Specific electromagnetic radiation in the wireless signal range increases wakefulness in mice

Cellulose Nanofiber-Based Nanocomposite Films with Efficient Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Fire-Resistant Performance

Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) has been widely used as a flexible and lightweight polymer matrix for electromagnetic shielding and thermally conductive composite films because of its excellent mechanical strength, environmental performance, and low cost. However, the lack of flame retardancy seriously hinders its further application. Herein, renewable and biomass-sourced l-arginine (AR) was used to surface-modify ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and an environmentally friendly biobased flame retardant was synthesized by the coordination of zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4·7H2O), which was named AAZ. AAZ was deposited on the surface of CNF by electrostatic adsorption and Zn2+ complexation. The biobased compatibilizer Triton X-100 was employed to assist the exfoliation of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and their dispersion in the CNF matrix. Due to the formation of a dense lamellar layer resembling a shell structure, the CNF/GNPs composite films with a tensile strength of 52 MPa were obtained via vacuum-assisted filtration. Because the phosphorus-containing group produces a protective layer of PxOy compound and promotes the formation of a carbon layer by CNF and the combustion releases ammonia gas, the fire-resistant performance of the composite films was greatly improved. Compared with the pure CNF film, the composite film exhibits 33% reduction in PHRR value and 40% reduction in THR. In addition, the CNF/GNPs composite film with 20 wt % GNPs possessed high conductivity (2079.2 S/m) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (37 dB). The ultrathin CNF/GNPs composite films have excellent potential for use as efficient flame retardant and EMI shielding materials.

Designing Symmetric Gradient Honeycomb Structures with Carbon-Coated Iron-Based Composites for High-Efficiency Microwave Absorption

The impedance matching of absorbers is a vital factor affecting their microwave absorption (MA) properties. In this work, we controllably synthesized Material of Institute Lavoisier 88C (MIL-88C) with varying aspect ratios (AR) as a precursor by regulating oil bath conditions, followed by one-step thermal decomposition to obtain carbon-coated iron-based composites. Modifying the precursor MIL-88C (Fe) preparation conditions, such as the molar ratio between metal ions and organic ligands (M/O), oil bath temperature, and oil bath time, influenced the phases, graphitization degree, and AR of the derivatives, enabling low filler loading, achieving well-matched impedance, and ensuring outstanding MA properties. The MOF-derivatives 2 (MD2)/polyvinylidene Difluoride (PVDF), MD3/PVDF, and MD4/PVDF absorbers all exhibited excellent MA properties with optimal filler loadings below 20 wt% and as low as 5 wt%. The MD2/PVDF (5 wt%) achieved a maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 5.52 GHz (1.90 mm). The MD3/PVDF (10 wt%) possessed a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) value of - 67.4 at 12.56 GHz (2.13 mm). A symmetric gradient honeycomb structure (SGHS) was constructed utilizing the high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) to further extend the EAB, achieving an EAB of 14.6 GHz and a RLmin of - 59.0 dB. This research offers a viable inspiration to creating structures or materials with high-efficiency MA properties.

Interface-induced dual-pinning mechanism enhances low-frequency electromagnetic wave loss

Improving the absorption of electromagnetic waves at low-frequency bands (2-8 GHz) is crucial for the increasing electromagnetic (EM) pollution brought about by the innovation of the fifth generation (5G) communication technology. However, the poor impedance matching and intrinsic attenuation of material in low-frequency bands hinders the development of low-frequency electromagnetic wave absorbing (EMWA) materials. Here we propose an interface-induced dual-pinning mechanism and establish a magnetoelectric bias interface by constructing bilayer core-shell structures of NiFe2O4 (NFO)@BiFeO3 (BFO)@polypyrrole (PPy). Such heterogeneous interface could induce distinct magnetic pinning of the magnetic moment in the ferromagnetic NFO and dielectric pinning of the dipole rotation in PPy. The establishment of the dual-pinning effect resulted in optimized impedance and enhanced attenuation at low-frequency bands, leading to better EMWA performance. The minimum reflection loss (RLmin) at thickness of 4.43 mm reaches -65.30 dB (the optimal absorption efficiency of 99.99997%), and the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) can almost cover C-band (4.72 ~ 7.04 GHz) with low filling of 15.0 wt.%. This work proposes a mechanism to optimize low-frequency impedance matching with electromagnetic wave (EMW) loss and pave an avenue for the research of high-performance low-frequency absorbers.

