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Scott-Hewitt N, Mahoney M, Huang Y, Korte N, Yvanka de Soysa T, Wilton DK, Knorr E, Mastro K, Chang A, Zhang A, Melville D, Schenone M, Hartigan C, Stevens B. Microglial-derived C1q integrates into neuronal ribonucleoprotein complexes and impacts protein homeostasis in the aging brain. Cell 2024:S0092-8674(24)00639-1. [PMID: 38942014 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Neuroimmune interactions mediate intercellular communication and underlie critical brain functions. Microglia, CNS-resident macrophages, modulate the brain through direct physical interactions and the secretion of molecules. One such secreted factor, the complement protein C1q, contributes to complement-mediated synapse elimination in both developmental and disease models, yet brain C1q protein levels increase significantly throughout aging. Here, we report that C1q interacts with neuronal ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes in an age-dependent manner. Purified C1q protein undergoes RNA-dependent liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in vitro, and the interaction of C1q with neuronal RNP complexes in vivo is dependent on RNA and endocytosis. Mice lacking C1q have age-specific alterations in neuronal protein synthesis in vivo and impaired fear memory extinction. Together, our findings reveal a biophysical property of C1q that underlies RNA- and age-dependent neuronal interactions and demonstrate a role of C1q in critical intracellular neuronal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Scott-Hewitt
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Matthew Mahoney
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Youtong Huang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nils Korte
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - T Yvanka de Soysa
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel K Wilton
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Emily Knorr
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin Mastro
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Allison Chang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Allison Zhang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Melville
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Monica Schenone
- The Broad Proteomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Christina Hartigan
- The Broad Proteomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Beth Stevens
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Investigator, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Parent MB, Whitley KE, Zafar U, Zickgraf HF, Sharp WG. Systematic review of pharmacological treatments that reduce conditioned taste aversions in rodents: A potential animal model of pediatric feeding disorder and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID). Appetite 2024; 194:107172. [PMID: 38135183 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is diagnosed when food avoidance leads to clinically significant nutritional, weight/growth, or psychosocial impairment. As many as 81.5% of children and adolescents diagnosed with ARFID have a history of a medical condition associated with pain, fatigue, or malaise. ARFID is diagnosed and treatment begins after the medical condition is resolved but food avoidance remains. Effective treatment involves repeated exposure to eating food and related stimuli aimed at creating inhibitory learning to counteract learned fears and aversions. Treatment usually involves positive reinforcement of food approach behavior and escape extinction/response prevention to eliminate food avoidant behavior. To shed light on the neural mechanisms that may maintain ARFID and to identify candidate pharmacological treatments for adjuncts to behavioral interventions, this paper systematically reviews research on drug treatments that successfully reduce conditioned taste aversions (CTA) in animal models by disrupting reconsolidation or promoting extinction. The mechanism of action of these treatments, brain areas involved, and whether these CTA findings have been used to understand human eating behavior are assessed. Collectively, the results provide insight into possible neural mechanisms associated with resuming oral intake following CTA akin to the therapeutic goals of ARFID treatment and suggest that CTA animal models hold promise to facilitate the development of interventions to prevent feeding problems. The findings also reveal the need to investigate CTA reduction in juvenile and female animals and show that CTA is rarely studied to understand disordered human feeding even though CTA has been observed in humans and parallels many of the characteristics of rodent CTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marise B Parent
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | | - Usama Zafar
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hana F Zickgraf
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William G Sharp
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Plas SL, Tuna T, Bayer H, Juliano VAL, Sweck SO, Arellano Perez AD, Hassell JE, Maren S. Neural circuits for the adaptive regulation of fear and extinction memory. Front Behav Neurosci 2024; 18:1352797. [PMID: 38370858 PMCID: PMC10869525 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1352797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The regulation of fear memories is critical for adaptive behaviors and dysregulation of these processes is implicated in trauma- and stress-related disorders. Treatments for these disorders include pharmacological interventions as well as exposure-based therapies, which rely upon extinction learning. Considerable attention has been directed toward elucidating the neural mechanisms underlying fear and extinction learning. In this review, we will discuss historic discoveries and emerging evidence on the neural mechanisms of the adaptive regulation of fear and extinction memories. We will focus on neural circuits regulating the acquisition and extinction of Pavlovian fear conditioning in rodent models, particularly the role of the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in the contextual control of extinguished fear memories. We will also consider new work revealing an important role for the thalamic nucleus reuniens in the modulation of prefrontal-hippocampal interactions in extinction learning and memory. Finally, we will explore the effects of stress on this circuit and the clinical implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Plas
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Tuğçe Tuna
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Hugo Bayer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Vitor A. L. Juliano
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samantha O. Sweck
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Angel D. Arellano Perez
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - James E. Hassell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Stephen Maren
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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4
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Heo S, Kang T, Bygrave AM, Larsen MR, Huganir RL. Experience-Induced Remodeling of the Hippocampal Post-synaptic Proteome and Phosphoproteome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100661. [PMID: 37806341 PMCID: PMC10652125 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The postsynaptic density (PSD) of excitatory synapses contains a highly organized protein network with thousands of proteins and is a key node in the regulation of synaptic plasticity. To gain new mechanistic insight into experience-induced changes in the PSD, we examined the global dynamics of the hippocampal PSD proteome and phosphoproteome in mice following four different types of experience. Mice were trained using an inhibitory avoidance (IA) task and hippocampal PSD fractions were isolated from individual mice to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying experience-dependent remodeling of synapses. We developed a new strategy to identify and quantify the relatively low level of site-specific phosphorylation of PSD proteome from the hippocampus, by using a modified iTRAQ-based TiSH protocol. In the PSD, we identified 3938 proteins and 2761 phosphoproteins in the sequential strategy covering a total of 4968 unique protein groups (at least two peptides including a unique peptide). On the phosphoproteins, we identified a total of 6188 unambiguous phosphosites (75%
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Heo
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Taewook Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Alexei M Bygrave
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Martin R Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Richard L Huganir
