Rzeszow University, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland;
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Engineering insect resistance using plant specialized metabolites. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 70:115-121. [PMID: 33866214 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plants in nature are protected against insect herbivory by a wide variety of specialized metabolites. Although insect herbivores generally tolerate the defensive metabolites of their preferred host plants, the presence of additional chemical defenses in otherwise closely related plant species can nevertheless provide resistance. This chemical resistance to insect herbivory can be enhanced by genetic engineering to increase the production of endogenous defensive metabolites, modify existing biochemical pathways, or move the biosynthesis of entirely new classes of specialized metabolites into recipient plants. However, current plant genetic engineering strategies are limited by insufficient knowledge of the biosynthetic pathways of plant specialized metabolism, unintended side-effects that result from redirecting plant metabolism, inadequate transgene construction and delivery methods, and requirements for tissue-specific production of defensive metabolites to enhance herbivore resistance.
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Ogata T, Toyoshima M, Yamamizo-Oda C, Kobayashi Y, Fujii K, Tanaka K, Tanaka T, Mizukoshi H, Yasui Y, Nagatoshi Y, Yoshikawa N, Fujita Y. Virus-Mediated Transient Expression Techniques Enable Functional Genomics Studies and Modulations of Betalain Biosynthesis and Plant Height in Quinoa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:643499. [PMID: 33815450 PMCID: PMC8014037 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.643499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), native to the Andean region of South America, has been recognized as a potentially important crop in terms of global food and nutrition security since it can thrive in harsh environments and has an excellent nutritional profile. Even though challenges of analyzing the complex and heterogeneous allotetraploid genome of quinoa have recently been overcome, with the whole genome-sequencing of quinoa and the creation of genotyped inbred lines, the lack of technology to analyze gene function in planta is a major limiting factor in quinoa research. Here, we demonstrate that two virus-mediated transient expression techniques, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and virus-mediated overexpression (VOX), can be used in quinoa. We show that apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) can induce gene silencing of quinoa phytoene desaturase (CqPDS1) in a broad range of quinoa inbred lines derived from the northern and southern highland and lowland sub-populations. In addition, we show that ALSV can be used as a VOX vector in roots. Our data also indicate that silencing a quinoa 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine 4,5-dioxygenase gene (CqDODA1) or a cytochrome P450 enzyme gene (CqCYP76AD1) inhibits betalain production and that knockdown of a reduced-height gene homolog (CqRHT1) causes an overgrowth phenotype in quinoa. Moreover, we show that ALSV can be transmitted to the progeny of quinoa plants. Thus, our findings enable functional genomics in quinoa, ushering in a new era of quinoa research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ogata
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masami Toyoshima
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yamamizo-Oda
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Kobayashi
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Fujii
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kojiro Tanaka
- Technology Development Group, Actree Corporation, Hakusan, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tanaka
- Technology Development Group, Actree Corporation, Hakusan, Japan
| | | | - Yasuo Yasui
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukari Nagatoshi
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Yasunari Fujita
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Elucidation of the core betalain biosynthesis pathway in Amaranthus tricolor. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6086. [PMID: 33731735 PMCID: PMC7969944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amaranthus tricolor L., a vegetable Amaranthus species, is an economically important crop containing large amounts of betalains. Betalains are natural antioxidants and can be classified into betacyanins and betaxanthins, with red and yellow colors, respectively. A. tricolor cultivars with varying betalain contents, leading to striking red to green coloration, have been commercially produced. However, the molecular differences underlying betalain biosynthesis in various cultivars of A. tricolor remain largely unknown. In this study, A. tricolor cultivars with different colors were chosen for comparative transcriptome analysis. The elevated expression of AmCYP76AD1 in a red-leaf cultivar of A. tricolor was proposed to play a key role in producing red betalain pigments. The functions of AmCYP76AD1, AmDODAα1, AmDODAα2, and AmcDOPA5GT were also characterized through the heterologous engineering of betalain pigments in Nicotiana benthamiana. Moreover, high and low L-DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activities of AmDODAα1 and AmDODAα2, respectively, were confirmed through in vitro enzymatic assays. Thus, comparative transcriptome analysis combined with functional and enzymatic studies allowed the construction of a core betalain biosynthesis pathway of A. tricolor. These results not only provide novel insights into betalain biosynthesis and evolution in A. tricolor but also provide a basal framework for examining genes related to betalain biosynthesis among different species of Amaranthaceae.