Impact of specific electromagnetic radiation on wakefulness in mice

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in the environment, particularly in the microwave range, may constitute a public health concern. Exposure to 2.4 GHz EMR modulated by 100 Hz square pulses was recently reported to markedly increase wakefulness in mice. Here, we demonstrate that a similar wakefulness increase can be induced by the modulation frequency of 1,000 Hz, but not 10 Hz. In contrast to the carrier frequency of 2.4 GHz, 935 MHz EMR of the same power density has little impact on wakefulness irrespective of modulation frequency. Notably, the replacement of the 100 Hz square-pulsed modulation by sinusoidal-pulsed modulation of 2.4 GHz EMR still allows a marked increase of wakefulness. In contrast, continuous sinusoidal amplitude modulation of 100 Hz with the same time-averaged power output fails to trigger any detectable change of wakefulness. Therefore, alteration of sleep behavior by EMR depends upon not just carrier frequency but also frequency and mode of the modulation. These results implicate biological sensing mechanisms for specific EMR in animals.

Interactions between electromagnetic radiation and biological systems

Even though the bioeffects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) have been extensively investigated during the past several decades, our understandings of the bioeffects of EMR and the mechanisms of the interactions between the biological systems and the EMRs are still far from satisfactory. In this article, we introduce and summarize the consensus, controversy, limitations, and unsolved issues. The published works have investigated the EMR effects on different biological systems including humans, animals, cells, and biochemical reactions. Alternative methodologies also include dielectric spectroscopy, detection of bioelectromagnetic emissions, and theoretical predictions. In many studies, the thermal effects of the EMR are not properly controlled or considered. The frequency of the EMR investigated is limited to the commonly used bands, particularly the frequencies of the power line and the wireless communications; far fewer studies were performed for other EMR frequencies. In addition, the bioeffects of the complex EM environment were rarely discussed. In summary, our understanding of the bioeffects of the EMR is quite restrictive and further investigations are needed to answer the unsolved questions.

MiniMounter: A low-cost miniaturized microscopy development toolkit for image quality control and enhancement

Head-mounted miniaturized fluorescence microscopy (Miniscope) has emerged as a significant tool in neuroscience, particularly for behavioral studies in awake rodents. However, the challenges of image quality control and standardization persist for both Miniscope users and developers. In this study, we propose a cost-effective and comprehensive toolkit named MiniMounter. This toolkit comprises a hardware platform that offers customized grippers and four-degree-of-freedom adjustment for Miniscope, along with software that integrates displacement control, image quality evaluation, and enhancement of 3D visualization. Our toolkit makes it feasible to accurately characterize Miniscope. Furthermore, MiniMounter enables auto-focusing and 3D imaging for Miniscope prototypes that possess solely a 2D imaging function, as demonstrated in phantom and animal experiments. Overall, the implementation of MiniMounter effectively enhances image quality, reduces the time required for experimental operations and image evaluation, and consequently accelerates the development and research cycle for both users and developers within the Miniscope community.

Unveiling the sp2 ─sp3 C─C Polar Bond Induced Electromagnetic Responding Behaviors by a 2D N-doped Carbon Nanosheet Absorber

The infertile electromagnetic (EM) attenuating behavior of carbon material makes the improvement of its performance remain a significant challenge. Herein, a facile and low-cost strategy radically distinct from the prevalent approaches by constructing polar covalent bonds between sp2 -hybridized and sp3 -hybridized carbon atoms to introduce strong dipolar polarization is proposed. Through customizing and selectively engineering the N moieties conjugated with carbon rings, the microstructure of the as-synthesized 2D nanosheet is gradually converted with the partial transition from sp3 carbons to sp2 carbons, where the electric dipoles between them are also tuned. Supported by the DFT calculations, a progressively enhanced sp2 ─sp3 C─C dipolar polarization is caused by this controllable structure evolution, which is demonstrated to contribute dominantly to the total dielectric loss. By virtue of this unduplicated loss behavior, a remarkable effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) beyond -10 dB of 8.28 GHz (2.33 mm) and an ultrawide EAB beyond -5 dB of 13.72 GHz (4.93 mm) are delivered, which upgrade the EM performance of carbon material to a higher level. This study not only demonstrates the huge perspective of sp2 ─sp3 -hybridized carbon in EM elimination but also gives pioneering insights into the carbon-carbon polarization mechanism for guiding the development of advanced EM absorption materials.