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Rosa J, de Carvalho Myskiw J, Fiorenza NG, Furini CRG, Sapiras GG, Izquierdo I. Hippocampal cholinergic receptors and the mTOR participation in fear-motivated inhibitory avoidance extinction memory. Behav Brain Res 2023; 437:114129. [PMID: 36179804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has demonstrated the hippocampal cholinergic system and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) participation during the memory formation of aversive events. This study assessed the role of these systems in the hippocampus for the extinction memory process by submitting male Wistar rats to fear-motivated step-down inhibitory avoidance (IA). The post-extinction session administration of the nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonists, mecamylamine and scopolamine, respectively, both at doses of 2 µg/µl/side, and rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor (0.02 µg/µl/side), into the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus, impaired the IA extinction memory. Furthermore, the nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonists, nicotine and muscarine, respectively, had a dose-dependent effect on the IA extinction memory when administered intra-CA1, immediately after the extinction session. Nicotine (0.6 µg/µl/side) and muscarine (0.02 µg/µl/side), respectively, had no effect, while the higher doses (6 and 2 µg/µl/side, respectively) impaired the IA extinction memory. Interestingly, the co-administration of muscarine at the lower dose blocked the impairment that was induced by rapamycin. This effect was not observed when nicotine at the lower dose was co-administered. These results have demonstrated the participation of the cholinergic receptors and mTOR in the hippocampus for IA extinction, and that the cholinergic agonists had a dose-dependent effect on the IA extinction memory. This study provides insights related to the behavioural aspects and the neurobiological properties underlying the early stage of fear-motivated IA extinction memory consolidation and suggests that there is hippocampal muscarinic receptor participation independent of mTOR in this memory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rosa
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, Floor 2, 90610-600 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jociane de Carvalho Myskiw
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, Floor 2, 90610-600 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INNT), National Research Council of Brazil, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Bento Gonçalves 9500, Building 43422, Room 208 A, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natalia Gindri Fiorenza
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, Floor 2, 90610-600 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Branch Ceara, 60760-000 Eusebio, CE, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Regina Guerino Furini
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, Floor 2, 90610-600 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INNT), National Research Council of Brazil, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Cognition and Memory Neurobiology, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, 3rd Floor, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gerson Guilherme Sapiras
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, Floor 2, 90610-600 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Clinical Hospital of Passo Fundo (HCPF), Tiradentes 295, 99010-260 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivan Izquierdo
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, Floor 2, 90610-600 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INNT), National Research Council of Brazil, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Vasudevan K, Ramanathan KR, Vierkant V, Maren S. Nucleus reuniens inactivation does not impair consolidation or reconsolidation of fear extinction. LEARNING & MEMORY (COLD SPRING HARBOR, N.Y.) 2022; 29:216-222. [PMID: 35902273 PMCID: PMC9374271 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053611.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent data reveal that the thalamic nucleus reuniens (RE) has a critical role in the extinction of conditioned fear. Muscimol (MUS) infusions into the RE impair within-session extinction of conditioned freezing and result in poor long-term extinction memories in rats. Although this suggests that RE inactivation impairs extinction learning, it is also possible that it is involved in the consolidation of extinction memories. To examine this possibility, we examined the effects of RE inactivation on the consolidation and reconsolidation of fear extinction in male and female rats. Twenty-four hours after auditory fear conditioning, rats underwent an extinction procedure (45 CS-alone trials) in a novel context and were infused with saline (SAL) or MUS within minutes of the final extinction trial. Twenty-four hours later, conditioned freezing to the extinguished CS was assessed in the extinction context. Postextinction inactivation of the RE did not affect extinction retrieval. In a second experiment, rats underwent extinction training and, 24 h later, were presented with a single CS to reactivate the extinction memory; rats were infused with SAL or MUS immediately after the reactivation session. Pharmacological inactivation of the RE did not affect conditioned freezing measured in a drug-free retrieval test the following day. Importantly, we found in a subsequent test that MUS infusions immediately before retrieval testing increased conditioned freezing and impaired extinction retrieval, as we have previously reported. These results indicate that although RE inactivation impairs the expression of extinction, it does not impair either the consolidation or reconsolidation of extinction memories. We conclude that the RE may have a critical role in suppressing context-inappropriate fear memories in the extinction context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithika Vasudevan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Karthik R Ramanathan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Valerie Vierkant
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Stephen Maren
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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Oliveira MM, Klann E. eIF2-dependent translation initiation: Memory consolidation and disruption in Alzheimer's disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 125:101-109. [PMID: 34304995 PMCID: PMC8782933 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Memory storage is a conserved survivability feature, present in virtually any complex species. During the last few decades, much effort has been devoted to understanding how memories are formed and which molecular switches define whether a memory should be stored for a short or a long period of time. Among these, de novo protein synthesis is known to be required for the conversion of short- to long-term memory. There are a number translational control pathways involved in synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation, including the phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α), which has emerged as a critical molecular switch for long-term memory consolidation. In this review, we discuss findings pertaining to the requirement of de novo protein synthesis to memory formation, how local dendritic and axonal translation is regulated in neurons, and how these can influence memory consolidation. We also highlight the importance of eIF2α-dependent translation initiation to synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Finally, we contextualize how aberrant phosphorylation of eIF2α contributes to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology and how preventing disruption of eIF2-dependent translation may be a therapeutic avenue for preventing and/or restoring memory loss in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Klann
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA; NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Narvaes RF, Nachtigall EG, Marcondes LA, Izquierdo I, Myskiw JDC, Furini CR. Involvement of medial prefrontal cortex canonical Wnt/β-catenin and non-canonical Wnt/Ca2+ signaling pathways in contextual fear memory in male rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 430:113948. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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9
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Vinarskaya AK, Balaban PM, Roshchin MV, Zuzina AB. Sodium butyrate as a selective cognitive enhancer for weak or impaired memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 180:107414. [PMID: 33610771 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Several recent studies showed that memory can be modulated by manipulating chromatin modifications using histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors during memory formation, consolidation, and reconsolidation. We used a context fear conditioning paradigm with minimal non-painful current as a reinforcement, what elicited alertness to the context and freezing during tests in rats. Such paradigm resulted in a relatively weak memory in significant part of the rats. Here, we demonstrate that intraperitoneal administration of the HDAC inhibitor sodium butyrate immediately following memory reactivation, produced memory enhancement in rats with weak memory, however, not in rats with strong memory. Additionally, we investigated the ability of the HDAC inhibitor sodium butyrate to restore the contextual memory impaired due to the blockade of protein synthesis during memory reactivation. The results obtained evidence that the HDAC inhibitor sodium butyrate reinstated the impaired contextual memory. This enhancement effect is consistent with other studies demonstrating a role for HDAC inhibitors in the facilitation of contextual fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Kh Vinarskaya
- Cellular Neurobiology of Learning Lab, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5A Butlerova St., Moscow 117485, Russia.
| | - Pavel M Balaban
- Cellular Neurobiology of Learning Lab, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5A Butlerova St., Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Matvey V Roshchin
- Cellular Neurobiology of Learning Lab, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5A Butlerova St., Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Alena B Zuzina
- Cellular Neurobiology of Learning Lab, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5A Butlerova St., Moscow 117485, Russia.
