1
|
Dong W, Liu S, Li S, Wang Z. Cell reprogramming therapy for Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2444-2455. [PMID: 38526281 PMCID: PMC11090434 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.390965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is typically characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Many studies have been performed based on the supplementation of lost dopaminergic neurons to treat Parkinson's disease. The initial strategy for cell replacement therapy used human fetal ventral midbrain and human embryonic stem cells to treat Parkinson's disease, which could substantially alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease in clinical practice. However, ethical issues and tumor formation were limitations of its clinical application. Induced pluripotent stem cells can be acquired without sacrificing human embryos, which eliminates the huge ethical barriers of human stem cell therapy. Another widely considered neuronal regeneration strategy is to directly reprogram fibroblasts and astrocytes into neurons, without the need for intermediate proliferation states, thus avoiding issues of immune rejection and tumor formation. Both induced pluripotent stem cells and direct reprogramming of lineage cells have shown promising results in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, there are also ethical concerns and the risk of tumor formation that need to be addressed. This review highlights the current application status of cell reprogramming in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, focusing on the use of induced pluripotent stem cells in cell replacement therapy, including preclinical animal models and progress in clinical research. The review also discusses the advancements in direct reprogramming of lineage cells in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, as well as the controversy surrounding in vivo reprogramming. These findings suggest that cell reprogramming may hold great promise as a potential strategy for treating Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Shuyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Shangang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhengbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guimarães RP, de Resende MCS, Tavares MM, Belardinelli de Azevedo C, Ruiz MCM, Mortari MR. Construct, Face, and Predictive Validity of Parkinson's Disease Rodent Models. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8971. [PMID: 39201659 PMCID: PMC11354451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease globally. Current drugs only alleviate symptoms without halting disease progression, making rodent models essential for researching new therapies and understanding the disease better. However, selecting the right model is challenging due to the numerous models and protocols available. Key factors in model selection include construct, face, and predictive validity. Construct validity ensures the model replicates pathological changes seen in human PD, focusing on dopaminergic neurodegeneration and a-synuclein aggregation. Face validity ensures the model's symptoms mirror those in humans, primarily reproducing motor and non-motor symptoms. Predictive validity assesses if treatment responses in animals will reflect those in humans, typically involving classical pharmacotherapies and surgical procedures. This review highlights the primary characteristics of PD and how these characteristics are validated experimentally according to the three criteria. Additionally, it serves as a valuable tool for researchers in selecting the most appropriate animal model based on established validation criteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rayanne Poletti Guimarães
- Neuropharma Lab, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (R.P.G.); (M.C.S.d.R.); (M.M.T.); (C.B.d.A.); (M.C.M.R.)
| | - Maria Clara Souza de Resende
- Neuropharma Lab, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (R.P.G.); (M.C.S.d.R.); (M.M.T.); (C.B.d.A.); (M.C.M.R.)
| | - Miguel Mesquita Tavares
- Neuropharma Lab, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (R.P.G.); (M.C.S.d.R.); (M.M.T.); (C.B.d.A.); (M.C.M.R.)
| | - Caio Belardinelli de Azevedo
- Neuropharma Lab, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (R.P.G.); (M.C.S.d.R.); (M.M.T.); (C.B.d.A.); (M.C.M.R.)
| | - Miguel Cesar Merino Ruiz
- Neuropharma Lab, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (R.P.G.); (M.C.S.d.R.); (M.M.T.); (C.B.d.A.); (M.C.M.R.)
- Neurological Rehabilitation Unit, Sarah Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals, Brasília 70335-901, Brazil
| | - Márcia Renata Mortari
- Neuropharma Lab, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (R.P.G.); (M.C.S.d.R.); (M.M.T.); (C.B.d.A.); (M.C.M.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Park TY, Jeon J, Cha Y, Kim KS. Past, present, and future of cell replacement therapy for parkinson's disease: a novel emphasis on host immune responses. Cell Res 2024; 34:479-492. [PMID: 38777859 PMCID: PMC11217403 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-024-00971-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) stands as the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, and its prevalence continues to rise with the aging global population. Central to the pathophysiology of PD is the specific degeneration of midbrain dopamine neurons (mDANs) in the substantia nigra. Consequently, cell replacement therapy (CRT) has emerged as a promising treatment approach, initially supported by various open-label clinical studies employing fetal ventral mesencephalic (fVM) cells. Despite the initial favorable results, fVM cell therapy has intrinsic and logistical limitations that hinder its transition to a standard treatment for PD. Recent efforts in the field of cell therapy have shifted its focus towards the utilization of human pluripotent stem cells, including human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, to surmount existing challenges. However, regardless of the transplantable cell sources (e.g., xenogeneic, allogeneic, or autologous), the poor and variable survival of implanted dopamine cells remains a major obstacle. Emerging evidence highlights the pivotal role of host immune responses following transplantation in influencing the survival of implanted mDANs, underscoring an important area for further research. In this comprehensive review, building upon insights derived from previous fVM transplantation studies, we delve into the functional ramifications of host immune responses on the survival and efficacy of grafted dopamine cells. Furthermore, we explore potential strategic approaches to modulate the host immune response, ultimately aiming for optimal outcomes in future clinical applications of CRT for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yoon Park
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Jeha Jeon
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Young Cha
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tręda C, Włodarczyk A, Rieske P. The hope, hype and obstacles surrounding cell therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18359. [PMID: 38770886 PMCID: PMC11107145 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy offers hope, but it also presents challenges, most particularly the limited ability of human organs and tissues to regenerate. Since many diseases are associated with irreversible pathophysiological or traumatic changes, stem cells and their derivatives are unable to secure healing. Although regenerative medicine offers chances for improvements in many diseases, such as type one diabetes and Parkinson's disease, it cannot eliminate the primary cause of many of them. While successes can be expected for diseases such as sickle cell disease, this is not the case for hereditary diseases with varied mutation types or for ciliopathies, which start in embryogenesis. In this complicated medical environment, synthetic biology offers some solutions, but their implementation will take many years. Still, positive examples such as CAR-T therapy offer hope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Tręda
- Department of Tumor BiologyMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
| | | | - Piotr Rieske
- Department of Tumor BiologyMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jin M, Ma Z, Dang R, Zhang H, Kim R, Xue H, Pascual J, Finkbeiner S, Head E, Liu Y, Jiang P. A Trisomy 21-linked Hematopoietic Gene Variant in Microglia Confers Resilience in Human iPSC Models of Alzheimer's Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.12.584646. [PMID: 38559257 PMCID: PMC10979994 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.12.584646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
While challenging, identifying individuals displaying resilience to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and understanding the underlying mechanism holds great promise for the development of new therapeutic interventions to effectively treat AD. Down syndrome (DS), or trisomy 21, is the most common genetic cause of AD. Interestingly, some people with DS, despite developing AD neuropathology, show resilience to cognitive decline. Furthermore, DS individuals are at an increased risk of myeloid leukemia due to somatic mutations in hematopoietic cells. Recent studies indicate that somatic mutations in hematopoietic cells may lead to resilience to neurodegeneration. Microglia, derived from hematopoietic lineages, play a central role in AD etiology. We therefore hypothesize that microglia carrying the somatic mutations associated with DS myeloid leukemia may impart resilience to AD. Using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, we introduce a trisomy 21-linked hotspot CSF2RB A455D mutation into human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines derived from both DS and healthy individuals. Employing hPSC-based in vitro microglia culture and in vivo human microglia chimeric mouse brain models, we show that in response to pathological tau, the CSF2RB A455D mutation suppresses microglial type-1 interferon signaling, independent of trisomy 21 genetic background. This mutation reduces neuroinflammation and enhances phagocytic and autophagic functions, thereby ameliorating senescent and dystrophic phenotypes in human microglia. Moreover, the CSF2RB A455D mutation promotes the development of a unique microglia subcluster with tissue repair properties. Importantly, human microglia carrying CSF2RB A455D provide protection to neuronal function, such as neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in chimeric mouse brains where human microglia largely repopulate the hippocampus. When co-transplanted into the same mouse brains, human microglia with CSF2RB A455D mutation phagocytize and replace human microglia carrying the wildtype CSF2RB gene following pathological tau treatment. Our findings suggest that hPSC-derived CSF2RB A455D microglia could be employed to develop effective microglial replacement therapy for AD and other age-related neurodegenerative diseases, even without the need to deplete endogenous diseased microglia prior to cell transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Jin
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ziyuan Ma
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Rui Dang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Haiwei Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Rachael Kim
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Haipeng Xue
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Jesse Pascual