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Tiwari P, Khare T, Shriram V, Bae H, Kumar V. Plant synthetic biology for producing potent phyto-antimicrobials to combat antimicrobial resistance. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 48:107729. [PMID: 33705914 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate and injudicious use of antimicrobial drugs in human health, hygiene, agriculture, animal husbandry and food industries has contributed significantly to rapid emergence and persistence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), one of the serious global public health threats. The crisis of AMR versus slower discovery of newer antibiotics put forth a daunting task to control these drug-resistant superbugs. Several phyto-antimicrobials have been identified in recent years with direct-killing (bactericidal) and/or drug-resistance reversal (re-sensitization of AMR phenotypes) potencies. Phyto-antimicrobials may hold the key in combating AMR owing to their abilities to target major microbial drug-resistance determinants including cell membrane, drug-efflux pumps, cell communication and biofilms. However, limited distribution, low intracellular concentrations, eco-geographical variations, beside other considerations like dynamic environments, climate change and over-exploitation of plant-resources are major blockades in full potential exploration phyto-antimicrobials. Synthetic biology (SynBio) strategies integrating metabolic engineering, RNA-interference, genome editing/engineering and/or systems biology approaches using plant chassis (as engineerable platforms) offer prospective tools for production of phyto-antimicrobials. With expanding SynBio toolkit, successful attempts towards introduction of entire gene cluster, reconstituting the metabolic pathway or transferring an entire metabolic (or synthetic) pathway into heterologous plant systems highlight the potential of this field. Through this perspective review, we are presenting herein the current situation and options for addressing AMR, emphasizing on the significance of phyto-antimicrobials in this apparently post-antibiotic era, and effective use of plant chassis for phyto-antimicrobial production at industrial scales along with major SynBio tools and useful databases. Current knowledge, recent success stories, associated challenges and prospects of translational success are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Tiwari
- Molecular Metabolic Engineering Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Tushar Khare
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411016, India; Department of Environmental Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Varsha Shriram
- Department of Botany, Prof. Ramkrishna More Arts, Commerce and Science College, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Akurdi, Pune 411044, India
| | - Hanhong Bae
- Molecular Metabolic Engineering Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411016, India; Department of Environmental Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
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Yang W, Kaimainen M, Järvenpää E, Sandell M, Huopalahti R, Yang B, Laaksonen O. Red beet (Beta vulgaris) betalains and grape (Vitis vinifera) anthocyanins as colorants in white currant juice - Effect of storage on degradation kinetics, color stability and sensory properties. Food Chem 2021; 348:128995. [PMID: 33503536 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Red beet betalains, grape anthocyanins, and their mixtures were used as colorants in white currant juice. Storage stability of the compounds was evaluated using liquid chromatography and the degradation kinetic order and parameters were calculated. Degradation of betalains followed first-order kinetics, while the degradation of anthocyanins did not have any trend toward any order kinetics. The coexisting anthocyanins and their concentration affected the rate constant of betalains. Betalains degraded faster than anthocyanins, their mixtures promoted respective degradation. Pyruvate derivatives of anthocyanins showed better stability. During storage, all samples became more yellowish with CIELab method and lighter in color. In the projective mapping sensory test, samples were distinguished by the colorant type as the main criteria and the storage time as the second criteria. Anthocyanin (described as 'dark' and 'natural') was preferred by sensory panelists over betalain (described as 'pink' and 'unnatural'), as were the fresh samples over stored samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland
| | - Mika Kaimainen
- Food Chemistry and Food Development Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland; Delsitech Ltd., FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Eila Järvenpää
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Production Systems, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Mari Sandell
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland; Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsingin yliopisto, Finland
| | - Rainer Huopalahti
- Food Chemistry and Food Development Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland
| | - Oskar Laaksonen
- Food Chemistry and Food Development Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland
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Zhou Y, Karl T, Lewis DH, McGhie TK, Arathoon S, Davies KM, Ryan KG, Gould KS, Schwinn KE. Production of Betacyanins in Transgenic Nicotiana tabacum Increases Tolerance to Salinity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:653147. [PMID: 33995448 PMCID: PMC8121086 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.653147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Although red betalain pigments (betacyanins) have been associated with salinity tolerance in some halophytes like Disphyma australe, efforts to determine whether they have a causal role and the underlying mechanisms have been hampered by a lack of a model system. To address this, we engineered betalain-producing Nicotiana tabacum, by the introduction of three betalain biosynthetic genes. The plants were violet-red due to the accumulation of three betacyanins: betanin, isobetanin, and betanidin. Under salt stress, betacyanic seedlings had increased survivability and