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Huang WL, Hsiung MH, Dai W, Hu SSJ. Rottlerin, BDNF, and the impairment of inhibitory avoidance memory. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:421-439. [PMID: 33146738 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05690-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE As a eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2K) inhibitor and a mitochondrial uncoupler, oncologists have extensively studied rottlerin. Neuroscientists, however, have accumulated scarce data on the role of rottlerin in affective and cognitive functions. Only two prior studies have, respectively, documented its antidepressant-like effect and how it impairs psychostimulant-supported memory. Whether or not rottlerin would affect aversive memory remains unknown. Hence, we sought to investigate the effects of rottlerin on aversive memory in the inhibitory avoidance (IA) task in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were trained to acquire the IA task. Rottlerin (5 mg/kg, i.p. or 3 μg bilaterally in the hippocampus) or the vehicle was administered before footshock training (acquisition), after footshock training (consolidation), after the memory reactivation (reconsolidation), and before the test (retrieval) in the IA task. RESULTS Systemic and intrahippocampal rottlerin impaired the acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval of IA memory, without affecting the reconsolidation process. Rottlerin (5 mg/kg, i.p.) induced a fast-onset and long-lasting increase in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels in the mouse hippocampus. Systemic injection of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF, 30 mg/kg), a BDNF tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) agonist impaired IA memory consolidation, and treatment with K252a (5 μg/kg), a Trk receptor antagonist, reversed the suppressing effect of rottlerin on IA memory consolidation. CONCLUSION Rottlerin impairs IA memory consolidation through the enhancement of BDNF signaling in the mouse hippocampus. Excessive brain BDNF levels can be detrimental to cognitive function. Rottlerin is likely to affect the original memory-associated neuroplasticity. Thus, it can be combined with exposure therapy to facilitate the forgetting of maladaptive aversive memory, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ling Huang
- Cannabinoid Signaling Laboratory, Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Heng Hsiung
- Cannabinoid Signaling Laboratory, Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wen Dai
- Cannabinoid Signaling Laboratory, Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Sherry Shu-Jung Hu
- Cannabinoid Signaling Laboratory, Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
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Evans HT, Blackmore D, Götz J, Bodea LG. De novo proteomic methods for examining the molecular mechanisms underpinning long-term memory. Brain Res Bull 2021; 169:94-103. [PMID: 33465403 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Memory formation is a fundamental function of the nervous system that enables the experience-based adaptation of behaviour. The formation, recall and updating of long-term memory (LTM) requires new protein synthesis through its direct involvement in neuronal processes, such as long-term potentiation (LTP), long-term depression (LTD) and synaptic scaling. We discuss the advantages and limitations of several emerging techniques which enable the tagging of newly synthesised proteins, including stable isotope labelling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), puromycin labelling, and non-canonical amino acid (NCAA) labelling. We further present how these methods allow for the identification and visualisation of proteins which are newly synthesised during different stages of memory formation. These emerging techniques will continue to expand our understanding of how memories are formed, consolidated and retrieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Tudor Evans
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel Blackmore
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jürgen Götz
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Liviu-Gabriel Bodea
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia.
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12
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Thome J, Terpou BA, McKinnon MC, Lanius RA. The neural correlates of trauma-related autobiographical memory in posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety 2020; 37:321-345. [PMID: 31815346 DOI: 10.1002/da.22977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autobiographical memory (AM) refers to memories of events that are personally relevant and are remembered from one's own past. The AM network is a distributed brain network comprised largely by prefrontal medial and posteromedial cortical brain regions, which together facilitate AM. Autobiographical memories with high arousal and negatively valenced emotional states are thought to be retrieved more readily and re-experienced more vividly. This is critical in the case of trauma-related AMs, which are related to altered phenomenological experiences as well as aberrations to the underlying neural systems in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Critically, these alterations to the AM network have not been explored recently and have never been analyzed with consideration to the different processes of AM, them being retrieval and re-experiencing. METHODS We conducted a series of effect-size signed differential mapping meta-analyses across twenty-eight studies investigating the neural correlates of trauma-related AMs in participants with PTSD as compared with controls. Studies included either trauma-related scripts or trauma-related materials (i.e., sounds, images, pictures) implemented to evoke the recollection of a trauma-related memory. RESULTS The meta-analyses revealed that control and PTSD participants displayed greater common brain activation of prefrontal medial and posteromedial cortices, respectively. Whereby the prefrontal medial cortices are suggested to facilitate retrieval monitoring, the posteromedial cortices are thought to enable the visual imagery processes of AM. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, reduced common activation of prefrontal cortices may be interpreted as a bias toward greater re-experiencing, where the more salient elements of the traumatic memory are relived as opposed to retrieved in a controlled manner in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Thome
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Theoretical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Braeden A Terpou
- Department of Neuroscience, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret C McKinnon
- Mood Disorders Program, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruth A Lanius
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Gerzson MFB, Bona NP, Soares MSP, Teixeira FC, Rahmeier FL, Carvalho FB, da Cruz Fernandes M, Onzi G, Lenz G, Gonçales RA, Spanevello RM, Stefanello FM. Tannic Acid Ameliorates STZ-Induced Alzheimer's Disease-Like Impairment of Memory, Neuroinflammation, Neuronal Death and Modulates Akt Expression. Neurotox Res 2020; 37:1009-1017. [PMID: 31997154 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tannic acid (TA) is a hydrolysable glycosidic polyphenol polymer of gallic acid, which possesses neuroprotective properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of TA treatment on cognitive performance and neurochemical changes in an experimental model of sporadic dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT) induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) and to explore the potential cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. Adult male rats were divided into four groups: control, TA, STZ, and TA + STZ. Animals from TA and TA + STZ groups were treated with TA (30 mg/kg) daily, by gavage, for 21 days; others groups received water (1 mL/kg). Subsequently, an ICV injection of STZ (3 mg/kg) was administered into the lateral ventricles of animals from STZ and TA + STZ groups, while other groups received citrate buffer. Cognitive deficits (short-term memory), neuronal survival, neuroinflammation as well as expression of SNAP-25, Akt, and pAkt were evaluated in the cerebral cortex. TA treatment protected against the impairment of memory in STZ-induced SDAT. STZ promoted an increase in neuronal death and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and a decrease in Akt and pAkt expression; TA was able to restore these changes. Neither STZ nor TA altered SNAP-25 expression or the levels of IL-12 and IL-4 in the cerebral cortex. Our study highlights that treatment with TA prevents memory deficits and reestablishes Akt and pAkt expression, protecting against neuronal death and neuroinflammation in STZ-induced SDAT in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana F B Gerzson
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário s/n, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Natália P Bona
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário s/n, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Mayara S P Soares
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário s/n, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C Teixeira
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário s/n, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Francine L Rahmeier
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiano B Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marilda da Cruz Fernandes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Giovana Onzi
- Laboratório de Sinalização e Plasticidade Celular, Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guido Lenz
- Laboratório de Sinalização e Plasticidade Celular, Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Relber A Gonçales
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Roselia M Spanevello
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário s/n, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Francieli M Stefanello
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário s/n, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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Facilitation of fear extinction by novelty is modulated by β-adrenergic and 5-HT1A serotoninergic receptors in hippocampus. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 166:107101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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15
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Inhibition of transcription and translation in dorsal hippocampus does not interfere with consolidation of memory of intense training. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 166:107092. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Sleep Deprivation Disrupts Acquisition of Contextual Fear Extinction by Affecting Circadian Oscillation of Hippocampal-Infralimbic proBDNF. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0165-19.2019. [PMID: 31585927 PMCID: PMC6800296 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0165-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive evidence showed that mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (mBDNF) levels displayed a circadian pattern. Circadian disruption, for example, sleep deprivation (SD), induced functional and behavioral deficits. However, compared with that of mature form, the biological role of the pro-peptide, proBDNF, was poorly understood. Here, we found that proBDNF was expressed under circadian rhythm in the ventral hippocampus (vHPC). SD rats exhibited deficits in acquisition of conditioned extinction and damped rhythmicity in vHPC proBDNF activity that were accompanied by SD between zeitgeber time (ZT)0 and ZT4, but not the late stage of sleep period. Furthermore, SD affected fear extinction through vHPC-IL proBDNF signaling, which was associated with NR2B subunits of NMDA receptors. More importantly, infusion of proBDNF could mitigate SD-induced abnormal neural activity, by suppressing the enhanced basal firing rate of IL-RS and elevating the depressed neural response that evoked by acquisition of conditioned extinction. Therefore, this finding provided the first evidence that circadian oscillation of vHPC proBDNF activity contributed to the effects of SD on acquisition of conditioned fear extinction, and suggested a new therapeutic target to reverse the cognitive deficits in sleep-related mental disorder, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
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Extinction learning with social support depends on protein synthesis in prefrontal cortex but not hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:1765-1769. [PMID: 30635411 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815893116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extinction of contextual fear conditioning (CFC) in the presence of a familiar nonfearful conspecific (social support), such as that of others tasks, can occur regardless of whether the original memory is retrieved during the extinction training. Extinction with social support is blocked by the protein synthesis inhibitors anisomycin and rapamycin and by the inhibitor of gene expression 5,6-dichloro-1-β-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole infused immediately after extinction training into the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) but unlike regular CFC extinction not in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus. So social support generates a form of learning that differs from extinction acquired without social support in terms of the brain structures involved. This finding may lead to a better understanding of the brain mechanisms involved in the social support of memories and in therapies for disorders related to dysfunctional fear memories. Thus, here we show that the consolidation of extinction memory with social support relies on vmPFC rather than hippocampus gene expression and ribosomal- and mammalian target of rapamycin-dependent protein synthesis. These results provide additional knowledge about the cellular mechanisms and brain structures involved on the effect of social support in changing behavior and fear extinction memory.
