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Almanza V, Ruiz-Suárez LG, Torres-Jardón R, García-Reynoso A, Hernández-Paniagua IY. Influence of biomass burning on ozone levels in the Megalopolis of Central Mexico during the COVID-19 lockdown. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 143:99-115. [PMID: 38644027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The massive reductions in anthropogenic emissions resulting from the COVID-19 lockdown provided a unique opportunity to evaluate the effect of mitigation measures aiming to abate air pollution. In Mexico, the total lockdown period took place during the dry-hot season when biomass burning activity is enhanced. Here, we investigate the role of biomass burning emissions on regional ozone levels in the Megalopolis of Central Mexico. The studied period covers the lockdown phases 2 and 3, and the first month of the New Normal. We applied a factor separation technique and process analysis to estimate the pure and synergistic contributions of emission reductions under lockdown and that from biomass burning to daily ozone maximum concentrations in 7 metropolitan areas of different states in the Megalopolis. The results revealed that biomass burning plumes likely masked the effect of massive reductions from mobile emissions, impacted the PBL development during phase 3 and favored transition and mixed NOx-limited and VOC-limited regional regimes. This contributed to increased ozone production in the middle to lower PBL by changing the regional background levels which potentially could bias high ozone production efficiency estimations. Given the Megalopolis contribution to economic and societal development at national scale, our study suggests that ozone mitigation measures during the dry-hot season targeting mainly mobile emissions will likely be offset by biomass burning plumes. A regional and synergic policy aiming to control biomass burning would help to reduce the occurrence of high ozone levels in Central Mexico with the co-benefit of tackling short-lived climate pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Almanza
- Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Change, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Gerardo Ruiz-Suárez
- Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Change, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Change, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Agustín García-Reynoso
- Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Change, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iván Y Hernández-Paniagua
- Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Change, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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2
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Zhang J, Gong X, Crosbie E, Diskin G, Froyd K, Hall S, Kupc A, Moore R, Peischl J, Rollins A, Schwarz J, Shook M, Thompson C, Ullmann K, Williamson C, Wisthaler A, Xu L, Ziemba L, Brock CA, Wang J. Stratospheric air intrusions promote global-scale new particle formation. Science 2024; 385:210-216. [PMID: 38991080 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
New particle formation in the free troposphere is a major source of cloud condensation nuclei globally. The prevailing view is that in the free troposphere, new particles are formed predominantly in convective cloud outflows. We present another mechanism using global observations. We find that during stratospheric air intrusion events, the mixing of descending ozone-rich stratospheric air with more moist free tropospheric background results in elevated hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations. Such mixing is most prevalent near the tropopause where the sulfur dioxide (SO2) mixing ratios are high. The combination of elevated SO2 and OH levels leads to enhanced sulfuric acid concentrations, promoting particle formation. Such new particle formation occurs frequently and over large geographic regions, representing an important particle source in the midlatitude free troposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoshi Zhang
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xianda Gong
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Karl Froyd
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Samuel Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Agnieszka Kupc
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
- Faculty of Physics, Aerosol Physics and Environmental Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jeff Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Andrew Rollins
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Joshua Schwarz
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Chelsea Thompson
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christina Williamson
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
- Climate Research Programme, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lu Xu
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Luke Ziemba
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Charles A Brock
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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3
