1
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Becerra JC, Hitchcock L, Vu K, Gach JS. Neutralizing the threat: harnessing broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 for treatment and prevention. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2024; 11:207-220. [PMID: 38975023 PMCID: PMC11224682 DOI: 10.15698/mic2024.07.826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) targeting the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) have played a crucial role in elucidating and characterizing neutralization-sensitive sites on the HIV-1 envelope spike and in informing vaccine development. Continual advancements in identifying more potent bnAbs, along with their capacity to trigger antibody-mediated effector functions, coupled with modifications to extend their half-life, position them as promising candidates for both HIV-1 treatment and prevention. While current pharmacological interventions have made significant progress in managing HIV-1 infection and enhancing quality of life, no definitive cure or vaccines have been developed thus far. Standard treatments involve daily oral anti-retroviral therapy, which, despite its efficacy, can lead to notable long-term side effects. Recent clinical trial data have demonstrated encouraging therapeutic and preventive potential for bnAb therapies in both HIV-1-infected individuals and those without the infection. This review provides an overview of the advancements in HIV-1-specific bnAbs and discusses the insights gathered from recent clinical trials regarding their application in treating and preventing HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Becerra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of CaliforniaCA, Irvine, Irvine, 92697USA
| | - Lauren Hitchcock
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of CaliforniaCA, Irvine, Irvine, 92697USA
| | - Khoa Vu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of CaliforniaCA, Irvine, Irvine, 92697USA
| | - Johannes S Gach
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of CaliforniaCA, Irvine, Irvine, 92697USA
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2
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Klenchin VA, Clark NM, Keles NK, Capuano S, Mason R, Gao G, Broman A, Kose E, Immonen TT, Fennessey CM, Keele BF, Lifson JD, Roederer M, Gardner MR, Evans DT. Adeno-associated viral delivery of Env-specific antibodies prevents SIV rebound after discontinuing antiretroviral therapy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.30.593694. [PMID: 38895320 PMCID: PMC11185534 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.30.593694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
An alternative to lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) is needed to achieve durable control of HIV-1. Here we show that adeno-associated virus (AAV)-delivery of two rhesus macaque antibodies to the SIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) with potent neutralization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity can prevent viral rebound in macaques infected with barcoded SIVmac239M after discontinuing suppressive ART. Following AAV administration, sustained antibody expression with minimal anti-drug antibody responses was achieved in all but one animal. After ART withdrawal, SIV replication rebounded within two weeks in all of the control animals but remained below the threshold of detection in plasma (<15 copies/mL) for more than a year in four of the eight animals that received AAV vectors encoding Env-specific antibodies. Viral sequences from animals with delayed rebound exhibited restricted barcode diversity and antibody escape. Thus, sustained expression of antibodies with potent antiviral activity can afford durable, ART-free containment of pathogenic SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim A. Klenchin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Natasha M. Clark
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Nida K. Keles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Saverio Capuano
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Rosemarie Mason
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Deparment of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Aimee Broman
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Emek Kose
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Taina T. Immonen
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Christine M. Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Matthew R. Gardner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University; Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - David T Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI, 53715, USA
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3
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Gao R, Feng C, Sheng Z, Li F, Wang D. Research progress in Fc-effector functions against SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29638. [PMID: 38682662 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has caused more than 676 million cases in the global human population with approximately 7 million deaths and vaccination has been proved as the most effective countermeasure in reducing clinical complications and mortality rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection in people. However, the protective elements and correlation of protection induced by vaccination are still not completely understood. Various antibodies with multiple protective mechanisms can be induced simultaneously by vaccination in vivo, thereby complicating the identification and characterization of individual correlate of protection. Recently, an increasing body of observations suggests that antibody-induced Fc-effector functions play a crucial role in combating SARS-CoV-2 infections, including neutralizing antibodies-escaping variants. Here, we review the recent progress in understanding the impact of Fc-effector functions in broadly disarming SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and discuss various efforts in harnessing this conserved antibody function to develop an effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine that can protect humans against infections by SARS-CoV-2 virus and its variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyuan Gao
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Chenchen Feng
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Zuckerman Mind Brian Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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4
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Slein MD, Backes IM, Garland CR, Kelkar NS, Leib DA, Ackerman ME. Effector functions are required for broad and potent protection of neonatal mice with antibodies targeting HSV glycoprotein D. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101417. [PMID: 38350452 PMCID: PMC10897633 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Multiple failed herpes simplex virus (HSV) vaccine candidates induce robust neutralizing antibody (Ab) responses in clinical trials, raising the hypothesis that Fc-domain-dependent effector functions may be critical for protection. While neonatal HSV (nHSV) infection results in mortality and lifelong neurological morbidity in humans, it is uncommon among neonates with a seropositive birthing parent, supporting the hypothesis that Ab-based therapeutics could protect neonates from HSV. We therefore investigated the mechanisms of monoclonal Ab (mAb)-mediated protection in a mouse model of nHSV infection. For a panel of glycoprotein D (gD)-specific mAbs, neutralization and effector functions contributed to nHSV-1 protection. In contrast, effector functions alone were sufficient to protect against nHSV-2, exposing a functional dichotomy between virus types consistent with vaccine trial results. Effector functions are therefore crucial for protection by these gD-specific mAbs, informing effective Ab and vaccine design and demonstrating the potential of polyfunctional Abs as therapeutics for nHSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Slein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Iara M Backes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Callaghan R Garland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Natasha S Kelkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - David A Leib
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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5
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Schriek AI, Aldon YLT, van Gils MJ, de Taeye SW. Next-generation bNAbs for HIV-1 cure strategies. Antiviral Res 2024; 222:105788. [PMID: 38158130 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite the ability to suppress viral replication using anti-retroviral therapy (ART), HIV-1 remains a global public health problem. Curative strategies for HIV-1 have to target and eradicate latently infected cells across the body, i.e. the viral reservoir. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) have the capacity to neutralize virions and bind to infected cells to initiate elimination of these cells. To improve the efficacy of bNAbs in terms of viral suppression and viral reservoir eradication, next generation antibodies (Abs) are being developed that address the current limitations of Ab treatment efficacy; (1) low antigen (Env) density on (reactivated) HIV-1 infected cells, (2) high viral genetic diversity, (3) exhaustion of immune cells and (4) short half-life of Abs. In this review we summarize and discuss preclinical and clinical studies in which anti-HIV-1 Abs demonstrated potent viral control, and describe the development of engineered Abs that could address the limitations described above. Next generation Abs with optimized effector function, avidity, effector cell recruitment and immune cell activation have the potential to contribute to an HIV-1 cure or durable control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Schriek
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Y L T Aldon
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M J van Gils
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S W de Taeye
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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6
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Tuyishime M, Spreng RL, Hueber B, Nohara J, Goodman D, Chan C, Barfield R, Beck WE, Jha S, Asdell S, Wiehe K, He MM, Easterhoff D, Conley HE, Hoxie T, Gurley T, Jones C, Adhikary ND, Villinger F, Thomas R, Denny TN, Moody MA, Tomaras GD, Pollara J, Reeves RK, Ferrari G. Multivariate analysis of FcR-mediated NK cell functions identifies unique clustering among humans and rhesus macaques. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260377. [PMID: 38124734 PMCID: PMC10732150 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhesus macaques (RMs) are a common pre-clinical model used to test HIV vaccine efficacy and passive immunization strategies. Yet, it remains unclear to what extent the Fc-Fc receptor (FcR) interactions impacting antiviral activities of antibodies in RMs recapitulate those in humans. Here, we evaluated the FcR-related functionality of natural killer cells (NKs) from peripheral blood of uninfected humans and RMs to identify intra- and inter-species variation. NKs were screened for FcγRIIIa (human) and FcγRIII (RM) genotypes (FcγRIII(a)), receptor signaling, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), the latter mediated by a cocktail of monoclonal IgG1 antibodies with human or RM Fc. FcγRIII(a) genetic polymorphisms alone did not explain differences in NK effector functionality in either species cohort. Using the same parameters, hierarchical clustering separated each species into two clusters. Importantly, in principal components analyses, ADCC magnitude, NK contribution to ADCC, FcγRIII(a) cell-surface expression, and frequency of phosphorylated CD3ζ NK cells all contributed similarly to the first principal component within each species, demonstrating the importance of measuring multiple facets of NK cell function. Although ADCC potency was similar between species, we detected significant differences in frequencies of NK cells and pCD3ζ+ cells, level of cell-surface FcγRIII(a) expression, and NK-mediated ADCC (P<0.001), indicating that a combination of Fc-FcR parameters contribute to overall inter-species functional differences. These data strongly support the importance of multi-parameter analyses of Fc-FcR NK-mediated functions when evaluating efficacy of passive and active immunizations in pre- and clinical trials and identifying correlates of protection. The results also suggest that pre-screening animals for multiple FcR-mediated NK function would ensure even distribution of animals among treatment groups in future preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tuyishime
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rachel L. Spreng
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Brady Hueber
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Junsuke Nohara
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Derrick Goodman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Richard Barfield
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Whitney E. Beck
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Shalini Jha
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Stephanie Asdell
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Max M. He
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | | | - Taylor Hoxie
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | | | - Nihar Deb Adhikary
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, United States
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, United States
| | - Rasmi Thomas
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Thomas N. Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michael Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Justin Pollara
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, United States
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, United States
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7
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Cross RW, Wiethoff CM, Brown-Augsburger P, Berens S, Blackbourne J, Liu L, Wu X, Tetreault J, Dodd C, Sina R, Witcher DR, Newcomb D, Frost D, Wilcox A, Borisevich V, Agans KN, Woolsey C, Prasad AN, Deer DJ, Geisbert JB, Dobias NS, Fenton KA, Strifler B, Ebert P, Higgs R, Beall A, Chanda S, Riva L, Yin X, Geisbert TW. The Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody Bamlanivimab Does Not Enhance SARS-CoV-2 Infection by FcR-Mediated Mechanisms. Pathogens 2023; 12:1408. [PMID: 38133292 PMCID: PMC10746090 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the non-clinical safety package characterizing bamlanivimab (SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing monoclonal antibody), the risk profile for antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ADE) was evaluated in vitro and in an African green monkey (AGM) model of COVID-19. In vitro ADE assays in primary human macrophage, Raji, or THP-1 cells were used to evaluate enhancement of viral infection. Bamlanivimab binding to C1q, FcR, and cell-based effector activity was also assessed. In AGMs, the impact of bamlanivimab pretreatment on viral loads and clinical and histological pathology was assessed to evaluate enhanced SARS-CoV-2 replication or pathology. Bamlanivimab did not increase viral replication in vitro, despite a demonstrated effector function. In vivo, no significant differences were found among the AGM groups for weight, temperature, or food intake. Treatment with bamlanivimab reduced viral loads in nasal and oral swabs and BAL fluid relative to control groups. Viral antigen was not detected in lung tissue from animals treated with the highest dose of bamlanivimab. Bamlanivimab did not induce ADE of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro or in an AGM model of infection at any dose evaluated. The findings suggest that high-affinity monoclonal antibodies pose a low risk of mediating ADE in patients and support their safety profile as a treatment of COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (A.N.P.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | | | - Shawn Berens
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA; (P.B.-A.); (S.B.)