A microfabricated lab-on-chip with three-dimensional electrodes for microscopic observation of bioelectromagnetic effects of cells

Electromagnetic (EM) signals are widely used in electronic instruments and biomedical systems and might have affected the human bodies surrounded by them. However, the interaction mechanism of EM signals with biological structures is poorly understood. We propose a micro-fabricated low-frequency EM stimulation lab-on-chip with three-dimensional interdigital electrodes for observation of cell lines with microscope. The field strength between the electrodes at various frequencies is estimated through simulation. An electric field strength of 4.45Vrms/m is reached in the culture medium with a 10Vpp, 10 kHz input signal. According to the simulation results, the high end of the applicable frequency range of the testbench is 3 MHz. A prototype is fabricated using full-wafer microfabrication techniques. The impedance of the prototype between 20 Hz and 30 MHz is characterized. Moreover, human cell line HEK293T is cultured in the testbench for 24 h and observed using microscope to check the biocompatibility of the electrodes. The prototype is thus applicable to long-term microscopic observation of cell lines for study of EM effect on biological structures. The 24-h cell culturing experiment with and without EM stimulation with the proposed prototype shows that the cell growth is obviously affected by a 10 kHz EM signal.

Ni-Carbon Microtube/Polytetrafluoroethylene as Flexible Electrothermal Microwave Absorbers

Flexible microwave absorbers with Joule heating performance are urgently desired to meet the demands of extreme service environments. Herein, a type of flexible composite film is constructed by homogeneously dispersing a hierarchical Ni-carbon microtube (Ni/CMT) into a processable polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) matrix. The Ni/CMT are interconnected into a 3D conductive network, in which the huge interior cavity of the carbon microtube (CMT) improves impedance matching and provides additional hyper channels for electromagnetic (EM) waves dissipation, and the hierarchical magnetic Ni nanoparticles enhance the synergistic interactions between confined heterogeneous interfaces. Such an ingenious structure endows the composites with excellent electrothermal performance and improves their serviceability for application under extreme environments. Moreover, under a low fill loading of 3 wt.%, the Ni/CMT/PTFE (NCP) can achieve excellent low-frequency microwave absorption (MA) property with a minimum reflection loss of -59.12 dB at 5.92 GHz, which covers almost the entire C-band. Relying on their brilliant MA property, an EM sensor is designed and achieved by the resonance coupling of the patterned NCP. This work opens up a new way for the design of next-generation microwave absorbers that meet the requirements of EM packaging, proofing water and removing ice, fire safety, and health monitoring.

State-of-the-art in carbides/carbon composites for electromagnetic wave absorption

Electromagnetic wave absorbing materials (EWAMs) have made great progress in the past decades, and are playing an increasingly important role in radiation prevention and antiradar detection due to their essential attenuation toward incident EM wave. With the flourish of nanotechnology, the design of high-performance EWAMs is not just dependent on the intrinsic characteristics of single-component medium, but pays more attention to the synergistic effects from different components to generate rich loss mechanisms. Among various candidates, carbides and carbon materials are usually labeled with the features of chemical stability, low density, tunable dielectric property, and diversified morphology/microstructure, and thus the combination of carbides and carbon materials will be a promising way to acquire new EWAMs with good practical application prospects. In this review, we introduce EM loss mechanisms related to dielectric composites, and then highlight the state-of-the-art progress in carbides/carbon composites as high-performance EWAMs, including silicon carbide/carbon, MXene/carbon, molybdenum carbide/carbon, as well as some uncommon carbides/carbon composites and multicomponent composites. The critical information regarding composition optimization, structural engineering, performance reinforcement, and structure-function relationship are discussed in detail. In addition, some challenges and perspectives for the development of carbides/carbon composites are also proposed after comparing the performance of some representative composites.

