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Lowe WH, Addis BR, Cochrane MM. Outbreeding reduces survival during metamorphosis in a headwater stream salamander. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17375. [PMID: 38699973 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Assessing direct fitness effects of individual genetic diversity is challenging due to the intensive and long-term data needed to quantify survival and reproduction in the wild. But resolving these effects is necessary to determine how inbreeding and outbreeding influence eco-evolutionary processes. We used 8 years of capture-recapture data and single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes for 1906 individuals to test for effects of individual heterozygosity on stage-specific survival probabilities in the salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus. The life cycle of G. porphyriticus includes an aquatic larval stage followed by metamorphosis into a semi-aquatic adult stage. In our study populations, the larval stage lasts 6-10 years, metamorphosis takes several months, and lifespan can reach 20 years. Previous studies showed that metamorphosis is a sensitive life stage, leading us to predict that fitness effects of individual heterozygosity would occur during metamorphosis. Consistent with this prediction, monthly probability of survival during metamorphosis declined with multi-locus heterozygosity (MLH), from 0.38 at the lowest MLH (0.10) to 0.06 at the highest MLH (0.38), a reduction of 84%. Body condition of larvae also declined significantly with increasing MLH. These relationships were consistent in the three study streams. With evidence of localised inbreeding within streams, these results suggest that outbreeding disrupts adaptations in pre-metamorphic and metamorphic individuals to environmental gradients along streams, adding to evidence that headwater streams are hotspots of microgeographic adaptation. Our results also underscore the importance of incorporating life history in analyses of the fitness effects of individual genetic diversity and suggest that metamorphosis and similar discrete life stage transitions may be critical periods of viability selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winsor H Lowe
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Brett R Addis
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Madaline M Cochrane
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
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2
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Cochrane MM, Addis BR, Lowe WH. Stage-Specific Demographic Effects of Hydrologic Variation in a Stream Salamander. Am Nat 2024; 203:E175-E187. [PMID: 38635365 DOI: 10.1086/729466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
AbstractWe lack a strong understanding of how organisms with complex life histories respond to climate variation. Many stream-associated species have multistage life histories that are likely to influence the demographic consequences of floods and droughts. However, tracking stage-specific demographic responses requires high-resolution, long-term data that are rare. We used 8 years of capture-recapture data for the headwater stream salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus to quantify the effects of flooding and drying magnitude on stage-specific vital rates and population growth. Drying reduced larval recruitment but increased the probability of metamorphosis (i.e., adult recruitment). Flooding reduced adult recruitment but had no effect on larval recruitment. Larval and adult survival declined with flooding but were unaffected by drying. Annual population growth rates (λ) declined with flooding and drying. Lambda also declined over the study period (2012-2021), although mean λ was 1.0 over this period. Our results indicate that G. porphyriticus populations are resilient to hydrologic variation because of compensatory effects on recruitment of larvae versus adults (i.e., reproduction vs. metamorphosis). Complex life cycles may enable this resilience to climate variation by creating opportunities for compensatory demographic responses across stages. However, more frequent and intense hydrologic variation in the latter half of this study contributed to a decline in λ over time, suggesting that increasing environmental variability poses a threat even when demographic compensation occurs.