| | - Jamie Blackbourne
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA; (P.B.-A.); (S.B.)
| | - Ling Liu
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA; (P.B.-A.); (S.B.)
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA; (P.B.-A.); (S.B.)
| | | | - Carter Dodd
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA; (P.B.-A.); (S.B.)
| | - Ramtin Sina
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA; (P.B.-A.); (S.B.)
| | | | - Deanna Newcomb
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Reno, NV 89511, USA; (D.N.); (A.W.)
| | - Denzil Frost
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Reno, NV 89511, USA; (D.N.); (A.W.)
| | - Angela Wilcox
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Reno, NV 89511, USA; (D.N.); (A.W.)
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (A.N.P.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Krystle N. Agans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (A.N.P.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Courtney Woolsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (A.N.P.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Abhishek N. Prasad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (A.N.P.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Daniel J. Deer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (A.N.P.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Joan B. Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (A.N.P.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Natalie S. Dobias
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (A.N.P.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Karla A. Fenton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (A.N.P.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Beth Strifler
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA; (P.B.-A.); (S.B.)
| | - Philip Ebert
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA; (P.B.-A.); (S.B.)
| | - Richard Higgs
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA; (P.B.-A.); (S.B.)
| | - Anne Beall
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sumit Chanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laura Riva
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xin Yin
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thomas W. Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (A.N.P.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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8
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Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are being increasingly used as passive antiviral reagents in prophylactic and therapeutic modalities and to guide viral vaccine design. In vivo, nAbs can mediate antiviral functions through several mechanisms, including neutralization, which is defined by in vitro assays in which nAbs block viral entry to target cells, and antibody effector functions, which are defined by in vitro assays that evaluate nAbs against viruses and infected cells in the presence of effector systems. Interpreting in vivo results in terms of these in vitro assays is challenging but important in choosing optimal passive antibody and vaccine strategies. Here, I review findings from many different viruses and conclude that, although some generalizations are possible, deciphering the relative contributions of different antiviral mechanisms to the in vivo efficacy of antibodies currently requires consideration of individual antibody-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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9
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Slein MD, Backes IM, Garland CR, Kelkar NS, Leib DA, Ackerman ME. Antibody effector functions are required for broad and potent protection of neonates from herpes simplex virus infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.29.555423. [PMID: 37693377 PMCID: PMC10491243 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.555423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The failure of multiple herpes simplex virus (HSV) vaccine candidates that induce neutralizing antibody responses raises the hypothesis that other activities, such as Fc domain-dependent effector functions, may be critical for protection. While neonatal HSV (nHSV) infection result in mortality and lifelong neurological morbidity in humans, it is uncommon among neonates with a seropositive birthing parent, suggesting the potential efficacy of antibody-based therapeutics to protect neonates. We therefore investigated the mechanisms of monoclonal antibody (mAb)-mediated protection in a mouse model of nHSV infection. Both neutralization and effector functions contributed to robust protection against nHSV-1. In contrast, effector functions alone were sufficient to protect against nHSV-2, exposing a functional dichotomy between virus types that is consistent with vaccine trial results. Together, these results emphasize that effector functions are crucial for optimal mAb-mediated protection, informing effective Ab and vaccine design, and demonstrating the potential of polyfunctional Abs as potent therapeutics for nHSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Slein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Iara M. Backes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Callaghan R. Garland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Natasha S. Kelkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - David A. Leib
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Lead Contact
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10
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Goldberg BS, Spencer DA, Pandey S, Ordonez T, Barnette P, Yu Y, Gao L, Dufloo J, Bruel T, Schwartz O, Ackerman ME, Hessell AJ. Complement contributes to antibody-mediated protection against repeated SHIV challenge. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221247120. [PMID: 37155897 PMCID: PMC10193994 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221247120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The first clinical efficacy trials of a broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) resulted in less benefit than expected and suggested that improvements are needed to prevent HIV infection. While considerable effort has focused on optimizing neutralization breadth and potency, it remains unclear whether augmenting the effector functions elicited by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) may also improve their clinical potential. Among these effector functions, complement-mediated activities, which can culminate in the lysis of virions or infected cells, have been the least well studied. Here, functionally modified variants of the second-generation bNAb 10-1074 with ablated and enhanced complement activation profiles were used to examine the role of complement-associated effector functions. When administered prophylactically against simian-HIV challenge in rhesus macaques, more bNAb was required to prevent plasma viremia when complement activity was eliminated. Conversely, less bNAb was required to protect animals from plasma viremia when complement activity was enhanced. These results suggest that complement-mediated effector functions contribute to in vivo antiviral activity, and that their engineering may contribute to the further improvements in the efficacy of antibody-mediated prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Spencer
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
| | - Tracy Ordonez
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
| | - Philip Barnette
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
| | - Yun Yu
- Biostatistics Shared Resources, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR97239
- Biostatistics & Bioinformatics Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
| | - Lina Gao
- Biostatistics Shared Resources, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR97239
- Biostatistics & Bioinformatics Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015Paris, France
- Université de Paris, École doctorale BioSPC 562, 75013Paris, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, 94000Créteil, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, 94000Créteil, France
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH03755
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH03755
| | - Ann J. Hessell
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
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11
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Grunst MW, Ladd RA, Clark NM, Gil HM, Klenchin VA, Mason R, Franchini G, Roederer M, Evans DT. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, infected cell binding and neutralization by antibodies to the SIV envelope glycoprotein. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011407. [PMID: 37253062 PMCID: PMC10256149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies specific for diverse epitopes of the simian immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein (SIV Env) have been isolated from rhesus macaques to provide physiologically relevant reagents for investigating antibody-mediated protection in this species as a nonhuman primate model for HIV/AIDS. With increasing interest in the contribution of Fc-mediated effector functions to protective immunity, we selected thirty antibodies representing different classes of SIV Env epitopes for a comparison of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), binding to Env on the surface of infected cells and neutralization of viral infectivity. These activities were measured against cells infected with neutralization-sensitive (SIVmac316 and SIVsmE660-FL14) and neutralization-resistant (SIVmac239 and SIVsmE543-3) viruses representing genetically distinct isolates. Antibodies to the CD4-binding site and CD4-inducible epitopes were identified with especially potent ADCC against all four viruses. ADCC correlated well with antibody binding to virus-infected cells. ADCC also correlated with neutralization. However, several instances of ADCC without detectable neutralization or neutralization without detectable ADCC were observed. The incomplete correspondence between ADCC and neutralization shows that some antibody-Env interactions can uncouple these antiviral activities. Nevertheless, the overall correlation between neutralization and ADCC implies that most antibodies that are capable of binding to Env on the surface of virions to block infectivity are also capable of binding to Env on the surface of virus-infected cells to direct their elimination by ADCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Grunst
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ruby A. Ladd
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Natasha M. Clark
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hwi Min Gil
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Vadim A. Klenchin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Rosemarie Mason
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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12
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Neary M, Owen A, Olagunju A. A Holistic Review of the Preclinical Landscape for Long-Acting Anti-infective Drugs Using HIV as a Paradigm. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:S490-S497. [PMID: 36410386 PMCID: PMC10200324 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of predictive preclinical models is a key contributor to the steep attrition rate in drug development. Successful clinical translation may be higher for new chemical entities or existing approved drugs reformulated for long-acting (LA) administration if preclinical studies designed to identify any new uncertainties are predictive of human exposure and response. In this review, we present an overview of standard preclinical assessments deployed for LA formulations and delivery systems, using human immunodeficiency virus LA therapeutics preclinical development as a paradigm. Key progress in the preclinical development of novel LA antiretrovirals formulations and delivery systems are summarized, including bispecific broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody and small molecule technologies for codelivery of multiple drugs with disparate solubility properties. There are new opportunities to take advantage of recent developments in tissue engineering and 3-dimensional in vitro modeling to advance preclinical modeling of anti-infective activity, developmental and reproductive toxicity assessment, and to apply quantitative modeling and simulation strategies. These developments are likely to drive the progression of more LA anti-infective drugs and multipurpose technologies into clinical development in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Neary
