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Lemke MD, Abate AN, Woodson JD. Investigating the mechanism of chloroplast singlet oxygen signaling in the Arabidopsis thaliana accelerated cell death 2 mutant. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2347783. [PMID: 38699898 PMCID: PMC11073415 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2347783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have evolved complex signaling mechanisms to sense stress and acclimate. This includes the use of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during dysfunctional photosynthesis to initiate signaling. One such ROS, singlet oxygen (1O2), can trigger retrograde signaling, chloroplast degradation, and programmed cell death. However, the signaling mechanisms are largely unknown. Several proteins (e.g. PUB4, OXI1, EX1) are proposed to play signaling roles across three Arabidopsis thaliana mutants that conditionally accumulate chloroplast 1O2 (fluorescent in blue light (flu), chlorina 1 (ch1), and plastid ferrochelatase 2 (fc2)). We previously demonstrated that these mutants reveal at least two chloroplast 1O2 signaling pathways (represented by flu and fc2/ch1). Here, we test if the 1O2-accumulating lesion mimic mutant, accelerated cell death 2 (acd2), also utilizes these pathways. The pub4-6 allele delayed lesion formation in acd2 and restored photosynthetic efficiency and biomass. Conversely, an oxi1 mutation had no measurable effect on these phenotypes. acd2 mutants were not sensitive to excess light (EL) stress, yet pub4-6 and oxi1 both conferred EL tolerance within the acd2 background, suggesting that EL-induced 1O2 signaling pathways are independent from spontaneous lesion formation. Thus, 1O2 signaling in acd2 may represent a third (partially overlapping) pathway to control cellular degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Lemke
- The School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alexa N. Abate
- The School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jesse D. Woodson
- The School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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2
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Dmitrieva VA, Tyutereva EV, Voitsekhovskaja OV. What can reactive oxygen species (ROS) tell us about the action mechanism of herbicides and other phytotoxins? Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 220:92-110. [PMID: 38663829 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.04.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed in plant cells continuously. When ROS production exceeds the antioxidant capacity of the cells, oxidative stress develops which causes damage of cell components and may even lead to the induction of programmed cell death (PCD). The levels of ROS production increase upon abiotic stress, but also during pathogen attack in response to elicitors, and upon application of toxic compounds such as synthetic herbicides or natural phytotoxins. The commercial value of many synthetic herbicides is based on weed death as result of oxidative stress, and for a number of them, the site and the mechanism of ROS production have been characterized. This review summarizes the current knowledge on ROS production in plants subjected to different groups of synthetic herbicides and natural phytotoxins. We suggest that the use of ROS-specific fluorescent probes and of ROS-specific marker genes can provide important information on the mechanism of action of these toxins. Furthermore, we propose that, apart from oxidative damage, elicitation of ROS-induced PCD is emerging as one of the important processes underlying the action of herbicides and phytotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria A Dmitrieva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia; Laboratory of Phytotoxicology and Biotechnology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Saint Petersburg, 196608, Russia
| | - Elena V Tyutereva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia
| | - Olga V Voitsekhovskaja
- Laboratory of Molecular and Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia.
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3
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Geng R, Li X, Huang J, Zhou W. The chloroplast singlet oxygen-triggered biosynthesis of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid is mediated by EX1 and GUN1 in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2852-2864. [PMID: 38600785 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and defence hormones like salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) play pivotal roles in triggering cell death. However, the precise mechanism governing the interaction between ROS and SA/JA remains elusive. Recently, our research revealed that RNAi mutants with suppressed expression of PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH8 (PCD8) exhibit an overabundance of tetrapyrrole intermediates, particularly uroporphyrinogen III (Uro III), leading to the accumulation of singlet oxygen (1O2) during the transition from darkness to light, thereby instigating leaf necrosis. In this investigation, we uncovered that 1O2 stimulates biosynthesis of SA and JA, activating SA/JA signalling and the expression of responsive genes in PCD8 RNAi (pcd8) mutants. Introducing NahG or knocking out PAD4 or NPR1 significantly alleviates the cell death phenotype of pcd8 mutants, while coi1 partially mitigates the pcd8 phenotype. Further exploration revealed that EX1 and GUN1 can partially rescue the pcd8 phenotype by reducing the levels of Uro III and 1O2. Notably, mutations in EX1 mutations but not GUN1, substantially diminish SA content in pcd8 mutants compared to the wild type, implying that EX1 acts as the primary mediator of 1O2 signalling-mediated SA biosynthesis. Moreover, the triple ex1 gun1 pcd8 displays a phenotype similar to ex1. Overall, our findings underscore that the 1O2-induced cell death phenotype requires EX1/GUN1-mediated retrograde signalling in pcd8 mutants, providing novel insights into the interplay between ROS and SA/JA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudan Geng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jirong Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Erhart T, Nadegger C, Vergeiner S, Kreutz C, Müller T, Kräutler B. Novel Types of Phyllobilins in a Fern - Molecular Reporters of the Evolution of Chlorophyll Breakdown in the Paleozoic Era. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401288. [PMID: 38634697 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Breakdown of chlorophyll (Chl), as studied in angiosperms, follows the pheophorbide a oxygenase/phyllobilin (PaO/PB) pathway, furnishing linear tetrapyrroles, named phyllobilins (PBs). In an investigation with fern leaves we have discovered iso-phyllobilanones (iPBs) with an intriguingly rearranged and oxidized carbon skeleton. We report here a key second group of iPBs from the fern and on their structure analysis. Previously, these additional Chl-catabolites escaped their characterization, since they exist in aqueous media as mixtures of equilibrating isomers. However, their chemical dehydration furnished stable iPB-derivatives that allowed the delineation of the enigmatic structures and chemistry of the original natural catabolites. The structures of all fern-iPBs reflect the early core steps of a PaO/PB-type pathway and the PB-to-iPB carbon skeleton rearrangement. A striking further degradative chemical ring-cleavage was observed, proposed to consume singlet molecular oxygen (1O2). Hence, Chl-catabolites may play a novel active role in detoxifying cellular 1O2. The critical deviations from the PaO/PB pathway, found in the fern, reflect evolutionary developments of Chl-breakdown in the green plants in the Paleozoic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Erhart
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Nadegger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Vergeiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Kreutz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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5
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Goggin FL, Fischer HD. Singlet oxygen signalling and its potential roles in plant biotic interactions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1957-1970. [PMID: 38372069 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (SO) is among the most potent reactive oxygen species, and readily oxidizes proteins, lipids and DNA. It can be generated at the plant surface by phototoxins in the epidermis, acting as a direct defense against pathogens and herbivores (including humans). SO can also accumulate within mitochondria, peroxisomes, cytosol and the nucleus through multiple enzymatic and nonenzymatic processes. However, the majority of research on intracellular SO generation in plants has focused on transfer of light energy to triplet oxygen by photopigments from the chloroplast. SO accumulates in response to diverse stresses that perturb chloroplast metabolism, and while its high reactivity limits diffusion distances, it participates in retrograde signalling through the EXECUTER1 sensor, generation of carotenoid metabolites and possibly other unknown pathways. SO thereby reprogrammes nuclear gene expression and modulates hormone signalling and programmed cell death. While SO signalling has long been known to regulate plant responses to high-light stress, recent literature also suggests a role in plant interactions with insects, bacteria and fungi. The goals of this review are to provide a brief overview of SO, summarize evidence for its involvement in biotic stress responses and discuss future directions for the study of SO in defense signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L Goggin
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Hillary D Fischer
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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Kaur D, Schedl A, Lafleur C, Martinez Henao J, van Dam NM, Rivoal J, Bede JC. Arabidopsis Transcriptomics Reveals the Role of Lipoxygenase2 (AtLOX2) in Wound-Induced Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5898. [PMID: 38892085 PMCID: PMC11173247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In wounded Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, four 13S-lipoxygenases (AtLOX2, AtLOX3, AtLOX4, AtLOX6) act in a hierarchical manner to contribute to the jasmonate burst. This leads to defense responses with LOX2 playing an important role in plant resistance against caterpillar herb-ivory. In this study, we sought to characterize the impact of AtLOX2 on wound-induced phytohormonal and transcriptional responses to foliar mechanical damage using wildtype (WT) and lox2 mutant plants. Compared with WT, the lox2 mutant had higher constitutive levels of the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) and enhanced expression of SA-responsive genes. This suggests that AtLOX2 may be involved in the biosynthesis of jasmonates that are involved in the antagonism of SA biosynthesis. As expected, the jasmonate burst in response to wounding was dampened in lox2 plants. Generally, 1 h after wounding, genes linked to jasmonate biosynthesis, jasmonate signaling attenuation and abscisic acid-responsive genes, which are primarily involved in wound sealing and healing, were differentially regulated between WT and lox2 mutants. Twelve h after wounding, WT plants showed stronger expression of genes associated with plant protection against insect herbivory. This study highlights the dynamic nature of jasmonate-responsive gene expression and the contribution of AtLOX2 to this pathway and plant resistance against insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diljot Kaur
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 rue Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (D.K.); (J.M.H.)
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke E., Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada;
| | - Andreas Schedl
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 52, 04103 Leipzig, Germany (N.M.v.D.)
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- German Biomass Research Centre (DBFZ), Torgauer Straße 116, 04347 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christine Lafleur
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21,111 rue Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada;
| | - Julian Martinez Henao
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 rue Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (D.K.); (J.M.H.)