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Van Stan JT, Allen ST, Aubrey DP, Berry ZC, Biddick M, Coenders-Gerrits MAMJ, Giordani P, Gotsch SG, Gutmann ED, Kuzyakov Y, Magyar D, Mella VSA, Mueller KE, Ponette-González AG, Porada P, Rosenfeld CE, Simmons J, Sridhar KR, Stubbins A, Swanson T. Shower thoughts: why scientists should spend more time in the rain. Bioscience 2023; 73:441-452. [PMID: 37397836 PMCID: PMC10308363 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stormwater is a vital resource and dynamic driver of terrestrial ecosystem processes. However, processes controlling interactions during and shortly after storms are often poorly seen and poorly sensed when direct observations are substituted with technological ones. We discuss how human observations complement technological ones and the benefits of scientists spending more time in the storm. Human observation can reveal ephemeral storm-related phenomena such as biogeochemical hot moments, organismal responses, and sedimentary processes that can then be explored in greater resolution using sensors and virtual experiments. Storm-related phenomena trigger lasting, oversized impacts on hydrologic and biogeochemical processes, organismal traits or functions, and ecosystem services at all scales. We provide examples of phenomena in forests, across disciplines and scales, that have been overlooked in past research to inspire mindful, holistic observation of ecosystems during storms. We conclude that technological observations alone are insufficient to trace the process complexity and unpredictability of fleeting biogeochemical or ecological events without the shower thoughts produced by scientists' human sensory and cognitive systems during storms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott T Allen
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science at the University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
| | - Douglas P Aubrey
- Savannah River Ecology Lab and with the Warnell School of Forestry at the University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
| | - Z Carter Berry
- Department of Biology at Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States
| | - Matthew Biddick
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Paolo Giordani
- Dipartimento di Farmacia at the University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sybil G Gotsch
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources at the University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Ethan D Gutmann
- Research Applications Laboratory, at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Yakov Kuzyakov
- Department of Soil Science of Temperate Systems, Agricultural Soil Science, at Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Donát Magyar
- National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Valentina S A Mella
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, at the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kevin E Mueller
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences at Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Alexandra G Ponette-González
- Department of City and Metropolitan Planning and with the Natural History Museum of Utah at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Philipp Porada
- Department of Biology at Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carla E Rosenfeld
- Department of Minerals and Earth Sciences at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jack Simmons
- Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies at Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, United States
| | - Kandikere R Sridhar
- Department of Biosciences at Mangalore University, Konaje, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Aron Stubbins
- Departments of Marine and Environmental Science, Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Chemistry and Chemical Biology at Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Lowe WH, Addis BR, Cochrane MM, Swartz LK. Source-sink dynamics within a complex life history. Ecology 2023; 104:e3991. [PMID: 36772972 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Source-sink patch dynamics occur when movement from sources stabilizes sinks by compensating for low local vital rates. The mechanisms underlying source-sink dynamics may be complicated in species that undergo transitions between discrete life stages, particularly when stages have overlapping habitat requirements and similar movement abilities. In these species, for example, the demographic effects of movement by one stage may augment or offset the effects of movement by another stage. We used a stream salamander system to investigate patch dynamics within this form of complex life history. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that the salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus experiences source-sink dynamics in riffles and pools, the dominant geomorphic patch types in headwater streams. We estimated stage-specific survival probabilities in riffles and pools and stage-specific movement probabilities between the two patch types using 8 years of capture-recapture data on 4491 individuals, including premetamorphic larvae and postmetamorphic adults. We then incorporated survival and movement probabilities into a stage-structured, two-patch model to determine the demographic interactions between riffles and pools. Monthly survival probabilities of both stages were higher in pools than in riffles. Larvae were more likely to move from riffles to pools, but adults were more likely to move from pools to riffles, despite experiencing much lower survival in riffles. In simulations, eliminating interpatch movements by both stages indicated that riffles are sinks that rely on immigration from pools for stability. Allowing only larvae to move stabilized both patch types, but allowing only adults to move destabilized pools due to the demographic cost of adult emigration. These results indicated that larval movement not only stabilizes riffles, but also offsets the destabilizing effects of maladaptive adult movement. Similar patch dynamics may emerge in any structured population in which movement and local vital rates differ by age, size, or stage. Addressing these forms of internal demographic structure in patch dynamics analyses will help to refine and advance general understanding of spatial ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winsor H Lowe