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Ceter for Systems and Therapeutics and the Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Gladstone Institutes; University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gima S, Oe K, Nishimura K, Ohgita T, Ito H, Kimura H, Saito H, Takata K. Host-to-graft propagation of inoculated α-synuclein into transplanted human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Regen Ther 2024; 25:229-237. [PMID: 38283940 PMCID: PMC10818157 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2023.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cell therapeutic clinical trials using fetal mesencephalic tissue provided a proof-of-concept for regenerative therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease. Postmortem studies of patients with fetal grafts revealed that α-synuclein+ Lewy body (LB)-like inclusions emerged in long-term transplantation and might worsen clinical outcomes even if the grafts survived and innervated in the recipients. Various studies aimed at addressing whether host-derived α-synuclein could be transferred to the grafted neurons to assess α-synuclein+ inclusion appearance in the grafts. However, determining whether α-synuclein in the grafted neurons has been propagated from the host is difficult due to the intrinsic α-synuclein expression. Methods We induced midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and transplanted them into the striatum of immunodeficient rats. The recombinant human α-synuclein preformed fibrils (PFFs) were inoculated into the cerebral cortex after transplantation of SNCA-/- hiPSC-derived mDA neural progenitors into the striatum of immunodeficient rats to evaluate the host-to-graft propagation of human α-synuclein PFFs. Additionally, we examined the incorporation of human α-synuclein PFFs into SNCA-/- hiPSC-derived mDA neurons using in vitro culture system. Results We detected human α-synuclein-immunoreactivity in SNCA-/- hiPSC-derived mDA neurons that lacked endogenous α-synuclein expression in vitro. Additionally, we observed host-to-graft α-synuclein propagation into the grafted SNCA-/- hiPSC-derived mDA neurons. Conclusion We have successfully proven that intracerebral inoculated α-synuclein PFFs are propagated and incorporated from the host into grafted SNCA-/- hiPSC-derived mDA neurons. Our results contribute toward the basic understanding of the molecular mechanisms related to LB-like α-synuclein deposit formation in grafted mDA neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serina Gima
- Joint Research Laboratory, Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Kazuya Oe
- Joint Research Laboratory, Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Kaneyasu Nishimura
- Joint Research Laboratory, Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
- Laboratory of Functional Brain Circuit Construction, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohgita
- Center for Instrumental Analysis, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Haruka Ito
- Joint Research Laboratory, Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kimura
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
- Division of Probe Chemistry for Disease Analysis/Central Institute for Radioisotope Science, Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Saito
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Takata
- Joint Research Laboratory, Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu Y, Meng X, Cheng WY, Yan Z, Li K, Wang J, Jiang T, Zhou F, Wong KH, Zhong C, Dong Y, Gao S. Can pluripotent/multipotent stem cells reverse Parkinson's disease progression? Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1210447. [PMID: 38356648 PMCID: PMC10864507 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1210447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by continuous and selective degeneration or death of dopamine neurons in the midbrain, leading to dysfunction of the nigrostriatal neural circuits. Current clinical treatments for PD include drug treatment and surgery, which provide short-term relief of symptoms but are associated with many side effects and cannot reverse the progression of PD. Pluripotent/multipotent stem cells possess a self-renewal capacity and the potential to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons. Transplantation of pluripotent/multipotent stem cells or dopaminergic neurons derived from these cells is a promising strategy for the complete repair of damaged neural circuits in PD. This article reviews and summarizes the current preclinical/clinical treatments for PD, their efficacies, and the advantages/disadvantages of various stem cells, including pluripotent and multipotent stem cells, to provide a detailed overview of how these cells can be applied in the treatment of PD, as well as the challenges and bottlenecks that need to be overcome in future translational studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Evaluation and Sports Intervention, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangtian Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wai-Yin Cheng
- Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhichao Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Keqin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianfang Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Eighth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ka-Hing Wong
- Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chunlong Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Evaluation and Sports Intervention, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shane Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Björklund A, Mattsson B. The AAV-α-Synuclein Model of Parkinson's Disease: An Update. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2024; 14:1077-1094. [PMID: 39031386 PMCID: PMC11380285 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-240207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of α-synuclein using AAV vectors has over the two decades since its introduction developed into a versatile tool for modeling different aspects of synucleinopathy, mimicking those seen in Parkinson's disease and related Lewy body disorders. The viral vector approach to disease modeling is attractive in that the expression of α-synuclein, wild-type or mutated, can be confined to defined anatomical structures and targeted to selected cell populations using either cell-type specific promoter constructs or different natural or engineered AAV serotypes. AAV-α-synuclein was initially used to model progressive α-synuclein pathology in nigral dopamine neurons, and, like the standard 6-OHDA model, it has most commonly been applied unilaterally, using the non-injected side as a reference and control. In recent years, however, the AAV-α-synuclein model has become more widely used to induce Parkinson-like synuclein pathology in other relevant neuronal systems, such as the brainstem noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons, the vagal motor neurons, as well as in oligodendrocytes, the prime target relevant to the pathology seen in multiple system atrophy. The purpose of this review is to give an overview of the progress made in the use of the AAV-α-synuclein model over the last two decades and summarize the state-of-the art in the use of the AAV-α-synuclein model for disease modeling in rats and mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Björklund
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bengt Mattsson
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chaudhary R, Singh R. Therapeutic Viewpoint on Rat Models of Locomotion Abnormalities and Neurobiological Indicators in Parkinson's Disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:488-503. [PMID: 37202886 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230518111323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Locomotion problems in Parkinson's syndrome are still a research and treatment difficulty. With the recent introduction of brain stimulation or neuromodulation equipment that is sufficient to monitor activity in the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp, new locomotion investigations in patients having the capacity to move freely have sprung up. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to find rat models and locomotion-connected neuronal indicators and use them all over a closed-loop system to enhance the future and present treatment options available for Parkinson's disease. METHODS Various publications on locomotor abnormalities, Parkinson's disease, animal models, and other topics have been searched using several search engines, such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, Research Gate, and PubMed. RESULTS Based on the literature, we can conclude that animal models are used for further investigating the locomotion connectivity deficiencies of many biological measuring devices and attempting to address unanswered concerns from clinical and non-clinical research. However, translational validity is required for rat models to contribute to the improvement of upcoming neurostimulation-based medicines. This review discusses the most successful methods for modelling Parkinson's locomotion in rats. CONCLUSION This review article has examined how scientific clinical experiments lead to localised central nervous system injuries in rats, as well as how the associated motor deficits and connection oscillations reflect this. This evolutionary process of therapeutic interventions may help to improve locomotion- based treatment and management of Parkinson's syndrome in the upcoming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
- Department of Pharmacology, M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Randhir Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chandrababu K, Radhakrishnan V, Anjana AS, Rajan R, Sivan U, Krishnan S, Baby Chakrapani PS. Unravelling the Parkinson's puzzle, from medications and surgery to stem cells and genes: a comprehensive review of current and future management strategies. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:1-23. [PMID: 38015243 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, prevalent in the elderly population. Neuropathological hallmarks of PD include loss of dopaminergic cells in the nigro-striatal pathway and deposition of alpha-synuclein protein in the neurons and synaptic terminals, which lead to a complex presentation of motor and non-motor symptoms. This review focuses on various aspects of PD, from clinical diagnosis to currently accepted treatment options, such as pharmacological management through dopamine replacement and surgical techniques such as deep brain stimulation (DBS). The review discusses in detail the potential of emerging stem cell-based therapies and gene therapies to be adopted as a cure, in contrast to the present symptomatic treatment in PD. The potential sources of stem cells for autologous and allogeneic stem cell therapy have been discussed, along with the progress evaluation of pre-clinical and clinical trials. Even though recent techniques hold great potential to improve the lives of PD patients, we present the importance of addressing the safety, efficacy, ethical, cost, and regulatory concerns before scaling them to clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnapriya Chandrababu
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University for Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, 682 022, India
| | - Vineeth Radhakrishnan
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - A S Anjana
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University for Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, 682 022, India
| | - Rahul Rajan
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University for Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, 682 022, India
| | - Unnikrishnan Sivan
- Faculty of Fisheries Engineering, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Syam Krishnan
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - P S Baby Chakrapani
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University for Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, 682 022, India.