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Centre of Excellence for Long-acting Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Centre of Excellence for Long-acting Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
| | - Adeniyi Olagunju
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Centre of Excellence for Long-acting Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
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13
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Prévost J, Anand SP, Rajashekar JK, Zhu L, Richard J, Goyette G, Medjahed H, Gendron-Lepage G, Chen HC, Chen Y, Horwitz JA, Grunst MW, Zolla-Pazner S, Haynes BF, Burton DR, Flavell RA, Kirchhoff F, Hahn BH, Smith AB, Pazgier M, Nussenzweig MC, Kumar P, Finzi A. HIV-1 Vpu restricts Fc-mediated effector functions in vivo. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111624. [PMID: 36351384 PMCID: PMC9703018 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) can eliminate HIV-1-infected cells via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and were identified as a correlate of protection in the RV144 vaccine trial. Fc-mediated effector functions of nnAbs were recently shown to alter the course of HIV-1 infection in vivo using a vpu-defective virus. Since Vpu is known to downregulate cell-surface CD4, which triggers conformational changes in the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env), we ask whether the lack of Vpu expression was linked to the observed nnAbs activity. We find that restoring Vpu expression greatly reduces nnAb recognition of infected cells, rendering them resistant to ADCC. Moreover, administration of nnAbs in humanized mice reduces viral loads only in animals infected with a vpu-defective but not with a wild-type virus. CD4-mimetics administration, known to "open" Env and expose nnAb epitopes, renders wild-type viruses sensitive to nnAbs Fc-effector functions. This work highlights the importance of Vpu-mediated evasion of humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jyothi Krishnaswamy Rajashekar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Yaozong Chen
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Joshua A Horwitz
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael W Grunst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Priti Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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14
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Gunst JD, Pahus MH, Rosás-Umbert M, Lu IN, Benfield T, Nielsen H, Johansen IS, Mohey R, Østergaard L, Klastrup V, Khan M, Schleimann MH, Olesen R, Støvring H, Denton PW, Kinloch NN, Copertino DC, Ward AR, Alberto WDC, Nielsen SD, Puertas MC, Ramos V, Reeves JD, Petropoulos CJ, Martinez-Picado J, Brumme ZL, Jones RB, Fox J, Tolstrup M, Nussenzweig MC, Caskey M, Fidler S, Søgaard OS. Early intervention with 3BNC117 and romidepsin at antiretroviral treatment initiation in people with HIV-1: a phase 1b/2a, randomized trial. Nat Med 2022; 28:2424-2435. [PMID: 36253609 PMCID: PMC10189540 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-02023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Attempts to reduce the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reservoir and induce antiretroviral therapy (ART)-free virologic control have largely been unsuccessful. In this phase 1b/2a, open-label, randomized controlled trial using a four-group factorial design, we investigated whether early intervention in newly diagnosed people with HIV-1 with a monoclonal anti-HIV-1 antibody with a CD4-binding site, 3BNC117, followed by a histone deacetylase inhibitor, romidepsin, shortly after ART initiation altered the course of HIV-1 infection ( NCT03041012 ). The trial was undertaken in five hospitals in Denmark and two hospitals in the United Kingdom. The coprimary endpoints were analysis of initial virus decay kinetics and changes in the frequency of CD4+ T cells containing intact HIV-1 provirus from baseline to day 365. Secondary endpoints included changes in the frequency of infected CD4+ T cells and virus-specific CD8+ T cell immunity from baseline to day 365, pre-ART plasma HIV-1 3BNC117 sensitivity, safety and tolerability, and time to loss of virologic control during a 12-week analytical ART interruption that started at day 400. In 55 newly diagnosed people (5 females and 50 males) with HIV-1 who received random allocation treatment, we found that early 3BNC117 treatment with or without romidepsin enhanced plasma HIV-1 RNA decay rates compared to ART only. Furthermore, 3BNC117 treatment accelerated clearance of infected cells compared to ART only. All groups had significant reductions in the frequency of CD4+ T cells containing intact HIV-1 provirus. At day 365, early 3BNC117 + romidepsin was associated with enhanced HIV-1 Gag-specific CD8+ T cell immunity compared to ART only. The observed virological and immunological effects of 3BNC117 were most pronounced in individuals whose pre-ART plasma HIV-1 envelope sequences were antibody sensitive. The results were not disaggregated by sex. Adverse events were mild to moderate and similar between the groups. During a 12-week analytical ART interruption among 20 participants, 3BNC117-treated individuals harboring sensitive viruses were significantly more likely to maintain ART-free virologic control than other participants. We conclude that 3BNC117 at ART initiation enhanced elimination of plasma viruses and infected cells, enhanced HIV-1-specific CD8+ immunity and was associated with sustained ART-free virologic control among persons with 3BNC117-sensitive virus. These findings strongly support interventions administered at the time of ART initiation as a strategy to limit long-term HIV-1 persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper D Gunst
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie H Pahus
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Miriam Rosás-Umbert
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - I-Na Lu
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Benfield
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Henrik Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Isik S Johansen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rajesh Mohey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Regional Hospital Herning, Herning, Denmark
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Klastrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maryam Khan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Hospital, London, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research, Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Mariane H Schleimann
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rikke Olesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Støvring
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Paul W Denton
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Natalie N Kinloch
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dennis C Copertino
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam R Ward
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Winiffer D Conce Alberto
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silke D Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maria C Puertas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Ramos
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zabrina L Brumme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - R Brad Jones
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julie Fox
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Disease, Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Trust, London, UK
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Disease, The National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Hospital, London, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research, Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Ole S Søgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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15
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Yang F, Yan S, Zhu L, Wang FX, Liu F, Cheng L, Yao H, Wu N, Lu R, Wu H. Evaluation of panel of neutralising murine monoclonal antibodies and a humanised bispecific antibody against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection in a mouse model. Antiviral Res 2022; 208:105462. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Board NL, Moskovljevic M, Wu F, Siliciano RF, Siliciano JD. Engaging innate immunity in HIV-1 cure strategies. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:499-512. [PMID: 34824401 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00649-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) can block multiple stages of the HIV-1 life cycle to prevent progression to AIDS in people living with HIV-1. However, owing to the persistence of a reservoir of latently infected CD4+ T cells, life-long ART is necessary to prevent viral rebound. One strategy currently under consideration for curing HIV-1 infection is known as 'shock and kill'. This strategy uses latency-reversing agents to induce expression of HIV-1 genes, allowing for infected cells to be cleared by cytolytic immune cells. The role of innate immunity in HIV-1 pathogenesis is best understood in the context of acute infection. Here, we suggest that innate immunity can also be used to improve the efficacy of HIV-1 cure strategies, with a particular focus on dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer cells. We discuss novel latency-reversing agents targeting DCs as well as DC-based strategies to enhance the clearance of infected cells by CD8+ T cells and strategies to improve the killing activity of natural killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan L Board
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Milica Moskovljevic
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fengting Wu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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17
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Broadly neutralizing antibodies for treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2022; 17:247-257. [PMID: 35762380 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are promising agents in the fight against the AIDS epidemic. Multiple bNAbs have been already evaluated in clinical trials with encouraging results. This review discusses the use of bNAbs for the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection, focusing on manufactured products that have been evaluated in clinical settings. RECENT FINDINGS More than 17 bNAbs have been evaluated for safety and pharmacokinetics in humans. The vast majority presented a well tolerated profile and were generally well tolerated. Serum half-life varied from 12 to 73.5 days and can be improved by the addition of mutations to the Fc regions. Results from the antibody-mediated prevention (AMP) study show that VRC01, a CD4-binding-site bNAb, was effective at preventing the acquisition of sensitive HIV-1 strains but did not prevent the acquisition of strains whose in vitro sensitivity to the antibody had an IC80 of more than 1 μg/ml. New bNAb combinations to improve coverage are currently being evaluated. SUMMARY In this review, we discuss the current landscape of HIV-1 bNAbs in clinical development. We also present the current strategies employed to improve the breadth, potency, serum half-life, effector function and administration of these compounds.