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18
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Orederu T, Schiller D. Fast and slow extinction pathways in defensive survival circuits. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Beigi B, Shahidi S, Komaki A, Sarihi A, Hashemi-Firouzi N. Pretraining hippocampal stimulation of melatonin type 2 receptors can improve memory acquisition in rats. Int J Neurosci 2018; 129:492-500. [PMID: 30431374 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1545770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Learning and memory are among the most important cognitive functions of the brain. Melatonin receptor type 2 (MT2R) is located in the hippocampus and participates in learning and memory processes. In the present study, we examined the role of hippocampal MT2R activation in the acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval of learning and memory in novel object recognition (NOR) and passive avoidance (PA) tasks. METHODS IIK7 (0.03, 0.3, and 3 μg/μl/side), as a selective MT2R agonist, or vehicle was injected bilaterally into the dentate gyrus (DG) region of the hippocampus in rats five minutes before training, immediately after training, and five minutes before the retrieval-behavioral tasks, respectively. The discrimination index (DI) was measured in the NOR task, while step-through latency in acquisition (STLa), number of trials to acquisition (NOT), step-through latency in the retention trial (STLr), and time spent in the dark compartment (TDC) were determined in the PA task. RESULTS The pretraining intrahippocampal injection of IIK7 at all doses significantly improved acquisition in the PA task. On the other hand, the posttraining intrahippocampal administration of IIK7 had no significant effects on consolidation. The preretrieval intrahippocampal injection of IIK7 at different doses attenuated the retrieval of memory. However, the NOR data showed that the intrahippocampal injection of IIK7 at different doses had no significant effects on the acquisition, consolidation, or retrieval in this task. DISCUSSION Based on the findings, stimulation of MT2R could improve acquisition, whereas it had no effects on consolidation. It could impair retrieval in the PA task, while it had no effects on object recognition in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Beigi
- a Neurophysiology Research Center , Hamadan University of Medical Science , Hamadan , Iran
| | - Siamak Shahidi
- a Neurophysiology Research Center , Hamadan University of Medical Science , Hamadan , Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- a Neurophysiology Research Center , Hamadan University of Medical Science , Hamadan , Iran
| | - Abdolrahman Sarihi
- a Neurophysiology Research Center , Hamadan University of Medical Science , Hamadan , Iran
| | - Nasrin Hashemi-Firouzi
- a Neurophysiology Research Center , Hamadan University of Medical Science , Hamadan , Iran
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20
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Tobore TO. On Energy Efficiency and the Brain's Resistance to Change: The Neurological Evolution of Dogmatism and Close-Mindedness. Psychol Rep 2018; 122:2406-2416. [PMID: 30165786 DOI: 10.1177/0033294118792670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The brain has been described as very resistant to change. However, why it does this has not been fully explained. In this paper, I propose that resilience to the disruption of consolidated memory is at the heart of the brain's resistance to change, and this resilience is a consequence of its energy efficiency evolutionary adaptations. I discussed the implications of this energy efficiency adaptation on dogmatism, close-mindedness, and artificial intelligence.
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21
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Memory reconsolidation and extinction of fear conditioning induced different Arc/Arg3.1 expression. Neuroreport 2018; 29:1036-1045. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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More J, Casas MM, Sánchez G, Hidalgo C, Haeger P. Contextual Fear Memory Formation and Destabilization Induce Hippocampal RyR2 Calcium Channel Upregulation. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:5056181. [PMID: 30123252 PMCID: PMC6079367 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5056181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampus-dependent spatial and aversive memory processes entail Ca2+ signals generated by ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2+ channels residing in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Rodents exposed to different spatial memory tasks exhibit significant hippocampal RyR upregulation. Contextual fear conditioning generates robust hippocampal memories through an associative learning process, but the effects of contextual fear memory acquisition, consolidation, or extinction on hippocampal RyR protein levels remain unreported. Accordingly, here we investigated if exposure of male rats to contextual fear protocols, or subsequent exposure to memory destabilization protocols, modified the hippocampal content of type-2 RyR (RyR2) channels, the predominant hippocampal RyR isoforms that hold key roles in synaptic plasticity and spatial memory processes. We found that contextual memory retention caused a transient increase in hippocampal RyR2 protein levels, determined 5 h after exposure to the conditioning protocol; this increase vanished 29 h after training. Context reexposure 24 h after training, for 3, 15, or 30 min without the aversive stimulus, decreased fear memory and increased RyR2 protein levels, determined 5 h after reexposure. We propose that both fear consolidation and extinction memories induce RyR2 protein upregulation in order to generate the intracellular Ca2+ signals required for these distinct memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamileth More
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Mercedes Casas
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gina Sánchez
- Pathophysiology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Hidalgo
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neurosciences and Physiology and Biophysics Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Haeger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
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23
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Mónaco NM, Bartos M, Dominguez S, Gallegos C, Bras C, Esandi MDC, Bouzat C, Giannuzzi L, Minetti A, Gumilar F. Low arsenic concentrations impair memory in rat offpring exposed during pregnancy and lactation: Role of α7 nicotinic receptor, glutamate and oxidative stress. Neurotoxicology 2018; 67:37-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Understanding how stored information emerges is a main question in the neurobiology of memory that is now increasingly gaining attention. However, molecular events underlying this memory stage, including involvement of protein synthesis, are not well defined. Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a central regulator of protein synthesis, has been implicated in synaptic plasticity and is required for memory formation. Using inhibitory avoidance (IA), we evaluated the role of mTORC1 in memory retrieval. Infusion of a selective mTORC1 inhibitor, rapamycin, into the dorsal hippocampus 15 or 40 min but not 3 h before testing at 24 h reversibly disrupted memory expression even in animals that had already expressed IA memory. Emetine, a general protein synthesis inhibitor, provoked a similar impairment. mTORC1 inhibition did not interfere with short-term memory retrieval. When infused before test at 7 or 14 but not at 28 days after training, rapamycin impaired memory expression. mTORC1 blockade in retrosplenial cortex, another structure required for IA memory, also impaired memory retention. In addition, pretest intrahippocampal rapamycin infusion impaired object location memory retrieval. Our results support the idea that ongoing protein synthesis mediated by activation of mTORC1 pathway is necessary for long but not for short term memory.
