1
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Hahn MK, Giacca A, Pereira S. In vivo techniques for assessment of insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. J Endocrinol 2024; 260:e230308. [PMID: 38198372 PMCID: PMC10895285 DOI: 10.1530/joe-23-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic tests are vital to determine in vivo insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in preclinical models, usually rodents. Such tests include glucose tolerance tests, insulin tolerance tests, and glucose clamps. Although these tests are not standardized, there are general guidelines for their completion and analysis that are constantly being refined. In this review, we describe metabolic tests in rodents as well as factors to consider when designing and performing these tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret K Hahn
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adria Giacca
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra Pereira
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Lê TP, Hyacinthe JN, Capozzi A. Multi-sample/multi-nucleus parallel polarization and monitoring enabled by a fluid path technology compatible cryogenic probe for dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7962. [PMID: 37198242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Low throughput is one of dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (dDNP) main shortcomings. Especially for clinical and preclinical applications, where direct 13C nuclei polarization is usually pursued, it takes hours to generate one single hyperpolarized (HP) sample. Being able to hyperpolarize more samples at once represents a clear advantage and can expand the range and complexity of the applications. In this work, we present the design and performance of a highly versatile and customizable dDNP cryogenic probe, herein adapted to a 5 T "wet" preclinical polarizer, that can accommodate up to three samples at once and, most importantly, it is capable of monitoring the solid-state spin dynamics of each sample separately, regardless of the kind of radical used and the nuclear species of interest. Within 30 min, the system was able to dispense three HP solutions with high repeatability across the channels (30.0 ± 1.2% carbon polarization for [1-13C]pyruvic acid doped with trityl radical). Moreover, we tested multi-nucleus NMR capability by polarizing and monitoring simultaneously 13C, 1H and 129Xe. Finally, we implemented [1-13C]lactate/[1-13C]pyruvate polarization and back-to-back dissolution and injection in a healthy mouse model to perform multiple-substrate HP Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) at 14.1 T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Phong Lê
- LIFMET, Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Noël Hyacinthe
- LIFMET, Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Image Guided Intervention Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, 4 Rue Gabrielle - Perret - Gentil, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva School of Health Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 47 Avenue de Champel, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Capozzi
- LIFMET, Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- HYPERMAG, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 349, 2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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3
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Yang Y, Yuan J, Field RL, Ye D, Hu Z, Xu K, Xu L, Gong Y, Yue Y, Kravitz AV, Bruchas MR, Cui J, Brestoff JR, Chen H. Induction of a torpor-like hypothermic and hypometabolic state in rodents by ultrasound. Nat Metab 2023; 5:789-803. [PMID: 37231250 PMCID: PMC10229429 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00804-z,] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Torpor is an energy-conserving state in which animals dramatically decrease their metabolic rate and body temperature to survive harsh environmental conditions. Here, we report the noninvasive, precise and safe induction of a torpor-like hypothermic and hypometabolic state in rodents by remote transcranial ultrasound stimulation at the hypothalamus preoptic area (POA). We achieve a long-lasting (>24 h) torpor-like state in mice via closed-loop feedback control of ultrasound stimulation with automated detection of body temperature. Ultrasound-induced hypothermia and hypometabolism (UIH) is triggered by activation of POA neurons, involves the dorsomedial hypothalamus as a downstream brain region and subsequent inhibition of thermogenic brown adipose tissue. Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing of POA neurons reveals TRPM2 as an ultrasound-sensitive ion channel, the knockdown of which suppresses UIH. We also demonstrate that UIH is feasible in a non-torpid animal, the rat. Our findings establish UIH as a promising technology for the noninvasive and safe induction of a torpor-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoheng Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jinyun Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachael L Field
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dezhuang Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhongtao Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yimei Yue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexxai V Kravitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Pharmacology, and Bioengineering, Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jianmin Cui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan R Brestoff
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Division of Neurotechnology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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4