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18
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Broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 and concepts for application. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 54:101211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Vaccine-Induced, High-Magnitude HIV Env-Specific Antibodies with Fc-Mediated Effector Functions Are Insufficient to Protect Infant Rhesus Macaques against Oral SHIV Infection. mSphere 2022; 7:e0083921. [PMID: 35196125 PMCID: PMC8865927 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00839-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and antenatal care has significantly reduced in utero and peripartum mother-to-child human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. However, as breast milk transmission of HIV still occurs at an unacceptable rate, there remains a need to develop an effective vaccine for the pediatric population. Previously, we compared different HIV vaccine strategies, intervals, and adjuvants in infant rhesus macaques to optimize the induction of HIV envelope (Env)-specific antibodies with Fc-mediated effector function. In this study, we tested the efficacy of an optimized vaccine regimen against oral simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) acquisition in infant macaques. Twelve animals were immunized with 1086.c gp120 protein adjuvanted with 3M-052 in stable emulsion and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus expressing 1086.c HIV Env. Twelve control animals were immunized with empty MVA. The vaccine prime was given within 10 days of birth, with booster doses being administered at weeks 6 and 12. The vaccine regimen induced Env-specific plasma IgG antibodies capable of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis (ADCP). Beginning at week 15, infants were exposed orally to escalating doses of heterologous SHIV-1157(QNE)Y173H once a week until infected. Despite the induction of strong Fc-mediated antibody responses, the vaccine regimen did not reduce the risk of infection or time to acquisition compared to controls. However, among vaccinated animals, ADCC postvaccination and postinfection was associated with reduced peak viremia. Thus, nonneutralizing Env-specific antibodies with Fc effector function elicited by this vaccine regimen were insufficient for protection against heterologous oral SHIV infection shortly after the final immunization but may have contributed to control of viremia. IMPORTANCE Women of childbearing age are three times more likely to contract HIV infection than their male counterparts. Poor HIV testing rates coupled with low adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) result in a high risk of mother-to-infant HIV transmission, especially during the breastfeeding period. A preventative vaccine could curb pediatric HIV infections, reduce potential health sequalae, and prevent the need for lifelong ART in this population. The results of the current study imply that the HIV Env-specific IgG antibodies elicited by this candidate vaccine regimen, despite a high magnitude of Fc-mediated effector function but a lack of neutralizing antibodies and polyfunctional T cell responses, were insufficient to protect infant rhesus macaques against oral virus acquisition.
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20
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Spencer DA, Goldberg BS, Pandey S, Ordonez T, Dufloo J, Barnette P, Sutton WF, Henderson H, Agnor R, Gao L, Bruel T, Schwartz O, Haigwood NL, Ackerman ME, Hessell AJ. Phagocytosis by an HIV antibody is associated with reduced viremia irrespective of enhanced complement lysis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:662. [PMID: 35115533 PMCID: PMC8814042 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, antibodies are being used to treat and prevent viral infections. In the context of HIV, efficacy is primarily attributed to dose-dependent neutralization potency and to a lesser extent Fc-mediated effector functions. It remains unclear whether augmenting effector functions of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) may improve their clinical potential. Here, we use bNAb 10E8v4 targeting the membrane external proximal region (MPER) to examine the role of antibody-mediated effector and complement (C’) activity when administered prophylactically against SHIV challenge in rhesus macaques. With sub-protective dosing, we find a 78–88% reduction in post-acute viremia that is associated with 10E8v4-mediated phagocytosis acting at the time of challenge. Neither plasma nor tissue viremic outcomes in vivo is improved with an Fc-modified variant of 10E8v4 enhanced for C’ functions as determined in vitro. These results suggest that effector functions inherent to unmodified 10E8v4 contribute to efficacy against SHIVSF162P3 in the absence of plasma neutralizing titers, while C’ functions are dispensable in this setting, informing design of bNAb modifications for improving protective efficacy. While antibodies neutralize HIV via Fab recognition of viral surface antigens, antibody Fc domains mediate effector functions, including antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and cytotoxicity (ADCC), and complement (C') activity. Here, Spencer et al. modify bNAb 10E8v4 to enhance C'-mediated potency in SHIV challenged rhesus macaques to probe its function in protection, showing that in the absence of neutralization, enhancing C' activities in vitro adds no value toward reducing viremia in either blood or tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Spencer
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.,Absci Corp, 1810 SE Mill Plain Blvd., Vancouver, WA, 98683, USA
| | | | - Shilpi Pandey
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Tracy Ordonez
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Valencia-CSIC, Calle Catedràtic Agustín Escardino Benlloch 9, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Philip Barnette
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - William F Sutton
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Heidi Henderson
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Rebecca Agnor
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lina Gao
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Ann J Hessell
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.
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21
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Pegu A, Xu L, DeMouth ME, Fabozzi G, March K, Almasri CG, Cully MD, Wang K, Yang ES, Dias J, Fennessey CM, Hataye J, Wei RR, Rao E, Casazza JP, Promsote W, Asokan M, McKee K, Schmidt SD, Chen X, Liu C, Shi W, Geng H, Foulds KE, Kao SF, Noe A, Li H, Shaw GM, Zhou T, Petrovas C, Todd JP, Keele BF, Lifson JD, Doria-Rose N, Koup RA, Yang ZY, Nabel GJ, Mascola JR. Potent anti-viral activity of a trispecific HIV neutralizing antibody in SHIV-infected monkeys. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110199. [PMID: 34986348 PMCID: PMC8767641 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) represent an alternative to drug therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Immunotherapy with single bNAbs often leads to emergence of escape variants, suggesting a potential benefit of combination bNAb therapy. Here, a trispecific bNAb reduces viremia 100- to 1000-fold in viremic SHIV-infected macaques. After treatment discontinuation, viremia rebounds transiently and returns to low levels, through CD8-mediated immune control. These viruses remain sensitive to the trispecific antibody, despite loss of sensitivity to one of the parental bNAbs. Similarly, the trispecific bNAb suppresses the emergence of resistance in viruses derived from HIV-1-infected subjects, in contrast to parental bNAbs. Trispecific HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies, therefore, mediate potent antiviral activity in vivo and may minimize the potential for immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ling Xu
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Dr., Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Megan E. DeMouth
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Giulia Fabozzi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kylie March
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cassandra G. Almasri
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michelle D. Cully
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keyun Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eun Sung Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joana Dias
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christine M. Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jason Hataye
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Ercole Rao
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Dr., Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Joseph P. Casazza
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wanwisa Promsote
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mangaiarkarasi Asokan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Krisha McKee
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen D. Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cuiping Liu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hui Geng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Foulds
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shing-Fen Kao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy Noe
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George M. Shaw
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John-Paul Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nicole Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Gary J. Nabel
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Dr., Cambridge MA, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: G.J.N: , phone: 857-233-9936; J.R.M. ; 301-496-1852
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA,Lead contact,To whom correspondence should be addressed: G.J.N: , phone: 857-233-9936; J.R.M. ; 301-496-1852
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22
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Nawab DH. Vaccinal antibodies: Fc antibody engineering to improve the antiviral antibody response and induce vaccine-like effects. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:5532-5545. [PMID: 34844516 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1985891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlights the urgent clinical need for efficient virus therapies and vaccines. Although the functional importance of antibodies is indisputable in viral infections, there are still significant unmet needs that require vast improvements in antibody-based therapeutics. The IgG Fc domain can be engineered to produce antibodies with tailored and potent responses that will meet these clinical demands. Engaging Fc receptors (FcRs) to perform effector functions as cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, complement activation, intracellular neutralization and controlling antibody persistence. Furthermore, it produces vaccine-like effects by activating signals to stimulate T-cell responses, have proven to be required for protection, as neutralization alone does not off the full protection capacity of antibodies. This review highlights antiviral Fc functions and FcRs' contributions in linking innate and adaptive immunity against viral threats. Moreover, it provides the latest Fc engineering strategies to improve the safety and efficacy of human antiviral antibodies and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhuha H Nawab