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Brett R Addis
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Madaline M Cochrane
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Leah K Swartz
- Montana Freshwater Partners, Livingston, Montana, USA
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Mueller RL, Cressler CE, Schwartz RS, Chong RA, Butler M. Metamorphosis Imposes Variable Constraints on Genome Expansion through Effects on Development. Integr Org Biol 2023; 5:obad015. [PMID: 37143961 PMCID: PMC10153748 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome size varies ∼100,000-fold across eukaryotes and has long been hypothesized to be influenced by metamorphosis in animals. Transposable element accumulation has been identified as a major driver of increase, but the nature of constraints limiting the size of genomes has remained unclear, even as traits such as cell size and rate of development co-vary strongly with genome size. Salamanders, which possess diverse metamorphic and non-metamorphic life histories, join the lungfish in having the largest vertebrate genomes-3 to 40 times that of humans-as well as the largest range of variation in genome size. We tested 13 biologically-inspired hypotheses exploring how the form of metamorphosis imposes varying constraints on genome expansion in a broadly representative phylogeny containing 118 species of salamanders. We show that metamorphosis during which animals undergo the most extensive and synchronous remodeling imposes the most severe constraint against genome expansion, with the severity of constraint decreasing with reduced extent and synchronicity of remodeling. More generally, our work demonstrates the potential for broader interpretation of phylogenetic comparative analysis in exploring the balance of multiple evolutionary pressures shaping phenotypic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C E Cressler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - R S Schwartz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - R A Chong
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - M Butler
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Bertassello LE, Durighetto N, Botter G. Eco-hydrological modelling of channel network dynamics-part 2: application to metapopulation dynamics. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220945. [PMID: 36685640 PMCID: PMC9853332 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Temporal variations in the configuration of the flowing portion of stream networks are observed in the large majority of rivers worldwide. However, the ecological implications of river network expansions/retractions remain poorly understood, owing to the lack of computationally efficient modelling tools conceived for the long-term simulation of river network dynamics. Here, we couple a stochastic approach for the simulation of channel network expansion and retraction (described in a companion paper) with a dynamic version of a stochastic occupancy metapopulation model. The coupled eco-hydrological model is used to analyse the impact of pulsing river networks on species persistence under different hydroclimatic scenarios. Our results unveil the existence of a climate-dependent detrimental effect of network dynamics on species spread and persistence. This effect is enhanced by dry climates, where flashy expansions and retractions of the flowing channels induce metapopulation extinction. Survival probabilities are particularly reduced in settings where the spatial heterogeneity of network connectivity is pronounced. The analysis indicates that accounting for the temporal variability of the flowing river network and its connectivity is a fundamental prerequisite for analysing in-stream metapopulation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo E. Bertassello
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Nicola Durighetto
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Botter
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile, Ambientale e Architettura, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Veneto, Italy
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Gvoždík L. Thermoregulatory opportunity and competition act independently on life history traits in aquatic ectotherms. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lumír Gvoždík
- Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Vertebrate Biology Brno Czech Republic
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Rinaldo A, Rodriguez-Iturbe I. Ecohydrology 2.0. RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2022; 33:245-270. [PMID: 35673327 PMCID: PMC9165276 DOI: 10.1007/s12210-022-01071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper aims at a definition of the domain of ecohydrology, a relatively new discipline borne out of an intrusion-as advertised by this Topical Collection of the Rendiconti Lincei-of hydrology and geomorphology into ecology (or vice-versa, depending on the reader's background). The study of hydrologic controls on the biota proves, in our view, significantly broader than envisioned by its original focus that was centered on the critical zone where much of the action of soil, climate and vegetation interactions takes place. In this review of related topics and contributions, we propose a reasoned broadening of perspective, in particular by firmly centering ecohydrology on the fluvial catchment as its fundamental control volume. A substantial unity of materials and methods suggests that our advocacy may be considered legitimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rinaldo
- Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Ecohydrology ENAC/IIE/ECHO, École Polytechinque Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Dipartimento ICEA, Università degli studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Ignacio Rodriguez-Iturbe
- Department of Ocean Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