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Yang Y, Yuan J, Field RL, Ye D, Hu Z, Xu K, Xu L, Gong Y, Yue Y, Kravitz AV, Bruchas MR, Cui J, Brestoff JR, Chen H. Induction of a torpor-like hypothermic and hypometabolic state in rodents by ultrasound. Nat Metab 2023; 5:789-803. [PMID: 37231250 PMCID: PMC10229429 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Torpor is an energy-conserving state in which animals dramatically decrease their metabolic rate and body temperature to survive harsh environmental conditions. Here, we report the noninvasive, precise and safe induction of a torpor-like hypothermic and hypometabolic state in rodents by remote transcranial ultrasound stimulation at the hypothalamus preoptic area (POA). We achieve a long-lasting (>24 h) torpor-like state in mice via closed-loop feedback control of ultrasound stimulation with automated detection of body temperature. Ultrasound-induced hypothermia and hypometabolism (UIH) is triggered by activation of POA neurons, involves the dorsomedial hypothalamus as a downstream brain region and subsequent inhibition of thermogenic brown adipose tissue. Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing of POA neurons reveals TRPM2 as an ultrasound-sensitive ion channel, the knockdown of which suppresses UIH. We also demonstrate that UIH is feasible in a non-torpid animal, the rat. Our findings establish UIH as a promising technology for the noninvasive and safe induction of a torpor-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoheng Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jinyun Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachael L Field
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dezhuang Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhongtao Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yimei Yue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexxai V Kravitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Pharmacology, and Bioengineering, Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jianmin Cui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan R Brestoff
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Division of Neurotechnology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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5
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Ma WX, Yuan PC, Zhang H, Kong LX, Lazarus M, Qu WM, Wang YQ, Huang ZL. Adenosine and P1 receptors: Key targets in the regulation of sleep, torpor, and hibernation. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1098976. [PMID: 36969831 PMCID: PMC10036772 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1098976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphical AbstractAdenosine mediates sleep, torpor and hibernation through P1 receptors. Recent reasearch has shown that P1 receptors play a vital role in the regulation of sleep-wake, torpor and hibernation-like states. In this review, we focus on the roles and neurobiological mechanisms of the CNS adenosine and P1 receptors in these three states. Among them, A1 and A2A receptors are key targets for sleep-wake regulation, A1Rs and A3Rs are very important for torpor induction, and activation of A1Rs is sufficient for hibernation-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-Chuan Yuan
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re-evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re-evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Ling-Xi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Lazarus
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei-Min Qu, ; Yi-Qun Wang, ; Zhi-Li Huang,
| | - Yi-Qun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei-Min Qu, ; Yi-Qun Wang, ; Zhi-Li Huang,
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei-Min Qu, ; Yi-Qun Wang, ; Zhi-Li Huang,
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6
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Vohwinkel CU, Burns N, Coit E, Yuan X, Vladar EK, Sul C, Schmidt EP, Carmeliet P, Stenmark K, Nozik ES, Tuder RM, Eltzschig HK. HIF1A-dependent induction of alveolar epithelial PFKFB3 dampens acute lung injury. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e157855. [PMID: 36326834 PMCID: PMC9869967 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.157855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe form of lung inflammation causing acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients. ALI pathogenesis is closely linked to uncontrolled alveolar inflammation. We hypothesize that specific enzymes of the glycolytic pathway could function as key regulators of alveolar inflammation. Therefore, we screened isolated alveolar epithelia from mice exposed to ALI induced by injurious ventilation to assess their metabolic responses. These studies pointed us toward a selective role for isoform 3 of the 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (PFKFB3). Pharmacologic inhibition or genetic deletion of Pfkfb3 in alveolar epithelia (Pfkfb3loxP/loxP SPC-ER-Cre+ mice) was associated with profound increases in ALI during injurious mechanical ventilation or acid instillation. Studies in genetic models linked Pfkfb3 expression and function to Hif1a. Not only did intratracheal pyruvate instillation reconstitute Pfkfb3loxP/loxP or Hif1aloxP/loxP SPC-ER-Cre+ mice, but pyruvate was also effective in ALI treatment of wild-type mice. Finally, proof-of-principle studies in human lung biopsies demonstrated increased PFKFB3 staining in injured lungs and colocalized PFKFB3 to alveolar epithelia. These studies reveal a specific role for PFKFB3 in counterbalancing alveolar inflammation and lay the groundwork for novel metabolic therapeutic approaches during ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine U. Vohwinkel