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Slavik CE, Chapman DA, Smith H, Coughlan M, Peters E. Motivating parents to protect their children from wildfire smoke: the impact of air quality index infographics. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 6:075001. [PMID: 38974835 PMCID: PMC11223187 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7620/ad5931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Background. Wildfire smoke events are increasing in frequency and intensity due to climate change. Children are especially vulnerable to health effects even at moderate smoke levels. However, it is unclear how parents respond to Air Quality Indices (AQIs) frequently used by agencies to communicate air pollution health risks. Methods. In an experiment (3 × 2 × 2 factorial design), 2,100 parents were randomly assigned to view one of twelve adapted AQI infographics that varied by visual (table, line, gauge), index type (AQI [0-500], AQHI [1-11+]), and risk level (moderate, high). Participants were told to imagine encountering the infographic in a short-term exposure scenario. They reported worry about wildfire smoke, intentions to take risk-mitigating actions (e.g., air purifier use), and support for various exposure reduction policies. Subsequently, participants were told to imagine encountering the same infographic daily during a school week in a long-term exposure scenario and again reported worry, action intentions, and policy support. Results. Parents' responses significantly differentiated between risk levels that both pose a threat to children's health; worry and action intentions were much higher in the high-risk group than the moderate-risk group in both short-exposure (F = 748.68 p<.001; F = 411.59, p<.001) and long-exposure scenarios (F = 470.51, p<.001; F = 212.01, p<.001). However, in the short-exposure scenario, when shown the AQHI [1-11+] with either the line or gauge visuals, parents' action intentions were more similar between moderate- and high-risk level groups (3-way interaction, F = 6.03, p = .002). Conclusions. These results suggest some index formats such as the AQHI-rather than the AQI-may better attune parents to moderate levels of wildfire smoke being dangerous to children's health. Our research offers insights for agencies and officials seeking to improve current public education efforts during wildfire smoke events and speaks to the critical need to educate parents and help them act short-term and long-term to protect children's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Slavik
- Center for Science Communication Research, School of Journalism and Communication, University of Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daniel A Chapman
- Center for Science Communication Research, School of Journalism and Communication, University of Oregon, United States of America
| | - Hollie Smith
- Center for Science Communication Research, School of Journalism and Communication, University of Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael Coughlan
- Ecosystem Workforce Program, Institute for Resilient Organizations, Communities, and Environments, University of Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ellen Peters
- Center for Science Communication Research, School of Journalism and Communication, University of Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, United States of America
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Li J, Huang C, Zhang C, Wang H, Song L, Wang B. Underestimated contribution of open biomass burning to terpenoid emissions revealed by a novel hourly dynamic inventory. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172764. [PMID: 38670379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry, contributing significantly to the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol. However, the accurate quantification of terpenoid emissions from biomass burning is currently lacking, leading to underestimated air quality impacts. This study developed a near real-time hourly open biomass burning (OBB) emission inventory named OBEIC, which incorporated geostationary and polar-orbiting satellite fire radiative power. The OBEIC inventory provided emission estimates of 69 terpenoids, categorized into four groups, at an hourly resolution. Monoterpenes were the dominant contributors to the total emissions, accounting for 58 % of the total terpenoid emissions from OBB. Notably, only 24 % of the total monoterpenes emitted from OBB were accounted for by α-pinene and β-pinene, indicating the importance of quantifying emissions of other monoterpene species such as limonene and camphene. Additionally, oxygenated terpenoids, which were previously overlooked, contribute to 20 % of total terpenoid emissions from OBB. Diurnally, the emissions of terpenoids were primarily concentrated during the daytime (61 %); however, this study revealed the significance of nighttime emissions (39 %) as well. When compared to the biogenic and anthropogenic emissions, OBB made substantial contributions to nighttime isoprene (99.8 %), monoterpene (66.8 %), and sesquiterpene (61.7 %) emissions where OBB occurs (in 3 km range), suggesting its significant role in nighttime secondary pollutant formation. The methodology developed in this study has the potential to reduce uncertainties in OBB emissions estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyong Li
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Caibao Huang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chunlin Zhang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Quality Science and Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Quality Science and Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lin Song