- Pharmacy Department, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Gunn BM, Bai S. Building a better antibody through the Fc: advances and challenges in harnessing antibody Fc effector functions for antiviral protection. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:4328-4344. [PMID: 34613865 PMCID: PMC8827636 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1976580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies can provide antiviral protection through neutralization and recruitment of innate effector functions through the Fc domain. While neutralization has long been appreciated for its role in antibody-mediated protection, a growing body of work indicates that the antibody Fc domain also significantly contributes to antiviral protection. Recruitment of innate immune cells such as natural killer cells, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and the complement system by antibodies can lead to direct restriction of viral infection as well as promoting long-term antiviral immunity. Monoclonal antibody therapeutics against viruses are increasingly incorporating Fc-enhancing features to take advantage of the Fc domain, uncovering a surprising breadth of mechanisms through which antibodies can control viral infection. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of antibody-mediated innate immune effector functions in protection from viral infection and review the current approaches and challenges to effectively leverage innate immune cells via antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn M. Gunn
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Shuangyi Bai
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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24
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Cheng HD, Dowell KG, Bailey-Kellogg C, Goods BA, Love JC, Ferrari G, Alter G, Gach J, Forthal DN, Lewis GK, Greene K, Gao H, Montefiori DC, Ackerman ME. Diverse antiviral IgG effector activities are predicted by unique biophysical antibody features. Retrovirology 2021; 18:35. [PMID: 34717659 PMCID: PMC8557579 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The critical role of antibody Fc-mediated effector functions in immune defense has been widely reported in various viral infections. These effector functions confer cellular responses through engagement with innate immune cells. The precise mechanism(s) by which immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc domain and cognate receptors may afford protection are poorly understood, however, in the context of HIV/SHIV infections. Many different in vitro assays have been developed and utilized to measure effector functions, but the extent to which these assays capture distinct antibody activities has not been fully elucidated. RESULTS In this study, six Fc-mediated effector function assays and two biophysical antibody profiling assays were performed on a common set of samples from HIV-1 infected and vaccinated subjects. Biophysical antibody profiles supported robust prediction of diverse IgG effector functions across distinct Fc-mediated effector function assays. While a number of assays showed correlated activities, supervised machine learning models indicated unique antibody features as primary contributing factors to the associated effector functions. Additional experiments established the mechanistic relevance of relationships discovered using this unbiased approach. CONCLUSIONS In sum, this study provides better resolution on the diversity and complexity of effector function assays, offering a clearer perspective into this family of antibody mechanisms of action to inform future HIV-1 treatment and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao D. Cheng
- grid.254880.30000 0001 2179 2404Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA ,grid.254880.30000 0001 2179 2404Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Dr., Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - Karen G. Dowell
- grid.254880.30000 0001 2179 2404Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, 03755 USA
| | - Chris Bailey-Kellogg
- grid.254880.30000 0001 2179 2404Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, 03755 USA
| | - Brittany A. Goods
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA ,grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - J. Christopher Love
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA ,grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.189509.c0000000100241216Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27719 USA
| | - Galit Alter
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Johannes Gach
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Division of Infectious Diseases, Irvine School of Medicine, University California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Donald N. Forthal
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Division of Infectious Diseases, Irvine School of Medicine, University California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - George K. Lewis
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Kelli Greene
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Hongmei Gao
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - David C. Montefiori
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.189509.c0000000100241216Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27719 USA
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- grid.254880.30000 0001 2179 2404Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA ,grid.254880.30000 0001 2179 2404Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Dr., Hanover, NH 03755 USA
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25
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Richardson SI, Ayres F, Manamela NP, Oosthuysen B, Makhado Z, Lambson BE, Morris L, Moore PL. HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Expressed as IgG3 Preserve Neutralization Potency and Show Improved Fc Effector Function. Front Immunol 2021; 12:733958. [PMID: 34566999 PMCID: PMC8462932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.733958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of several broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to protect against HIV infection is enhanced through Fc receptor binding. Antibody isotype modulates this effect, with IgG3 associated with improved HIV control and vaccine efficacy. We recently showed that an IgG3 variant of bNAb CAP256-VRC26.25 exhibited more potent neutralization and phagocytosis than its IgG1 counterpart. Here, we expanded this analysis to include additional bNAbs targeting all major epitopes. A total of 15 bNAbs were expressed as IgG1 or IgG3, and pairs were assessed for neutralization potency against the multi-subtype global panel of 11 HIV strains. Binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and Fcγ receptors were measured using ELISA and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis were measured using infectious viruses and global panel Env SOSIP trimers, respectively. IgG3 bNAbs generally showed similar or increased (up to 60 fold) neutralization potency than IgG1 versions, though the effect was virus-specific. This improvement was statistically significant for CAP256-VRC26.25, 35022, PGT135 and CAP255.G3. IgG3 bNAbs also showed significantly improved binding to FcγRIIa which correlated with enhanced phagocytosis of all trimeric Env antigens. Differences in ADCC were epitope-specific, with IgG3 bNAbs to the MPER, CD4 binding site and gp120-gp41 interface showing increased ADCC. We also explored the pH dependence of IgG1 and IgG3 variants for FcRn binding, as this determines the half-life of antibodies. We observed reduced pH dependence, associated with shorter half-lives for IgG3 bNAbs, with κ-light chains. However, IgG3 bNAbs that use λ-light chains showed similar pH dependence to their IgG1 counterparts. This study supports the manipulation of the constant region to improve both the neutralizing and Fc effector activity of bNAbs, and suggests that IgG3 versions of bNAbs may be preferable for passive immunity given their polyfunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone I Richardson
- Centre for HIV and STI's, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Medical Research Council (MRC) Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Frances Ayres
- Centre for HIV and STI's, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nelia P Manamela
- Centre for HIV and STI's, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Brent Oosthuysen
- Centre for HIV and STI's, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zanele Makhado
- Centre for HIV and STI's, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bronwen E Lambson
- Centre for HIV and STI's, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Medical Research Council (MRC) Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STI's, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Medical Research Council (MRC) Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV and STI's, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Medical Research Council (MRC) Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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26
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Phelps M, Balazs AB. Contribution to HIV Prevention and Treatment by Antibody-Mediated Effector Function and Advances in Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Delivery by Vectored Immunoprophylaxis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:734304. [PMID: 34603314 PMCID: PMC8479175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting the viral envelope have shown significant promise in both HIV prevention and viral clearance, including pivotal results against sensitive strains in the recent Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) trial. Studies of bNAb passive transfer in infected patients have demonstrated transient reduction of viral load at high concentrations that rebounds as bNAb is cleared from circulation. While neutralization is a crucial component of therapeutic efficacy, numerous studies have demonstrated that bNAbs can also mediate effector functions, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), and antibody-dependent complement deposition (ADCD). These functions have been shown to contribute towards protection in several models of HIV acquisition and in viral clearance during chronic infection, however the role of target epitope in facilitating these functions, as well as the contribution of individual innate functions in protection and viral clearance remain areas of active investigation. Despite their potential, the transient nature of antibody passive transfer limits the widespread use of bNAbs. To overcome this, we and others have demonstrated vectored antibody delivery capable of yielding long-lasting expression of bNAbs in vivo. Two clinical trials have shown that adeno-associated virus (AAV) delivery of bNAbs is safe and capable of sustained bNAb expression for over 18 months following a single intramuscular administration. Here, we review key concepts of effector functions mediated by bNAbs against HIV infection and the potential for vectored immunoprophylaxis as a means of producing bNAbs in patients.