- Cardio Vascular Pulmonary Research Lab and
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nana Burns
- Cardio Vascular Pulmonary Research Lab and
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ethan Coit
- Cardio Vascular Pulmonary Research Lab and
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Eszter K. Vladar
- Program in Translational Lung Research, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christina Sul
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Eric P. Schmidt
- Program in Translational Lung Research, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Heterogeneity, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kurt Stenmark
- Cardio Vascular Pulmonary Research Lab and
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Eva S. Nozik
- Cardio Vascular Pulmonary Research Lab and
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rubin M. Tuder
- Cardio Vascular Pulmonary Research Lab and
- Program in Translational Lung Research, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Holger K. Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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7
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Kinin B1 receptor modulates mitochondrial activity responsivity in fasting and voluntary exercise. Life Sci 2022; 309:121034. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Herrera-García A, Pérez-Mendoza M, Arellanes-Licea EDC, Gasca-Martínez D, Carmona-Castro A, Díaz-Muñoz M, Miranda-Anaya M. Obesity in male volcano mice Neotomodon alstoni affects the daily rhythm of metabolism and thermoregulation. Front Nutr 2022; 9:963804. [PMID: 35990356 PMCID: PMC9386375 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.963804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse N. alstoni spontaneously develops the condition of obesity in captivity when fed regular chow. We aim to study the differences in metabolic performance and thermoregulation between adult lean and obese male mice. The experimental approach included indirect calorimetry using metabolic cages for VO2 intake and VCO2 production. In contrast, the body temperature was measured and analyzed using intraperitoneal data loggers. It was correlated with the relative presence of UCP1 protein and its gene expression from interscapular adipose tissue (iBAT). We also explored in this tissue the relative presence of Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) protein, the rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine biosynthesis present in iBAT. Results indicate that obese mice show a daily rhythm persists in estimated parameters but with differences in amplitude and profile. Obese mice presented lower body temperature, and a low caloric expenditure, together with lower VO2 intake and VCO2 than lean mice. Also, obese mice present a reduced thermoregulatory response after a cold pulse. Results are correlated with a low relative presence of TH and UCP1 protein. However, qPCR analysis of Ucp1 presents an increase in gene expression in iBAT. Histology showed a reduced amount of brown adipocytes in BAT. The aforementioned indicates that the daily rhythm in aerobic metabolism, thermoregulation, and body temperature control have reduced amplitude in obese mice Neotomodon alstoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Herrera-García
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Moisés Pérez-Mendoza
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Elvira del Carmen Arellanes-Licea
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Deisy Gasca-Martínez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Agustín Carmona-Castro
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Díaz-Muñoz
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Manuel Miranda-Anaya
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
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Zhao YY, Zhang LJ, Liang XY, Zhang XC, Chang JR, Shi M, Liu H, Zhou Y, Sun Z, Zhao YF. Pyruvate Upregulates Hepatic FGF21 Expression by Activating PDE and Inhibiting cAMP–Epac–CREB Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105490. [PMID: 35628302 PMCID: PMC9141208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) functions as a polypeptide hormone to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, and its expression is regulated by cellular metabolic stress. Pyruvate is an important intermediate metabolite that acts as a key hub for cellular fuel metabolism. However, the effect of pyruvate on hepatic FGF21 expression and secretion remains unknown. Herein, we examined the gene expression and protein levels of FGF21 in human hepatoma HepG2 cells and mouse AML12 hepatocytes in vitro, as well as in mice in vivo. In HepG2 and AML12 cells, pyruvate at concentrations above 0.1 mM significantly increased FGF21 expression and secretion. The increase in cellular cAMP levels by adenylyl cyclase activation, phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibition and 8-Bromo-cAMP administration significantly restrained pyruvate-stimulated FGF21 expression. Pyruvate significantly increased PDE activities, reduced cAMP levels and decreased CREB phosphorylation. The inhibition of exchange protein directed activated by cAMP (Epac) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) upregulated FGF21 expression, upon which pyruvate no longer increased FGF21 expression. The increase in plasma pyruvate levels in mice induced by the intraperitoneal injection of pyruvate significantly increased FGF21 gene expression and PDE activity with a reduction in cAMP levels and CREB phosphorylation in the mouse liver compared with the control. In conclusion, pyruvate activates PDEs to reduce cAMP and then inhibits the cAMP–Epac–CREB signaling pathway to upregulate FGF21 expression in hepatocytes.