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Boguang Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Quality Science and Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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Karlický J, Rieder HE, Huszár P, Peiker J, Sukhodolov T. A cautious note advocating the use of ensembles of models and driving data in modeling of regional ozone burdens. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2024; 17:1415-1424. [PMID: 39148514 PMCID: PMC11322370 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-024-01516-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the performance of two widely used chemistry-transport models (CTMs) with different chemical mechanisms in reproducing the ambient maximum daily 8-h average ozone (MDA8 O3) burden over Central Europe. We explore a base case setup with boundary conditions (BC) for meteorology from the ERA-Interim reanalysis and chemical BC from CAM-Chem as well as effects of alterations in these BC based on global model fields. Our results show that changes in meteorological BC strongly affect the correlation with observations but only marginally affect the model biases, while changes in chemical BC increase model biases while correlation patterns remain largely unchanged. Furthermore, our study highlights that CTM choice (and choice of chemical mechanism) has a similar or even larger impact on MDA8 O3 levels as the impact of altered BC. In summary, our study calls for a multi-model strategy combining different CTM and BC combinations to explore the bandwidth of MDA8 O3 distributions and thus uncertainty in hindcasts and future projections, in analogy to climate studies considering ensemble simulations under the same anthropogenic emissions but with slightly different initial conditions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11869-024-01516-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Karlický
- Department of Atmospheric Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, Prague, 180 00 Czech Republic
| | - Harald E. Rieder
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, Vienna, 1180 Austria
| | - Peter Huszár
- Department of Atmospheric Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, Prague, 180 00 Czech Republic
| | - Jan Peiker
- Department of Atmospheric Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, Prague, 180 00 Czech Republic
| | - Timofei Sukhodolov
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, Vienna, 1180 Austria
- Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos and World Radiation Center, Dorfstrasse 33, Davos, CH-7260 Switzerland
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6
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Scarpa C, Bacciu V, Ascoli D, Costa-Saura JM, Salis M, Sirca C, Marchetti M, Spano D. Estimating annual GHG and particulate matter emissions from rural and forest fires based on an integrated modelling approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167960. [PMID: 37865246 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Rural and forest fires represent one of the most significant sources of emissions in the atmosphere of trace gases and aerosol particles, which significantly impact carbon budget, air quality, and human health. This paper aims to illustrate an integrated modelling approach combining spatial and non-spatial inputs to provide and enhance the estimation of GHG and particulate matter emissions from surface fires using Italy as a case study over the period 2007-2017. Three main improvements characterize the approach proposed in this work: (i) the collection and development of comprehensive and accurate data inputs related to burned area; (ii) the use of the most recent data on fuel type and load; and (iii) the modelling application to estimate fuel moisture, burning efficiency, and fuel consumption considering meteorological factors and combustion phases. On average, Italy's GHG and particulate matter emissions were 2621 Gg yr-1, ranging from a minimum of 772 Gg yr-1 in 2013 to a maximum of 7020 Gg yr-1 in 2007. Emissions from fire disturbances in broadleaf forests, shrublands, and agricultural fuel types account for about 76 % of the total. Results were compared with global and national inventories and showed good agreement, especially considering CO2 and particulate matter. The approach of this study added confidence in emission estimates, and the results can be utilized in decision support systems to address air quality management and fire impact mitigation policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Scarpa
- National Research Council, Institute of BioEconomy (CNR-IBE), 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Valentina Bacciu
- National Research Council, Institute of BioEconomy (CNR-IBE), 07100 Sassari, Italy; EuroMediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC) Foundation, Impact on Agriculture, Forest, and Ecosystem Services (IAFES) Division, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Davide Ascoli
- University of Torino, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy.
| | - Josè Maria Costa-Saura
- EuroMediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC) Foundation, Impact on Agriculture, Forest, and Ecosystem Services (IAFES) Division, 07100 Sassari, Italy; University of Sassari, Department of Agriculture Sciences, 07100 Sassari, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center, Palazzo Steri, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Michele Salis
- National Research Council, Institute of BioEconomy (CNR-IBE), 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Costantino Sirca
- EuroMediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC) Foundation, Impact on Agriculture, Forest, and Ecosystem Services (IAFES) Division, 07100 Sassari, Italy; University of Sassari, Department of Agriculture Sciences, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Marco Marchetti
- University of Study of Molise, Department of Biosciences and Territory, 86090 Pesche, Italy; Fondazione Alberitalia ETS, Via Isola Capaccio 77, 47018 Santa Sofia, Italy.