- Centre for Excellence in Neurodegeneration and Brain Health (CENBH), Kochi, Kerala, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Singh A, Panhelainen A, Reunanen S, Luk KC, Voutilainen MH. Combining fibril-induced alpha-synuclein aggregation and 6-hydroxydopamine in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease and the effect of cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor on the induced neurodegeneration. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:132-153. [PMID: 38072889 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The existent pre-clinical models of Parkinson's disease do not simultaneously recapitulate severe degeneration of dopamine neurons and the occurrence of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) aggregation in one study system. In this study, we injected aSyn pre-formed fibrils (PFF) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) unilaterally into the striatum of C57BL/6 wild-type male mice at an interval of 2 weeks to induce aggregation of aSyn protein and trigger the loss of dopamine neurons simultaneously in one model and studied the behavioural effects of the combination in these mice. 6-OHDA was tested at three different doses, and 2 μg of 6-OHDA combined with PFF-induced aSyn aggregation was found to produce the most optimal disease phenotype. At 14 weeks timepoint, mice injected with a combination of PFF and 6-OHDA sustained significant damage to the nigrostriatal pathway and exhibited aSyn-positive aggregation. Our data suggest that the neurons that formed large aSyn aggregates were particularly vulnerable to 6-OHDA-induced degeneration. We also demonstrate the manifestation of a relatively aggressive pathology in 2- to 4-month-old mice, as compared to younger 7- to 9-week-old ones. Furthermore, cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) administered intrastriatally rescued dopamine neurons and motor behaviour of the animals to some extent from 6-OHDA toxicity. However, no such effect could be seen in the novel 6-OHDA + PFFs combination model. For the first time, we demonstrate the combined effect of PFF and 6-OHDA simultaneously in one model. We further discuss the scope for further optimizing this combination model to develop it as a promising pre-clinical platform for drug screening and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aastha Singh
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Panhelainen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saku Reunanen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kelvin C Luk
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Merja H Voutilainen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Parmar M, Perrier AL. Introduction to stem cell biology and its role in treating neurologic disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2024; 205:3-14. [PMID: 39341661 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-90120-8.00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is an emerging and rapidly evolving field of research and therapeutics aimed to restore, maintain, and improve body functions. In the adult mammalian brain, very few neurons, if any, are generated after disease onset or an injury, and its ability to self-repair is therefore limited. Replacing neurons that are lost during neurodegenerative diseases or due to injury therefore represents one of the major challenges to modern medicine. In this introductory chapter, we describe the basic biology of stem cells and outline how stem cells and cell reprogramming can be utilized to create new neurons for therapeutic purposes that are discussed in detail in other chapters in this handbook.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malin Parmar
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Anselme L Perrier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives: mécanismes, thérapies, imagerie, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Molecular Imaging Research Center, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Moon H, Kim B, Kwon I, Oh Y. Challenges involved in cell therapy for Parkinson's disease using human pluripotent stem cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1288168. [PMID: 37886394 PMCID: PMC10598731 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1288168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide a valuable tool for studying human neural development and neurodegenerative diseases. The investigation of hPSC-based cell therapy, involving the differentiation of hPSCs into target cells and their transplantation into affected regions, is of particular interest. One neurodegenerative disease that is being extensively studied for hPSC-based cell therapy is Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common among humans. Various research groups are focused on differentiating hPSCs into ventral midbrain dopaminergic (vmDA) progenitors, which have the potential to further differentiate into neurons closely resembling DA neurons found in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) after transplantation, providing a promising treatment option for PD. In vivo experiments, where hPSC-derived vmDA progenitor cells were transplanted into the striatum or SNpc of animal PD models, the transplanted cells demonstrated stable engraftment and resulted in behavioral recovery in the transplanted animals. Several differentiation protocols have been developed for this specific cell therapy. However, the lack of a reliable live-cell lineage identification method presents a significant obstacle in confirming the precise lineage of the differentiated cells intended for transplantation, as well as identifying potential contamination by non-vmDA progenitors. This deficiency increases the risk of adverse effects such as dyskinesias and tumorigenicity, highlighting the importance of addressing this issue before proceeding with transplantation. Ensuring the differentiation of hPSCs into the target cell lineage is a crucial step to guarantee precise therapeutic effects in cell therapy. To underscore the significance of lineage identification, this review focuses on the differentiation protocols of hPSC-derived vmDA progenitors developed by various research groups for PD treatment. Moreover, in vivo experimental results following transplantation were carefully analyzed. The encouraging outcomes from these experiments demonstrate the potential efficacy and safety of hPSC-derived vmDA progenitors for PD cell therapy. Additionally, the results of clinical trials involving the use of hPSC-derived vmDA progenitors for PD treatment were briefly reviewed, shedding light on the progress and challenges faced in translating this promising therapy into clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heechang Moon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokwang Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inbeom Kwon
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yohan Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Advanced BioConvergence, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Patrigeon M, Brot S, Bonnet ML, Belnoue L, Gaillard A. Host-to-graft Propagation of α-synuclein in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease: Intranigral Versus Intrastriatal Transplantation. Transplantation 2023; 107:e201-e212. [PMID: 36944598 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and by the accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein (α-syn) in Lewy bodies. Ectopic transplantation of human fetal ventral mesencephalic DA neurons into the striatum of PD patients have provided proof-of-principle for the cell replacement strategy in this disorder. However, 10 to 22 y after transplantation, 1% to 27% of grafted neurons contained α-syn aggregates similar to those observed in the host brain. We hypothesized that intrastriatal grafts are more vulnerable to α-syn propagation because the striatum is not the ontogenic site of nigral DA neurons and represents an unfavorable environment for transplanted neurons. Here, we compared the long-term host-to-graft propagation of α-syn in 2 transplantation sites: the SNpc and the striatum. METHODS Two mouse models of PD were developed by injecting adeno-associated-virus2/9-human α-syn A53T into either the SNpc or the striatum of C57BL/6 mice. Mouse fetal ventral mesencephalic DA progenitors were grafted into the SNpc or into the striatum of SNpc or striatum of α-syn injected mice, respectively. RESULTS First, we have shown a degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway associated with motor deficits after nigral but not striatal adeno-associated-virus-hαsyn A53T injection. Second, human α-syn preferentially accumulates in striatal grafts compared to nigral grafts. However, no differences were observed for phosphorylated α-syn, a marker of pathological α-syn aggregates. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that the ectopic site of the transplantation impacts the host-to-graft transmission of α-syn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maëlig Patrigeon
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Brot
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Laure Bonnet
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex, France
- CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Laure Belnoue
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex, France
- CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Afsaneh Gaillard
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Skidmore S, Barker RA. Challenges in the clinical advancement of cell therapies for Parkinson's disease. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:370-386. [PMID: 36635420 PMCID: PMC7615223 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapies as potential treatments for Parkinson's disease first gained traction in the 1980s, owing to the clinical success of trials that used transplants of foetal midbrain dopaminergic tissue. However, the poor standardization of the tissue for grafting, and constraints on its availability and ethical use, have hindered this treatment strategy. Recent advances in stem-cell technologies and in the understanding of the development of dopaminergic neurons have enabled preclinical advancements of promising stem-cell therapies. To move these therapies to the clinic, appropriate levels of safety screening, as well as optimization of the cell products and the scalability of their manufacturing, will be required. In this Review, we discuss how challenges pertaining to cell sources, functional and safety testing, manufacturing and storage, and clinical-trial design are being addressed to advance the translational and clinical development of cell therapies for Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Skidmore
- Wellcome and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- Wellcome and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, For vie Site, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Björklund A, Nilsson F, Mattsson B, Hoban DB, Parmar M. A Combined α-Synuclein/Fibril (SynFib) Model of Parkinson-Like Synucleinopathy Targeting the Nigrostriatal Dopamine System. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:2307-2320. [PMID: 36189605 PMCID: PMC9837691 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Injections of pre-formed α-synuclein fibrils (PFFs) or overexpression of α-synuclein using AAV vectors are commonly used as models of Parkinson-like synucleinopathy in rats and mice. In the modified method reviewed here, the "SynFib" model, the PFFs and the AAV vector are administered together unilaterally into the substantia nigra. This approach combines the key features of these two models, i.e., the generation of toxic α-synuclein aggregates and Lewy body-like inclusions, in combination with the increased vulnerability caused by increased cellular levels of α-synuclein. The combined AAV/PFF delivery offers several advantages over the standard PFF model due to the enhanced and accelerated α-synuclein pathology and microglial response induced by the PFF seeds in the presence of an elevated α-synuclein level. Injection of the AAV/PFF mixture into the substantia nigra makes it possible to target a larger proportion of the nigral dopamine neurons and obtain a level of dopamine cell loss (>60%) needed to induce significant impairments in drug-induced and spontaneous motor tests. The SynFib model shares attractive features of the standard 6-OHDA lesion model: a single unilateral stereotaxic intervention; pathology and cell loss developing over a short time span; and the possibility to monitor the degenerative changes using tests of motor behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Björklund
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Correspondence to: Anders Björklund, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, BMCA11, 22184 Lund, Sweden. Tel.: +46703146761; E-mail:
| | - Fredrik Nilsson
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bengt Mattsson
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Deirdre B. Hoban
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Parmar
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cui J, Carey J, Reijo Pera RA. Identification of DOT1L inhibitor in a screen for factors that promote dopaminergic neuron survival. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1026468. [PMID: 36578445 PMCID: PMC9791259 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1026468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra region of the midbrain. Diagnostic criteria for PD require that at least two of three motor signs are observed: tremor, rigidity, and/or bradykinesia. The most common and effective treatment for PD is Levodopa (L-DOPA) which is readily converted to DA and has been the primary treatment since the 1960's. Dopamine agonists have also been developed but are less effective than L-DOPA. Although the lack of a model system to study PD has hampered efforts to identify treatments, diverse screening strategies have been proposed for identification of new pharmaceutical candidates. Here, we describe a pilot screen to identify candidate molecules from a bioactive compound library, that might increase formation, maintenance and/or survival of DA neurons in vitro. The screen used a previously characterized reporter construct consisting of the luciferase gene inserted downstream of the endogenous tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene and neurons differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells for 18 days. The reporter mimics expression of TH and includes a secreted luciferase whose activity can be measured non-invasively over multiple timepoints. Screening of the bioactive compound library resulted in the identification of a single molecule, SGC0946, that is an inhibitor of DOT1L (Disruptor Of Telomeric silencing 1-Like) which encodes a widely-conserved histone H3K79 methyltransferase that is able to both activate and repress gene transcription. Our results indicate that SGC0946 increased reporter luciferase activity with a single treatment for 48-h post-plating being equivalent to continuous treatment. Moreover, data suggested that the total number of neurons differentiated in the assays was comparable from experiment to experiment under different SGC0946 treatments over time. In contrast, data suggested that the survival and/or maintenance of DA neurons might be specifically enhanced by SGC0946 treatment. These results document the feasibility of a set of tools for further exploration of small molecules that may impact DA neuron differentiation, maintenance and/or survival. Results provide evidence in support of other reports that indicate inhibition of DOT1L may play an important role in maintenance and survival of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and their lineage-specific differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cui
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Joseph Carey
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Renee A. Reijo Pera
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
- McLaughlin Research Institute, Great Falls, MT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang H, Wang Q, Tan X, Wang J, Zhang J, Zheng M, Zhao G, Wen J. Estimation of genetic variability and identification of regions under selection based on runs of homozygosity in Beijing-You Chickens. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102342. [PMID: 36470032 PMCID: PMC9719870 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic composition of populations is the result of a long-term process of selection and adaptation to specific environments and ecosystems. Runs of homozygosity (ROHs) are homozygous segments of the genome where the 2 haplotypes inherited from the parents are identical. The detection of ROH can be used to describe the genetic variability and quantify the level of inbreeding in an individual. Here, we investigated the occurrence and distribution of ROHs in 40 Beijing-You Chickens from the random breeding population (BJY_C) and 40 Beijing-You Chickens from the intramuscular fat (IMF) selection population (BJY_S). Principal component analysis (PCA) and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses showed that BJY_C was completely separated from the BJY_S. The nucleotide diversity of BJY_C was higher than that of BJY_S, and the decay rate of LD of BJY_C was faster. The ROHs were identified for a total of 7,101 in BJY_C and 9,273 in BJY_S, respectively. The ROH-based inbreeding estimate (FROH) of BJY_C was 0.079, which was significantly lower than that of BJY_S (FROH = 0.114). The results were the same as the estimates of the inbreeding coefficients calculated based on homozygosity (FHOM), the correlation between uniting gametes (FUNI), and the genomic relationship matrix (FGRM). Additionally, the distribution and number of ROH islands in chromosomes of BJY_C and BJY_S were significantly different. The ROH islands of BJY_S that included genes associated with lipid metabolism and fat deposition, such as CIDEA and S1PR1, were absent in BJY_C. However, GPR161 was detected in both populations, which is a candidate gene for the formation of the unique five-finger trait in Beijing-You chickens. Our findings contributed to the understanding of the genetic diversity of random or artificially selected populations, and allowed the accurate monitoring of population inbreeding using genomic information, as well as the detection of genomic regions that affect traits under selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Wang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaodong Tan