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Tashlitsky VN, Artiukhov AV, Fedorova NV, Sukonnikov MA, Ksenofontov AL, Bunik VI, Baratova LA. Analysis of Content of 2-Oxoacids in Rat Brain Extracts Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:356-365. [PMID: 35527374 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
2-Oxoacids are involved in a number of important metabolic processes and can be used as biomarkers in some human diseases. A new optimized method for quantification of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatives of 2-oxoacids using high-performance liquid chromatography was developed based on available techniques for quantification of 2-oxoacids in mammalian brain. The use of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatives of 2-oxoacids was shown to be more advantageous in comparison with the previously used phenylhydrazine derivatives, due to a high chemical stability of the former. Here, we determined the concentrations of pyruvate, glyoxylate, 2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxomalonate, and 4-methylthio-2-oxobutyrate in the methanol/acetic acid extracts of the rat brain using the developed method, as well discussed the procedures for the sample preparation in analysis of mammalian brain extracts. The validation parameters of the method demonstrated that the quantification limits for each of the analyzed of 2-oxoacids was 2 nmol/mg tissue. The developed method facilitates identification of subtle changes in the tissue and cellular content of 2-oxoacids as (patho)physiological biomarkers of metabolism in mammalian tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim N Tashlitsky
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Artem V Artiukhov
- Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Department of Biochemistry, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Natalia V Fedorova
- Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Maxim A Sukonnikov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander L Ksenofontov
- Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Victoria I Bunik
- Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Department of Biochemistry, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Ludmila A Baratova
- Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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11
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Thapa M, Sung R, Heo YS. A Dual Electrode Biosensor for Glucose and Lactate Measurement in Normal and Prolonged Obese Mice Using Single Drop of Whole Blood. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11120507. [PMID: 34940264 PMCID: PMC8699454 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the levels of glucose (G) and lactate (L) in blood can help us regulate various chronic health conditions such as obesity. In this paper, we introduced an enzyme-based electrochemical biosensor adopting glucose oxidase and lactate oxidase on two working screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) to sequentially determine glucose and lactate concentrations in a single drop (~30 µL) of whole blood. We developed a diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model for 28 weeks and monitored the changes in blood glucose and lactate levels. A linear calibration curve for glucose and lactate concentrations in ranges from 0.5 to 35 mM and 0.5 to 25 mM was obtained with R-values of 0.99 and 0.97, respectively. A drastic increase in blood glucose and a small but significant increase in blood lactate were seen only in prolonged obese cases. The ratio of lactate concentration to glucose concentration (L/G) was calculated as the mouse’s gained weight. The results demonstrated that an L/G value of 0.59 could be used as a criterion to differentiate between normal and obesity conditions. With L/G and weight gain, we constructed a diagnostic plot that could categorize normal and obese health conditions into four different zones. The proposed dual electrode biosensor for glucose and lactate in mouse whole blood showed good stability, selectivity, sensitivity, and efficiency. Thus, we believe that this dual electrode biosensor and the diagnostic plot could be used as a sensitive analytical tool for diagnosing glucose and lactate biomarkers in clinics and for monitoring obesity.