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25
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Characteristics of retrograde amnesia for CS preexposure. Learn Behav 2017; 45:243-251. [DOI: 10.3758/s13420-017-0259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Roesler R. Molecular mechanisms controlling protein synthesis in memory reconsolidation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 142:30-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Prado-Alcalá RA, Medina AC, Bello-Medina PC, Quirarte GL. Inhibition of transcription and translation in the striatum after memory reactivation: Lack of evidence of reconsolidation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 142:21-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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28
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Valiati FE, Vasconcelos M, Lichtenfels M, Petry FS, de Almeida RMM, Schwartsmann G, Schröder N, de Farias CB, Roesler R. Administration of a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor into the Basolateral Amygdala Enhances Memory Consolidation, Delays Extinction, and Increases Hippocampal BDNF Levels. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:415. [PMID: 28701956 PMCID: PMC5487430 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression related to the formation and modification of memories is regulated epigenetically by chromatin remodeling through histone acetylation. Memory formation and extinction can be enhanced by treatment with inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs). The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is a brain area critically involved in regulating memory for inhibitory avoidance (IA). However, previous studies have not examined the effects of HDAC inhibition in the amygdala on memory for IA. Here we show that infusion of an HDAC inhibitor (HDACi), trichostatin A (TSA), into the BLA, enhanced consolidation of IA memory in rats when given at 1.5, 3, or 6 h posttraining, but not when the drug was infused immediately after training. In addition, intra-BLA administration of TSA immediately after retrieval delayed extinction learning. Moreover, we show that intra-BLA TSA in rats given IA training increased the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the dorsal hippocampus, but not in the BLA itself. These findings reveal novel aspects of the regulation of fear memory by epigenetic mechanisms in the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda E Valiati
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil.,Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mailton Vasconcelos
- Institute of Psychology, Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Martina Lichtenfels
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S Petry
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil.,Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rosa M M de Almeida
- Institute of Psychology, Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Schwartsmann
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nadja Schröder
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Caroline B de Farias
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil.,Children's Cancer InstitutePorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Roesler
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil.,Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
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Reciprocal Interaction of Dendrite Geometry and Nuclear Calcium-VEGFD Signaling Gates Memory Consolidation and Extinction. J Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28626015 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2345-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear calcium is an important signaling end point in synaptic excitation-transcription coupling that is critical for long-term neuroadaptations. Here, we show that nuclear calcium acting via a target gene, VEGFD, is required for hippocampus-dependent fear memory consolidation and extinction in mice. Nuclear calcium-VEGFD signaling upholds the structural integrity and complexity of the dendritic arbor of CA1 neurons that renders those cells permissive for the efficient generation of synaptic input-evoked nuclear calcium transients driving the expression of plasticity-related genes. Therefore, the gating of memory functions rests on the reciprocally reinforcing maintenance of an intact dendrite geometry and a functional synapse-to-nucleus communication axis. In psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, therapeutic application of VEGFD may help to stabilize dendritic structures and network connectivity, which may prevent cognitive decline and could boost the efficacy of extinction-based exposure therapies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study uncovers a reciprocal relationship between dendrite geometry, the ability to generate nuclear calcium transients in response to synaptic inputs, and the subsequent induction of expression of plasticity-related and dendritic structure-preserving genes. Insufficient nuclear calcium signaling in CA1 hippocampal neurons and, consequently, reduced expression of the nuclear calcium target gene VEGFD, a dendrite maintenance factor, leads to reduced-complexity basal dendrites of CA1 neurons, which severely compromises the animals' consolidation of both memory and extinction memory. The structure-protective function of VEGFD may prove beneficial in psychiatric disorders as well as neurodegenerative and aging-related conditions that are associated with loss of neuronal structures, dysfunctional excitation-transcription coupling, and cognitive decline.
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Hadamitzky M, Orlowski K, Schwitalla JC, Bösche K, Unteroberdörster M, Bendix I, Engler H, Schedlowski M. Transient inhibition of protein synthesis in the rat insular cortex delays extinction of conditioned taste aversion with cyclosporine A. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 133:129-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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31
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Effects of standardized Ginkgo biloba extract on the acquisition, retrieval and extinction of conditioned suppression: Evidence that short-term memory and long-term memory are differentially modulated. Physiol Behav 2016; 165:55-68. [PMID: 27378507 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Studies in our laboratory have characterized the putative neuromodulatory effects of a standardized extract of the green leaves of Ginkgo biloba (EGb), which comprises a formulation of 24% ginkgo-flavoglycosides and 6% ginkgo-terpenoid lactones, on conditioned suppression. This model comprises a suitable animal model for investigating the behavioral changes and pharmacological mechanisms that underlie fear memory and anxiety. The characterization of the effects on distinct stages of fear memory or fear extinction will help illustrate both the beneficial and harmful effects. Three hundred adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 30 groups according to the treatment as follows: i-ii) control groups (CS-US and CSno-US); iii) vehicle group (12% Tween®80); and iv-vi) EGb groups (250, 500 and 1000mgkg(-1)); or experimental procedures designed to assess the effects of EGb treatment prior to the acquisition (n=20 per group) and retrieval of conditioned fear (n=10 per group) or prior to the extinction training (n=10 per group) and extinction retention test (n=10 per group). Furthermore, to better understand the effects of acute EGb treatment on fear memory, we conducted two additional analyses: the acquisition of within- and between-session extinction of fear memory (short- and long-term memory, respectively). No difference was identified between the control and treatment groups during the retention test (P>0.05), with the exception of the CSno-US group in relation to all groups (P<0.05). A between-session analysis indicated that EGb at 250mgkg(-1) facilitated the acquisition of extinction fear memory, which was verified by the suppression ration in the first trial of extinction training (SR=0.39) and the extinction retention test session (SR=0.53, P<0.05), without impairments in fear memory acquisition, which were evaluated during the retention test (SR=0.79). Moreover, EGb administered at 1000mgkg(-1) prior to conditioning did not enhance the long-term extinction memory, i.e., it did not prevent the return of extinguished fear memory in the extinction retention test, in which the spontaneous recovery of fear was demonstrated (SR=0.63, P<0.05); however, it significantly facilitated short-term memory as verified by data from the within-session extinction (1 to 8-10 trials) during the retention test (SR=0.73 to SR=0.59; P<0.05) and the extinction retention test (SR=0.63 to SR=0.41; P<0.05). Moreover, spontaneous recovery was identified in response to a higher dose of EGb when administered prior to extinction training (SR=0.75, P<0.05) and the extinction retention test (SR=0.70; P<0.05). At dose of 500mgkg(-1) EGb reduced the suppression ratio when administered prior to the retention test (SR=0.57) and extinction training (SR=0.55; P<0.05) without preventing the acquisition of fear memory, which suggests that EGb has anti-anxiety effects. Taken together, the current findings suggest that EGb differentially modulates short- and long-term memory, as well as anxiety-like behavior. The actions of EGb may provide information regarding the beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of neurocognitive impairments and anxiety disorders. Additional analyses are necessary to facilitate an understanding of these effects; however, previous data from our group suggest that GABAergic, serotoninergic and glutamatergic receptors are potential targets of the effects of EGb on conditioned suppression.