| | - Donatella Spano
- EuroMediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC) Foundation, Impact on Agriculture, Forest, and Ecosystem Services (IAFES) Division, 07100 Sassari, Italy; University of Sassari, Department of Agriculture Sciences, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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7
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Hu Y, Kong S, Cheng Y, Shen G, Liu D, Wang S, Guo L, Fu P. Identification and Parametrization of Key Factors Affecting Levoglucosan Emission During Solid Fuel Burning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20043-20052. [PMID: 37992316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Levoglucosan (LG) is a pyrolysis product of cellulose and hemicellulose at low combustion temperatures. However, LG release cannot be determined only by considering the contents of cellulose and hemicellulose exclusively due to the complexity of combustion processes and the physical-chemical properties of the fuel. This study detected the emission factors (EFs) of LG from 22 different solid fuel samples (including coal and biomass) by considering 18 different fuel properties and five combustion parameters. The average LGEFs during solid fuel burning varied in a range of 0.03-136 mg kg-1, with a magnitude difference of 1-4 orders. While the variations in cellulose (59.5-368 mg g-1) and hemicellulose (73.5-165 mg g-1) contents of fuel samples were only one- to 6-fold. A short combustion duration (<150 min) and a medium combustion temperature (200-400 °C) influenced by volatile and ash contents are crucial for the generation and accumulation of LG. A random forest coupled with the Akaike information criterion stepwise regression model successfully explained 96% of the total LG emission variation using three variables (ash content, cellulose content, and modified combustion efficiency). The ash content promoted coke formation and LG chain cracking by increasing the pyrolysis temperature and is considered the most important factor. The alkali metal in ash can reduce the energy barrier of intramolecular ring contraction reactions and inhibit the dehydration reactions, which led to additional heat being utilized by the competitive pathways of LG formation. This study provided a method to address the parametrization and release mechanisms of combustion source emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Hu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Research Centre for Complex Air Pollution of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Limin Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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8
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Li S, Leakey ADB, Moller CA, Montes CM, Sacks EJ, Lee D, Ainsworth EA. Similar photosynthetic but different yield responses of C 3 and C 4 crops to elevated O 3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2313591120. [PMID: 37948586 PMCID: PMC10655586 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313591120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The deleterious effects of ozone (O3) pollution on crop physiology, yield, and productivity are widely acknowledged. It has also been assumed that C4 crops with a carbon concentrating mechanism and greater water use efficiency are less sensitive to O3 pollution than C3 crops. This assumption has not been widely tested. Therefore, we compiled 46 journal articles and unpublished datasets that reported leaf photosynthetic and biochemical traits, plant biomass, and yield in five C3 crops (chickpea, rice, snap bean, soybean, and wheat) and four C4 crops (sorghum, maize, Miscanthus × giganteus, and switchgrass) grown under ambient and elevated O3 concentration ([O3]) in the field at free-air O3 concentration enrichment (O3-FACE) facilities over the past 20 y. When normalized by O3 exposure, C3 and C4 crops showed a similar response of leaf photosynthesis, but the reduction in chlorophyll content, fluorescence, and yield was greater in C3 crops compared with C4 crops. Additionally, inbred and hybrid lines of rice and maize showed different sensitivities to O3 exposure. This study quantitatively demonstrates that C4 crops respond less to elevated [O3] than C3 crops. This understanding could help maintain cropland productivity in an increasingly polluted atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Andrew D. B. Leakey
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Christopher A. Moller
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Christopher M. Montes
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Erik J. Sacks
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - DoKyoung Lee
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Elizabeth A. Ainsworth
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, IL61801
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9
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Wang S, Niu Y, Zhang H, Zhao Z, Zhang X. Metabolomic alterations in healthy adults traveling to low-pollution areas: A natural experiment with ozone exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:165501. [PMID: 37442463 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated links between short-term ozone exposure to various adverse health outcomes, but some ozone-induced pathological mechanisms remain unclear. To fill this knowledge gap, we enrolled 36 healthy young adults living in high-ozone areas and performed an untargeted metabolomic analysis in serum collected before, during, and after their travel to a low-ozone scenic area. Reviewing the literature, we found 16 metabolites significantly associated with ozone, pointing to neurological health, type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk, and cardiovascular health. Notably, we observed significant changes in these 16 metabolites from the ozone reduction when participants traveled from the campus to the scenic area (adjusted p-value < 0.05). However, when ozone increased after participants returned to campus from the scenic area, we observed that T2D risk and cardiovascular health-related metabolites returned to their original state (adjusted p-value < 0.05), but neurological health-related metabolites did not change significantly with ozone exposure. Our study showed that ozone exposure was linked to prompt alterations in serum metabolites related to cardiovascular health and T2D risk but less sensitive changes in neurological health-related metabolites. Among many lipids, free fatty acids and acylcarnitines were the most sensitive compounds positively associated with changes in ozone exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchun Wang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yue Niu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huilin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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10