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Bryant AR, Gabor CR, Swartz LK, Wagner R, Cochrane MM, Lowe WH. Differences in Corticosterone Release Rates of Larval Spring Salamanders (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus) in Response to Native Fish Presence. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040484. [PMID: 35453684 PMCID: PMC9030379 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In amphibians, glucocorticoid hormones play a key role in the response to predation stress. Predators can directly affect prey via injury and death, but they can also have indirect effects due to the activity of glucocorticoids. The regulation of glucocorticoids can differ between populations that have co-evolved with predators and those that have not. We measured glucocorticoids at baseline and in response to a novel stressor in free-living larval salamanders that either live with or without fish predators naturally. We found that salamanders living with fish predators had lower measures of glucocorticoids than those without fish predators. Our study indicates that predator presence alters glucocorticoid regulation, which may allow species to better cope with native and introduced predators. Abstract Invasive fish predators are an important factor causing amphibian declines and may have direct and indirect effects on amphibian survival. For example, early non-lethal exposure to these stressors may reduce survival in later life stages, especially in biphasic species. In amphibians, the glucocorticoid hormone corticosterone is released by the hypothalamo–pituitary–interrenal axis (HPI), as an adaptive physiological response to environmental stressors. The corticosterone response (baseline and response to acute stressors) is highly flexible and context dependent, and this variation can allow individuals to alter their phenotype and behavior with environmental changes, ultimately increasing survival. We sampled larvae of the spring salamander (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus) from two streams that each contained predatory brook trout (Slavelinus fontinalis) in the lower reaches and no predatory brook trout in the upper reaches. We measured baseline and stress-induced corticosterone release rates of larvae from the lower and upper reaches using a non-invasive water-borne hormone assay. We hypothesized that corticosterone release rates would differ between larvae from fish-present reaches and larvae from fish-free reaches. We found that baseline and stressor-induced corticosterone release rates were downregulated in larvae from reaches with fish predators. These results indicate that individuals from reaches with predatory trout are responding to fish predators by downregulating corticosterone while maintaining an active HPI axis. This may allow larvae more time to grow before metamorphosing, while also allowing them to physiologically respond to novel stressors. However, prolonged downregulation of corticosterone release rates can impact growth in post-metamorphic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Bryant
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA;
| | - Caitlin R. Gabor
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA;
- Correspondence: author:
| | | | - Ryan Wagner
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University Columbus, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Madaline M. Cochrane
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (M.M.C.); (W.H.L.)
| | - Winsor H. Lowe
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (M.M.C.); (W.H.L.)
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Rowe JC, Duarte A, Pearl CA, McCreary B, Haggerty PK, Jones JW, Adams MJ. Demography of the Oregon spotted frog along a hydrologically modified river. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C. Rowe
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center 3200 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis Oregon97331USA
| | - Adam Duarte
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station 3625 93rd Avenue SW Olympia Washington98512USA
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University 104 Nash Hall Corvallis Oregon97331USA
| | - Christopher A. Pearl
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center 3200 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis Oregon97331USA
| | - Brome McCreary
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center 3200 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis Oregon97331USA
| | - Patricia K. Haggerty
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center 3200 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis Oregon97331USA
| | - John W. Jones
- Hydrologic Remote Sensing Branch U.S. Geological Survey 11649 Leetown Road Kearneysville West Virginia25430USA
| | - Michael J. Adams
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center 3200 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis Oregon97331USA
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Lowe WH, Martin TE, Skelly DK, Woods HA. Metamorphosis in an Era of Increasing Climate Variability. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:360-375. [PMID: 33414021 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most animals have complex life cycles including metamorphosis or other discrete life stage transitions, during which individuals may be particularly vulnerable to environmental stressors. With climate change, individuals will be exposed to increasing thermal and hydrologic variability during metamorphosis, which may affect survival and performance through physiological, behavioral, and ecological mechanisms. Furthermore, because metamorphosis entails changes in traits and vital rates, it is likely to play an important role in how populations respond to increasing climate variability. To identify mechanisms underlying population responses and associated trait and life history evolution, we need new approaches to estimating changes in individual traits and performance throughout metamorphosis, and we need to integrate metamorphosis as an explicit life stage in analytical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winsor H Lowe
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | - Thomas E Martin
- US Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - David K Skelly
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - H Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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Dalibard M, Buisson L, Riberon A, Laffaille P. Identifying threats to Pyrenean brook newt (Calotriton asper) to improve decision making in conservation management: A literature review complemented by expert-driven knowledge. J Nat Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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