Expression and Activity of the Transcription Factor CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein β (C/EBPβ) Is Regulated by Specific Pulse-Modulated Radio Frequencies in Oligodendroglial Cells

The rapid growth of wireless electronic devices has raised concerns about the harmful effects of leaked electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on human health. Even though numerous studies have been carried out to explore the biological effects of EMR, no clear conclusions have been drawn about the effect of radio frequency (RF) EMR on oligodendrocytes. To this end, we exposed oligodendroglia and three other types of brain cells to 2.4 GHz EMR for 6 or 48 h at an average input power of 1 W in either a continuous wave (CW-RF) or a pulse-modulated wave (PW-RF, 50 Hz pulse frequency, 1/3 duty cycle) pattern. RNA sequencing, RT-qPCR, and Western blot were used to examine the expression of C/EBPβ and its related genes. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to examine the levels of expression of C/EBPβ-interacting proteins. Our results showed that PW-RF EMR significantly increased the mRNA level of C/EBPβ in oligodendroglia but not in other types of cells. In addition, the expression of three isoforms and several interacting proteins and targeted genes of C/EBPβ were markedly changed after 6-h PW-RF but not CW-RF. Our results indicated that RF EMR regulated the expression and functions of C/EBPβ in a waveform- and cell-type-dependent manner.

Analysis of electromagnetic response of cells and lipid membranes using a model-free method

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is omnipresent on earth and may interact with the biological systems in diverse manners. But the scope and nature of such interactions remain poorly understood. In this study, we have measured the permittivity of cells and lipid membranes over the EMR frequency range of 20 Hz to 4.35 × 10¹⁰ Hz. To identify EMR frequencies that display physically intuitive permittivity features, we have developed a model-free method that relies on a potassium chloride reference solution of direct-current (DC) conductivity equal to that of the target sample. The dielectric constant, which reflects the capacity to store energy, displays a characteristic peak at 10⁵-10⁶ Hz. The dielectric loss factor, which represents EMR absorption, is markedly enhanced at 10⁷-10⁹ Hz. The fine characteristic features are influenced by the size and composition of these membraned structures. Mechanical disruption results in abrogation of these characteristic features. Enhanced energy storage at 10⁵-10⁶ Hz and energy absorption at 10⁷-10⁹ Hz may affect certain membrane activity relevant to cellular function.

Staggered circular nanoporous graphene converts electromagnetic waves into electricity

Harvesting largely ignored and wasted electromagnetic (EM) energy released by electronic devices and converting it into direct current (DC) electricity is an attractive strategy not only to reduce EM pollution but also address the ever-increasing energy crisis. Here we report the synthesis of nanoparticle-templated graphene with monodisperse and staggered circular nanopores enabling an EM-heat-DC conversion pathway. We experimentally and theoretically demonstrate that this staggered nanoporous structure alters graphene's electronic and phononic properties by synergistically manipulating its intralayer nanostructures and interlayer interactions. The staggered circular nanoporous graphene exhibits an anomalous combination of properties, which lead to an efficient absorption and conversion of EM waves into heat and in turn an output of DC electricity through the thermoelectric effect. Overall, our results advance the fundamental understanding of the structure-property relationships of ordered nanoporous graphene, providing an effective strategy to reduce EM pollution and generate electric energy.

Effects of Nonthermal Radiofrequency Stimulation on Neuronal Activity and Neural Circuit in Mice

Whether the nonthermal effects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exist and how nonthermal RFR acts on the nervous system are unknown. An animal model of spatial memory impairment is established by exposing mice to 2856-MHz RFR in the range of thermal noise (≤1 °C). Glutamate release in the dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) CA1 region is not significantly changed after radiofrequency exposure, whereas dopamine release is reduced. Importantly, RFR enhances glutamatergic CA1 pyramidal neuron calcium activity by nonthermal mechanisms, which recover to the basal level with RFR termination. Furthermore, suppressed dHPC dopamine release induced by radiofrequency exposure is due to decreased density of dopaminergic projections from the locus coeruleus to dHPC, and artificial activation of dopamine axon terminals or D1 receptors in dHPC CA1 improve memory damage in mice exposed to RFR. These findings indicate that nonthermal radiofrequency stimulation modulates ongoing neuronal activity and affects nervous system function at the neural circuit level.