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 52, 04103 Leipzig, Germany (N.M.v.D.)
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Theodor-Echtermeyerweg-1, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Jean Rivoal
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke E., Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada;
| | - Jacqueline C. Bede
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 rue Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (D.K.); (J.M.H.)
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Vedalankar P, Tripathy BC. Light dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase: a succinct look. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:719-731. [PMID: 38846463 PMCID: PMC11150229 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Reducing protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide) is a major regulatory step in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway. This reaction is catalyzed by light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) in oxygenic phototrophs, particularly angiosperms. LPOR-NADPH and Pchlide form a ternary complex to be efficiently photo-transformed to synthesize Chlide and, subsequently, chlorophyll during the transition from skotomorphogenesis to photomorphogenesis. Besides lipids, carotenoids and poly-cis xanthophylls influence the formation of the photoactive LPOR complexes and the PLBs. The crystal structure of LPOR reveals evolutionarily conserved cysteine residues implicated in the Pchlide binding and catalysis around the active site. Different isoforms of LPOR viz PORA, PORB, and PORC expressed at different stages of chloroplast development play a photoprotective role by quickly transforming the photosensitive Pchlide to Chlide. Non-photo-transformed Pchlide acts as a photosensitizer to generate singlet oxygen that causes oxidative stress and cell death. Therefore, different isoforms of LPOR have evolved and differentially expressed during plant development to protect plants from photodamage and thus play a pivotal role during photomorphogenesis. This review brings out the salient features of LPOR structure, structure-function relationships, and ultra-fast photo transformation of Pchlide to Chlide by oligomeric and polymeric forms of LPOR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Baishnab C. Tripathy
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310 India
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Hua X, Li Z, Dou M, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Shi H, Li Y, Li S, Huang Y, Qi Y, Wang B, Wang Q, Wang Q, Gao R, Ming R, Tang H, Yao W, Zhang M, Zhang J. Transcriptome and small RNA analysis unveils novel insights into the C 4 gene regulation in sugarcane. PLANTA 2024; 259:120. [PMID: 38607398 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This study reveals miRNA indirect regulation of C4 genes in sugarcane through transcription factors, highlighting potential key regulators like SsHAM3a. C4 photosynthesis is crucial for the high productivity and biomass of sugarcane, however, the miRNA regulation of C4 genes in sugarcane remains elusive. We have identified 384 miRNAs along the leaf gradients, including 293 known miRNAs and 91 novel miRNAs. Among these, 86 unique miRNAs exhibited differential expression patterns, and we identified 3511 potential expressed targets of these differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs). Analyses using Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment revealed that targets of miRNAs with positive correlations are integral to chlorophyll-related photosynthetic processes. In contrast, negatively correlated pairs are primarily associated with metabolic functions. It is worth noting that no C4 genes were predicted as targets of DEmiRNAs. Our application of weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) led to a gene regulatory network (GRN) suggesting miRNAs might indirectly regulate C4 genes via transcription factors (TFs). The GRAS TF SsHAM3a emerged as a potential regulator of C4 genes, targeted by miR171y and miR171am, and exhibiting a negative correlation with miRNA expression along the leaf gradient. This study sheds light on the complex involvement of miRNAs in regulating C4 genes, offering a foundation for future research into enhancing sugarcane's photosynthetic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuting Hua
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Meijie Dou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Dongxu Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Huihong Shi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yihan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Shuangyu Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yumin Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yiying Qi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Baiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Qiyun Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qiaoyu Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ruiting Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Ray Ming
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Department of Plant Biology, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Haibao Tang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wei Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Muqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Jisen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Guangxi, 530004, China.
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Herbst J, Pang X, Roling L, Grimm B. A novel tetratricopeptide-repeat protein, TTP1, forms complexes with glutamyl-tRNA reductase and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase during tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2027-2045. [PMID: 38070484 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of the tetrapyrrole end-products chlorophyll and heme depends on a multifaceted control mechanism that acts primarily at the post-translational level upon the rate-limiting step of 5-aminolevulinic acid synthesis and upon light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR). These regulatory processes require auxiliary factors that modulate the activity, stability, complex formation, and subplastidal localization of the relevant proteins. Together, they ensure optimal metabolic flow during the day and at night. As an Arabidopsis homolog of the POR-interacting tetratricopeptide-repeat protein (Pitt) first reported in Synechocystis, we characterize tetrapyrrole biosynthesis-regulating tetratricopeptide-repeat protein1 (TTP1). TTP1 is a plastid-localized, membrane-bound factor that interacts with POR, the Mg protoporphyrin monomethylester cyclase CHL27, glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR), GluTR-binding protein, and FLUORESCENCE IN BLUE LIGHT. Lack of TTP1 leads to accumulation of GluTR, enhanced 5-aminolevulinic acid synthesis and lower levels of POR. Knockout mutants show enhanced sensitivity to reactive oxygen species and a slower greening of etiolated seedlings. Based on our studies, the interaction of TTP1 with GluTR and POR does not directly inhibit their enzymatic activity and contribute to the control of 5-aminolevulinic acid synthesis. Instead, we propose that TTP1 sequesters a fraction of these proteins on the thylakoid membrane, and contributes to their stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Herbst
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology-Plant Physiology, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, 10099 Berlin, Germany
- VIB-U Gent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xiaoqing Pang
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology-Plant Physiology, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Roling
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology-Plant Physiology, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology-Plant Physiology, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, 10099 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Shi J, Wang H, Li M, Mi L, Gao Y, Qiang S, Zhang Y, Chen D, Dai X, Ma H, Lu H, Kim C, Chen S. Alternaria TeA toxin activates a chloroplast retrograde signaling pathway to facilitate JA-dependent pathogenicity. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100775. [PMID: 38050356 PMCID: PMC10943587 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast is a critical battleground in the arms race between plants and pathogens. Among microbe-secreted mycotoxins, tenuazonic acid (TeA), produced by the genus Alternaria and other phytopathogenic fungi, inhibits photosynthesis, leading to a burst of photosynthetic singlet oxygen (1O2) that is implicated in damage and chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling. Despite the significant crop damage caused by Alternaria pathogens, our understanding of the molecular mechanism by which TeA promotes pathogenicity and cognate plant defense responses remains fragmentary. We now reveal that A. alternata induces necrotrophic foliar lesions by harnessing EXECUTER1 (EX1)/EX2-mediated chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling activated by TeA toxin-derived photosynthetic 1O2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mutation of the 1O2-sensitive EX1-W643 residue or complete deletion of the EX1 singlet oxygen sensor domain compromises expression of 1O2-responsive nuclear genes and foliar lesions. We also found that TeA toxin rapidly induces nuclear genes implicated in jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis and signaling, and EX1-mediated retrograde signaling appears to be critical for establishing a signaling cascade from 1O2 to JA. The present study sheds new light on the foliar pathogenicity of A. alternata, during which EX1-dependent 1O2 signaling induces JA-dependent foliar cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Shi
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - He Wang
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengping Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liru Mi
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yazhi Gao
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Sheng Qiang
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinbin Dai
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Hongyu Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huan Lu
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chanhong Kim
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Shiguo Chen
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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11
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Lemke MD, Woodson JD. A genetic screen for dominant chloroplast reactive oxygen species signaling mutants reveals life stage-specific singlet oxygen signaling networks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1331346. [PMID: 38273946 PMCID: PMC10809407 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1331346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Plants employ intricate molecular mechanisms to respond to abiotic stresses, which often lead to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within organelles such as chloroplasts. Such ROS can produce stress signals that regulate cellular response mechanisms. One ROS, singlet oxygen (1O2), is predominantly produced in the chloroplast during photosynthesis and can trigger chloroplast degradation, programmed cell death (PCD), and retrograde (organelle-to-nucleus) signaling. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in these signaling pathways or how many different signaling 1O2 pathways may exist. Methods The Arabidopsis thaliana plastid ferrochelatase two (fc2) mutant conditionally accumulates chloroplast 1O2, making fc2 a valuable genetic system for studying chloroplast 1O2-initiated signaling. Here, we have used activation tagging in a new forward genetic screen to identify eight dominant fc2 activation-tagged (fas) mutations that suppress chloroplast 1O2-initiated PCD. Results While 1O2-triggered PCD is blocked in all fc2 fas mutants in the adult stage, such cellular degradation in the seedling stage is blocked in only two mutants. This differential blocking of PCD suggests that life-stage-specific 1O2-response pathways exist. In addition to PCD, fas mutations generally reduce 1O2-induced retrograde signals. Furthermore, fas mutants have enhanced tolerance to excess light, a natural mechanism to produce chloroplast 1O2. However, general abiotic stress tolerance was only observed in one fc2 fas mutant (fc2 fas2). Together, this suggests that plants can employ general stress tolerance mechanisms to overcome 1O2 production but that this screen was mostly specific to 1O2 signaling. We also observed that salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonate (JA) stress hormone response marker genes were induced in 1O2-stressed fc2 and generally reduced by fas mutations, suggesting that SA and JA signaling is correlated with active 1O2 signaling and PCD. Discussion Together, this work highlights the complexity of 1O2 signaling by demonstrating that multiple pathways may exist and introduces a suite of new 1O2 signaling mutants to investigate the mechanisms controlling chloroplast-initiated degradation, PCD, and retrograde signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesse D. Woodson
- The School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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12
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Zhang ZW, Fu YF, Yang XY, Yuan M, Zheng XJ, Luo XF, Zhang MY, Xie LB, Shu K, Reinbothe S, Reinbothe C, Wu F, Feng LY, Du JB, Wang CQ, Gao XS, Chen YE, Zhang YY, Li Y, Tao Q, Lan T, Tang XY, Zeng J, Chen GD, Yuan S. Singlet oxygen induces cell wall thickening and stomatal density reducing by transcriptome reprogramming. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105481. [PMID: 38041932 PMCID: PMC10731243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) has a very short half-life of 10-5 s; however, it is a strong oxidant that causes growth arrest and necrotic lesions on plants. Its signaling pathway remains largely unknown. The Arabidopsis flu (fluorescent) mutant accumulates a high level of 1O2 and shows drastic changes in nuclear gene expression. Only two plastid proteins, EX1 (executer 1) and EX2 (executer 2), have been identified in the singlet oxygen signaling. Here, we found that the transcription factor abscisic acid insensitive 4 (ABI4) binds the promoters of genes responsive to 1O2-signals. Inactivation of the ABI4 protein in the flu/abi4 double mutant was sufficient to compromise the changes of almost all 1O2-responsive-genes and rescued the lethal phenotype of flu grown under light/dark cycles, similar to the flu/ex1/ex2 triple mutant. In addition to cell death, we reported for the first time that 1O2 also induces cell wall thickening and stomatal development defect. Contrastingly, no apparent growth arrest was observed for the flu mutant under normal light/dim light cycles, but the cell wall thickening (doubled) and stomatal density reduction (by two-thirds) still occurred. These results offer a new idea for breeding stress tolerant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Fan Fu
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin-Yue Yang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Zheng
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Luo
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng-Yao Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin-Bei Xie
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Shu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Steffen Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Christiane Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Fan Wu
- Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling-Yang Feng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-Bo Du
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chang-Quan Wang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue-Song Gao
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang-Er Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Tao
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Lan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Tang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Guang-Deng Chen
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China.