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12
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Freitas-Lima LC, Budu A, Estrela GR, da Silva TA, Arruda AC, de Carvalho Araujo R. Metabolic fasting stress is ameliorated in Kinin B1 receptor-deficient mice. Life Sci 2021; 294:120007. [PMID: 34600938 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The liver has an essential role in responding to metabolic demands under stress conditions. The organ stores, releases, and recycles metabolism-related substrates. However, it is not clear how the Kallikrein-Kinin System modulates metabolic flexibility shift between energetic sources. AIMS To analyze the hepatic metabolism in kinin B1 receptor deficient mice (B1KO mice) under fasting conditions. MAIN METHODS WT and B1KO male mice were allocated in a calorimetric cage for 7 days and 48 h before the euthanasia, half of the animals of both groups were under fasting conditions. Biochemical parameters, ketone bodies (KB), and gene expression involving the liver energetic metabolism genes were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS Kinin B1 receptor (B1R) modulates the metabolic shift under fasting conditions, reducing the VO2 expenditure. A preference for carbohydrates as an energetic source is suggested, as the B1KO group did not display an increase in KB in the serum. Moreover, the B1KO animals displayed higher serum triglycerides concentration compared to WT fasting mice. Interestingly, the lack of B1R induces the increase expression of enzymes from the glycolysis and lipolysis pathways under the fed. However, under fasting, the enzymatic expression of gluconeogenesis, glyceroneogenesis, and ketogenesis of these pathways does not occur, suggesting an absence of the shift metabolism responsivity, and this condition is modulated by PDK4 under FOXO1 control. SIGNIFICANCE B1R has an important role in the hepatic glucose metabolism, which in turn influences the energetic metabolism, and in long-term outcomes, such as in the decrease in hepatic glycogen stores and in the enhancement of hepatic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre Budu
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, 04039032 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Rufino Estrela
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Discipline of Hematology and Hematotherapy, Federal University of São Paulo, 04037002 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Thais Alves da Silva
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, 04039032 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Adriano Cleis Arruda
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo de Carvalho Araujo
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, 04039032 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine, Discipline of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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13
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Zhao Y, Cheng R, Zhao Y, Ge W, Yang Y, Ding Z, Xu X, Wang Z, Wu Z, Zhang J. Type 2 diabetic mice enter a state of spontaneous hibernation-like suspended animation following accumulation of uric acid. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101166. [PMID: 34487763 PMCID: PMC8484811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibernation is an example of extreme hypometabolic behavior. How mammals achieve such a state of suspended animation remains unclear. Here we show that several strains of type 2 diabetic mice spontaneously enter into hibernation-like suspended animation (HLSA) in cold temperatures. Nondiabetic mice injected with ATP mimic the severe hypothermia analogous to that observed in diabetic mice. We identified that uric acid, an ATP metabolite, is a key molecular in the entry of HLSA. Uric acid binds to the Na+ binding pocket of the Na+/H+ exchanger protein and inhibits its activity, acidifying the cytoplasm and triggering a drop in metabolic rate. The suppression of uric acid biosynthesis blocks the occurrence of HLSA, and hyperuricemic mice induced by treatment with an uricase inhibitor can spontaneously enter into HLSA similar to that observed in type 2 diabetic mice. In rats and dogs, injection of ATP induces a reversible state of HLSA similar to that seen in mice. However, ATP injection fails to induce HLSA in pigs due to the lack of their ability to accumulate uric acid. Our results raise the possibility that nonhibernating mammals could spontaneously undergo HLSA upon accumulation of ATP metabolite, uric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Cheng
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore
| | - Wenhao Ge
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunxia Yang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhao Ding
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Xu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongqiu Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing, University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenguo Wu
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianfa Zhang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China.