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27
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Anand SP, Ding S, Tolbert WD, Prévost J, Richard J, Gil HM, Gendron-Lepage G, Cheung WF, Wang H, Pastora R, Saxena H, Wakarchuk W, Medjahed H, Wines BD, Hogarth M, Shaw GM, Martin MA, Burton DR, Hangartner L, Evans DT, Pazgier M, Cossar D, McLean MD, Finzi A. Enhanced Ability of Plant-Derived PGT121 Glycovariants To Eliminate HIV-1-Infected Cells. J Virol 2021; 95:e0079621. [PMID: 34232070 PMCID: PMC8387047 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00796-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting HIV-1 depends on pleiotropic functions, including viral neutralization and the elimination of HIV-1-infected cells. Several in vivo studies have suggested that passive administration of bNAbs represents a valuable strategy for the prevention or treatment of HIV-1. In addition, different strategies are currently being tested to scale up the production of bNAbs to obtain the large quantities of antibodies required for clinical trials. Production of antibodies in plants permits low-cost and large-scale production of valuable therapeutics; furthermore, pertinent to this work, it also includes an advanced glycoengineering platform. In this study, we used Nicotiana benthamiana to produce different Fc-glycovariants of a potent bNAb, PGT121, with near-homogeneous profiles and evaluated their antiviral activities. Structural analyses identified a close similarity in overall structure and glycosylation patterns of Fc regions for these plant-derived Abs and mammalian cell-derived Abs. When tested for Fc-effector activities, afucosylated PGT121 showed significantly enhanced FcγRIIIa interaction and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against primary HIV-1-infected cells, both in vitro and ex vivo. However, the overall galactosylation profiles of plant PGT121 did not affect ADCC activities against infected primary CD4+ T cells. Our results suggest that the abrogation of the Fc N-linked glycan fucosylation of PGT121 is a worthwhile strategy to boost its Fc-effector functionality. IMPORTANCE PGT121 is a highly potent bNAb and its antiviral activities for HIV-1 prevention and therapy are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. The importance of its Fc-effector functions in clearing HIV-1-infected cells is also under investigation. Our results highlight enhanced Fc-effector activities of afucosylated PGT121 MAbs that could be important in a therapeutic context to accelerate infected cell clearance and slow disease progression. Future studies to evaluate the potential of plant-produced afucosylated PGT121 in controlling HIV-1 replication in vivo are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William D. Tolbert
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hwi Min Gil
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Hirak Saxena
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Warren Wakarchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Bruce D. Wines
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Hogarth
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - George M. Shaw
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Malcom A. Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lars Hangartner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David T. Evans
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Doug Cossar
- PlantForm Corporation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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28
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Parsons MS, Kristensen AB, Selva KJ, Lee WS, Amarasena T, Esterbauer R, Wheatley AK, Bavinton BR, Kelleher AD, Grulich AE, Khoury G, Juno JA, Kent SJ. Protective efficacy of the anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibody PGT121 in the context of semen exposure. EBioMedicine 2021; 70:103518. [PMID: 34385004 PMCID: PMC8361295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 infections occur following viral exposure at anogenital mucosal surfaces in the presence of semen. Semen contains immunosuppressive and pro-inflammatory factors. Semen from HIV-1-infected donors contains anti-HIV-1 antibodies. We assessed if passively infused anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibody conferred protection from rectal SHIVSF162P3 challenge at semen exposed mucosae. METHODS We pooled seminal plasma from HIV-1-infected donors. The pool was screened by ELISA for antibodies against HIV-1SF162 gp140. The ability of seminal plasma to inhibit macaque NK cells from responding to direct and antibody-dependent stimulation was assessed. The ability of seminal plasma to inhibit macaque granulocytes from mediating oxidative burst was also assessed. To demonstrate viral infectivity in the presence of seminal plasma, macaques (n = 4) were rectally challenged with SHIVSF162P3 following exposure to 2.5 mL of seminal plasma. To evaluate if anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibody confers protection against rectal SHIV challenge at semen exposed mucosae, eight macaques were intravenously infused with PGT121, either wild type (n = 4) or the Fc receptor binding deficient LALA variant (n = 4), and rectally challenged with SHIVSF162P3 following exposure to 2.5 mL of seminal plasma. FINDINGS Anti-HIV-1SF162 gp140 antibodies were detected in seminal plasma. Seminal plasma inhibited direct and antibody-dependent NK cell activation and granulocyte oxidative burst in vitro. Rectal SHIVSF162P3 challenge of control macaques following seminal plasma exposure resulted in infection of all animals. All macaques infused with wild type or LALA PGT121 and challenged with SHIVSF162P3 following seminal plasma exposure were protected. INTERPRETATION PGT121 conferred protection against rectal SHIVSF162P3 challenge at semen exposed mucosae. Future research should investigate if semen alters protection conferred by antibodies more dependent on non-neutralizing functions. FUNDING This work was supported by a grant from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (APP1124680).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Parsons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
| | - Anne B Kristensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin J Selva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thakshila Amarasena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn Esterbauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin R Bavinton
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew E Grulich
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Georges Khoury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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29
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Walsh SR, Seaman MS. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV-1 Prevention. Front Immunol 2021; 12:712122. [PMID: 34354713 PMCID: PMC8329589 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.712122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the absence of an effective vaccine for protection against HIV-1 infection, passive immunization strategies that utilize potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to block acquisition of HIV-1 are being rigorously pursued in the clinical setting. bnAbs have demonstrated robust protection in preclinical animal models, and several leading bnAb candidates have shown favorable safety and pharmacokinetic profiles when tested individually or in combinations in early phase human clinical trials. Furthermore, passive administration of bnAbs in HIV-1 infected individuals has resulted in prolonged suppression of viral rebound following interruption of combination antiretroviral therapy, and robust antiviral activity when administered to viremic individuals. Recent results from the first efficacy trials testing repeated intravenous administrations of the anti-CD4 binding site bnAb VRC01 have demonstrated positive proof of concept that bnAb passive immunization can confer protection against HIV-1 infection in humans, but have also highlighted the considerable barriers that remain for such strategies to effectively contribute to control of the epidemic. In this review, we discuss the current status of clinical studies evaluating bnAbs for HIV-1 prevention, highlight lessons learned from the recent Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) efficacy trials, and provide an overview of strategies being employed to improve the breadth, potency, and durability of antiviral protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Walsh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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30
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Pincus SH, Craig RB, Weachter L, LaBranche CC, Nabi R, Watt C, Raymond M, Peters T, Song K, Maresh GA, Montefiori DC, Kozlowski PA. Bispecific Anti-HIV Immunoadhesins That Bind Gp120 and Gp41 Have Broad and Potent HIV-Neutralizing Activity. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070774. [PMID: 34358190 PMCID: PMC8310024 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have constructed bispecific immunoglobulin-like immunoadhesins that bind to both the HIV-envelope glycoproteins: gp120 and gp41. These immunoadhesins have N terminal domains of human CD4 engrafted onto the N-terminus of the heavy chain of human anti-gp41 mAb 7B2. Binding of these constructs to recombinant Env and their antiviral activities were compared to that of the parental mAbs and CD4, as well as to control mAbs. The CD4/7B2 constructs bind to both gp41 and gp140, as well as to native Env expressed on the surface of infected cells. These constructs deliver cytotoxic immunoconjugates to HIV-infected cells, but not as well as a mixture of 7B2 and sCD4, and opsonize for antibody-mediated phagocytosis. Most surprisingly, given that 7B2 neutralizes weakly, if at all, is that the chimeric CD4/7B2 immunoadhesins exhibit broad and potent neutralization of HIV, comparable to that of well-known neutralizing mAbs. These data add to the growing evidence that enhanced neutralizing activity can be obtained with bifunctional mAbs/immunoadhesins. The enhanced neutralization activity of the CD4/7B2 chimeras may result from cross-linking of the two Env subunits with subsequent inhibition of the pre-fusion conformational events that are necessary for entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth H. Pincus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA; (C.W.); (M.R.); (T.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ryan B. Craig
- Research Institute for Children, Children’s Hospital, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; (R.B.C.); (L.W.); (K.S.); (G.A.M.)
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Lauren Weachter
- Research Institute for Children, Children’s Hospital, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; (R.B.C.); (L.W.); (K.S.); (G.A.M.)
| | - Celia C. LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (C.C.L.); (D.C.M.)
| | - Rafiq Nabi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, LSU School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.N.); (P.A.K.)
| | - Connie Watt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA; (C.W.); (M.R.); (T.P.)
| | - Mark Raymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA; (C.W.); (M.R.); (T.P.)
| | - Tami Peters
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA; (C.W.); (M.R.); (T.P.)
| | - Kejing Song
- Research Institute for Children, Children’s Hospital, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; (R.B.C.); (L.W.); (K.S.); (G.A.M.)
| | - Grace A. Maresh
- Research Institute for Children, Children’s Hospital, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; (R.B.C.); (L.W.); (K.S.); (G.A.M.)
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (C.C.L.); (D.C.M.)
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, LSU School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.N.); (P.A.K.)