| | - Shu Yuan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China.
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13
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Yang W, Yuan Y, Yang P, Li S, Ma S, Liu X, Zhou X, Chen R. ZmGluTR1 is involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis and is essential for maize development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 290:154115. [PMID: 37864879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll is the most important carrier of photosynthesis in plants and is therefore vital for plant growth and development. Synthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is initiated and catalyzed by glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR) and is the rate-limiting step in chlorophyll biosynthesis. GluTR is controlled by several regulating factors. Although many studies have investigated the structure and function of GluTR in plants, the maize (Zea mays L.) GluTR has not yet been reported. Here, we isolated and identified the first loss-of-function mutant of GluTR in plants from a maize mutagenic population. The stop-gain mutation in ZmGluTR1 resulted in leaf etiolation throughout the growing season. The level of intermediates of chlorophyll biosynthesis and photosynthetic pigments decreased markedly and abnormal chloroplast structure was also observed in the mutants. Further analysis revealed that the deletion of carboxyl terminal (C-terminal) led to premature transcription termination and this hindered the interaction with FLUORESCENT (FLU), thereby influencing the stability of mutated ZmGluTR1 and leading to abolish interaction with GluTR-binding protein (GluBP). Moreover, mutations in the catalytic domain or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) binding domain were lethal under normal growth conditions. These results indicate that ZmGluTR1 plays a fundamental role in chlorophyll biosynthesis and maize development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhu Yang
- Crop Functional Genome Research Center, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuhan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, China
| | - Pengjuan Yang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Suzhen Li
- Crop Functional Genome Research Center, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- Crop Functional Genome Research Center, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Crop Functional Genome Research Center, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaojin Zhou
- Crop Functional Genome Research Center, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Rumei Chen
- Crop Functional Genome Research Center, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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14
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Sevilla F, Martí MC, De Brasi-Velasco S, Jiménez A. Redox regulation, thioredoxins, and glutaredoxins in retrograde signalling and gene transcription. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5955-5969. [PMID: 37453076 PMCID: PMC10575703 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Integration of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated signal transduction pathways via redox sensors and the thiol-dependent signalling network is of increasing interest in cell biology for their implications in plant growth and productivity. Redox regulation is an important point of control in protein structure, interactions, cellular location, and function, with thioredoxins (TRXs) and glutaredoxins (GRXs) being key players in the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis. The crosstalk between second messengers, ROS, thiol redox signalling, and redox homeostasis-related genes controls almost every aspect of plant development and stress response. We review the emerging roles of TRXs and GRXs in redox-regulated processes interacting with other cell signalling systems such as organellar retrograde communication and gene expression, especially in plants during their development and under stressful environments. This approach will cast light on the specific role of these proteins as redox signalling components, and their importance in different developmental processes during abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Sevilla
- Abiotic Stress, Production and Quality Laboratory, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Martí
- Abiotic Stress, Production and Quality Laboratory, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sabrina De Brasi-Velasco
- Abiotic Stress, Production and Quality Laboratory, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Jiménez
- Abiotic Stress, Production and Quality Laboratory, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
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15
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Bali S, Gautam A, Dhiman A, Michael R, Dogra V. Salicylate and jasmonate intertwine in ROS-triggered chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14041. [PMID: 37882286 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants, being sessile, are frequently exposed to environmental perturbations, affecting their sustenance and survival. In response, distinct inherent mechanisms emerged during plant evolution to deal with environmental stresses. Among various organelles, chloroplast plays an indispensable role in plant cells. Besides providing the site for photosynthesis and biosynthesis of many important primary and secondary metabolites, including hormones, chloroplasts also act as environmental sensors. Any environmental perturbation directly influences the photosynthetic electron transport chain, leading to excess accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative damages to biomolecules in the vicinity. To prevent excess ROS accumulation and the consequent oxidative damages, the chloroplast activates retrograde signaling (RS) pathways to reprogramme nuclear gene expression, defining plant's response to stress. Based on levels and site of ROS accumulation, distinct biomolecules are oxidized, generating specific derivatives that act as genuine signaling molecules, triggering specific RS pathways to instigate distinctive responses, including growth inhibition, acclimation, and programmed cell death. Though various RS pathways independently modulate nuclear gene expression, they also implicate the defense hormone salicylic acid (SA) and oxylipins, including 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and jasmonic acid (JA), by promoting their biosynthesis and utilizing them for intra- and intercellular communications. Several studies reported the involvement of both hormones in individual RS pathways, but the precise dissection of their activation and participation in a given RS pathway remains an enigma. The present review describes the current understanding of how SA and JA intertwine in ROS-triggered RS pathways. We have also emphasized the future perspectives for elucidating stress specificity and spatiotemporal accumulation of respective hormones in a given RS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagun Bali
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Ayushi Gautam
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Aarzoo Dhiman
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Rahul Michael
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Vivek Dogra
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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16
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Fan T, Roling L, Hedtke B, Grimm B. FC2 stabilizes POR and suppresses ALA formation in the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:624-638. [PMID: 37161708 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
During photoperiodic growth, the light-dependent nature of chlorophyll synthesis in angiosperms necessitates robust control of the production of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), the rate-limiting step in the initial stage of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis (TBS). We are interested in dissecting the post-translational control of this process, which suppresses ALA synthesis for chlorophyll synthesis in dark-grown plants. Using biochemical approaches for analysis of Arabidopsis wild-type (WT) and mutant lines as well as complementation lines, we show that the heme-synthesizing ferrochelatase 2 (FC2) interacts with protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase and the regulator FLU which both promote the feedback-controlled suppression of ALA synthesis by inactivation of glutamyl-tRNA reductase, thus preventing excessive accumulation of potentially deleterious tetrapyrrole intermediates. Thereby, FC2 stabilizes POR by physical interaction. When the interaction between FC2 and POR is perturbed, suppression of ALA synthesis is attenuated and photoreactive protochlorophyllide accumulates. FC2 is anchored in the thylakoid membrane via its membrane-spanning CAB (chlorophyll-a-binding) domain. FC2 is one of the two isoforms of ferrochelatase catalyzing the last step of heme synthesis. Although FC2 belongs to the heme-synthesizing branch of TBS, its interaction with POR potentiates the effects of the GluTR-inactivation complex on the chlorophyll-synthesizing branch and ensures reciprocal control of chlorophyll and heme synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fan
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13, Building 12,, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Lena Roling
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13, Building 12,, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Hedtke
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13, Building 12,, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13, Building 12,, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Geng R, Pang X, Li X, Shi S, Hedtke B, Grimm B, Bock R, Huang J, Zhou W. PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH8 interacts with tetrapyrrole biosynthesis enzymes and ClpC1 to maintain homeostasis of tetrapyrrole metabolites in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:2545-2560. [PMID: 36967598 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis (TBS) is a dynamically and strictly regulated process. Disruptions in tetrapyrrole metabolism influence many aspects of plant physiology, including photosynthesis, programmed cell death (PCD), and retrograde signaling, thus affecting plant growth and development at multiple levels. However, the genetic and molecular basis of TBS is not fully understood. We report here PCD8, a newly identified thylakoid-localized protein encoded by an essential gene in Arabidopsis. PCD8 knockdown causes a necrotic phenotype due to excessive chloroplast damage. A burst of singlet oxygen that results from overaccumulated tetrapyrrole intermediates upon illumination is suggested to be responsible for cell death in the knockdown mutants. Genetic and biochemical analyses revealed that PCD8 interacts with ClpC1 and a number of TBS enzymes, such as HEMC, CHLD, and PORC of TBS. Taken together, our findings uncover the function of chloroplast-localized PCD8 and provide a new perspective to elucidate molecular mechanism of how TBS is finely regulated in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudan Geng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoqing Pang
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shanshan Shi
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Boris Hedtke
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jirong Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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18
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Hedtke B, Strätker SM, Pulido ACC, Grimm B. Two isoforms of Arabidopsis protoporphyrinogen oxidase localize in different plastidal membranes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:871-885. [PMID: 36806676 PMCID: PMC10231370 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
All land plants encode 2 isoforms of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO). While PPO1 is predominantly expressed in green tissues and its loss is seedling-lethal in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the effects of PPO2 deficiency have not been investigated in detail. We identified 2 ppo2 T-DNA insertion mutants from publicly available collections, one of which (ppo2-2) is a knock-out mutant. While the loss of PPO2 did not result in any obvious phenotype, substantial changes in PPO activity were measured in etiolated and root tissues. However, ppo1 ppo2 double mutants were embryo-lethal. To shed light on possible functional differences between the 2 isoforms, PPO2 was overexpressed in the ppo1 background. Although the ppo1 phenotype was partially complemented, even strong overexpression of PPO2 was unable to fully compensate for the loss of PPO1. Analysis of subcellular localization revealed that PPO2 is found exclusively in chloroplast envelopes, while PPO1 accumulates in thylakoid membranes. Mitochondrial localization of PPO2 in Arabidopsis was ruled out. Since Arabidopsis PPO2 does not encode a cleavable transit peptide, integration of the protein into the chloroplast envelope must make use of a noncanonical import route. However, when a chloroplast transit peptide was fused to the N-terminus of PPO2, the enzyme was detected predominantly in thylakoid membranes and was able to fully complement ppo1. Thus, the 2 PPO isoforms in Arabidopsis are functionally equivalent but spatially separated. Their distinctive localizations within plastids thus enable the synthesis of discrete subpools of the PPO product protoporphyrin IX, which may serve different cellular needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Hedtke