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14
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Ghanemi A, Yoshioka M, St-Amand J. Obese Animals as Models for Numerous Diseases: Advantages and Applications. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:399. [PMID: 33919006 PMCID: PMC8142996 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57050399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the advances in obesity research, a variety of animal models have been developed to investigate obesity pathogenesis, development, therapies and complications. Such obese animals would not only allow us to explore obesity but would also represent models to study diseases and conditions that develop with obesity or where obesity represents a risk factor. Indeed, obese subjects, as well as animal models of obesity, develop pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, inflammation and metabolic disorders. Therefore, obese animals would represent models for numerous diseases. Although those diseases can be induced in animals by chemicals or drugs without obesity development, having them developed as consequences of obesity has numerous advantages. These advantages include mimicking natural pathogenesis processes, using diversity in obesity models (diet, animal species) to study the related variabilities and exploring disease intensity and reversibility depending on obesity development and treatments. Importantly, therapeutic implications and pharmacological tests represent key advantages too. On the other hand, obesity prevalence is continuously increasing, and, therefore, the likelihood of having a patient suffering simultaneously from obesity and a particular disease is increasing. Thus, studying diverse diseases in obese animals (either induced naturally or developed) would allow researchers to build a library of data related to the patterns or specificities of obese patients within the context of pathologies. This may lead to a new branch of medicine specifically dedicated to the diseases and care of obese patients, similar to geriatric medicine, which focuses on the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Ghanemi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
| | - Mayumi Yoshioka
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
| | - Jonny St-Amand
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
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15
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Egami R, Kokaji T, Hatano A, Yugi K, Eto M, Morita K, Ohno S, Fujii M, Hironaka KI, Uematsu S, Terakawa A, Bai Y, Pan Y, Tsuchiya T, Ozaki H, Inoue H, Uda S, Kubota H, Suzuki Y, Matsumoto M, Nakayama KI, Hirayama A, Soga T, Kuroda S. Trans-omic analysis reveals obesity-associated dysregulation of inter-organ metabolic cycles between the liver and skeletal muscle. iScience 2021; 24:102217. [PMID: 33748705 PMCID: PMC7961104 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic metabolic homeostasis is regulated by inter-organ metabolic cycles involving multiple organs. Obesity impairs inter-organ metabolic cycles, resulting in metabolic diseases. The systemic landscape of dysregulated inter-organ metabolic cycles in obesity has yet to be explored. Here, we measured the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome in the liver and skeletal muscle and the metabolome in blood of fasted wild-type and leptin-deficient obese (ob/ob) mice, identifying components with differential abundance and differential regulation in ob/ob mice. By constructing and evaluating the trans-omic network controlling the differences in metabolic reactions between fasted wild-type and ob/ob mice, we provided potential mechanisms of the obesity-associated dysfunctions of metabolic cycles between liver and skeletal muscle involving glucose-alanine, glucose-lactate, and ketone bodies. Our study revealed obesity-associated systemic pathological mechanisms of dysfunction of inter-organ metabolic cycles. Multi-omic data in liver and skeletal muscle of WT and ob/ob mice were measured We developed the trans-omic network of differentially regulated metabolic reactions Dysregulation of inter-organ metabolic cycles associated with obesity was revealed
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Affiliation(s)
- Riku Egami
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Toshiya Kokaji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hatano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.,Department of Omics and Systems Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 757 Ichibancho, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Yugi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-8520, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Miki Eto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Keigo Morita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ohno
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Molecular Genetics Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masashi Fujii
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Molecular Genetics Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hironaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Saori Uematsu
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Akira Terakawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yunfan Bai
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Yifei Pan
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Takaho Tsuchiya
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.,Center for Artificial Intelligence Research, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Haruka Ozaki
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.,Center for Artificial Intelligence Research, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inoue