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Maiqing Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guiping Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lelos MJ. Investigating cell therapies in animal models of Parkinson's and Huntington's disease: Current challenges and considerations. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 166:159-189. [PMID: 36424091 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapeutics have entered into an exciting era, with first-in-person clinical trials underway for Parkinson's disease and novel cell therapies in development for other neurodegenerative diseases. In the hope of ensuring successful translation of these novel cell products to the clinic, a significant amount of preclinical work continues to be undertaken. Rodent models of neural transplantation are required to thoroughly assess the survival, safety and efficacy of novel therapeutics. It is critical to produce robust and reliable preclinical data, in order to increase the likelihood of clinical success. As a result, significant effort has been driven into generating ever more relevant model systems, from genetically modified disease models to mice with humanized immune systems. Despite this, several challenges remain in the quest to assess human cells in the rodent brain long-term. Here, with a focus on models of Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, we discuss key considerations for choosing an appropriate rodent model for neural transplantation. We also consider the challenges associated with long-term survival and assessment of functional efficacy in these models, as well as the need to consider the clinical relevance of the model. While the choice of model will be dependent on the scientific question, by considering the caveats associated with each model, we identify opportunities to optimize the preclinical assessment and generate reliable data on our novel cell therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariah J Lelos
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lane EL, Lelos MJ. Defining the unknowns for cell therapies in Parkinson's disease. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049543. [PMID: 36165848 PMCID: PMC9555765 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
First-in-human clinical trials have commenced to test the safety and efficacy of cell therapies for people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Proof of concept that this neural repair strategy is efficacious is based on decades of preclinical studies and clinical trials using primary foetal cells, as well as a significant literature exploring more novel stem cell-derived products. Although several measures of efficacy have been explored, including the successful in vitro differentiation of stem cells to dopamine neurons and consistent alleviation of motor dysfunction in rodent models, many unknowns still remain regarding the long-term clinical implications of this treatment strategy. Here, we consider some of these outstanding questions, including our understanding of the interaction between anti-Parkinsonian medication and the neural transplant, the impact of the cell therapy on cognitive or neuropsychiatric symptoms of PD, the role of neuroinflammation in the therapeutic process and the development of graft-induced dyskinesias. We identify questions that are currently pertinent to the field that require further exploration, and pave the way for a more holistic understanding of this neural repair strategy for treatment of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Lane
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Mariah J. Lelos
- School of Biosciences, Museum Avenue, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Alpha-Synuclein: The Spark That Flames Dopaminergic Neurons, In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179864. [PMID: 36077253 PMCID: PMC9456396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, α-syn fibrils and the endo-lysosomal system are key players in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. The toxicity of α-syn is amplified by cell-to-cell transmission and aggregation of endogenous species in newly invaded neurons. Toxicity of α-syn PFF was investigated using primary cultures of dopaminergic neurons or on aged mice after infusion in the SNpc and combined with mild inhibition of GBA. In primary dopaminergic neurons, application of α-syn PFF induced a progressive cytotoxicity associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and accumulation of lysosomes suggesting that exogenous α-syn reached the lysosome (from the endosome). Counteracting the α-syn endocytosis with a clathrin inhibitor, dopaminergic neuron degeneration was prevented. In vivo, α-syn PFF induced progressive neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons associated with motor deficits. Histology revealed progressive aggregation of α-syn and microglial activation and accounted for the seeding role of α-syn, injection of which acted as a spark suggesting a triggering of cell-to-cell toxicity. We showed for the first time that a localized SNpc α-syn administration combined with a slight lysosomal deficiency and aging triggered a progressive lesion. The cellular and animal models described could help in the understanding of the human disease and might contribute to the development of new therapies.
Collapse
|
22
|
Alnasser SM. Stem cell challenge in cancer progression, oncology and therapy. Gene X 2022; 840:146748. [PMID: 35868413 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy consisted in the use of cells to treat damaged tissue, especially in cancer cases. Several cancer treatment techniques are developed today. However, the effectiveness of the treatments as well as the results remain too limited. We will discuss in this work the main advantages of the use of several categories of cells in the treatment of various cancerous diseases. The analysis of the obtained results related to cell therapy across the world over a period of twenty years can help to orient the researchers to the objectives in a more relevant and more reliable manner. The complex challenges of funded cancer care are discussed to provide a clear perspective on the future of administration and current treatment methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Mohammed Alnasser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Modulating Microglia/Macrophage Activation by CDNF Promotes Transplantation of Fetal Ventral Mesencephalic Graft Survival and Function in a Hemiparkinsonian Rat Model. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061446. [PMID: 35740467 PMCID: PMC9221078 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta, which leads to the motor control deficits. Recently, cell transplantation is a cutting-edge technique for the therapy of PD. Nevertheless, one key bottleneck to realizing such potential is allogenic immune reaction of tissue grafts by recipients. Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) was shown to possess immune-modulatory properties that benefit neurodegenerative diseases. We hypothesized that co-administration of CDNF with fetal ventral mesencephalic (VM) tissue can improve the success of VM replacement therapies by attenuating immune responses. Hemiparkinsonian rats were generated by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right medial forebrain bundle of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. The rats were then intrastriatally transplanted with VM tissue from rats, with/without CDNF administration. Recovery of dopaminergic function and survival of the grafts were evaluated using the apomorphine-induced rotation test and small-animal positron emission tomography (PET) coupled with [18F] DOPA or [18F] FE-PE2I, respectively. In addition, transplantation-related inflammatory response was determined by uptake of [18F] FEPPA in the grafted side of striatum. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) examination was used to determine the survival of the grated dopaminergic neurons in the striatum and to investigate immune-modulatory effects of CDNF. The modulation of inflammatory responses caused by CDNF might involve enhancing M2 subset polarization and increasing fractal dimensions of 6-OHDA-treated BV2 microglial cell line. Analysis of CDNF-induced changes to gene expressions of 6-OHDA-stimulated BV2 cells implies that these alternations of the biomarkers and microglial morphology are implicated in the upregulation of protein kinase B signaling as well as regulation of catalytic, transferase, and protein serine/threonine kinase activity. The effects of CDNF on 6-OHDA-induced alternation of the canonical pathway in BV2 microglial cells is highly associated with PI3K-mediated phagosome formation. Our results are the first to show that CDNF administration enhances the survival of the grafted dopaminergic neurons and improves functional recovery in PD animal model. Modulation of the polarization, morphological characteristics, and transcriptional profiles of 6-OHDA-stimualted microglia by CDNF may possess these properties in transplantation-based regenerative therapies.