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13 (Building 12), Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Sarah Melissa Strätker
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13 (Building 12), Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Andrea C Chiappe Pulido
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13 (Building 12), Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13 (Building 12), Berlin 10115, Germany
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19
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Youssef WA, Feil R, Saint-Sorny M, Johnson X, Lunn JE, Grimm B, Brzezowski P. Singlet oxygen-induced signalling depends on the metabolic status of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cell. Commun Biol 2023; 6:529. [PMID: 37193883 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04872-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a mutant screen, we identified trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase 1 (TSPP1) as a functional enzyme dephosphorylating trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P) to trehalose in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The tspp1 knock-out results in reprogramming of the cell metabolism via altered transcriptome. As a secondary effect, tspp1 also shows impairment in 1O2-induced chloroplast retrograde signalling. From transcriptomic analysis and metabolite profiling, we conclude that accumulation or deficiency of certain metabolites directly affect 1O2-signalling. 1O2-inducible GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE 5 (GPX5) gene expression is suppressed by increased content of fumarate and 2-oxoglutarate, intermediates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) in mitochondria and dicarboxylate metabolism in the cytosol, but also myo-inositol, involved in inositol phosphate metabolism and phosphatidylinositol signalling system. Application of another TCA cycle intermediate, aconitate, recovers 1O2-signalling and GPX5 expression in otherwise aconitate-deficient tspp1. Genes encoding known essential components of chloroplast-to-nucleus 1O2-signalling, PSBP2, MBS, and SAK1, show decreased transcript levels in tspp1, which also can be rescued by exogenous application of aconitate. We demonstrate that chloroplast retrograde signalling involving 1O2 depends on mitochondrial and cytosolic processes and that the metabolic status of the cell determines the response to 1O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waeil Al Youssef
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regina Feil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Maureen Saint-Sorny
- Photosynthesis and Environment Team, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), CNRS, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, CEA Cadarache, F-13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Xenie Johnson
- Photosynthesis and Environment Team, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), CNRS, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, CEA Cadarache, F-13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - John E Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Brzezowski
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
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20
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Li Y, Liu H, Ma T, Li J, Yuan J, Xu YC, Sun R, Zhang X, Jing Y, Guo YL, Lin R. Arabidopsis EXECUTER1 interacts with WRKY transcription factors to mediate plastid-to-nucleus singlet oxygen signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:827-851. [PMID: 36423342 PMCID: PMC9940883 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts produce singlet oxygen (1O2), which causes changes in nuclear gene expression through plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling to increase plant fitness. However, the identity of this 1O2-triggered pathway remains unclear. Here, we identify mutations in GENOMES UNCOUPLED4 (GUN4) and GUN5 as suppressors of phytochrome-interacting factor1 (pif1) pif3 in regulating the photo-oxidative response in Arabidopsis thaliana. GUN4 and GUN5 specifically interact with EXECUTER1 (EX1) and EX2 in plastids, and this interaction is alleviated by treatment with Rose Bengal (RB) or white light. Impaired expression of GUN4, GUN5, EX1, or EX2 leads to insensitivity to excess light and overexpression of EX1 triggers photo-oxidative responses. Strikingly, upon light irradiation or RB treatment, EX1 transiently accumulates in the nucleus and the nuclear fraction of EX1 shows a similar molecular weight as the plastid-located protein. Point mutagenesis analysis indicated that nuclear localization of EX1 is required for its function. EX1 acts as a transcriptional co-activator and interacts with the transcription factors WRKY18 and WRKY40 to promote the expression of 1O2-responsive genes. This study suggests that EX1 may act in plastid-to-nucleus signaling and establishes a 1O2-triggered retrograde signaling pathway that allows plants adapt to changing light environments during chloroplast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hanhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingting Ma
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jialong Li
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jiarui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ran Sun
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yanjun Jing
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ya-Long Guo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Rongcheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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21
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Fine Tuning of ROS, Redox and Energy Regulatory Systems Associated with the Functions of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria in Plants under Heat Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021356. [PMID: 36674866 PMCID: PMC9865929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress severely affects plant growth and crop production. It is therefore urgent to uncover the mechanisms underlying heat stress responses of plants and establish the strategies to enhance heat tolerance of crops. The chloroplasts and mitochondria are known to be highly sensitive to heat stress. Heat stress negatively impacts on the electron transport chains, leading to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can cause damages on the chloroplasts and mitochondria. Disruptions of photosynthetic and respiratory metabolisms under heat stress also trigger increase in ROS and alterations in redox status in the chloroplasts and mitochondria. However, ROS and altered redox status in these organelles also activate important mechanisms that maintain functions of these organelles under heat stress, which include HSP-dependent pathways, ROS scavenging systems and retrograde signaling. To discuss heat responses associated with energy regulating organelles, we should not neglect the energy regulatory hub involving TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) and SNF-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 (SnRK1). Although roles of TOR and SnRK1 in the regulation of heat responses are still unknown, contributions of these proteins to the regulation of the functions of energy producing organelles implicate the possible involvement of this energy regulatory hub in heat acclimation of plants.
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22
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Gao LL, Hong ZH, Wang Y, Wu GZ. Chloroplast proteostasis: A story of birth, life, and death. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100424. [PMID: 35964157 PMCID: PMC9860172 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is a dynamic balance of protein synthesis and degradation. Because of the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts and the massive transfer of their genetic information to the nucleus of the host cell, many protein complexes in the chloroplasts are constituted from subunits encoded by both genomes. Hence, the proper function of chloroplasts relies on the coordinated expression of chloroplast- and nucleus-encoded genes. The biogenesis and maintenance of chloroplast proteostasis are dependent on synthesis of chloroplast-encoded proteins, import of nucleus-encoded chloroplast proteins from the cytosol, and clearance of damaged or otherwise undesired "old" proteins. This review focuses on the regulation of chloroplast proteostasis, its interaction with proteostasis of the cytosol, and its retrograde control over nuclear gene expression. We also discuss significant issues and perspectives for future studies and potential applications for improving the photosynthetic performance and stress tolerance of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Gao
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zheng-Hui Hong
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yinsong Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guo-Zhang Wu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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23
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Tano DW, Kozlowska MA, Easter RA, Woodson JD. Multiple pathways mediate chloroplast singlet oxygen stress signaling. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 111:167-187. [PMID: 36266500 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01319-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast singlet oxygen initiates multiple pathways to control chloroplast degradation, cell death, and nuclear gene expression. Chloroplasts can respond to stress and changes in the environment by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Aside from being cytotoxic, ROS also have signaling capabilities. For example, the ROS singlet oxygen (1O2) can initiate nuclear gene expression, chloroplast degradation, and cell death. To unveil the signaling mechanisms involved, researchers have used several 1O2-producing Arabidopsis thaliana mutants as genetic model systems, including plastid ferrochelatase two (fc2), fluorescent in blue light (flu), chlorina 1 (ch1), and accelerated cell death 2 (acd2). Here, we compare these 1O2-producing mutants to elucidate if they utilize one or more signaling pathways to control cell death and nuclear gene expression. Using publicly available transcriptomic data, we demonstrate fc2, flu, and ch1 share a core response to 1O2 accumulation, but maintain unique responses, potentially tailored to respond to their specific stresses. Subsequently, we used a genetic approach to determine if these mutants share 1O2 signaling pathways by testing the ability of genetic suppressors of one 1O2 producing mutant to suppress signaling in a different 1O2 producing mutant. Our genetic analyses revealed at least two different chloroplast 1O2 signaling pathways control cellular degradation: one specific to the flu mutant and one shared by fc2, ch1, and acd2 mutants, but with life-stage-specific (seedling vs. adult) features. Overall, this work reveals chloroplast stress signaling involving 1O2 is complex and may allow cells to finely tune their physiology to environmental inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Tano
- The School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, 1140 E, South Campus Drive, 303 Forbes Hall, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0036, USA
| | - Marta A Kozlowska
- The School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, 1140 E, South Campus Drive, 303 Forbes Hall, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0036, USA
| | - Robert A Easter
- The School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, 1140 E, South Campus Drive, 303 Forbes Hall, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0036, USA
| | - Jesse D Woodson
- The School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, 1140 E, South Campus Drive, 303 Forbes Hall, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0036, USA.