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Uda
- Division of Integrated Omics, Research Center for Transomics Medicine, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kubota
- Division of Integrated Omics, Research Center for Transomics Medicine, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Masaki Matsumoto
- Department of Omics and Systems Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 757 Ichibancho, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Keiichi I Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Hirayama
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Shinya Kuroda
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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16
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Griko Y, Palma E, Galicia E, Selch F. Factors limiting the duration of artificially induced torpor in mice. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2020; 24:34-41. [PMID: 31987478 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of artificial induction of a torpid state in animals that do not naturally do so, as well as in humans, offers a great potential in biomedicine and in human spaceflight. However, the mechanisms of action that provide a coordinated and concomitant downregulation with a safe recovery from this state are poorly understood. In our previous study, we demonstrated that the metabolic rate of mice can be reduced by nearly 94% and can remain stable under hypothermic conditions for a prolonged period of up to 11 h. The present study was carried out in order to test the limitations and identify potential factors that can enable the safe and reversible arousal of non-hibernating mice from deep artificially-induced torpor to an active state. Results demonstrate that the energy budget may be a limiting factor for the prolongation and safe recovery from the hypometabolic state. While the continuation of torpor may be possible for additional hours, we found that a reduction of 40% or more in the plasma glucose level increases the risk of heart fibrillation, which results in death during arousal. Therefore, the plasma glucose level could be a component of the criteria indicating the reversibility of torpor. Another important factor complementing the energetic necessity that may limit the duration of torpor in mice is a gradual reduction in body mass during torpor. Under the conditions of our experiment, body mass declines by nearly 15% after 16 h from the initiation of torpor and may continue to decline if the mice are allowed to remain in torpor longer. Extrapolation of this data suggests that there may be a critical mass relating to animal mortality and thus limiting the duration of torpor. Control and maintenance of the body mass and glucose level in a torpid animal may extend the longevity of torpor and mitigate the risk of cardiac failure during rewarming to the metabolically active state. The cardiac complications that occur during arousal from torpor in many cases could be mitigated and even avoided by applying appropriate temperature-arising kinetics and providing a sufficient dynamic range to maintain cardiac output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Griko
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
| | - Ervin Palma
- California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, United States
| | - Eugene Galicia
- Carnegie Mellon University Silicon Valley, Moffett Field CA 94035, United States
| | - Florian Selch
- Carnegie Mellon University Silicon Valley, Moffett Field CA 94035, United States
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17
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Agostini A, Yuchun D, Li B, Kendall DA, Pardon MC. Sex-specific hippocampal metabolic signatures at the onset of systemic inflammation with lipopolysaccharide in the APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 83:87-111. [PMID: 31560941 PMCID: PMC6928588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation enhances the risk and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent pro-inflammatory endotoxin produced by the gut, is found in excess levels in AD where it associates with neurological hallmarks of pathology. Sex differences in susceptibility to inflammation and AD progression have been reported, but how this impacts on LPS responses remains under investigated. We previously reported in an APP/PS1 model of AD that systemic LPS administration rapidly altered hippocampal metabolism in males. Here, we used untargeted metabolomics to comprehensively identify hippocampal metabolic processes occurring at onset of systemic inflammation with LPS (100 µg/kg, i.v.) in APP/PS1 mice, at an early pathological stage, and investigated the sexual dimorphism in this response. Four hours after LPS administration, pathways regulating energy metabolism, immune and oxidative stress responses were simultaneously recruited in the hippocampi of 4.5-month-old mice with a more protective response in females despite their pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant metabolic signature in the absence of immune stimulation. LPS induced comparable behavioural sickness responses in male and female wild-type and APP/PS1 mice and comparable activation of both the serotonin and nicotinamide pathways of tryptophan metabolism in their hippocampi. Elevations in N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, a major toxic metabolite of nicotinamide, correlated with behavioural sickness regardless of sex, as well as with the LPS-induced hypothermia seen in males. Males also exhibited a pro-inflammatory-like downregulation of pyruvate metabolism, exacerbated in APP/PS1 males, and methionine metabolism whereas females showed a greater cytokine response and anti-inflammatory-like downregulation of hippocampal methylglyoxal and methionine metabolism. Metabolic changes were not associated with morphological markers of immune cell activation suggesting that they constitute an early event in the development of LPS-induced neuroinflammation and AD exacerbation. These data suggest that the female hippocampus is more tolerant to acute systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Agostini