Changes in cognitive function, synaptic structure and protein expression after long-term exposure to 2.856 and 9.375 GHz microwaves

Health hazards from long-term exposure to microwaves, especially the potential for changes in cognitive function, are attracting increasing attention. The purpose of this study was to explore changes in spatial learning and memory and synaptic structure and to identify differentially expressed proteins in hippocampal and serum exosomes after long-term exposure to 2.856 and 9.375 GHz microwaves. The spatial reference learning and memory abilities and the structure of the DG area were impaired after long-term exposure to 2.856 and 9.375 GHz microwaves. We also found a decrease in SNARE-associated protein Snapin and an increase in charged multivesicular body protein 3 in the hippocampus, indicating that synaptic vesicle recycling was inhibited and consistent with the large increase in presynaptic vesicles. Moreover, we investigated changes in serum exosomes after 2.856 and 9.375 GHz microwave exposure. The results showed that long-term 2.856 GHz microwave exposure could induce a decrease in calcineurin subunit B type 1 and cytochrome b-245 heavy chain in serum exosomes. While the 9.375 GHz long-term microwave exposure induced a decrease in proteins (synaptophysin-like 1, ankyrin repeat and rabankyrin-5, protein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit alpha and sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 1) in serum exosomes. In summary, long-term microwave exposure could lead to different degrees of spatial learning and memory impairment, EEG disturbance, structural damage to the hippocampus, and differential expression of hippocampal tissue and serum exosomes.

A Through-Thickness Arrayed Carbon Fibers Elastomer with Horizontal Segregated Magnetic Network for Highly Efficient Thermal Management and Electromagnetic Wave Absorption

Multifunctional thermal management materials with highly efficient electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption performance are urgently required to tackle the heat dissipation and electromagnetic interference issues of high integrated electronics. However, the high thermal conductivity (λ) and outstanding EMW absorption performance are often incompatible with each other in a single material. Herein, a through-thickness arrayed NiCo₂ O₄ /graphene oxide/carbon fibers (NiCO@CFs) elastomer with integrated functionalities of high thermal conductivity, highly efficient EMW absorption, and excellent compressibility is reported. The NiCO@CFs elastomer realizes a high out-of-plane thermal conductivity of 15.55 W m^-1  K^-1 , due to the through-thickness vertically aligned CFs framework. Moreover, the unique horizontal segregated magnetic network effectively reduces the electrical contact between the CFs, which significantly enhances impedance matching of NiCO@CFs elastomer. As a result, the vertically arrayed NiCO@CFs elastomer synchronously exhibits ultrabroad effective absorption bandwidth of 8.25 GHz (9.75-18 GHz) at a thickness of 2.4 mm, good impedance matching, and a minimum reflection loss (RL_min ) of -55.15 dB. Given these outstanding findings, the multifunctional arrayed NiCO@CFs elastomer opens an avenue for applications in EMW absorption and thermal management. This strategy of constructing thermal/electrical/mechanical pathways provides a promising way for the high-performance multifunctional materials in electronic devices.