Collapse
|
24
|
Xia N, Cabin DE, Fang F, Reijo Pera RA. Parkinson's Disease: Overview of Transcription Factor Regulation, Genetics, and Cellular and Animal Models. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:894620. [PMID: 35600613 PMCID: PMC9115107 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.894620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, affecting nearly 7-10 million people worldwide. Over the last decade, there has been considerable progress in our understanding of the genetic basis of PD, in the development of stem cell-based and animal models of PD, and in management of some clinical features. However, there remains little ability to change the trajectory of PD and limited knowledge of the underlying etiology of PD. The role of genetics versus environment and the underlying physiology that determines the trajectory of the disease are still debated. Moreover, even though protein aggregates such as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites may provide diagnostic value, their physiological role remains to be fully elucidated. Finally, limitations to the model systems for probing the genetics, etiology and biology of Parkinson's disease have historically been a challenge. Here, we review highlights of the genetics of PD, advances in understanding molecular pathways and physiology, especially transcriptional factor (TF) regulators, and the development of model systems to probe etiology and potential therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ninuo Xia
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Deborah E. Cabin
- McLaughlin Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Great Falls, MT, United States
| | - Fang Fang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Renee A. Reijo Pera
- McLaughlin Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Great Falls, MT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lateralized deficits after unilateral AAV-vector based overexpression of alpha-synuclein in the midbrain of rats on drug-free behavioural tests. Behav Brain Res 2022; 429:113887. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
26
|
Aerts L, Miccoli B, Delahanty A, Witters H, Verstraelen S, De Strooper B, Braeken D, Verstreken P. Do we still need animals? Surveying the role of animal-free models in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease research. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110002. [PMID: 35199384 PMCID: PMC8922267 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021110002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of animals in neuroscience and biomedical research remains controversial. Policy is built around the “3R” principle of “Refining, Reducing and Replacing” animal experiments, and across the globe, different initiatives stimulate the use of animal‐free methods. Based on an extensive literature screen to map the development and adoption of animal‐free methods in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease research, we find that at least two in three examined studies rely on animals or on animal‐derived models. Among the animal‐free studies, the relative contribution of innovative models that may replace animal experiments is limited. We argue that the distinction between animal research and alternative models presents a false dichotomy, as the role and scientific value of both animal and animal‐free approaches are intertwined. Calls to halt all animal experiments appear premature, as insufficient non‐animal‐based alternatives are available and their development lags behind. In light of this, we highlight the need for objective, unprejudiced monitoring, and more robust performance indicators of animal‐free approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Aerts
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Beatrice Miccoli
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,IMEC vzw, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aaron Delahanty
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,IMEC vzw, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hilda Witters
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Unit Health, VITO, Mol, Belgium
| | - Sandra Verstraelen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Unit Health, VITO, Mol, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK
| | - Dries Braeken
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,IMEC vzw, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Okuda S, Uemura N, Sawamura M, Taguchi T, Ikuno M, Uemura MT, Yamakado H, Takahashi R. Rapid Induction of Dopaminergic Neuron Loss Accompanied by Lewy Body-Like Inclusions in A53T BAC-SNCA Transgenic Mice. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:289-304. [PMID: 34935120 PMCID: PMC9130450 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, is characterized by dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and intraneuronal α-synuclein (α-syn) inclusions. It is highly needed to establish a rodent model that recapitulates the clinicopathological features of PD within a short period to efficiently investigate the pathological mechanisms and test disease-modifying therapies. To this end, we analyzed three mouse lines, i.e., wild-type mice, wild-type human α-syn bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic (BAC-SNCA Tg) mice, and A53T human α-syn BAC transgenic (A53T BAC-SNCA Tg) mice, receiving dorsal striatum injections of human and mouse α-syn preformed fibrils (hPFFs and mPFFs, respectively). mPFF injections induced more severe α-syn pathology in most brain regions, including the ipsilateral SNpc, than hPFF injections in all genotypes at 1-month post-injection. Although these Tg mouse lines expressed a comparable amount of α-syn in the brains, the mPFF-injected A53T BAC-SNCA Tg mice exhibited the most severe α-syn pathology as early as 0.5-month post-injection. The mPFF-injected A53T BAC-SNCA Tg mice showed a 38% reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in the ipsilateral SNpc, apomorphine-induced rotational behavior, and motor dysfunction at 2 months post-injection. These data indicate that the extent of α-syn pathology induced by α-syn PFF injection depends on the types of α-syn PFFs and exogenously expressed α-syn in Tg mice. The mPFF-injected A53T BAC-SNCA Tg mice recapitulate the key features of PD more rapidly than previously reported mouse models, suggesting their usefulness for testing disease-modifying therapies as well as analyzing the pathological mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Okuda
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Norihito Uemura
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute On Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-2676, USA.
| | - Masanori Sawamura
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Taguchi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masashi Ikuno
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Maiko T Uemura
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute On Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-2676, USA
| | - Hodaka Yamakado
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Negrini M, Tomasello G, Davidsson M, Fenyi A, Adant C, Hauser S, Espa E, Gubinelli F, Manfredsson FP, Melki R, Heuer A. Sequential or Simultaneous Injection of Preformed Fibrils and AAV Overexpression of Alpha-Synuclein Are Equipotent in Producing Relevant Pathology and Behavioral Deficits. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:1133-1153. [PMID: 35213388 PMCID: PMC9198765 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical rodent models for Parkinson's disease (PD) based on viral human alpha-synuclein (h-αSyn) overexpression recapitulate some of the pathological hallmarks as it presents in humans, such as progressive cell loss and additional synucleinopathy in cortical and subcortical structures. Recent studies have combined viral vector-based overexpression of human wild-type αSyn with the sequential or simultaneous inoculation of preformed fibrils (PFFs) derived from human αSyn. OBJECTIVE The goal of the study was to investigate whether sequential or combined delivery of the AAV vector and the PFFs are equipotent in inducing stable neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits. METHODS Here we compare between four experimental paradigms (PFFs only, AAV-h-αSyn only, AAV-h-αSyn with simultaneous PFFs, and AAV-h-αSyn with sequential PFFs) and their respective GFP control groups. RESULTS We observed reduction of TH expression and loss of neurons in the midbrain in all AAV (h-αSyn or GFP) injected groups, with or without additional PFFs inoculation. The overexpression of either h-αSyn or GFP alone induced motor deficits and dysfunctional dopamine release/reuptake in electrochemical recordings in the ipsilateral striatum. However, we observed a substantial formation of insoluble h-αSyn aggregates and inflammatory response only when h-αSyn and PFFs were combined. Moreover, the presence of h-αSyn induced higher axonal pathology compared to control groups. CONCLUSION Simultaneous AAV and PFFs injections are equipotent in the presented experimental setup in inducing histopathological and behavioral changes. This model provides new and interesting possibilities for characterizing PD pathology in preclinical models and means to assess future therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Negrini
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Tomasello
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Davidsson
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexis Fenyi
- Institut Francois Jacob (MIRCen), CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Cécile Adant
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Swantje Hauser
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elena Espa
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Francesco Gubinelli
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredric P. Manfredsson
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ronald Melki
- Institut Francois Jacob (MIRCen), CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Andreas Heuer
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fiorenzano A, Sozzi E, Birtele M, Kajtez J, Giacomoni J, Nilsson F, Bruzelius A, Sharma Y, Zhang Y, Mattsson B, Emnéus J, Ottosson DR, Storm P, Parmar M. Single-cell transcriptomics captures features of human midbrain development and dopamine neuron diversity in brain organoids. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7302. [PMID: 34911939 PMCID: PMC8674361 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27464-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional brain organoids have emerged as a valuable model system for studies of human brain development and pathology. Here we establish a midbrain organoid culture system to study the developmental trajectory from pluripotent stem cells to mature dopamine neurons. Using single cell RNA sequencing, we identify the presence of three molecularly distinct subtypes of human dopamine neurons with high similarity to those in developing and adult human midbrain. However, despite significant advancements in the field, the use of brain organoids can be limited by issues of reproducibility and incomplete maturation which was also observed in this study. We therefore designed bioengineered ventral midbrain organoids supported by recombinant spider-silk microfibers functionalized with full-length human laminin. We show that silk organoids reproduce key molecular aspects of dopamine neurogenesis and reduce inter-organoid variability in terms of cell type composition and dopamine neuron formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fiorenzano
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Edoardo Sozzi
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcella Birtele
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Janko Kajtez
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jessica Giacomoni
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Nilsson
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Bruzelius
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Regenerative Neurophysiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yogita Sharma
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yu Zhang
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bengt Mattsson