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24
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Liu R, Wang L, Meng Y, Li F, Nie H, Lu H. Role of Thylakoid Lipids in Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase Activation: Allosteric Mechanism Elucidated by a Computational Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010307. [PMID: 36613752 PMCID: PMC9820216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) is a chlorophyll synthetase that catalyzes the reduction of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide) with indispensable roles in regulating photosynthesis processes. A recent study confirmed that thylakoid lipids (TL) were able to allosterically enhance modulator-induced LPOR activation. However, the allosteric modulation mechanism of LPOR by these compounds remains unclear. Herein, we integrated multiple computational approaches to explore the potential cavities in the Arabidopsis thaliana LPOR and an allosteric site around the helix-G region where high affinity for phosphatidyl glycerol (PG) was identified. Adopting accelerated molecular dynamics simulation for different LPOR states, we rigorously analyzed binary LPOR/PG and ternary LPOR/NADPH/PG complexes in terms of their dynamics, energetics, and attainable allosteric regulation. Our findings clarify the experimental observation of increased NADPH binding affinity for LPOR with PGs. Moreover, the simulations indicated that allosteric regulators targeting LPOR favor a mechanism involving lid opening upon binding to an allosteric hinge pocket mechanism. This understanding paves the way for designing novel LPOR activators and expanding the applications of LPOR.
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25
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Liu M, Ma W, Su X, Zhang X, Lu Y, Zhang S, Yan J, Feng D, Ma L, Taylor A, Ge Y, Cheng Q, Xu K, Wang Y, Li N, Gu A, Zhang J, Luo S, Xuan S, Chen X, Scrutton NS, Li C, Zhao J, Shen S. Mutation in a chlorophyll-binding motif of Brassica ferrochelatase enhances both heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111758. [PMID: 36476857 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heme branch of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis contributes to the regulation of chlorophyll levels. However, the mechanism underlying the balance between chlorophyll and heme synthesis remains elusive. Here, we identify a dark green leaf mutant, dg, from an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced mutant library of Chinese cabbage. The dg phenotype is caused by an amino acid substitution in the conserved chlorophyll a/b-binding motif (CAB) of ferrochelatase 2 (BrFC2). This mutation increases the formation of BrFC2 homodimer to promote heme production. Moreover, wild-type BrFC2 and dBrFC2 interact with protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) oxidoreductase B1 and B2 (BrPORB1 and BrPORB2), and dBrFC2 exhibits higher binding ability to substrate Pchlide, thereby promoting BrPORBs-catalyzed production of chlorophyllide (Chlide), which can be directly converted into chlorophyll. Our results show that dBrFC2 is a gain-of-function mutation contributing to balancing heme and chlorophyll synthesis via a regulatory mechanism in which dBrFC2 promotes BrPORB enzymatic reaction to enhance chlorophyll synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xiangjie Su
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Shaowei Zhang
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jinghui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Daling Feng
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Lisong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Aoife Taylor
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Yunjia Ge
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Kedong Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Aixia Gu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Shuangxia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Shuxin Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xueping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Chengwei Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China; College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China.
| | - Shuxing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China.
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26
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Koh E, Brandis A, Fluhr R. Plastid and cytoplasmic origins of 1O 2-mediated transcriptomic responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:982610. [PMID: 36420020 PMCID: PMC9676463 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.982610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species singlet oxygen, 1O2, has an extremely short half-life, yet is intimately involved with stress signalling in the cell. We previously showed that the effects of 1O2 on the transcriptome are highly correlated with 80S ribosomal arrest due to oxidation of guanosine residues in mRNA. Here, we show that dysregulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis in the flu mutant or through feeding by δ-aminolevulinic acid can lead to accumulation of photoactive chlorophyll intermediates in the cytoplasm, which generates 1O2 upon exposure to light and causes the oxidation of RNA, eliciting 1O2-responsive genes. In contrast, transcriptomes derived from DCMU treatment, or the Ch1 mutant under moderate light conditions display commonalties with each other but do not induce 1O2 gene signatures. Comparing 1O2 related transcriptomes to an index transcriptome induced by cycloheximide inhibition enables distinction between 1O2 of cytosolic or of plastid origin. These comparisons provide biological insight to cases of mutants or environmental conditions that produce 1O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Koh
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexander Brandis
- Life Sciences Core Facility, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Robert Fluhr
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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27
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Wang W, Zhang J, Guo F, Di Y, Wang Y, Li W, Sun Y, Wang Y, Ni F, Fu D, Wang W, Hao Q. Role of reactive oxygen species in lesion mimic formation and conferred basal resistance to Fusarium graminearum in barley lesion mimic mutant 5386. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1020551. [PMID: 36699849 PMCID: PMC9869871 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1020551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the barley lesion mimic mutant (LMM) 5386, evidenced by a leaf brown spot phenotype localized on the chromosome 3H, and its conferred basal resistance to Fusarium graminearum. RNA-seq analysis identified 1453 genes that were differentially expressed in LMM 5386 compared to those in the wild type. GO and KEGG functional annotations suggested that lesion mimic formation was mediated by pathways involving oxidation reduction and glutathione metabolism. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in brown spots was substantially higher in LMM 5386 than in the wild-type plant; therefore, antioxidant competence, which is indicated by ROS accumulation, was significantly lower in LMM 5386. Furthermore, the reduction of glycine in LMM 5386 inhibited glutathione biosynthesis. These results suggest that the decrease in antioxidant competence and glutathione biosynthesis caused considerable ROS accumulation, leading to programmed cell death, which eventually reduced the yield components in LMM 5386.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Shandong Shofine Seed Technology Co., Ltd., Jining, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Spring Valley Agriscience Co., Ltd., Jinan, China
| | - Fenxia Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Yindi Di
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Wankun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Yali Sun
- Qihe Bureau of Agriculture and Rural, Qihe, China
| | - Yuhai Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Fei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Daolin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Spring Valley Agriscience Co., Ltd., Jinan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Qunqun Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
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28
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Sinha N, Eirich J, Finkemeier I, Grimm B. Glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase is connected to GluTR by GluTR-binding protein and contributes to the rate-limiting step of 5-aminolevulinic acid synthesis. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4623-4640. [PMID: 35972388 PMCID: PMC9614494 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tetrapyrroles play fundamental roles in crucial processes including photosynthesis, respiration, and catalysis. In plants, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is the common precursor of tetrapyrroles. ALA is synthesized from activated glutamate by the enzymes glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR) and glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase (GSAAT). ALA synthesis is recognized as the rate-limiting step in this pathway. We aimed to explore the contribution of GSAAT to the control of ALA synthesis and the formation of a protein complex with GluTR. In Arabidopsis thaliana, two genes encode GSAAT isoforms: GSA1 and GSA2. A comparison of two GSA knockout mutants with the wild-type revealed the correlation of reduced GSAAT activity and ALA-synthesizing capacity in leaves with lower chlorophyll content. Growth and green pigmentation were more severely impaired in gsa2 than in gsa1, indicating the predominant role of GSAAT2 in ALA synthesis. Interestingly, GluTR accumulated to higher levels in gsa2 than in the wild-type and was mainly associated with the plastid membrane. We propose that the GSAAT content modulates the amount of soluble GluTR available for ALA synthesis. Several different biochemical approaches revealed the GSAAT-GluTR interaction through the assistance of GluTR-binding protein (GBP). A modeled structure of the tripartite protein complex indicated that GBP mediates the stable association of GluTR and GSAAT for adequate ALA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sinha
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-University Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eirich
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Plant Physiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Plant Physiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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29
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Jan M, Liu Z, Rochaix JD, Sun X. Retrograde and anterograde signaling in the crosstalk between chloroplast and nucleus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:980237. [PMID: 36119624 PMCID: PMC9478734 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.980237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast is a complex cellular organelle that not only performs photosynthesis but also synthesizes amino acids, lipids, and phytohormones. Nuclear and chloroplast genetic activity are closely coordinated through signaling chains from the nucleus to chloroplast, referred to as anterograde signaling, and from chloroplast to the nucleus, named retrograde signaling. The chloroplast can act as an environmental sensor and communicates with other cell compartments during its biogenesis and in response to stress, notably with the nucleus through retrograde signaling to regulate nuclear gene expression in response to developmental cues and stresses that affect photosynthesis and growth. Although several components involved in the generation and transmission of plastid-derived retrograde signals and in the regulation of the responsive nuclear genes have been identified, the plastid retrograde signaling network is still poorly understood. Here, we review the current knowledge on multiple plastid retrograde signaling pathways, and on potential plastid signaling molecules. We also discuss the retrograde signaling-dependent regulation of nuclear gene expression within the frame of a multilayered network of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Jan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jean-David Rochaix
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xuwu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Yuan J, Ma T, Ji S, Hedtke B, Grimm B, Lin R. Two chloroplast-localized MORF proteins act as chaperones to maintain tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1868-1883. [PMID: 35615903 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tetrapyrroles have essential functions as pigments and cofactors during plant growth and development, and the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway is tightly controlled. Multiple organellar RNA editing factors (MORFs) are required for editing of a wide variety of RNA sites in chloroplasts and mitochondria, but their biochemical properties remain elusive. Here, we uncovered the roles of chloroplast-localized MORF2 and MORF9 in modulating tetrapyrrole biosynthesis and embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. The lack or reduced transcripts of MORF2 or MORF9 significantly affected biosynthesis of the tetrapyrrole precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid and accumulation of Chl and other tetrapyrrole intermediates. MORF2 directly interacts with multiple tetrapyrrole biosynthesis enzymes and regulators, including NADPH:PROTOCHLOROPHYLLIDE OXIDOREDUCTASE B (PORB) and GENOMES UNCOUPLED4 (GUN4). Strikingly, MORF2 and MORF9 display holdase chaperone activity, alleviate the aggregation of PORB in vitro, and are essential for POR accumulation in vivo. Moreover, both MORF2 and MORF9 significantly stimulate magnesium chelatase activity. Our findings reveal a previously unknown biochemical property of MORF proteins as chaperones and point to a new layer of post-translational control of the tightly regulated tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tingting Ma