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Fabbri R, Furini CRG, Passani MB, Provensi G, Baldi E, Bucherelli C, Izquierdo I, de Carvalho Myskiw J, Blandina P. Memory retrieval of inhibitory avoidance requires histamine H1 receptor activation in the hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2714-20. [PMID: 27118833 PMCID: PMC4868453 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604841113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrieval represents a dynamic process that may require neuromodulatory signaling. Here, we report that the integrity of the brain histaminergic system is necessary for retrieval of inhibitory avoidance (IA) memory, because rats depleted of histamine through lateral ventricle injections of α-fluoromethylhistidine (a-FMHis), a suicide inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, displayed impaired IA memory when tested 2 d after training. a-FMHis was administered 24 h after training, when IA memory trace was already formed. Infusion of histamine in hippocampal CA1 of brain histamine-depleted rats (hence, amnesic) 10 min before the retention test restored IA memory but was ineffective when given in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) or the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Intra-CA1 injections of selective H1 and H2 receptor agonists showed that histamine exerted its effect by activating the H1 receptor. Noteworthy, the H1 receptor antagonist pyrilamine disrupted IA memory retrieval in rats, thus strongly supporting an active involvement of endogenous histamine; 90 min after the retention test, c-Fos-positive neurons were significantly fewer in the CA1s of a-FMHis-treated rats that displayed amnesia compared with in the control group. We also found reduced levels of phosphorylated cAMP-responsive element binding protein (pCREB) in the CA1s of a-FMHis-treated animals compared with in controls. Increases in pCREB levels are associated with retrieval of associated memories. Targeting the histaminergic system may modify the retrieval of emotional memory; hence, histaminergic ligands might reduce dysfunctional aversive memories and improve the efficacy of exposure psychotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Fabbri
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Universitá di Firenze, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Cristiane Regina Guerino Furini
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Beatrice Passani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Sezione di Farmacologia e Chemioterapia, Universitá di Firenze, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Gustavo Provensi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Universitá di Firenze, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Baldi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Universitá di Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Corrado Bucherelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Universitá di Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Ivan Izquierdo
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;
| | - Jociane de Carvalho Myskiw
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;
| | - Patrizio Blandina
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Universitá di Firenze, 50139 Florence, Italy;
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Abstract
Fear memory is the best-studied form of memory. It was thoroughly investigated in the past 60 years mostly using two classical conditioning procedures (contextual fear conditioning and fear conditioning to a tone) and one instrumental procedure (one-trial inhibitory avoidance). Fear memory is formed in the hippocampus (contextual conditioning and inhibitory avoidance), in the basolateral amygdala (inhibitory avoidance), and in the lateral amygdala (conditioning to a tone). The circuitry involves, in addition, the pre- and infralimbic ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the central amygdala subnuclei, and the dentate gyrus. Fear learning models, notably inhibitory avoidance, have also been very useful for the analysis of the biochemical mechanisms of memory consolidation as a whole. These studies have capitalized on in vitro observations on long-term potentiation and other kinds of plasticity. The effect of a very large number of drugs on fear learning has been intensively studied, often as a prelude to the investigation of effects on anxiety. The extinction of fear learning involves to an extent a reversal of the flow of information in the mentioned structures and is used in the therapy of posttraumatic stress disorder and fear memories in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Izquierdo
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristiane R. G. Furini
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jociane C. Myskiw
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Canto-de-Souza L, Mattioli R. The consolidation of inhibitory avoidance memory in mice depends on the intensity of the aversive stimulus: The involvement of the amygdala, dorsal hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 130:44-51. [PMID: 26851130 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Several studies using inhibitory avoidance models have demonstrated the importance of limbic structures, such as the amygdala, dorsal hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex, in the consolidation of emotional memory. However, we aimed to investigate the role of the amygdala (AMG), dorsal hippocampus (DH) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of mice in the consolidation of step-down inhibitory avoidance and whether this avoidance would be conditioned relative to the intensity of the aversive stimulus. To test this, we bilaterally infused anisomycin (ANI-40μg/μl, a protein synthesis inhibitor) into one of these three brain areas in mice. These mice were then exposed to one of two different intensities (moderate: 0.5mA or intense: 1.5mA) in a step-down inhibitory avoidance task. We found that consolidation of both of the aversive experiences was mPFC dependent, while the AMG and DH were only required for the consolidation of the intense experience. We suggest that in moderately aversive situations, which do not represent a severe physical risk to the individual, the consolidation of aversive experiences does not depend on protein synthesis in the AMG or the DH, but only the mPFC. However, for intense aversive stimuli all three of these limbic structures are essential for the consolidation of the experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Canto-de-Souza
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicobiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Psicologia, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre, CEP 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; INeC, Instituto de Neurociências e Comportamento, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, CEP 14040-901, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - R Mattioli
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicobiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Psicologia, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre, CEP 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Neural circuits and mechanisms involved in fear generalization: Implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 60:31-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Wu IT, Tang TH, Ko MC, Chiu CY, Lu KT. Amygdaloid zif268 participated in the D-cycloserine facilitation effect on the extinction of conditioned fear. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3809-19. [PMID: 26282370 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The involvement of glutamate in fear extinction is perhaps the most promising in terms of facilitating clinical interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study was aimed at elucidating the possible role of zif268 on the D-cycloserine (DCS) facilitation effect on extinction. OBJECTIVE We investigated the association between zif268 and the extinction of conditioned fear by using antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) of zif268 and the fear-potentiated startle paradigm. METHODS Male adult Wistar rats were injected DCS (15 mg/kg, IP) 15 min prior to the extinction training, administered with antisense or sense ODN (800 pmol) of zif268 and subjected for fear-potentiated startle paradigm (FPS) and Western blot. RESULTS Either context exposure or cue exposure elevated the expression of zif268 in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) compared to the control group. Additionally, zif268 expression in BLA was further elevated by the glutamate NMDA receptor agonist DCS administration. Intra-amygdaloid injection of the antisense ODN of zif268 blocked the facilitation effect of DCS on the extinction of conditioned fear. Subsequent control experiments indicated that administration of vehicle or zif268 sense ODN did not alter the facilitation of DCS and that the blockage effect of zif268 antisense ODN was not due to lasting damage to the amygdala. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that zif268 within the amygdala participates in the DCS facilitation effect on the extinction of conditioned fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Tek Wu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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The learning of fear extinction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 47:670-83. [PMID: 25452113 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent work on the extinction of fear-motivated learning places emphasis on its putative circuitry and on its modulation. Extinction is the learned inhibition of retrieval of previously acquired responses. Fear extinction is used as a major component of exposure therapy in the treatment of fear memories such as those of the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is initiated and maintained by interactions between the hippocampus, basolateral amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, which involve feedback regulation of the latter by the other two areas. Fear extinction depends on NMDA receptor activation. It is positively modulated by d-serine acting on the glycine site of NMDA receptors and blocked by AP5 (2-amino-5-phosphono propionate) in the three structures. In addition, histamine acting on H2 receptors and endocannabinoids acting on CB1 receptors in the three brain areas mentioned, and muscarinic cholinergic fibers from the medial septum to hippocampal CA1 positively modulate fear extinction. Importantly, fear extinction can be made state-dependent on circulating epinephrine, which may play a role in situations of stress. Exposure to a novel experience can strongly enhance the consolidation of fear extinction through a synaptic tagging and capture mechanism; this may be useful in the therapy of states caused by fear memory like PTSD.