leaves of mature plants had higher photochemical quantum yields of photosystem II (F v /F m ) and faster photosynthetic recovery after saturating light treatment. Under salt stress, compared to controls betacyanic leaf disks had no loss of carotenoids, a slower rate of chlorophyll degradation, and higher F v /F m values. Furthermore, simulation of betacyanin pigmentation by using a red filter cover improved F v /F m value of green tissue under salt stress. Our results confirm a direct causal role of betacyanins in plant salinity tolerance and indicate a key mechanism is photoprotection. A role in delaying leaf senescence was also indicated, and the enhanced antioxidant capability of the betacyanic leaves suggested a potential contribution to scavenging reactive oxygen species. The study can inform the development of novel biotechnological approaches to improving agricultural productivity in saline-affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Zhou
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Tanja Karl
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - David H. Lewis
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Tony K. McGhie
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Steve Arathoon
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kevin M. Davies
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ken G. Ryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kevin S. Gould
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kathy E. Schwinn
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Kathy E. Schwinn,
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Thaiudom S, Oonsivilai R, Thaiwong N. Production of colorant powder from dragon fruit (
Hylocerecus polyrhizus
) peel: Bioactivity, heavy metal contamination, antimutagenicity, and antioxidation aspects. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siwatt Thaiudom
- School of Food Technology Institute of Agricultural Technology Suranaree University of Technology Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
| | - Ratchadaporn Oonsivilai
- School of Food Technology Institute of Agricultural Technology Suranaree University of Technology Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
| | - Numphon Thaiwong
- Department of Agricultural Technology and Environment Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
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Grützner R, Schubert R, Horn C, Yang C, Vogt T, Marillonnet S. Engineering Betalain Biosynthesis in Tomato for High Level Betanin Production in Fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:682443. [PMID: 34177999 PMCID: PMC8220147 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.682443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are pigments found in plants of the Caryophyllales order, and include the red-purple betacyanins and the yellow-orange betaxanthins. The red pigment from red beets, betanin, is made from tyrosine by a biosynthetic pathway that consists of a cytochrome P450, a L-DOPA dioxygenase, and a glucosyltransferase. The entire pathway was recently reconstituted in plants that do not make betalains naturally including potato and tomato plants. The amount of betanin produced in these plants was however not as high as in red beets. It was recently shown that a plastidic arogenate dehydrogenase gene involved in biosynthesis of tyrosine in plants is duplicated in Beta vulgaris and other betalain-producing plants, and that one of the two encoded enzymes, BvADHα, has relaxed feedback inhibition by tyrosine, contributing to the high amount of betanin found in red beets. We have reconstituted the complete betanin biosynthetic pathway in tomato plants with or without a BvADHα gene, and with all genes expressed under control of a fruit-specific promoter. The plants obtained with a construct containing BvADHα produced betanin at a higher level than plants obtained with a construct lacking this gene. These results show that use of BvADHα can be useful for high level production of betalains in heterologous hosts. Unlike red beets that produce both betacyanins and betaxanthins, the transformed tomatoes produced betacyanins only, conferring a bright purple-fuschia color to the tomato juice.
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Dong Y, Sonawane P, Cohen H, Polturak G, Feldberg L, Avivi SH, Rogachev I, Aharoni A. High mass resolution, spatial metabolite mapping enhances the current plant gene and pathway discovery toolbox. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1986-2002. [PMID: 32654288 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding when and where metabolites accumulate provides important cues to the gene function. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) enables in situ temporal and spatial measurement of a large assortment of metabolites, providing mapping information regarding their cellular distribution. To describe the current state and technical advances using MSI in plant sciences, we employed MSI to demonstrate its significant contribution to the study of plant specialised metabolism. We show that coupling MSI with: (1) RNA interference (RNAi), (2) virus induced gene silencing (VIGS), (3) agroinfiltration or (4) samples derived from plant natural variation provides great opportunities to understand the accurate gene-metabolite relationship and discover novel gene-associated metabolites. This was exemplified in three plant species (i.e. tomato, tobacco and wheat) by mapping the distribution of metabolites possessing a range of polarities. In particular, we demonstrated that MSI is able to spatially map an entire metabolic pathway, including intermediates and final products, in the intricate biosynthetic route to tomato fruit steroidal glycoalkaloids. We therefore envisage MSI as a key component of the metabolome analysis arsenal employed in plant gene discovery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Dong
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - Prashant Sonawane
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - Guy Polturak
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - Liron Feldberg
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 7410001, Israel
| | - Shelly Hen Avivi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - Ilana Rogachev