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Fischer I, Hemberger P. Photoelectron Photoion Coincidence Spectroscopy of Biradicals. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300334. [PMID: 37325876 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The electronic structure of biradicals is characterized by the presence of two unpaired electrons in degenerate or near-degenerate molecular orbitals. In particular, some of the most relevant species are highly reactive, difficult to generate cleanly and can only be studied in the gas phase or in matrices. Unveiling their electronic structure is, however, of paramount interest to understand their chemistry. Photoelectron photoion coincidence (PEPICO) spectroscopy is an excellent approach to explore the electronic states of biradicals, because it enables a direct correlation between the detected ions and electrons. This permits to extract unique vibrationally resolved photoion mass-selected threshold photoelectron spectra (ms-TPES) to obtain insight in the electronic structure of both the neutral and the cation. In this review we highlight most recent advances on the spectroscopy of biradicals and biradicaloids, utilizing PEPICO spectroscopy and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) synchrotron radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Fischer
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
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11
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Burgay F, Salionov D, Huber CJ, Singer T, Eichler A, Ungeheuer F, Vogel A, Schwikowski M, Bjelić S. Hybrid Targeted/Untargeted Screening Method for the Determination of Wildfire and Water-Soluble Organic Tracers in Ice Cores and Snow. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37463670 PMCID: PMC10398623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires can influence the earth's radiative forcing through the emission of biomass-burning aerosols. To better constrain the impacts of wildfires on climate and understand their evolution under future climate scenarios, reconstructing their chemical nature, assessing their past variability, and evaluating their influence on the atmospheric composition are essential. Ice cores are unique to perform such reconstructions representing archives not only of past biomass-burning events but also of concurrent climate and environmental changes. Here, we present a novel methodology for the quantification of five biomass-burning proxies (syringic acid, vanillic acid, vanillin, syringaldehyde, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid) and one biogenic emission proxy (pinic acid) using solid phase extraction (SPE) and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. This method was also optimized for untargeted screening analysis to gain a broader knowledge about the chemical composition of organic aerosols in ice and snow samples. The method provides low detection limits (0.003-0.012 ng g-1), high recoveries (74 ± 10%), and excellent reproducibility, allowing the quantification of the six proxies and the identification of 313 different molecules, mainly constituted by carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The effectiveness of two different sample storage strategies, i.e., re-freezing of previously molten ice samples and freezing of previously loaded SPE cartridges, was also assessed, showing that the latter approach provides more reproducible results.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Burgay
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry (LUC), Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniil Salionov
- Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory (LBK), Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Carla Jennifer Huber
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry (LUC), Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Singer
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry (LUC), Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anja Eichler
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry (LUC), Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Florian Ungeheuer
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (IAU), Goethe Universität, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Vogel
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (IAU), Goethe Universität, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Margit Schwikowski
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry (LUC), Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Saša Bjelić
- Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory (LBK), Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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12
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Wu C, Trounce H, Dunne E, Griffith DWT, Chambers SD, Williams AG, Humphries RS, Cravigan LT, Miljevic B, Zhang C, Wang H, Wang B, Ristovski Z. Atmospheric concentrations and sources of black carbon over tropical Australian waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159143. [PMID: 36195151 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) aerosols significantly contribute to radiative budgets globally, however their actual contributions remain poorly constrained in many under-sampled ocean regions. The tropical waters north of Australia are a part of the Indo-Pacific warm pool, regarded as a heat engine of global climate, and are in proximity to large terrestrial sources of BC aerosols such as fossil fuel emissions, and biomass burning emissions from northern Australia. Despite this, measurements of marine aerosols, especially BC remain elusive, leading to large uncertainties and discrepancies in current chemistry-climate models for this region. Here, we report the first comprehensive measurements of aerosol properties collected over the tropical warm pool in Australian waters during a voyage in late 2019. The non-marine related aerosol emissions observed in the Arafura Sea region were more intense than in the Timor Sea marine region, as the Arafura Sea was subject to greater continental outflows. The median equivalent BC (eBC) concentration in the Arafura Sea (0.66 μg m-3) was slightly higher than that in the Timor Sea (0.49 μg m-3). Source apportionment modelling and back trajectory analysis and tracer studies consistently suggest fossil fuel combustion eBC (eBCff) was the dominant contributor to eBC across the entire voyage region, with biomass burning eBC (eBCbb) making significant additional contributions to eBC in the Arafura Sea. eBCff (possibly from ship emissions or oil and gas rigs and their associated activities) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) were robustly correlated in the Timor Sea data, whereas eBCbb positively correlated to CCN in the Arafura Sea, suggesting different sources and atmospheric processing pathways occurred in these two regions. This work demonstrates the substantial impact that fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions can have on the composition of aerosols and cloud processes in the remote tropical marine atmosphere, and their potentially significant contribution to the radiative balance of the rapidly warming Indo-Pacific warm pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changda Wu
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; JNU-QUT Joint Laboratory for Air Quality Science and Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haydn Trounce