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Emnéus
- grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering), Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Daniella Rylander Ottosson
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Regenerative Neurophysiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Petter Storm
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Parmar
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Simon C, Soga T, Okano HJ, Parhar I. α-Synuclein-mediated neurodegeneration in Dementia with Lewy bodies: the pathobiology of a paradox. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:196. [PMID: 34798911 PMCID: PMC8605528 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is epitomized by the pathognomonic manifestation of α-synuclein-laden Lewy bodies within selectively vulnerable neurons in the brain. By virtue of prion-like inheritance, the α-synuclein protein inexorably undergoes extensive conformational metamorphoses and culminate in the form of fibrillar polymorphs, instigating calamitous damage to the brain's neuropsychological networks. This epiphenomenon is nebulous, however, by lingering uncertainty over the quasi "pathogenic" behavior of α-synuclein conformers in DLB pathobiology. Despite numerous attempts, a monolithic "α-synuclein" paradigm that is able to untangle the enigma enshrouding the clinicopathological spectrum of DLB has failed to emanate. In this article, we review conceptual frameworks of α-synuclein dependent cell-autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms that are likely to facilitate the transneuronal spread of degeneration through the neuraxis. In particular, we describe how the progressive demise of susceptible neurons may evolve from cellular derangements perpetrated by α-synuclein misfolding and aggregation. Where pertinent, we show how these bona fide mechanisms may mutually accentuate α-synuclein-mediated neurodegeneration in the DLB brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Simon
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tomoko Soga
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hirotaka James Okano
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ishwar Parhar
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Goyal S, Seth B, Chaturvedi RK. Polyphenols and Stem Cells for Neuroregeneration in Parkinson's Disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 28:806-828. [PMID: 34781865 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666211115154450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are neurological disorders, pathologically characterized by chronic degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and motor neurons respectively. There is still no cure or effective treatment against the disease progression and most of the treatments are symptomatic. The present review offers an overview of the different factors involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Subsequently, we focused on the recent advanced studies of dietary polyphenols and stem cell therapies, which have made it possible to slow down the progression of neurodegeneration. To date, stem cells and different polyphenols have been used for the directional induction of neural stem cells into dopaminergic neurons and motor neurons. We have also discussed their involvement in the modulation of different signal transduction pathways and growth factor levels in various in vivo and in vitro studies. Likewise stem cells, polyphenols also exhibit the potential of neuroprotection by their anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant properties regulating the growth factors levels and molecular signaling events. Overall this review provides a detailed insight into recent strategies that promise the use of polyphenol with stem cell therapy for the possible treatment of PD and ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Goyal
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001. India
| | - Brashket Seth
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001. India
| | - Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001. India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Barker RA. The Origins of the Protein Spread in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2021; 8:1194-1197. [PMID: 34765685 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Barker
- Wellcome-MRC Stem Cell institute and Department of Neurology, Addenbrooke's Hospital University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Daniel NH, Aravind A, Thakur P. Are ion channels potential therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease? Neurotoxicology 2021; 87:243-257. [PMID: 34699791 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is primarily associated with the progressive neurodegeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain. The resulting motor symptoms are managed with the help of dopamine replacement therapies. However, these therapeutics do not prevent the neurodegeneration underlying the disease and therefore lose their effectiveness in managing disease symptoms over time. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop newer therapeutics for the benefit of patients. The release of dopamine and the firing activity of substantia nigra neurons is regulated by several ion channels that act in concert. Dysregulations of these channels cause the aberrant movement of various ions in the intracellular milieu. This eventually leads to disruption of intracellular signalling cascades, alterations in cellular homeostasis, and bioenergetic deficits. Therefore, ion channels play a central role in driving the high vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons to degenerate during PD. Targeting ion channels offers an attractive mechanistic strategy to combat the process of neurodegeneration. In this review, we highlight the evidence pointing to the role of various ion channels in driving the PD processes. In addition, we also discuss the various drugs or compounds that target the ion channels and have shown neuroprotective potential in the in-vitro and in-vivo models of PD. We also discuss the current clinical status of various drugs targeting the ion channels in the context of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Hanna Daniel
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Ananya Aravind
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Poonam Thakur
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Han J, Feng G, Wu J, Zhang Y, Long Z, Yao X. Association of ATG5 gene polymorphism with Parkinson's disease in a Han Chinese population. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 122:1049-1056. [PMID: 34661876 PMCID: PMC9300489 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-021-01814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose There is growing evidence that autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5) is involved in neural development, neuronal differentiation, and neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between ATG5 gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) in the Han population. Methods A case–control study was conducted in 120 PD patients and 100 healthy volunteers. MassArray platform was used to analyze polymorphisms in three different regions of ATG5 gene (rs510432, rs573775 and rs17587319). In the included subjects, 50 PD patients and 50 healthy volunteers were selected, and the plasma ATG5 concentration was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The allele and genotype frequencies of SNPs were assessed using the SHEsis program. Results We found a significant correlation between rs17587319 and PD, and the subcomponent showed a high correlation between rs17587319 with cognitive impairment and age at onset in PD patients. At the same time, the total plasma ATG5 level of PD patients and the plasma ATG5 expression level of early-onset Parkinson’s disease (EOPD) patients were significantly higher than the control group, while there was no significant difference of ATG5 expression between late-onset Parkinson’s disease (LOPD) patients and the control group. Conclusion These findings suggest that genetic variations in the ATG5 gene and low levels of the ATG5 protein are associated with susceptibility to PD and with cognitive impairment in PD patients. ATG5 could be a potential biomarker to assess the severity and prognosis of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, 423000, China
| | - Ganghua Feng
- Department of Neurology, Chenzhou First People's Hospital, Chenzhou, 423000, China
| | - Jibao Wu
- Department of Neurology, Chenzhou First People's Hospital, Chenzhou, 423000, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Chenzhou First People's Hospital, Chenzhou, 423000, China
| | - Zhipeng Long
- Department of Neurology, Chenzhou First People's Hospital, Chenzhou, 423000, China
| | - Xiaoxi Yao
- Department of Neurology, Chenzhou First People's Hospital, Chenzhou, 423000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Fiorenzano A, Sozzi E, Parmar M, Storm P. Dopamine Neuron Diversity: Recent Advances and Current Challenges in Human Stem Cell Models and Single Cell Sequencing. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061366. [PMID: 34206038 PMCID: PMC8226961 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons are a heterogeneous group of cells that share a common neurotransmitter phenotype and are in close anatomical proximity but display different functions, sensitivity to degeneration, and axonal innervation targets. The A9 DA neuron subtype controls motor function and is primarily degenerated in Parkinson’s disease (PD), whereas A10 neurons are largely unaffected by the condition, and their dysfunction is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Currently, DA neurons can only be reliably classified on the basis of topographical features, including anatomical location in the midbrain and projection targets in the forebrain. No systematic molecular classification at the genome-wide level has been proposed to date. Although many years of scientific efforts in embryonic and adult mouse brain have positioned us to better understand the complexity of DA neuron biology, many biological phenomena specific to humans are not amenable to being reproduced in animal models. The establishment of human cell-based systems combined with advanced computational single-cell transcriptomics holds great promise for decoding the mechanisms underlying maturation and diversification of human DA neurons, and linking their molecular heterogeneity to functions in the midbrain. Human pluripotent stem cells have emerged as a useful tool to recapitulate key molecular features of mature DA neuron subtypes. Here, we review some of the most recent advances and discuss the current challenges in using stem cells, to model human DA biology. We also describe how single cell RNA sequencing may provide key insights into the molecular programs driving DA progenitor specification into mature DA neuron subtypes. Exploiting the state-of-the-art approaches will lead to a better understanding of stem cell-derived DA neurons and their use in disease modeling and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
|
36
|
Li JY, Li W. Postmortem Studies of Fetal Grafts in Parkinson's Disease: What Lessons Have We Learned? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:666675. [PMID: 34055800 PMCID: PMC8155361 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.666675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural transplantation is a potential therapeutic method for Parkinson’s disease (PD). Fetal dopaminergic (DA) neurons have been important transplantation cell sources in the history of replacement therapy for PD. Several decades of preclinical animal experiments and clinical trials using fetal DA neuron transplantation in PD therapy have shown not only promising results but also problems. In order to reveal possible factors influencing the clinical outcomes, we reviewed fetal DA neuron transplantation therapies from 1970s to present, with a special focus on postmortem studies. Firstly, we gave a general description of the clinical outcomes and neuroanatomy of grafted cases; secondly, we summarized the main available postmortem studies, including the cell survival, reinnervation, and pathology development. In the end, we further discussed the link between function and structure of the grafts, seeking for the possible factors contributing to a functional graft. With our review, we hope to provide references for future transplantation trials from a histological point of view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Li