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Shuiling Ji
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, D-10099, Germany
| | - Boris Hedtke
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, D-10099, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, D-10099, Germany
| | - Rongcheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Wang P, Ji S, Grimm B. Post-translational regulation of metabolic checkpoints in plant tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4624-4636. [PMID: 35536687 PMCID: PMC9992760 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis produces metabolites that are essential for critical reactions in photosynthetic organisms, including chlorophylls, heme, siroheme, phytochromobilins, and their derivatives. Due to the paramount importance of tetrapyrroles, a better understanding of the complex regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis promises to improve plant productivity in the context of global climate change. Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis is known to be controlled at multiple levels-transcriptional, translational and post-translational. This review addresses recent advances in our knowledge of the post-translational regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis and summarizes the regulatory functions of the various auxiliary factors involved. Intriguingly, the post-translational network features three prominent metabolic checkpoints, located at the steps of (i) 5-aminolevulinic acid synthesis (the rate-limiting step in the pathway), (ii) the branchpoint between chlorophyll and heme synthesis, and (iii) the light-dependent enzyme protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. The regulation of protein stability, enzymatic activity, and the spatial organization of the committed enzymes in these three steps ensures the appropriate flow of metabolites through the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway during photoperiodic growth. In addition, we offer perspectives on currently open questions for future research on tetrapyrrole biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13 (Haus 12), 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Shuiling Ji
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13 (Haus 12), 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Jiang M, Dai S, Zheng YC, Li RQ, Tan YY, Pan G, Møller IM, Song SY, Huang JZ, Shu QY. An alanine to valine mutation of glutamyl-tRNA reductase enhances 5-aminolevulinic acid synthesis in rice. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:2817-2831. [PMID: 35779128 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An alanine to valine mutation of glutamyl-tRNA reductase's 510th amino acid improves 5-aminolevulinic acid synthesis in rice. 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is the common precursor of all tetrapyrroles and plays an important role in plant growth regulation. ALA is synthesized from glutamate, catalyzed by glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (GluRS), glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR), and glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase (GSAT). In Arabidopsis, ALA synthesis is the rate-limiting step in tetrapyrrole production via GluTR post-translational regulations. In rice, mutations of GluTR and GSAT homologs are known to confer chlorophyll deficiency phenotypes; however, the enzymatic activity of rice GluRS, GluTR, and GSAT and the post-translational regulation of rice GluTR have not been investigated experimentally. We have demonstrated that a suppressor mutation in rice partially reverts the xantha trait. In the present study, we first determine that the suppressor mutation results from a G → A nucleotide substitution of OsGluTR (and an A → V change of its 510th amino acid). Protein homology modeling and molecular docking show that the OsGluTRA510V mutation increases its substrate binding. We then demonstrate that the OsGluTRA510V mutation increases ALA synthesis in Escherichia coli without affecting its interaction with OsFLU. We further explore homologous genes encoding GluTR across 193 plant species and find that the amino acid (A) is 100% conserved at the position, suggesting its critical role in GluTR. Thus, we demonstrate that the gain-of-function OsGluTRA510V mutation underlies suppression of the xantha trait, experimentally proves the enzymatic activity of rice GluRS, GluTR, and GSAT in ALA synthesis, and uncovers conservation of the alanine corresponding to the 510th amino acid of OsGluTR across plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yongyou Industry Park, Yazhou Bay Sci-Tech City, Sanya, 572000, Hainan, China
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shang Dai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yun-Chao Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Rui-Qing Li
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Gang Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ian Max Møller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Shi-Yong Song
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yongyou Industry Park, Yazhou Bay Sci-Tech City, Sanya, 572000, Hainan, China.
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Qing-Yao Shu
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yongyou Industry Park, Yazhou Bay Sci-Tech City, Sanya, 572000, Hainan, China.
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Abbas M, Sharma G, Dambire C, Marquez J, Alonso-Blanco C, Proaño K, Holdsworth MJ. An oxygen-sensing mechanism for angiosperm adaptation to altitude. Nature 2022; 606:565-569. [PMID: 35650430 PMCID: PMC9200633 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04740-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Flowering plants (angiosperms) can grow at extreme altitudes, and have been observed growing as high as 6,400 metres above sea level1,2; however, the molecular mechanisms that enable plant adaptation specifically to altitude are unknown. One distinguishing feature of increasing altitude is a reduction in the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2). Here we investigated the relationship between altitude and oxygen sensing in relation to chlorophyll biosynthesis—which requires molecular oxygen3—and hypoxia-related gene expression. We show that in etiolated seedlings of angiosperm species, steady-state levels of the phototoxic chlorophyll precursor protochlorophyllide are influenced by sensing of atmospheric oxygen concentration. In Arabidopsis thaliana, this is mediated by the PLANT CYSTEINE OXIDASE (PCO) N-degron pathway substrates GROUP VII ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR transcription factors (ERFVIIs). ERFVIIs positively regulate expression of FLUORESCENT IN BLUE LIGHT (FLU), which represses the first committed step of chlorophyll biosynthesis, forming an inactivation complex with tetrapyrrole synthesis enzymes that are negatively regulated by ERFVIIs, thereby suppressing protochlorophyllide. In natural populations representing diverse angiosperm clades, we find oxygen-dependent altitudinal clines for steady-state levels of protochlorophyllide, expression of inactivation complex components and hypoxia-related genes. Finally, A. thaliana accessions from contrasting altitudes display altitude-dependent ERFVII activity and accumulation. We thus identify a mechanism for genetic adaptation to absolute altitude through alteration of the sensitivity of the oxygen-sensing system. Plants have adapted to grow at specific altitudes by regulating chlorophyll synthesis in response to ambient oxygen concentration, calibrated by altitude-dependent activity of GROUP VII ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Abbas
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Gunjan Sharma
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Carlos Alonso-Blanco
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karina Proaño
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
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Castro PH, Couto D, Santos MÂ, Freitas S, Lourenço T, Dias E, Huguet S, Marques da Silva J, Tavares RM, Bejarano ER, Azevedo H. SUMO E3 ligase SIZ1 connects sumoylation and reactive oxygen species homeostasis processes in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:934-954. [PMID: 35238389 PMCID: PMC9157161 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-like modifying peptide SMALL UBIQUITIN-LIKE MODIFIER (SUMO) has become a known modulator of the plant response to multiple environmental stimuli. A common feature of many of these external stresses is the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Taking into account that SUMO conjugates rapidly accumulate in response to an external oxidative stimulus, it is likely that ROS and sumoylation converge at the molecular and regulatory levels. In this study, we explored the SUMO-ROS relationship, using as a model the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) null mutant of the major SUMO-conjugation enhancer, the E3 ligase SAP AND MIZ 1 (SIZ1). We showed that SIZ1 is involved in SUMO conjugate increase when primed with both exogenous and endogenous ROS. In siz1, seedlings were sensitive to oxidative stress imposition, and mutants accumulated different ROS throughout development. We demonstrated that the deregulation in hydrogen peroxide and superoxide homeostasis, but not of singlet O2 (1O2), was partially due to SA accumulation in siz1. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis highlighted a transcriptional signature that implicated siz1 with 1O2 homeostasis. Subsequently, we observed that siz1 displayed chloroplast morphological defects and altered energy dissipation activity and established a link between the chlorophyll precursor protochlorophyllide and deregulation of PROTOCHLOROPHYLLIDE OXIDOREDUCTASE A (PORA), which is known to drive overproduction of 1O2. Ultimately, network analysis uncovered known and additional associations between transcriptional control of PORA and SIZ1-dependent sumoylation. Our study connects sumoylation, and specifically SIZ1, to the control of chloroplast functions and places sumoylation as a molecular mechanism involved in ROS homeostatic and signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Humberto Castro
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Daniel Couto
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Miguel Ângelo Santos
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Sara Freitas
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Tiago Lourenço
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Eva Dias
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Stéphanie Huguet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay 91405, France
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay 91405, France
| | - Jorge Marques da Silva
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI) and Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Rui Manuel Tavares
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Rodríguez Bejarano
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Department of Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Herlander Azevedo
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4099-002, Portugal
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Jiang J, Wei L, Zhu Y, Zheng M, Cui L, Cai Q, Xie H, Zhang J. 水稻黄绿叶突变体w08(YGL)基因精细定位与功能分析. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2022. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2022-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lukan T, Coll A. Intertwined Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species and Salicylic Acid Signaling Are Crucial for the Plant Response to Biotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105568. [PMID: 35628379 PMCID: PMC9147500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the earliest hallmarks of plant immune response is production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in different subcellular compartments, which regulate plant immunity. A suitable equilibrium, which is crucial to prevent ROS overaccumulation leading to oxidative stress, is maintained by salicylic acid (SA), a chief regulator of ROS. However, ROS not only act downstream of SA signaling, but are also proposed to be a central component of a self-amplifying loop that regulates SA signaling as well as the interaction balance between different phytohormones. The exact role of this crosstalk, the position where SA interferes with ROS signaling and ROS interferes with SA signaling and the outcome of this regulation, depend on the origin of ROS but also on the pathosystem. The precise spatiotemporal regulation of organelle-specific ROS and SA levels determine the effectiveness of pathogen arrest and is therefore crucial for a successful immune response. However, the regulatory interplay behind still remains poorly understood, as up until now, the role of organelle-specific ROS and SA in hypersensitive response (HR)-conferred resistance has mostly been studied by altering the level of a single component. In order to address these aspects, a sophisticated combination of research methods for monitoring the spatiotemporal dynamics of key players and transcriptional activity in plants is needed and will most probably consist of biosensors and precision transcriptomics.