Molecular Dynamics Research of Spatial Orientation and Kinetic Energy of Active Site Collision of Carnosine under Weak Microwave Irradiation

The molecular mechanism of the microwave nonthermal effect is still not clear. This work investigated the spatial orientation and kinetic energy of active site collision of carnosine, a natural bioactive dipeptide, under the weak microwave irradiation using the molecular dynamics simulation. Our results showed the influences of the temperature, microwave intensity, microwave frequency, and microwave polarization mode (linear polarization and circular polarization) on the spatial orientation and kinetic energy of active site collision of carnosine. First, under the constant intensity and frequency of linear polarization microwave irradiation, the increment of the collision probability between the 6N atom of carnosine and the 28H atom of the other carnosine at effective space angle decreases from 85.0% to 3.5% with increasing temperature. Second, with the increase of microwave intensity, the change of spatial orientation and kinetic energy becomes more and more significant. However, the change of circular polarization microwaves on the spatial orientation and kinetic energy of collision is weaker than that of linear polarization. Third, under the constant intensity of linear polarization microwave irradiation, the collision probability between the 6N atom and the 28H atom at effective space angle decreases from 70.2% to 14.7% with increasing frequency. Finally, under the microwave polarization, the spatial orientation and kinetic energy of molecular collision are changed, which is summarized as the microwave postpolarization effect (MWPPE). The dependence of MWPPE on temperature, microwave intensity, microwave frequency, and polarization mode is very complicated. In the end, this effect can provide a new insight into the molecular mechanism of the microwave nonthermal effect.

Association between sleep quality and urolithiasis among general population in Western China: a cross-sectional study

Background

Growing number of studies have evidently shown that sleep disorders are associated with the recently increased risk of various diseases in general human population. However, the relationship between sleep quality and urolithiasis condition in humans is still unclear. The present study explored the relationship between quality of sleep and urolithiasis in Chinese population of population, western China and hence investigated the effects of sleep quality on urolithiasis disease.

Methods

A cross-sectional analysis was performed using data from the West China Natural Population Cohort Study (WCNPCS). The data was collected between May 2019 and June 2021. This study evaluated the association between the sleep quality and urolithiasis. The sleep quality was assessed using the Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) whereas urolithiasis, as the outcome was a binary variable. Multivariable logistic regression models that adjust the sociodemographic characteristics and health-related factors were used to assess the association between sleep quality and urolithiasis. Interaction was tested in prespecified subgroup of interest.

Results

After adjusting a series of confounding variables, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores were found to have a significant positive correlation with the prevalence of urolithiasis (OR: 1.178; 95% CI = 1.083–1.282; p < 0.001). The risk of urolithiasis was significantly increased with an elevation of the component Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score in sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, and daytime dysfunction.

Conclusions

It was evident that there is an association between sleep quality and prevalence of renal stones in natural population in western China regions. Poor sleep quality is related to urolithiasis. The findings of the current study hence highlighted the need for future public health guidelines to develop detailed strategies for improving sleep quality.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-14187-5.

The molecular mechanism of natural short sleep: A path towards understanding why we need to sleep

Sleep constitutes a third of human life and it is increasingly recognized as important for health. Over the past several decades, numerous genes have been identified to be involved in sleep regulation in animal models, but most of these genes when disturbed impair not only sleep but also health and physiological functions. Human natural short sleepers are individuals with lifelong short sleep and no obvious adverse outcomes associated with the lack of sleep. These traits appear to be heritable, and thus characterization of the genetic basis of natural short sleep provides an opportunity to study not only the genetic mechanism of human sleep but also the relationship between sleep and physiological function. This review focuses on the current understanding of mutations associated with the natural short sleep trait and the mechanisms by which they contribute to this trait.

Dynamic Measurements of Cerebral Blood Flow Responses to Cortical Spreading Depolarization in the Murine Endovascular Perforation Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Model

Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is the most severe complication after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) is believed to play a vital role in it. However, the dynamic changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) in response to CSD in typical SAH models have not been well investigated. Here, SAH was established in mice with endovascular perforation. Subsequently, the spontaneous CBF dropped instantly and then returned to baseline rapidly. After KCl application to the cortex, subsequent hypoperfusion waves occurred across the groups, while a lower average perfusion level was found in the SAH groups (days 1-7). Moreover, in the SAH groups, the number of CSD decreased within day 7, and the duration and spreading velocity of the CSD increased within day 3 and day 14, respectively. Next, we continuously monitored the local field potential (LFP) in the prefrontal cortex. The results showed that the decrease in the percentage of gamma oscillations lasted throughout the whole process in the SAH group. In the chronic phase after SAH, we found that the mice still had cognitive deficits but experienced no obvious tissue damage. In summary, SAH negatively affects the CBF responses to CSD and the spontaneous LFP activity and causes long-term cognitive deficits in mice. Based on these findings, in the specific phase after SAH, DCI is induced or exacerbated more easily by potential causers of CSD in clinical practice (edema, erythrocytolysis, inflammation), which may lead to neurological deterioration.