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ding Yuchun
- School of Computer Sciences, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Wollaton Road, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK; School of Computing Science, Urban Sciences Building, Newcastle University, 1 Science Square, Science Central, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5TG, UK(1)
| | - Bai Li
- School of Computing Science, Urban Sciences Building, Newcastle University, 1 Science Square, Science Central, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5TG, UK(1)
| | - David A Kendall
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Marie-Christine Pardon
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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18
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Kelly L, Almutairi MM, Kursan S, Pacheco R, Dias-Junior E, Castrop H, Di Fulvio M. Impaired glucose tolerance, glucagon, and insulin responses in mice lacking the loop diuretic-sensitive Nkcc2a transporter. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C843-C856. [PMID: 31365295 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00144.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Na+K+2Cl- cotransporter-2 (Nkcc2, Slc12a1) is abundantly expressed in the kidney and its inhibition with the loop-diuretics bumetanide and furosemide has been linked to transient or permanent hyperglycemia in mice and humans. Notably, Slc12a1 is expressed at low levels in hypothalamic neurons and in insulin-secreting β-cells of the endocrine pancreas. The present study was designed to determine if global elimination of one of the Slc12a1 products, i.e., Nkcc2 variant a (Nkcc2a), the main splice version of Nkcc2 found in insulin-secreting β-cells, has an impact on the insulin and glucagon secretory responses and fuel homeostasis in vivo. We have used dynamic tests of glucose homeostasis in wild-type mice and mice lacking both alleles of Nkcc2a (Nkcc2aKO) and assessed their islet secretory responses in vitro. Under basal conditions, Nkcc2aKO mice have impaired glucose homeostasis characterized by increased blood glucose, intolerance to the sugar, delayed/blunted in vivo insulin and glucagon responses to glucose, and increased glycemic responses to the gluconeogenic substrate alanine. Further, we provide evidence of conserved quantitative secretory responses of Nkcc2aKO islets within a context of increased islet size related to hyperplastic/hypertrophic glucagon- and insulin-positive cells (α-cells and β-cells, respectively), normal total islet Cl- content, and reduced β-cell expression of the Cl- extruder Kcc2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Mohammed M Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Shams Kursan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Romario Pacheco
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Eduardo Dias-Junior
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Hayo Castrop
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg Germany
| | - Mauricio Di Fulvio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
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19
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Srivastava S, Veech RL. Brown and Brite: The Fat Soldiers in the Anti-obesity Fight. Front Physiol 2019; 10:38. [PMID: 30761017 PMCID: PMC6363669 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is proposed to maintain thermal homeostasis through dissipation of chemical energy as heat by the uncoupling proteins (UCPs) present in their mitochondria. The recent demonstration of the presence of BAT in humans has invigorated research in this area. The research has provided many new insights into the biology and functioning of this tissue and the biological implications of its altered activities. Another finding of interest is browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) resulting in what is known as beige/brite cells, which have increased mitochondrial proteins and UCPs. In general, it has been observed that the activation of BAT is associated with various physiological improvements such as a reduction in blood glucose levels increased resting energy expenditure and reduced weight. Given the similar physiological functions of BAT and beige/ brite cells and the higher mass of WAT compared to BAT, it is likely that increasing the brite/beige cells in WATs may also lead to greater metabolic benefits. However, development of treatments targeting brown fat or WAT browning would require not only a substantial understanding of the biology of these tissues but also the effect of altering their activity levels on whole body metabolism and physiology. In this review, we present evidence from recent literature on the substrates utilized by BAT, regulation of BAT activity and browning by circulating molecules. We also present dietary and pharmacological activators of brown and beige/brite adipose tissue and the effect of physical exercise on BAT activity and browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireesh Srivastava
- Systems Biology for Biofuels Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Richard L Veech
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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