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31
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Hangartner L, Beauparlant D, Rakasz E, Nedellec R, Hozé N, McKenney K, Martins MA, Seabright GE, Allen JD, Weiler AM, Friedrich TC, Regoes RR, Crispin M, Burton DR. Effector function does not contribute to protection from virus challenge by a highly potent HIV broadly neutralizing antibody in nonhuman primates. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/585/eabe3349. [PMID: 33731434 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abe3349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Protection from immunodeficiency virus challenge in nonhuman primates (NHPs) by a first-generation HIV broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) b12 has previously been shown to benefit from interaction between the bnAb and Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) on immune cells. To investigate the mechanism of protection for a more potent second-generation bnAb currently in clinical trials, PGT121, we carried out a series of NHP studies. These studies included treating with PGT121 at a concentration at which only half of the animals were protected to avoid potential masking of FcγR effector function benefits by dominant neutralization and using a new variant that more completely eliminated all rhesus FcγR binding than earlier variants. In contrast to b12, which required FcγR binding for optimal protection, we concluded that PGT121-mediated protection is not augmented by FcγR interaction. Thus, for HIV-passive antibody prophylaxis, these results, together with existing literature, emphasize the importance of neutralization potency for clinical antibodies, with effector function requiring evaluation for individual antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hangartner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. .,Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David Beauparlant
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eva Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Rebecca Nedellec
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nathanaël Hozé
- Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zurich, ETH Zentrum, CHN H76.2, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.,Theoretical Biology, ETH Zurich, ETH Zentrum, CHN K12.2, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katherine McKenney
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mauricio A Martins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Gemma E Seabright
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Andrea M Weiler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Roland R Regoes
- Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zurich, ETH Zentrum, CHN H76.2, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.,Theoretical Biology, ETH Zurich, ETH Zentrum, CHN K12.2, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. .,Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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32
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Karch CP, Matyas GR. The current and future role of nanovaccines in HIV-1 vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:935-944. [PMID: 34184607 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1945448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: An efficacious vaccine for HIV-1 has been sought for over 30 years to eliminate the virus from the human population. Many challenges have occurred in the attempt to produce a successful immunogen, mainly caused by the basic biology of the virus. Immunogens have been developed focusing on inducing one or more of the following types of immune responses; neutralizing antibodies, non-neutralizing antibodies, and T-cell mediated responses. One way to better present and develop an immunogen for HIV-1 is through the use of nanotechnology and nanoparticles.Areas covered: This article gives a basic overview of the HIV-1 vaccine field, as well as nanotechnology, specifically nanovaccines. It then covers the application of nanovaccines made from biological macromolecules to HIV-1 vaccine development for neutralizing antibodies, non-neutralizing antibodies, and T-cell-mediated responses.Expert opinion: Nanovaccines are an area that is ripe for further exploration in HIV-1 vaccine field. Not only are nanovaccines capable of carrying and presenting antigens in native-like conformations, but they have also repeatedly been shown to increase immunogenicity over recombinant antigens alone. Only through further research can the true role of nanovaccines in the development of an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Karch
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gary R Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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33
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Duerr R, Crosse KM, Valero-Jimenez AM, Dittmann M. SARS-CoV-2 Portrayed against HIV: Contrary Viral Strategies in Similar Disguise. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1389. [PMID: 34198973 PMCID: PMC8307803 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 and HIV are zoonotic viruses that rapidly reached pandemic scale, causing global losses and fear. The COVID-19 and AIDS pandemics ignited massive efforts worldwide to develop antiviral strategies and characterize viral architectures, biological and immunological properties, and clinical outcomes. Although both viruses have a comparable appearance as enveloped viruses with positive-stranded RNA and envelope spikes mediating cellular entry, the entry process, downstream biological and immunological pathways, clinical outcomes, and disease courses are strikingly different. This review provides a systemic comparison of both viruses' structural and functional characteristics, delineating their distinct strategies for efficient spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; (K.M.C.); (A.M.V.-J.); (M.D.)
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34
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Spencer DA, Shapiro MB, Haigwood NL, Hessell AJ. Advancing HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies: From Discovery to the Clinic. Front Public Health 2021; 9:690017. [PMID: 34123998 PMCID: PMC8187619 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.690017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial progress in confronting the global HIV-1 epidemic since its inception in the 1980s, better approaches for both treatment and prevention will be necessary to end the epidemic and remain a top public health priority. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been effective in extending lives, but at a cost of lifelong adherence to treatment. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are directed to conserved regions of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer (Env) and can block infection if present at the time of viral exposure. The therapeutic application of bNAbs holds great promise, and progress is being made toward their development for widespread clinical use. Compared to the current standard of care of small molecule-based ART, bNAbs offer: (1) reduced toxicity; (2) the advantages of extended half-lives that would bypass daily dosing requirements; and (3) the potential to incorporate a wider immune response through Fc signaling. Recent advances in discovery technology can enable system-wide mining of the immunoglobulin repertoire and will continue to accelerate isolation of next generation potent bNAbs. Passive transfer studies in pre-clinical models and clinical trials have demonstrated the utility of bNAbs in blocking or limiting transmission and achieving viral suppression. These studies have helped to define the window of opportunity for optimal intervention to achieve viral clearance, either using bNAbs alone or in combination with ART. None of these advances with bNAbs would be possible without technological advancements and expanding the cohorts of donor participation. Together these elements fueled the remarkable growth in bNAb development. Here, we review the development of bNAbs as therapies for HIV-1, exploring advances in discovery, insights from animal models and early clinical trials, and innovations to optimize their clinical potential through efforts to extend half-life, maximize the contribution of Fc effector functions, preclude escape through multiepitope targeting, and the potential for sustained delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Spencer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Mariya B. Shapiro
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Nancy L. Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ann J. Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
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35
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antibodies mediate pathogen neutralization in addition to several cytotoxic Fc functions through engaging cellular receptors and recruiting effector cells. Fc effector functions have been well described in disease control and protection against infectious diseases including HIV, Ebola, malaria, influenza and tuberculosis, making them attractive targets for vaccine design. AREAS COVERED We briefly summarize the role of Fc effector functions in disease control and protection in viral, bacterial and parasitic infectious diseases. We review Fc effector function in passive immunization and vaccination, and primarily focus on strategies to elicit and modulate these functions as part of a robust vaccine strategy. EXPERT OPINION Despite their known correlation with vaccine efficacy for several diseases, only recently have seminal studies addressed how these Fc effector functions can be elicited and modulated in vaccination. However, gaps remain in assay standardization and the precise mechanisms of diverse functional assays. Furthermore, there are inherent difficulties in the translation of findings from animal models to humans, given the difference in sequence, expression and function of Fc receptors and Fc portions of antibodies. However, overall it is clear that vaccine development to elicit Fc effector function is an important goal for optimal prevention against infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone I Richardson
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.,Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.,Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Congella, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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36
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Abeynaike S, Paust S. Humanized Mice for the Evaluation of Novel HIV-1 Therapies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636775. [PMID: 33868262 PMCID: PMC8047330 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the discovery of antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 infection has transitioned into a manageable but chronic illness, which requires lifelong treatment. Nevertheless, complete eradication of the virus has still eluded us. This is partly due to the virus’s ability to remain in a dormant state in tissue reservoirs, ‘hidden’ from the host’s immune system. Also, the high mutation rate of HIV-1 results in escape mutations in response to many therapeutics. Regardless, the development of novel cures for HIV-1 continues to move forward with a range of approaches from immunotherapy to gene editing. However, to evaluate in vivo pathogenesis and the efficacy and safety of therapeutic approaches, a suitable animal model is necessary. To this end, the humanized mouse was developed by McCune in 1988 and has continued to be improved on over the past 30 years. Here, we review the variety of humanized mouse models that have been utilized through the years and describe their specific contribution in translating HIV-1 cure strategies to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Abeynaike
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,The Skaggs Graduate Program in Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,The Skaggs Graduate Program in Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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37
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Kim KS, Ejima K, Iwanami S, Fujita Y, Ohashi H, Koizumi Y, Asai Y, Nakaoka S, Watashi K, Aihara K, Thompson RN, Ke R, Perelson AS, Iwami S. A quantitative model used to compare within-host SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV dynamics provides insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001128. [PMID: 33750978 PMCID: PMC7984623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific community is focused on developing antiviral therapies to mitigate the impacts of the ongoing novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. This will be facilitated by improved understanding of viral dynamics within infected hosts. Here, using a mathematical model in combination with published viral load data, we compare within-host viral dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 with analogous dynamics of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. Our quantitative analyses using a mathematical model revealed that the within-host reproduction number at symptom onset of SARS-CoV-2 was statistically significantly larger than that of MERS-CoV and similar to that of SARS-CoV. In addition, the time from symptom onset to the viral load peak for SARS-CoV-2 infection was shorter than those of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. These findings suggest the difficulty of controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection by antivirals. We further used the viral dynamics model to predict the efficacy of potential antiviral drugs that have different modes of action. The efficacy was measured by the reduction in the viral load area under the curve (AUC). Our results indicate that therapies that block de novo infection or virus production are likely to be effective if and only if initiated before the viral load peak (which appears 2-3 days after symptom onset), but therapies that promote cytotoxicity of infected cells are likely to have effects with less sensitivity to the timing of treatment initiation. Furthermore, combining a therapy that promotes cytotoxicity and one that blocks de novo infection or virus production synergistically reduces the AUC with early treatment. Our unique modeling approach provides insights into the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and may be useful for development of antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Su Kim
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ejima
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health–Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Shoya Iwanami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Fujita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ohashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Koizumi
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Asai
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Nakaoka
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- JST-Mirai, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Aihara
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence, University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Robin N. Thompson
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Ruian Ke
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Alan S. Perelson
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Shingo Iwami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- JST-Mirai, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- NEXT-Ganken Program, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Science Groove, Fukuoka, Japan
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38
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CD34T+ Humanized Mouse Model to Study Mucosal HIV-1 Transmission and Prevention. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030198. [PMID: 33673566 PMCID: PMC7997265 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice are critical for HIV-1 research, but humanized mice generated from cord blood are inefficient at mucosal HIV-1 transmission. Most mucosal HIV-1 transmission studies in mice require fetal tissue-engraftment, the use of which is highly restricted or prohibited. We present a fetal tissue-independent model called CD34T+ with enhanced human leukocyte levels in the blood and improved T cell homing to the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. CD34T+ mice are highly permissive to intra-rectal HIV-1 infection and also show normal env diversification in vivo despite high viral replication. Moreover, mucosal infection in CD34T+ mice can be prevented by infusion of broadly neutralizing antibodies. CD34T+ mice can be rapidly and easily generated using only cord blood cells and do not require any complicated surgical procedures for the humanization process. Therefore, CD34T+ mice provide a novel platform for mucosal HIV-1 transmission studies as well as rapid in vivo testing of novel prevention molecules against HIV-1.