The roles of intensity, exposure duration, and modulation on the biological effects of radiofrequency radiation and exposure guidelines

In this paper, we review the literature on three important exposure metrics that are inadequately represented in most major radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exposure guidelines today: intensity, exposure duration, and signal modulation. Exposure intensity produces unpredictable effects as demonstrated by nonlinear effects. This is most likely caused by the biological system's ability to adjust and compensate but could lead to eventual biomic breakdown after prolonged exposure. A review of 112 low-intensity studies reveals that biological effects of RFR could occur at a median specific absorption rate of 0.0165 W/kg. Intensity and exposure duration interact since the dose of energy absorbed is the product of intensity and time. The result is that RFR behaves like a biological "stressor" capable of affecting numerous living systems. In addition to intensity and duration, man-made RFR is generally modulated to allow information to be encrypted. The effects of modulation on biological functions are not well understood. Four types of modulation outcomes are discussed. In addition, it is invalid to make direct comparisons between thermal energy and radiofrequency electromagnetic energy. Research data indicate that electromagnetic energy is more biologically potent in causing effects than thermal changes. The two likely functionthrough different mechanisms. As such, any current RFR exposure guidelines based on acute continuous-wave exposure are inadequate for health protection.

Transcriptomic and Long-Term Behavioral Deficits Associated with Developmental 3.5 GHz Radiofrequency Radiation Exposures in Zebrafish

The rapid deployment of the fifth-generation (5G) spectrum by the telecommunication industry is intended to promote better connectivity and data integration among various industries. However, concerns among the public about the safety and health effects of radiofrequency radiations (RFRs) emitted from the newer-generation cell phone frequencies remain, partly due to the lack of robust scientific data. Previously, we used developmental zebrafish to model the bioactivity of 3.5 GHz RFR, a frequency used by 5G-enabled cell phones, in a novel RFR exposure chamber. With RFR exposures from 6 h post-fertilization (hpf) to 48 hpf, we observed that, despite no teratogenic effects, embryos showed subtle hypoactivity in a startle response behavior assay, suggesting abnormal sensorimotor behavior. This study builds upon the previous one by investigating the transcriptomic basis of RFR-associated behavior effects and their persistence into adulthood. Using mRNA sequencing, we found a modest transcriptomic disruption at 48 hpf, with 28 differentially expressed genes. KEGG pathway analysis showed that biochemical pathways related to metabolism were significantly perturbed. Embryos were grown to adulthood, and then a battery of behavioral assays suggested subtle but significant abnormal responses in RFR-exposed fish across the different assays evaluated that suggest potential long-term behavioral effects. Overall, our study suggests the impacts of RFRs on the developing brain, behavior, and the metabolome should be further explored.

Recent Advances in Design Strategies and Multifunctionality of Flexible Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Materials

With rapid development of 5G communication technologies, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding for electronic devices has become an urgent demand in recent years, where the development of corresponding EMI shielding materials against detrimental electromagnetic radiation plays an essential role. Meanwhile, the EMI shielding materials with high flexibility and functional integrity are highly demanded for emerging shielding applications. Hitherto, a variety of flexible EMI shielding materials with lightweight and multifunctionalities have been developed. In this review, we not only introduce the recent development of flexible EMI shielding materials, but also elaborate the EMI shielding mechanisms and the index for "green EMI shielding" performance. In addition, the construction strategies for sophisticated multifunctionalities of flexible shielding materials are summarized. Finally, we propose several possible research directions for flexible EMI shielding materials in near future, which could be inspirational to the fast-growing next-generation flexible electronic devices with reliable and multipurpose protections as offered by EMI shielding materials.