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Repair, Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wen Li
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Repair, Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Barbuti PA, Barker RA, Brundin P, Przedborski S, Papa SM, Kalia LV, Mochizuki H. Recent Advances in the Development of Stem-Cell-Derived Dopaminergic Neuronal Transplant Therapies for Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1772-1780. [PMID: 33963552 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has seen exciting advances in the development of potential stem cell-based therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD), which have used different types of stem cells as starting material. These cells have been developed primarily to replace dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra that are progressively lost in the disease process. The aim is to largely restore lost motor functions, whilst not ever being curative. We discuss cell-based strategies that will have to fulfill important criteria to become effective and competitive therapies for PD. These criteria include reproducibly producing sufficient numbers of cells with an authentic substantia nigra dopamine neuron A9 phenotype, which can integrate into the host brain after transplantation and form synapses (considered crucial for long-term functional benefits). Furthermore, it is essential that transplanted cells exhibit no, or only very low levels of, proliferation without tumor formation at the site of grafting. Cumulative research has shown that stem cell-based approaches continue to have great potential in PD, but key questions remain to be answered. Here, we review the most recent progress in research on stem cell-based dopamine neuron replacement therapy for PD and briefly discuss what the immediate future might hold. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Barbuti
- Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Cell Biology, and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Roger A Barker
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge and Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Van Andel Institute, Center for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Serge Przedborski
- Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Cell Biology, and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stella M Papa
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lorraine V Kalia
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Shrigley S, Nilsson F, Mattsson B, Fiorenzano A, Mudannayake J, Bruzelius A, Ottosson DR, Björklund A, Hoban DB, Parmar M. Grafts Derived from an α-Synuclein Triplication Patient Mediate Functional Recovery but Develop Disease-Associated Pathology in the 6-OHDA Model of Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 11:515-528. [PMID: 33361611 PMCID: PMC8150478 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been proposed as an alternative source for cell replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) and they provide the option of using the patient's own cells. A few studies have investigated transplantation of patient-derived dopaminergic (DA) neurons in preclinical models; however, little is known about the long-term integrity and function of grafts derived from patients with PD. OBJECTIVE To assess the viability and function of DA neuron grafts derived from a patient hiPSC line with an α-synuclein gene triplication (AST18), using a clinical grade human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line (RC17) as a reference control. METHODS Cells were differentiated into ventral mesencephalic (VM)-patterned DA progenitors using an established GMP protocol. The progenitors were then either terminally differentiated to mature DA neurons in vitro or transplanted into 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rats and their survival, maturation, function, and propensity to develop α-synuclein related pathology, were assessed in vivo. RESULTS Both cell lines generated functional neurons with DA properties in vitro. AST18-derived VM progenitor cells survived transplantation and matured into neuron-rich grafts similar to the RC17 cells. After 24 weeks, both cell lines produced DA-rich grafts that mediated full functional recovery; however, pathological changes were only observed in grafts derived from the α-synuclein triplication patient line. CONCLUSION This data shows proof-of-principle for survival and functional recovery with familial PD patient-derived cells in the 6-OHDA model of PD. However, signs of slowly developing pathology warrants further investigation before use of autologous grafts in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Shrigley
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Nilsson
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bengt Mattsson
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Fiorenzano
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Janitha Mudannayake
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Bruzelius
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniella Rylander Ottosson
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Björklund
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Deirdre B Hoban
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Parmar
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pinnell JR, Cui M, Tieu K. Exosomes in Parkinson disease. J Neurochem 2021; 157:413-428. [PMID: 33372290 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease, in which the formation of misfolded and aggregated α-synuclein is a key neuropathological hallmark. Recent studies reveal that extracellular vesicles such as exosomes present a potential mechanism for propagation of pathological α-synuclein throughout the brain. The ability of exosomes to transport proteins and genetic material between cells, including mRNA and microRNAs which have been implicated in PD pathology, provides critical insights as to how exosomes may contribute to pathological progression in PD. Advances have also been made in the investigation of exosomes as potential tools for the modulation of Parkinson's pathology; their detection extracellularly may facilitate their use as biomarkers, while their small size could be utilised as vectors for the delivery of therapeutics. The aim of this review was to highlight our current knowledge of the role of exosomes in PD and potential clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Pinnell
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.,Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Mei Cui
- Department of Neurology, Huashan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kim Tieu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.,Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chmielarz P, Domanskyi A. Alpha-synuclein preformed fibrils: a tool to understand Parkinson's disease and develop disease modifying therapy. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2219-2221. [PMID: 33818501 PMCID: PMC8354128 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Chmielarz
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland; Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Brain Biochemistry, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrii Domanskyi
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki; Orion Corporation Orion Pharma, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Raudzus F, Schöneborn H, Neumann S, Secret E, Michel A, Fresnais J, Brylski O, Ménager C, Siaugue JM, Heumann R. Magnetic spatiotemporal control of SOS1 coupled nanoparticles for guided neurite growth in dopaminergic single cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22452. [PMID: 33384447 PMCID: PMC7775457 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80253-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The axon regeneration of neurons in the brain can be enhanced by activating intracellular signaling pathways such as those triggered by the membrane-anchored Rat sarcoma (RAS) proto-oncogene. Here we demonstrate the induction of neurite growth by expressing tagged permanently active Harvey-RAS protein or the RAS-activating catalytic domain of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (SOS1cat), in secondary dopaminergic cells. Due to the tag, the expressed fusion protein is captured by functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in the cytoplasm of the cell. We use magnetic tips for remote translocation of the SOS1cat-loaded magnetic nanoparticles from the cytoplasm towards the inner face of the plasma membrane where the endogenous Harvey-RAS protein is located. Furthermore, we show the magnetic transport of SOS1cat-bound nanoparticles from the cytoplasm into the neurite until they accumulate at its tip on a time scale of minutes. In order to scale-up from single cells, we show the cytoplasmic delivery of the magnetic nanoparticles into large numbers of cells without changing the cellular response to nerve growth factor. These results will serve as an initial step to develop tools for refining cell replacement therapies based on grafted human induced dopaminergic neurons loaded with functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in Parkinson model systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Raudzus
- Department of Biochemistry II, Molecular Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hendrik Schöneborn
- Department of Biochemistry II, Molecular Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Neumann
- Department of Biochemistry II, Molecular Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Emilie Secret
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Aude Michel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jérome Fresnais
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Oliver Brylski
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Physik, Biophotonik, Rebenring 56, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christine Ménager
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Siaugue
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Rolf Heumann
- Department of Biochemistry II, Molecular Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Liu Z, Cheung HH. Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Parkinson Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218060. [PMID: 33137927 PMCID: PMC7663462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurological movement disorder resulting primarily from damage to and degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. The pathway consists of neural populations in the substantia nigra that project to the striatum of the brain where they release dopamine. Diagnosis of PD is based on the presence of impaired motor features such as asymmetric or unilateral resting tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity. Nonmotor features including cognitive impairment, sleep disorders, and autonomic dysfunction are also present. No cure for PD has been discovered, and treatment strategies focus on symptomatic management through restoration of dopaminergic activity. However, proposed cell replacement therapies are promising because midbrain dopaminergic neurons have been shown to restore dopaminergic neurotransmission and functionally rescue the dopamine-depleted striatum. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in PD and discuss the development of new therapeutic strategies that have led to the initiation of exploratory clinical trials. We focus on the applications of stem cells for the treatment of PD and discuss how stem cell research has contributed to an understanding of PD, predicted the efficacy of novel neuroprotective therapeutics, and highlighted what we believe to be the critical areas for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Liu
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Hoi-Hung Cheung
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education (Shenzhen Base), Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|