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
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Breitel D, Brett P, Alseekh S, Fernie AR, Butelli E, Martin C. Metabolic engineering of tomato fruit enriched in L-DOPA. Metab Eng 2020; 65:185-196. [PMID: 33242649 PMCID: PMC8054910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
L-DOPA, also known as Levodopa or L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, is a non-standard amino acid, and the gold standard drug for the treatment for Parkinson's Disease (PD). Recently, a gene encoding the enzyme that is responsible for its synthesis, as a precursor of the coloured pigment group betalains, was identified in beetroot, BvCYP76AD6. We have engineered tomato fruit enriched in L-DOPA through overexpression of BvCYP76AD6 in a fruit specific manner. Analysis of the transgenic fruit revealed the feasibility of accumulating L-DOPA in a non-naturally betalain-producing plant. Fruit accumulating L-DOPA also showed major effects on the fruit metabolome. Some of these changes included elevation of amino acids levels, changes in the levels of intermediates of the TCA and glycolysis pathways and reductions in the levels of phenolic compounds and nitrogen-containing specialised metabolites. Furthermore, we were able to increase the L-DOPA levels further by elevating the expression of the metabolic master regulator, MYB12, specifically in tomato fruit, together with BvCYP76AD6. Our study elucidated new roles for L-DOPA in plants, because it impacted fruit quality parameters including antioxidant capacity and firmness. The L-DOPA levels achieved in tomato fruit were comparable to the levels in other non-seed organs of L-DOPA - accumulating plants, offering an opportunity to develop new biological sources of L-DOPA by widening the repertoire of L-DOPA-accumulating plants. These tomato fruit could be used as an alternative source of this important pharmaceutical. Tomato fruit were engineered to synthesise and accumulate L-DOPA. Co-expression of the transcription factor, MYB12, doubled the levels of L-DOPA in tomato fruit. The accumulation of L-DOPA resulted in additional changes in the profile of primary and secondary metabolites in tomatoes. The L-DOPA tomato fruit exhibited improved shelf life and reduced susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Breitel
- Department of Metabolic Biology and Biological Chemistry, The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK; Tropic Biosciences, Innovation Centre, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7GJ, UK
| | - Paul Brett
- Department of Metabolic Biology and Biological Chemistry, The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institut Fur Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muhlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut Fur Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muhlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Eugenio Butelli
- Department of Metabolic Biology and Biological Chemistry, The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Cathie Martin
- Department of Metabolic Biology and Biological Chemistry, The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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Zhou Z, Gao H, Ming J, Ding Z, Lin X, Zhan R. Combined Transcriptome and Metabolome analysis of Pitaya fruit unveiled the mechanisms underlying Peel and pulp color formation. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:734. [PMID: 33092530 PMCID: PMC7579827 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elucidating the candidate genes and key metabolites responsible for pulp and peel coloration is essential for breeding pitaya fruit with new and improved appeal and high nutritional value. Here, we used transcriptome (RNA-Seq) and metabolome analysis (UPLC-MS/MS) to identify structural and regulatory genes and key metabolites associated with peel and pulp colors in three pitaya fruit types belonging to two different Hylocereus species. RESULT Our combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses suggest that the main strategy for obtaining red color is to increase tyrosine content for downstream steps in the betalain pathway. The upregulation of CYP76ADs is proposed as the color-breaking step leading to red or colorless pulp under the regulation by WRKY44 transcription factor. Supported by the differential accumulation of anthocyanin metabolites in red pulped pitaya fruit, our results showed the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in addition to betalain biosynthesis. However, no color-breaking step for the development of anthocyanins in red pulp was observed and no biosynthesis of anthocyanins in white pulp was found. Together, we propose that red pitaya pulp color is under the strict regulation of CYP76ADs by WRKYs and the anthocyanin coexistence with betalains is unneglectable. We ruled out the possibility of yellow peel color formation due to anthocyanins because of no differential regulation of chalcone synthase genes between yellow and green and no detection of naringenin chalcone in the metabolome. Similarly, the no differential regulation of key genes in the carotenoid pathway controlling yellow pigments proposed that the carotenoid pathway is not involved in yellow peel color formation. CONCLUSIONS Together, our results propose several candidate genes and metabolites controlling a single horticultural attribute i.e. color formation for further functional characterization. This study presents useful genomic resources and information for breeding pitaya fruit with commercially attractive peel and pulp colors. These findings will greatly complement the existing knowledge on the biosynthesis of natural pigments for their applications in food and health industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxi Zhou
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, China
| | - Hongmao Gao
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, China
| | - Jianhong Ming
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, China
| | - Zheli Ding
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, China
| | - Xing'e Lin
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, China.
| | - Rulin Zhan
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, China.
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