Functional Polyaniline/MXene/Cotton Fabrics with Acid/Alkali-Responsive and Tunable Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Performances

Although two-dimensional transition-metal carbides (MXenes) and intrinsic conductive polymers have been combined to produce functional electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding composites, acid/alkali-responsive EMI shielding textiles have not been reported. Herein, electrically conductive polyaniline (PANI)/MXene/cotton fabrics (PMCFs) are fabricated by an efficient vacuum filtration-assisted spray-coating method for acid/alkali-responsive and tunable EMI shielding applications on the basis of the high electrical conductivity of MXene sheets and the acid/alkali doping/de-doping feature of PANI nanowires. The as-prepared PMCF exhibits a sensitive ammonia response of 19.6% at an ammonia concentration of 200 ppm. The high EMI shielding efficiency of ∼54 dB is achieved by optimizing the decorated structure of the PANI/MXene coating on the cotton fabrics. More importantly, the PMCF can act adaptively as a "switch" for EMI shielding between the efficient strong shielding of 24 dB and the inefficient weak shielding of 15 dB driven by the stimulation of hydrogen chloride and ammonia vapors. This multifunctional fabric would possess promising applications for intelligent garments, flexible electronic sensors, and smart electromagnetic wave response in special environments.

Modulation of Sleep Architecture by Whole-Body Static Magnetic Exposure: A Study Based on EEG-Based Automatic Sleep Staging

A steady increase in sleep problems has been observed along with the development of society. Overnight exposure to a static magnetic field has been found to improve sleep quality; however, such studies were mainly based on subjective evaluation. Thus, the presented data cannot be used to infer sleep architecture in detail. In this study, the subjects slept on a magneto-static mattress for four nights, and self-reported scales and electroencephalogram (EEG) were used to determine the effect of static magnetic field exposure (SMFE) on sleep. Machine learning operators, i.e., decision tree and supporting vector machine, were trained and optimized with the open access sleep EEG dataset to automatically discriminate the individual sleep stages, determined experimentally. SMEF was found to decrease light sleep duration (N2%) by 3.51%, and sleep onset latency (SOL) by 15.83%, while it increased deep sleep duration (N3%) by 8.43%, compared with the sham SMFE group. Further, the overall sleep efficiency (SE) was also enhanced by SMFE. It is the first study, to the best of our knowledge, where the change in sleep architecture was explored by SMFE. Our findings will be useful in developing a non-invasive sleep-facilitating instrument.

Relationship of Problematic Smartphone Use, Sleep Quality, and Daytime Fatigue Among Quarantined Medical Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic brought about great transformation to medical education mode. Although mobile communication devices played a crucial role in online learning among quarantined university students, the potential smartphone addition problems, negative health behaviors, and psychological symptoms need considerable attention. This study examined the relationship of problematic smartphone use (PSU), sleep quality, and daytime fatigue among medical students. Methods: A web-based survey was conducted in six polyclinic hospitals in Beijing between February and May 2020. 1016 participants (26.01 ± 2.46 years, 65.16% female) completed self-report measurements including Short Version Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS-SV), Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), and Subjective Fatigue Scale (FS). Spearman correlation coefficients and multiple regression models were used to analyze the association among PSU, sleep quality, and daytime fatigue. We used structural equation modeling to test the mediating effect of sleep quality between PSU and daytime fatigue. Results: 49.70% of the participants had PSU. Significant positive correlations were found among SAS-SV, AIS, and FS scores (r = 0.35-0.61, P _S < 0.001). Subjects with PSU were more likely to report sleep disturbance (β = 1.07, P < 0.001, OR = 2.91, 95%CI = 2.17-3.91), physical fatigue (β = 1.16, P < 0.001, OR = 3.18, 95%CI = 2.45-4.15), and mental fatigue (β = 0.88, P < 0.001, OR = 2.42, 95%CI = 1.86-3.14). The indirect effect of PSU on physical fatigue and mental fatigue mediated by sleep quality accounted for 50.03 and 45.43% of the total effect, respectively. Conclusions: PSU was significantly associated with sleep disturbance and fatigue among medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep quality mediated the relationship between PSU and daytime fatigue. Our results provide valuable information for maintaining medical students' health status and constructing online education structures.