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Genome-Wide Identification of the Eucalyptus urophylla GATA Gene Family and Its Diverse Roles in Chlorophyll Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095251. [PMID: 35563644 PMCID: PMC9102942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
GATA transcription factors have been demonstrated to play key regulatory roles in plant growth, development, and hormonal response. However, the knowledge concerning the evolution of GATA genes in Eucalyptus urophylla and their trans-regulatory interaction is indistinct. Phylogenetic analysis and study of conserved motifs, exon structures, and expression patterns resolved the evolutionary relationships of these GATA proteins. Phylogenetic analysis showed that EgrGATAs are broadly distributed in four subfamilies. Cis-element analysis of promoters revealed that EgrGATA genes respond to light and are influenced by multiple hormones and abiotic stresses. Transcriptome analysis revealed distinct temporal and spatial expression patterns of EgrGATA genes in various tissues of E. urophylla S.T.Blake, which was confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Further research revealed that EurGNC and EurCGA1 were localized in the nucleus, and EurGNC directly binds to the cis-element of the EurGUN5 promoter, implying its potential roles in the regulation of chlorophyll synthesis. This comprehensive study provides new insights into the evolution of GATAs and could help to improve the photosynthetic assimilation and vegetative growth of E. urophylla at the genetic level.
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Du K, Wu W, Liao T, Yang J, Kang X. Transcriptome analysis uncovering regulatory networks and hub genes of Populus photosynthesis and chlorophyll content. Genomics 2022; 114:110385. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Woodson JD. Control of chloroplast degradation and cell death in response to stress. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:851-864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Li M, Lee KP, Liu T, Dogra V, Duan J, Li M, Xing W, Kim C. Antagonistic modules regulate photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes via GOLDEN2-LIKE transcription factors. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:2308-2324. [PMID: 34951648 PMCID: PMC8968271 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
GOLDEN2-LIKE (GLK) transcription factors drive the expression of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes (PhANGs) indispensable for chloroplast biogenesis. Salicylic acid (SA)-induced SIGMA FACTOR-BINDING PROTEIN 1 (SIB1), a transcription coregulator and positive regulator of cell death, interacts with GLK1 and GLK2 to reinforce the expression of PhANGs, leading to photoinhibition of photosystem II and singlet oxygen (1O2) burst in chloroplasts. 1O2 then contributes to SA-induced cell death via EXECUTER 1 (EX1; 1O2 sensor protein)-mediated retrograde signaling upon reaching a critical level. This earlier finding has initiated research on the potential role of GLK1/2 and EX1 in SA signaling. Consistent with this view, we reveal that LESION-SIMULATING DISEASE 1 (LSD1), a transcription coregulator and negative regulator of SA-primed cell death, interacts with GLK1/2 to repress their activities in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Overexpression of LSD1 repressed GLK target genes, including PhANGs, whereas loss of LSD1 enhanced their expression. Remarkably, LSD1 overexpression inhibited chloroplast biogenesis, resembling the characteristic glk1glk2 double mutant phenotype. Subsequent chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with expression analyses further revealed that LSD1 inhibits the DNA-binding activity of GLK1 toward its target promoters. SA-induced nuclear-targeted SIB1 proteins appeared to interrupt the LSD1-GLK interaction, and the subsequent SIB1-GLK interaction activated EX1-mediated 1O2 signaling, elucidating antagonistic modules SIB1 and LSD1 in the regulation of GLK activity. Taken together, we provide a working model that SIB1 and LSD1, mutually exclusive SA-signaling components, antagonistically regulate GLK1/2 to fine-tune the expression of PhANGs, thereby modulating 1O2 homeostasis and related stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tong Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | - Jianli Duan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mengshuang Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiman Xing
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Barczak-Brzyżek A, Brzyżek G, Koter M, Siedlecka E, Gawroński P, Filipecki M. Plastid retrograde regulation of miRNA expression in response to light stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:150. [PMID: 35346032 PMCID: PMC8962581 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03525-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous noncoding RNAs that play a pivotal role in the regulation of plant development and responses to the surrounding environment. Despite the efforts made to elucidate their function in the adaptation of plants to many abiotic and biotic stresses, their role in high light (HL) stress is still vague. HL stress often arises upon plant exposure to full sunlight. Subsequent changes in nuclear gene expression are triggered by chloroplast-derived retrograde signals. RESULTS In this study, we show that HL is involved in miRNA-dependent regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana rosettes. Microtranscriptomic screening revealed a limited number of miRNAs reacting to HL. To explain the miRNA regulation mechanisms at the different biogenesis stages, chemical and genetic approaches were applied. First, we tested the possible role of plastoquinone (PQ) redox changes using photosynthetic electron transport chain inhibitors. The results suggest that increased primary transcript abundance (pri-miRNAs) of HL-regulated miRNAs is dependent on signals upstream of PQ. This indicates that such signals may originate from photosystem II, which is the main singlet oxygen (1O2) source. Nevertheless, no changes in pri-miRNA expression upon a dark-light shift in the conditional fluorescent (flu) mutant producing 1O2 were observed when compared to wild-type plants. Thus, we explored the 1O2 signaling pathway, which is initiated independently in HL and is related to β-carotene oxidation and production of volatile derivatives, such as β-cyclocitral (β-CC). Pri-miRNA induction by β-CC, which is a component of this 1O2 pathway, as well as an altered response in the methylene blue sensitivity 1 (mbs1) mutant support the role of 1O2 signaling in miRNA regulation. CONCLUSIONS We show that light stress triggers changes in miRNA expression. This stress response may be regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related signaling. In conclusion, our results link ROS action to miRNA biogenesis, suggesting its contribution to inconsistent pri- and mature miRNA dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Barczak-Brzyżek
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Brzyżek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Koter
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Siedlecka
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Gawroński
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Filipecki
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
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Fölsche V, Großmann C, Richter AS. Impact of Porphyrin Binding to GENOMES UNCOUPLED 4 on Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis in planta. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:850504. [PMID: 35371166 PMCID: PMC8967248 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.850504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant tetrapyrrole biosynthesis (TPS) provides the indispensable chlorophyll (Chl) and heme molecules in photosynthetic organisms. Post-translational mechanisms control the enzymes to ensure a balanced flow of intermediates in the pathway and synthesis of appropriate amounts of both endproducts. One of the critical regulators of TPS is GENOMES UNCOUPLED 4 (GUN4). GUN4 interacts with magnesium chelatase (MgCh), and its binding of the catalytic substrate and product of the MgCh reaction stimulates the insertion of Mg2+ into protoporphyrin IX. Despite numerous in vitro studies, knowledge about the in vivo function of the GUN4:porphyrin interaction for the whole TPS pathway, particularly in plants, is still limited. To address this, we focused on two highly conserved amino acids crucial for porphyrin-binding to GUN4 and analyzed GUN4-F191A, R211A, and R211E substitution mutants in vitro and in vivo. Our analysis confirmed the importance of these amino acids for porphyrin-binding and the stimulation of plant MgCh by GUN4 in vitro. Expression of porphyrin-binding deficient F191A, R211A, and R211E in the Arabidopsis gun4-2 knockout mutant background revealed that, unlike in cyanobacteria and green algae, GUN4:porphyrin interactions did not affect the stability of GUN4 or other Arabidopsis TPS pathway enzymes in vivo. In addition, although they shared diminished porphyrin-binding and MgCh activation in vitro, expression of the different GUN4 mutants in gun4-2 had divergent effects on the TPS and the accumulation of Chl and Chl-binding proteins. For instance, expression of R211E, but not R211A, induced a substantial decrease of ALA synthesis rate, lower TPS intermediate and Chl level, and strongly impaired accumulation of photosynthetic complexes compared to wild-type plants. Furthermore, the presence of R211E led to significant growth retardation and paler leaves compared to GUN4 knockdown mutants, indicating that the exchange of R211 to glutamate compromised TPS and Chl accumulation more substantially than the almost complete lack of GUN4. Extensive in vivo analysis of GUN4 point mutants suggested that F191 and R211 might also play a role beyond porphyrin-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Fölsche
- Physiology of Plant Cell Organelles, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher Großmann
- Physiology of Plant Cell Organelles, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas S. Richter