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Erin Dunne
- Climate Science Centre, Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Aspendale, Australia
| | - David W T Griffith
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Scott D Chambers
- Environmental Research, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia
| | - Alastair G Williams
- Environmental Research, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia
| | - Ruhi S Humphries
- Climate Science Centre, Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Aspendale, Australia
| | - Luke T Cravigan
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Branka Miljevic
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chunlin Zhang
- JNU-QUT Joint Laboratory for Air Quality Science and Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- JNU-QUT Joint Laboratory for Air Quality Science and Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boguang Wang
- JNU-QUT Joint Laboratory for Air Quality Science and Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zoran Ristovski
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; JNU-QUT Joint Laboratory for Air Quality Science and Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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13
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Bai X, Liu W, Wu B, Liu S, Liu X, Hao Y, Liang W, Lin S, Luo L, Zhao S, Zhu C, Hao J, Tian H. Emission characteristics and inventory of volatile organic compounds from the Chinese cement industry based on field measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120600. [PMID: 36347407 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are major precursors of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA), which degrade air quality and pose a serious risk to human health and ecological systems. Previous studies on the emission characteristics of VOCs have predominantly focused on petrochemical and solvent-using sources, while localized studies on the cement industry are scarce in China. Field measurements for four cement plants were carried out in this study to investigate the emission levels, source profiles, and secondary pollutant generation potential of 98 VOCs species emitted from rotary and shaft kilns in China. Furthermore, a species-differentiated VOCs emission inventory was compiled for the Chinese cement industry in 2019. The results demonstrated that the mass concentration of VOCs emitted from shaft kiln was more than 20-fold higher than that emitted from rotary kilns, and the alkanes was the dominant species (56%) in shaft kilns, while oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) and halocarbons were the main species in rotary kilns. Moreover, alkenes & alkyne were the dominant contributors to ozone formation potential (OFP) in shaft kilns, whereas alkenes & alkyne and OVOCs were comparable and prominent contributors in rotary kilns. In contrast, secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP) for the two types of kilns was dominated by aromatics. In 2019, approximately 18.18 kt VOCs were emitted from cement production and were found to be largely concentrated in the southeast and central provinces of China. Considering the influence on environmental conditions, high OFP-contributing species in cement kilns are suggested to be a priority in the pollution mitigation of O3. This study provides a new, comprehensive, and reasonable cognition of the current VOCs emissions from both rotary and shaft kilns in China, which will aid in a better understanding of VOCs emission characteristics and guide future policy-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Bai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Bobo Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Shuhan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yan Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Weizhao Liang
- Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shumin Lin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Lining Luo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chuanyong Zhu
- Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hezhong Tian
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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14
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Fu Y, Li R, Hu J, Wang Y, Duan J. Investigating the impacts of satellite fire observation accuracy on the top-down nitrogen oxides emission estimation in northeastern Asia. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 169:107498. [PMID: 36108501 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
NOx fire emissions greatly affect atmosphere and human society. The top-down NOx fire emission estimation is highly influenced by satellite fire observation performance (e.g., fire detection) by affecting the derivation of emission coefficient (EC) and fire radiative power (FRP) magnitude. However, such influence is lack of comprehensive study. Here, we developed an algorithm to evaluate such impacts in northeastern Asia using multi-source data during 2012-2019. Specifically, we extracted near-concurrent fire observations from MODIS and its successor VIIRS over their orbit-overlapping area and combined respectively with OMI NO2 concentration to derive NOx EC. We compared EC between MODIS and VIIRS, and defined a synergetic effect index (SEI) to explore the combined effects on NOx fire emission estimation due to potentially different ECs and FRP between the two sensors. Finally, we applied EC to estimate NOx emission and made comparison between MODIS and VIIRS. Results show that: 1) both sensors derived considerably higher NOx EC for low-biomass vegetation fires (e.g., grassland fires) than other vegetation fires; however, MODIS EC is about 30% lower than VIIRS EC while similar values are derived for forest fires; 2) synergetic effects induced by different ECs and FRP magnitudes between the two sensors are more significant during fall and winter than in spring and summer; 3) annual NOx emissions based on MODIS EC are 15-23% lower than that from VIIRS EC during 2012-2019, while both are lower than the conventional bottom-up emission inventories GFED and FINN by an average of 23-44%; nevertheless, the EC-based NOx estimations presented high spatiotemporal correlation of R usually between 0.70 and 0.95 with GFED and FINN. These results reveal and quantify the critical impacts of satellite fire observation performance on EC derivation and fire emission estimation, which is helpful in reducing estimation uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, MEM Key Laboratory of Forest Fire Monitoring and Warning, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Comparative Planetary Excellence Innovation Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Institut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Rouyn-Noranda J9X 5E4, Canada
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, MEM Key Laboratory of Forest Fire Monitoring and Warning, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Comparative Planetary Excellence Innovation Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Institut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Rouyn-Noranda J9X 5E4, Canada.
| | - Jiheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, MEM Key Laboratory of Forest Fire Monitoring and Warning, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Comparative Planetary Excellence Innovation Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yipu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, MEM Key Laboratory of Forest Fire Monitoring and Warning, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Comparative Planetary Excellence Innovation Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiawei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, MEM Key Laboratory of Forest Fire Monitoring and Warning, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Comparative Planetary Excellence Innovation Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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15
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Reply to Yang et al.: Biomass burning is an important tropospheric source of ozone in remote regions of the globe. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2212326119. [PMID: 36095182 PMCID: PMC9499594 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212326119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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16
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Not biomass burning but stratospheric intrusion dominating tropospheric ozone over the Tibetan Plateau. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2211002119. [PMID: 36095202 PMCID: PMC9499567 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211002119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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17
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Shrestha RK, Shi D, Obaid H, Elsayed NS, Xie D, Ni J, Ni C. Crops' response to the emergent air pollutants. PLANTA 2022; 256:80. [PMID: 36097229 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03993-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Consequences of air pollutants on physiology, biology, yield and quality in the crops are evident. Crop and soil management can play significant roles in attenuating the impacts of air pollutants. With rapid urbanization and industrialization, air pollution has emerged as a serious threat to quality crop production. Assessing the effect of the elevated level of pollutants on the performance of the crops is crucial. Compared to the soil and water pollutants, the air pollutants spread more rapidly to the extensive area. This paper has reviewed and highlighted the major findings of the previous research works on the morphological, physiological and biochemical changes in some important crops and fruits exposed to the increasing levels of air pollutants. The crop, soil and environmental factors governing the effect of air pollutants have been discussed. The majority of the observations suggest that the air pollutants alter the physiology and biochemical in the plants, i.e., while some pollutants are beneficial to the growth and yields and modify physiological and morphological processes, most of them appeared to be detrimental to the crop yields and their quality. A better understanding of the mechanisms of the uptake of air pollutants and crop responses is quite important for devising the measures ‒ at both policy and program levels ‒ to minimize their possible negative impacts on crops. Further research directions in this field have also been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kumar Shrestha
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Teaching Building 35, Tiansheng Road No 2, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Lamjung Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Lamjung, Nepal
| | - Dan Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Teaching Building 35, Tiansheng Road No 2, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Southwest China), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hikmatullah Obaid
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Teaching Building 35, Tiansheng Road No 2, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Afghanistan National Agricultural Sciences and Technology University, Kandahar, Afghanistan
| | - Nader Saad Elsayed
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Teaching Building 35, Tiansheng Road No 2, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba-Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Deti Xie
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Teaching Building 35, Tiansheng Road No 2, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Southwest China), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jiupai Ni
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Teaching Building 35, Tiansheng Road No 2, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Southwest China), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Chengsheng Ni
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Teaching Building 35, Tiansheng Road No 2, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Southwest China), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- National Base of International S and T Collaboration On Water Environmental Monitoring and Simulation in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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18
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Stockwell CE, Bela MM, Coggon MM, Gkatzelis GI, Wiggins E, Gargulinski EM, Shingler T, Fenn M, Griffin D, Holmes CD, Ye X, Saide PE, Bourgeois I, Peischl J, Womack CC, Washenfelder RA, Veres PR, Neuman JA, Gilman JB, Lamplugh A, Schwantes RH, McKeen SA, Wisthaler A, Piel F, Guo H, Campuzano-Jost P, Jimenez JL, Fried A, Hanisco TF, Huey LG, Perring A, Katich JM, Diskin GS, Nowak JB, Bui TP, Halliday HS, DiGangi JP, Pereira G, James EP, Ahmadov R, McLinden CA, Soja AJ, Moore RH, Hair JW, Warneke C. Airborne Emission Rate Measurements Validate Remote Sensing Observations and Emission Inventories of Western U.S. Wildfires. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7564-7577. [PMID: 35579536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous emissions from wildfires are a dynamic mixture of gases and particles that have important impacts on air quality and climate. Emissions that feed atmospheric models are estimated using burned area and fire radiative power (FRP) methods that rely on satellite products. These approaches show wide variability and have large uncertainties, and their accuracy is challenging to evaluate due to limited aircraft and ground measurements. Here, we present a novel method to estimate fire plume-integrated total carbon and speciated emission rates using a unique combination of lidar remote sensing aerosol extinction profiles and in situ measured carbon constituents. We show strong agreement between these aircraft-derived emission rates of total carbon and a detailed burned area-based inventory that distributes carbon emissions in time using Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite FRP observations (Fuel2Fire inventory, slope = 1.33 ± 0.04, r2 = 0.93, and RMSE = 0.27). Other more commonly used inventories strongly correlate with aircraft-derived emissions but have wide-ranging over- and under-predictions. A strong correlation is found between carbon monoxide emissions estimated in situ with those derived from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) for five wildfires with coincident sampling windows (slope = 0.99 ± 0.18; bias = 28.5%). Smoke emission coefficients (g MJ-1) enable direct estimations of primary gas and aerosol emissions from satellite FRP observations, and we derive these values for many compounds emitted by temperate forest fuels, including several previously unreported species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Stockwell
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Megan M Bela
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Matthew M Coggon
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Georgios I Gkatzelis
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Elizabeth Wiggins
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | | | - Taylor Shingler
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Marta Fenn
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia 23666, United States
| | - Debora Griffin
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Christopher D Holmes
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Xinxin Ye
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Pablo E Saide
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ilann Bourgeois
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Jeff Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Caroline C Womack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | | | - Patrick R Veres
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - J Andrew Neuman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Jessica B Gilman
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Aaron Lamplugh
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Rebecca H Schwantes
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Stuart A McKeen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo 0371, Norway
| | - Felix Piel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo 0371, Norway
- Ionicon Analytik, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Hongyu Guo
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Alan Fried
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Thomas F Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
| | - Lewis Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, United States
| | - Anne Perring
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, Madison County, Hamilton, New York 13346, United States
| | - Joseph M Katich
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Glenn S Diskin
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - John B Nowak
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - T Paul Bui
- Atmospheric Sciences Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - Hannah S Halliday
- Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Joshua P DiGangi
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Gabriel Pereira
- Department of Geosciences, Federal University of Sao Joao del-Rei, Sao Joao del-Rei, MG 36307, Brazil
| | - Eric P James
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Global Systems Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Ravan Ahmadov
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Global Systems Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Chris A McLinden
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Amber J Soja
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, Virginia 23666, United States
| | - Richard H Moore
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Johnathan W Hair
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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Australian Bushfires (2019–2020): Aerosol Optical Properties and Radiative Forcing. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13060867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we present the aerosol optical properties and radiative forcing (RF) of the tropospheric and stratospheric smoke layers, observed by the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite, during the extraordinary Australian biomass burning (BB) event in 2019–2020. These BB layers were studied and analyzed within the longitude range 140° E–20° W and the latitude band 20°–60° S, as they were gradually transported from the Australian banks to the South American continent. These layers were found to be trapped within the Andes circulation, staying for longer time periods in the same longitude region. The BB aerosols reached altitudes even up to 22 km amsl., and regarding their optical properties, they were found to be nearly spherical (particle linear depolarization ratio (PLDR) < 0.10) in the troposphere; while, in the stratosphere, they were more depolarizing with PLDR values reaching up to 0.20. Fine and ultrafine smoke particles were dominant in the stratosphere, according to the observed Ångström exponent, related to the backscatter coefficients obtained by the pair of wavelengths 532 and 1064 nm (Åb up to 3), in contrast to the Åb values in the troposphere (Åb < 1) indicative of the presence of coarser particles. As the aerosols fend off the source, towards North America, a slightly descending trend was observed in the tropospheric Åb values, while the stratospheric ones were lightly increased. A maximum aerosol optical depth (AOD) value of 0.54 was recorded in the lower troposphere over the fire spots, while, in the stratosphere, AOD values up to 0.29 were observed. Sharp changes of carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3) concentrations were also recorded by the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) in various atmospheric heights over the study region, associated with fire smoke emissions. The tropospheric smoke layers were found to have a negative mean radiative effect, ranging from −12.83 W/m2 at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), to −32.22 W/m2 on the surface (SRF), while the radiative effect of the stratospheric smoke was estimated between −7.36 at the TOA to −18.51 W/m2 at the SRF.
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