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39
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Bruxelle JF, Trattnig N, Mureithi MW, Landais E, Pantophlet R. HIV-1 Entry and Prospects for Protecting against Infection. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020228. [PMID: 33499233 PMCID: PMC7911371 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) establishes a latent viral reservoir soon after infection, which poses a major challenge for drug treatment and curative strategies. Many efforts are therefore focused on blocking infection. To this end, both viral and host factors relevant to the onset of infection need to be considered. Given that HIV-1 is most often transmitted mucosally, strategies designed to protect against infection need to be effective at mucosal portals of entry. These strategies need to contend also with cell-free and cell-associated transmitted/founder (T/F) virus forms; both can initiate and establish infection. This review will discuss how insight from the current model of HIV-1 mucosal transmission and cell entry has highlighted challenges in developing effective strategies to prevent infection. First, we examine key viral and host factors that play a role in transmission and infection. We then discuss preventive strategies based on antibody-mediated protection, with emphasis on targeting T/F viruses and mucosal immunity. Lastly, we review treatment strategies targeting viral entry, with focus on the most clinically advanced entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Bruxelle
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.-F.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Nino Trattnig
- Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Marianne W. Mureithi
- KAVI—Institute of Clinical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box, Nairobi 19676–00202, Kenya;
| | - Elise Landais
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ralph Pantophlet
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.-F.B.); (R.P.)
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40
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Termini JM, Martinez-Navio JM, Gao G, Fuchs SP, Desrosiers RC. Glycoengineering of AAV-delivered monoclonal antibodies yields increased ADCC activity. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 20:204-217. [PMID: 33426147 PMCID: PMC7782200 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The absence of fucose on asparagine-297 of the human immunoglobulin G (IgG) heavy chain has been shown to enhance antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity by 10- to 100-fold compared to fucosylated antibody. Our lab is studying the use of adeno-associated virus (AAV) as a vector for the delivery of HIV-specific antibodies for therapeutic purposes. Since the antibody is produced by vector-transduced cells in vivo, current techniques of glycoengineering cannot be utilized. In order to achieve similar enhancement of ADCC with AAV-delivered antibodies, short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) that target fucosyltransferase-8 (FUT8), were designed, tested, and cloned into AAV vectors used to deliver HIV-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Antibodies produced by our glycoengineered-AAV (GE-AAV) vectors were analyzed for fucose content and ADCC. GE-AAV constructs were able to achieve over 80% knockdown of FUT8. Results were confirmed by lectin western blot for α1-6 fucose, which revealed almost a complete absence of fucose on GE-AAV-produced antibodies. GE-AAV-produced antibodies revealed >10-fold enhancement of ADCC, while showing identical neutralization and gp140 trimer binding compared to their fucosylated counterparts. ADCC was enhanced 40- to 60-fold when combined with key Fc mutations known to enhance binding to FcγRIIIA. Our findings define a powerful approach for supercharging AAV-delivered anti-HIV antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Termini
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - José M Martinez-Navio
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sebastian P Fuchs
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ronald C Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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41
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Orellana-Serradell O, Díaz MC, González MF, Gutiérrez M, Herrera D, Jara D, Maureira D, Ruiz-Fuentes JL, Sanhueza S, Leyton L. Does Peer Reviewing for COVID-19-Related Papers Still Work? Front Res Metr Anal 2020; 5:571886. [PMID: 33870048 PMCID: PMC8028383 DOI: 10.3389/frma.2020.571886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Orellana-Serradell
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Magda C Díaz
- Laboratorio de Mecanotransducción en La Fisiopatología Cardiaca, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Clínicas de La Salud, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana de Cali, Cali, Colombia
| | - María Fernanda González
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Program of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Studies of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Myriam Gutiérrez
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Escuela de Postgrado, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Herrera
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Program of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Studies of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Jara
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Program of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Maureira
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Escuela de Postgrado, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jenny L Ruiz-Fuentes
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sofía Sanhueza
- Laboratory of Obesity and Metabolism in Geriatrics and Adults, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lisette Leyton
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Program of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Studies of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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42
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Sherburn R, Tolbert WD, Gottumukkala S, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Finzi A, Pazgier M. Effects of gp120 Inner Domain (ID2) Immunogen Doses on Elicitation of Anti-HIV-1 Functional Fc-Effector Response to C1/C2 (Cluster A) Epitopes in Mice. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101490. [PMID: 32998443 PMCID: PMC7650682 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fc-mediated effector functions of antibodies, including antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC), have been shown to contribute to vaccine-induced protection from HIV-1 infection, especially those directed against non-neutralizing, CD4 inducible (CD4i) epitopes within the gp120 constant 1 and 2 regions (C1/C2 or Cluster A epitopes). However, recent passive immunization studies have not been able to definitively confirm roles for these antibodies in HIV-1 prevention mostly due to the complications of cross-species Fc–FcR interactions and suboptimal dosing strategies. Here, we use our stabilized gp120 Inner domain (ID2) immunogen that displays the Cluster A epitopes within a minimal structural unit of HIV-1 Env to investigate an immunization protocol that induces a fine-tuned antibody repertoire capable of an effective Fc-effector response. This includes the generation of isotypes and the enhanced antibody specificity known to be vital for maximal Fc-effector activities, while minimizing the induction of isotypes know to be detrimental for these functions. Although our studies were done in in BALB/c mice we conclude that when optimally titrated for the species of interest, ID2 with GLA-SE adjuvant will elicit high titers of antibodies targeting the Cluster A region with potent Fc-mediated effector functions, making it a valuable immunogen candidate for testing an exclusive role of non-neutralizing antibody response in HIV-1 protection in vaccine settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Sherburn
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA; (R.S.); (W.D.T.); (S.G.)
| | - William D. Tolbert
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA; (R.S.); (W.D.T.); (S.G.)
| | - Suneetha Gottumukkala
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA; (R.S.); (W.D.T.); (S.G.)
| | | | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (G.B.-B.); (A.F.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA; (R.S.); (W.D.T.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +301-295-3291; Fax: +301-295-355
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Asokan M, Dias J, Liu C, Maximova A, Ernste K, Pegu A, McKee K, Shi W, Chen X, Almasri C, Promsote W, Ambrozak DR, Gama L, Hu J, Douek DC, Todd JP, Lifson JD, Fourati S, Sekaly RP, Crowley AR, Ackerman ME, Ko SH, Kilam D, Boritz EA, Liao LE, Best K, Perelson AS, Mascola JR, Koup RA. Fc-mediated effector function contributes to the in vivo antiviral effect of an HIV neutralizing antibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18754-18763. [PMID: 32690707 PMCID: PMC7414046 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008236117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of HIV infection with either antiretroviral (ARV) therapy or neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (NAbs) leads to a reduction in HIV plasma virus. Both ARVs and NAbs prevent new rounds of viral infection, but NAbs may have the additional capacity to accelerate the loss of virus-infected cells through Fc gamma receptor (FcγR)-mediated effector functions, which should affect the kinetics of plasma-virus decline. Here, we formally test the role of effector function in vivo by comparing the rate and timing of plasma-virus clearance in response to a single-dose treatment with either unmodified NAb or those with either reduced or augmented Fc function. When infused into viremic simian HIV (SHIV)-infected rhesus macaques, there was a 21% difference in slope of plasma-virus decline between NAb and NAb with reduced Fc function. NAb engineered to increase FcγRIII binding and improve antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in vitro resulted in arming of effector cells in vivo, yet led to viral-decay kinetics similar to NAbs with reduced Fc function. These studies show that the predominant mechanism of antiviral activity of HIV NAbs is through inhibition of viral entry, but that Fc function can contribute to the overall antiviral activity, making them distinct from standard ARVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangaiarkarasi Asokan
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892;
| | - Joana Dias
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Cuiping Liu
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Anna Maximova
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Keenan Ernste
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Amarendra Pegu
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Krisha McKee
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Wei Shi
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Cassandra Almasri
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Wanwisa Promsote
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David R Ambrozak
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Lucio Gama
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jianfei Hu
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John-Paul Todd
- Translational Research Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Slim Fourati
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Rafick P Sekaly
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Andrew R Crowley
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | | | - Sung Hee Ko
- Virus Persistence and Dynamics Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Divya Kilam
- Virus Persistence and Dynamics Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Eli A Boritz
- Virus Persistence and Dynamics Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Laura E Liao
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
| | - Katharine Best
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
| | - Alan S Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
| | - John R Mascola
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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