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González-Salinas S, Medina AC, Marín-Vignando V, Ruiz-López CX, Quirarte GL, Prado-Alcalá RA. Protein synthesis is not required for acquisition, consolidation, and extinction of high foot-shock active avoidance training. Behav Brain Res 2015; 287:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Baldi E, Bucherelli C. Brain sites involved in fear memory reconsolidation and extinction of rodents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 53:160-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Balderas I, Rodriguez-Ortiz CJ, Bermudez-Rattoni F. Consolidation and reconsolidation of object recognition memory. Behav Brain Res 2015; 285:213-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Krawczyk M, Blake M, Baratti C, Romano A, Boccia M, Feld M. Memory reconsolidation of an inhibitory avoidance task in mice involves cytosolic ERK2 bidirectional modulation. Neuroscience 2015; 294:227-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Hirsch SJ, Regmi NL, Birnbaum SG, Greene RW. CA1-specific deletion of NMDA receptors induces abnormal renewal of a learned fear response. Hippocampus 2015; 25:1374-9. [PMID: 25786918 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
CA1 hippocampal N-methyl-d-aspartate-receptors (NMDARs) are necessary for contextually related learning and memory processes. Extinction, a form of learning, has been shown to require intact hippocampal NMDAR signalling. Renewal of fear expression can occur after fear extinction training, when the extinguished fear stimulus is presented in an environmental context different from the training context and thus, renewal is dependent on contextual memory. In this study, we show that a Grin1 knock-out (loss of the essential NR1 subunit for the NMDAR) restricted to the bilateral CA1 subfield of the dorsal hippocampus does not affect acquisition of learned fear, but does attenuate extinction of a cued fear response even when presented in the extinction-training context. We propose that failure to remember the (safe) extinction context is responsible for the abnormal fear response and suggest it is a dysfunctional renewal. The results highlight the difference in outcome of extinguished fear memory resulting from a partial rather than complete loss of function of the hippocampus and suggest a potential mechanism for abnormally increased fear expression in PTSD.
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Lourenco MV, Ferreira ST, De Felice FG. Neuronal stress signaling and eIF2α phosphorylation as molecular links between Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 129:37-57. [PMID: 25857551 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence from clinical, epidemiological, neuropathology and preclinical studies indicates that mechanisms similar to those leading to peripheral metabolic deregulation in metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and obesity, take place in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. These include pro-inflammatory mechanisms, brain metabolic stress and neuronal insulin resistance. From a molecular and cellular perspective, recent progress has been made in unveiling novel pathways that act in an orchestrated way to cause neuronal damage and cognitive decline in AD. These pathways converge to the activation of neuronal stress-related protein kinases and excessive phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α-P), which plays a key role in control of protein translation, culminating in synapse dysfunction and memory loss. eIF2α-P signaling thus links multiple neuronal stress pathways to impaired neuronal function and neurodegeneration. Here, we present a critical analysis of recently discovered molecular mechanisms underlying impaired brain insulin signaling and metabolic stress, with emphasis on the role of stress kinase/eIF2α-P signaling as a hub that promotes brain and behavioral impairments in AD. Because very similar mechanisms appear to operate in peripheral metabolic deregulation in T2D and in brain defects in AD, we discuss the concept that targeting defective brain insulin signaling and neuronal stress mechanisms with anti-diabetes agents may be an attractive approach to fight memory decline in AD. We conclude by raising core questions that remain to be addressed toward the development of much needed therapeutic approaches for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mychael V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
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Almeida-Corrêa S, Moulin TC, Carneiro CFD, Gonçalves MMC, Junqueira LS, Amaral OB. Calcineurin inhibition blocks within-, but not between-session fear extinction in mice. Learn Mem 2015; 22:159-69. [PMID: 25691516 PMCID: PMC4340130 DOI: 10.1101/lm.037770.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Memory extinction involves the formation of a new associative memory that inhibits a previously conditioned association. Nonetheless, it could also depend on weakening of the original memory trace if extinction is assumed to have multiple components. The phosphatase calcineurin (CaN) has been described as being involved in extinction but not in the initial consolidation of fear learning. With this in mind, we set to study whether CaN could have different roles in distinct components of extinction. Systemic treatment with the CaN inhibitors cyclosporin A (CsA) or FK-506, as well as i.c.v. administration of CsA, blocked within-session, but not between-session extinction or initial learning of contextual fear conditioning. Similar effects were found in multiple-session extinction of contextual fear conditioning and in auditory fear conditioning, indicating that CaN is involved in different types of short-term extinction. Meanwhile, inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide (CHX) treatment did not affect within-session extinction, but disrupted fear acquisition and slightly impaired between-session extinction. Our results point to a dissociation of within- and between-session extinction of fear conditioning, with the former being more dependent on CaN activity and the latter on protein synthesis. Moreover, the modulation of within-session extinction did not affect between-session extinction, suggesting that these components are at least partially independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suellen Almeida-Corrêa
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-290, Brazil
| | - Thiago C Moulin
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-290, Brazil
| | - Clarissa F D Carneiro
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-290, Brazil
| | - Marina M C Gonçalves
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-290, Brazil
| | - Lara S Junqueira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-290, Brazil
| | - Olavo B Amaral
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-290, Brazil
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Borba Filho GL, Zenki KC, Kalinine E, Baggio S, Pettenuzzo L, Zimmer ER, Weis SN, Calcagnotto ME, Onofre de Souza D. A new device for step-down inhibitory avoidance task--effects of low and high frequency in a novel device for passive inhibitory avoidance task that avoids bioimpedance variations. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116000. [PMID: 25706879 PMCID: PMC4338061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Step-down inhibitory avoidance task has been widely used to evaluate aversive memory, but crucial parameters inherent to traditional devices that may influence the behavior analysis (as stimulus frequency, animal’s bioimpedance) are frequently neglected. New Method We developed a new device for step-down inhibitory avoidance task by modifying the shape and distribution of the stainless steel bars in the box floor where the stimuli are applied. The bars are 2mm wide, with rectangular shape, arranged in pairs at intervals of 1cm from the next pairs. Each pair makes an electrical dipole where the polarity inverts after each pulse. This device also presents a component that acquires and records the exact current received by the animal foot and precisely controls the frequency of stimulus applied during the entire experiment. Result Different from conventional devices, this new apparatus increases the contact surface with bars and animal´s paws, allowing the electric current pass through the animal´s paws only, drastically reducing the influence of animal’s bioimpedance. The analysis of recorded data showed that the current received by the animal was practically the same as applied, independent of the animal´s body composition. Importantly, the aversive memory was observed at specific stimuli intensity and frequency (0.35 or 0.5 mA at 62 and 125Hz but not at 0.20 mA or 20 Hz). Moreover, with this device it was possible to observe the well-known step-down inhibitory avoidance task memory impairment induced by guanosine. Conclusion This new device offers a substantial improvement for behavioral analysis in step-down inhibitory avoidance task and allows us to precisely compare data from different animals with distinct body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilvan Luiz Borba Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação em Ciências, ICBS—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| | - Kamila Cagliari Zenki
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, ICBS—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Eduardo Kalinine
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, ICBS—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas—Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brasil
| | - Suelen Baggio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, ICBS—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Letícia Pettenuzzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, ICBS—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Eduardo Rigon Zimmer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, ICBS—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Simone Nardin Weis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, ICBS—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, ICBS—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Diogo Onofre de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação em Ciências, ICBS—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, ICBS—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
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Parvez K, Rosenegger D, Martens K, Orr M, Lukowiak K. Canadian Association of Neurosciences Review: Learning at a Snail's Pace. Can J Neurol Sci 2014; 33:347-56. [PMID: 17168159 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100005291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT:While learning and memory are related, they are distinct processes each with different forms of expression and underlying molecular mechanisms. An invertebrate model system, Lymnaea stagnalis, is used to study memory formation of a non-declarative memory. We have done so because: 1) We have discovered the neural circuit that mediates an interesting and tractable behaviour; 2) This behaviour can be operantly conditioned and intermediate-term and long-term memory can be demonstrated; and 3) It is possible to demonstrate that a single neuron in the model system is a necessary site of memory formation. This article reviews how Lymnaea has been used in the study of behavioural and molecular mechanisms underlying consolidation, reconsolidation, extinction and forgetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Parvez
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Vargas-Martínez F, Uvnäs-Moberg K, Petersson M, Olausson HA, Jiménez-Estrada I. Neuropeptides as neuroprotective agents: Oxytocin a forefront developmental player in the mammalian brain. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 123:37-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Almeida-Corrêa S, Amaral OB. Memory labilization in reconsolidation and extinction--evidence for a common plasticity system? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 108:292-306. [PMID: 25173958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reconsolidation and extinction are two processes occurring upon memory retrieval that have received great attention in memory research over the last decade, partly due to their purported potential in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Due to their opposite behavioral effects, the two phenomena have usually been considered as separate entities, with few attempts to build a unified view of how both could be produced by similar mechanisms. Based on computational modeling, we have previously proposed that reconsolidation and extinction are behavioral outcomes of the same set of plasticity systems, albeit working at different synapses. One of these systems seems to be pharmacologically similar to the one involved in initial memory consolidation, and likely involves traditional Hebbian plasticity, while the second seems to be more involved with the labilization of existing memories and/or synaptic changes. In this article, we review the evidence for the existence of a plasticity system specifically involved in memory labilization, as well as its possible molecular requirements, anatomical substrates, synaptic mechanisms and physiological roles. Based on these data, we propose that the field of memory updating might ultimately benefit from a paradigm shift in which reconsolidation and extinction are viewed not as separate processes but as different instantiations of plasticity systems responsible for reinforcement and labilization of synaptic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suellen Almeida-Corrêa
- Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Olavo B Amaral
- Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Santoyo-Zedillo M, Rodriguez-Ortiz CJ, Chavez-Marchetta G, Bermudez-Rattoni F, Balderas I. Retrieval is not necessary to trigger reconsolidation of object recognition memory in the perirhinal cortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:452-6. [PMID: 25128536 PMCID: PMC4138362 DOI: 10.1101/lm.035428.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Memory retrieval has been considered as requisite to initiate memory reconsolidation; however, some studies indicate that blocking retrieval does not prevent memory from undergoing reconsolidation. Since N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptors in the perirhinal cortex have been involved in object recognition memory formation, the present study evaluated whether retrieval and reconsolidation are independent processes by manipulating these glutamate receptors. The results showed that AMPA receptor antagonist infusions in the perirhinal cortex blocked retrieval, but did not affect memory reconsolidation, although NMDA receptor antagonist infusions disrupted reconsolidation even if retrieval was blocked. Importantly, neither of these antagonists disrupted short-term memory. These data suggest that memory underwent reconsolidation even in the absence of retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Santoyo-Zedillo
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Carlos J Rodriguez-Ortiz
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Gianfranco Chavez-Marchetta
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Federico Bermudez-Rattoni
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Israela Balderas
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
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de Oliveira DR, Zamberlam CR, Gaiardo RB, Rêgo GM, Cerutti JM, Cavalheiro AJ, Cerutti SM. Flavones from Erythrina falcata are modulators of fear memory. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:288. [PMID: 25096710 PMCID: PMC4141959 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Flavonoids, which have been identified in a variety of plants, have been demonstrated to elicit beneficial effects on memory. Some studies have reported that flavonoids derived from Erythrina plants can provide such beneficial effects on memory. The aim of this study was to identify the flavonoids present in the stem bark crude extract of Erythrina falcata (CE) and to perform a bioactivity-guided study on conditioned fear memory. Methods The secondary metabolites of CE were identified by high performance liquid chromatography combined with a diode array detector, electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The buthanolic fraction (BuF) was obtained by partitioning. Subfractions from BuF (BuF1 – BuF6) and fraction flavonoidic (FfA and FfB) were obtained by flash chromatography. The BuF3 and BuF4 fractions were used for the isolation of flavonoids, which was performed using HPLC-PAD. The isolated substances were quantified by HPLC-DAD and their structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The activities of CE and the subfractions were monitored using a one-trial, step-down inhibitory avoidance (IA) task to identify the effects of these substances on the acquisition and extinction of conditioned fear in rats. Results Six subclasses of flavonoids were identified for the first time in CE. According to our behavioral data, CE, BuF, BuF3 and BuF4, the flavonoidic fractions, vitexin, isovitexin and 6-C-glycoside-diosmetin improved the acquisition of fear memory. Rats treated with BuF, BuF3 and BuF4 were particularly resistant to extinction. Nevertheless, rats treated with FfA and FfB, vitexin, isovitexin and 6-C-glycoside-diosmetin exhibited gradual reduction in conditioned fear response during the extinction retest session, which was measured at 48 to 480 h after conditioning. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that vitexin, isovitexin and diosmetin-6-C-glucoside and flavonoidic fractions resulted in a significant retention of fear memory but did not prevent the extinction of fear memory. These results further substantiate that the treatment with pure flavonoids or flavanoid-rich fractions might represent potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of neurocognitive disorders, improvement of memory acquisition and spontaneous recovery of fear.
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