- Physiology of Plant Cell Organelles, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Physiology of Plant Metabolism, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Dogra V, Singh RM, Li M, Li M, Singh S, Kim C. EXECUTER2 modulates the EXECUTER1 signalosome through its singlet oxygen-dependent oxidation. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:438-453. [PMID: 34968736 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative post-translational modifications of specific chloroplast proteins contribute to the initiation of retrograde signaling. The Arabidopsis thaliana EXECUTER1 (EX1) protein, a chloroplast-localized singlet oxygen (1O2) sensor, undergoes tryptophan (Trp) 643 oxidation by 1O2, a chloroplast-derived and light-dependent reactive oxygen species. The indole side chain of Trp is vulnerable to 1O2, leading to the generation of oxidized Trp variants and priming EX1 for degradation by a membrane-bound FtsH protease. The perception of 1O2 via Trp643 oxidation and subsequent EX1 proteolysis facilitate chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling. In this study, we discovered that the EX1-like protein EX2 also undergoes 1O2-dependent Trp530 oxidation and FtsH-dependent turnover, which attenuates 1O2 signaling by decelerating EX1-Trp643 oxidation and subsequent EX1 degradation. Consistent with this finding, the loss of EX2 function reinforces EX1-dependent retrograde signaling by accelerating EX1-Trp643 oxidation and subsequent EX1 proteolysis, whereas overexpression of EX2 produces molecular phenotypes opposite to those observed in the loss-of- function mutants of EX2. Intriguingly, phylogenetic analysis suggests that EX2 may have emerged evolutionarily to attenuate the sensitivity of EX1 toward 1O2. Collectively, these results suggest that EX2 functions as a negative regulator of the EX1 signalosome through its own 1O2-dependent oxidation, providing a new mechanistic insight into the regulation of EX1-mediated 1O2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dogra
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rahul Mohan Singh
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mengping Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Somesh Singh
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chanhong Kim
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Tano DW, Woodson JD. Putting the brakes on chloroplast stress signaling. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:388-390. [PMID: 35183786 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David W Tano
- The School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, 303 Forbes Hall, 1140 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jesse D Woodson
- The School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, 303 Forbes Hall, 1140 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Jedynak P, Trzebuniak KF, Chowaniec M, Zgłobicki P, Banaś AK, Mysliwa-Kurdziel B. Dynamics of Etiolation Monitored by Seedling Morphology, Carotenoid Composition, Antioxidant Level, and Photoactivity of Protochlorophyllide in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:772727. [PMID: 35265091 PMCID: PMC8900029 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.772727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings are widely used as a model to study the de-etiolation process, the etiolation itself at the molecular level still needs elucidation. Here, we monitored the etiolation dynamics for wild type A. thaliana seedlings and lutein-deficient (lut2) mutant between 2 and 12 days of their growth in the absence of light. We analyzed the shape of the apex, the growth rate, the carotenoids and protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) accumulation, and the light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) transcripts. Differences concerning the apical hook curvature and cotyledon opening among seedlings of the same age were observed, mostly after day 6 of the culture. We categorized the observed apex shapes and presented quantitatively how distribution among the categories changed during 12 days of seedling growth. The Pchlide654/Pchlide633 ratio, corresponding to the amount of the photoactive Pchlide, was the highest in the youngest seedlings, and decreased with their age. LPORA, LPORB, and LPORC transcripts were detected in etiolated seedlings, and their content decreased during seedling growth. Expression of SAG12 or SAG13 senescence markers, depletion in antioxidants, and excess ion leakage were not observed during the etiolation. Lack of lutein in the lut2 mutant resulted in slow Pchlide accumulation and affected other xanthophyll composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Jedynak
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Filip Trzebuniak
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chowaniec
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Zgłobicki
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Katarzyna Banaś
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Beata Mysliwa-Kurdziel
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Li M, Kim C. Chloroplast ROS and stress signaling. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100264. [PMID: 35059631 PMCID: PMC8760138 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts overproduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) under unfavorable environmental conditions, and these ROS are implicated in both signaling and oxidative damage. There is mounting evidence for their roles in translating environmental fluctuations into distinct physiological responses, but their targets, signaling cascades, and mutualism and antagonism with other stress signaling cascades and within ROS signaling remain poorly understood. Great efforts made in recent years have shed new light on chloroplast ROS-directed plant stress responses, from ROS perception to plant responses, in conditional mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana or under various stress conditions. Some articles have also reported the mechanisms underlying the complexity of ROS signaling pathways, with an emphasis on spatiotemporal regulation. ROS and oxidative modification of affected target proteins appear to induce retrograde signaling pathways to maintain chloroplast protein quality control and signaling at a whole-cell level using stress hormones. This review focuses on these seemingly interconnected chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling pathways initiated by ROS and ROS-modified target molecules. We also discuss future directions in chloroplast stress research to pave the way for discovering new signaling molecules and identifying intersectional signaling components that interact in multiple chloroplast signaling pathways.
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Song Y, Feng L, Alyafei MAM, Jaleel A, Ren M. Function of Chloroplasts in Plant Stress Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413464. [PMID: 34948261 PMCID: PMC8705820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The chloroplast has a central position in oxygenic photosynthesis and primary metabolism. In addition to these functions, the chloroplast has recently emerged as a pivotal regulator of plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress conditions. Chloroplasts have their own independent genomes and gene-expression machinery and synthesize phytohormones and a diverse range of secondary metabolites, a significant portion of which contribute the plant response to adverse conditions. Furthermore, chloroplasts communicate with the nucleus through retrograde signaling, for instance, reactive oxygen signaling. All of the above facilitate the chloroplast’s exquisite flexibility in responding to environmental stresses. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the involvement of chloroplasts in plant regulatory responses to various abiotic and biotic stresses including heat, chilling, salinity, drought, high light environmental stress conditions, and pathogen invasions. This review will enrich the better understanding of interactions between chloroplast and environmental stresses, and will lay the foundation for genetically enhancing plant-stress acclimatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Song
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China;
| | - Li Feng
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China;
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mohammed Abdul Muhsen Alyafei
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.M.A.); (A.J.)
| | - Abdul Jaleel
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.M.A.); (A.J.)
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China;
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(13)-527313471
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De Giorgi J, Fuchs C, Iwasaki M, Kim W, Piskurewicz U, Gully K, Utz-Pugin A, Mène-Saffrané L, Waridel P, Nawrath C, Longoni FP, Fujita S, Loubéry S, Lopez-Molina L. The Arabidopsis mature endosperm promotes seedling cuticle formation via release of sulfated peptides. Dev Cell 2021; 56:3066-3081.e5. [PMID: 34706263 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis mature seeds, the onset of the embryo-to-seedling transition is nonautonomously controlled, being blocked by endospermic abscisic acid (ABA) release under unfavorable conditions. Whether the mature endosperm governs additional nonautonomous developmental processes during this transition is unknown. Mature embryos have a more permeable cuticle than seedlings, consistent with their endospermic ABA uptake capability. Seedlings acquire their well-sealing cuticles adapted to aerial lifestyle during germination. Endosperm removal prevents seedling cuticle formation, and seed reconstitution by endosperm grafting onto embryos shows that the endosperm promotes seedling cuticle development. Grafting different endosperm and embryo mutant combinations, together with biochemical, microscopy, and mass spectrometry approaches, reveal that the release of tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST)-sulfated CIF2 and PSY1 peptides from the endosperm promotes seedling cuticle development. Endosperm-deprived embryos produced nonviable seedlings bearing numerous developmental defects, not related to embryo malnutrition, all restored by exogenously provided endosperm. Hence, seedling establishment is nonautonomous, requiring the mature endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien De Giorgi
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Fuchs
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mayumi Iwasaki
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Woohyun Kim
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Urszula Piskurewicz
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kay Gully
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Utz-Pugin
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Patrice Waridel
- Protein Analysis Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fiamma Paolo Longoni
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Loubéry
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luis Lopez-Molina
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Koh E, Cohen D, Brandis A, Fluhr R. Attenuation of cytosolic translation by RNA oxidation is involved in singlet oxygen-mediated transcriptomic responses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3597-3615. [PMID: 34370334 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) production is associated with stress signalling. Here, using Arabidopsis as a model system, we study the effects of the accumulation of 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-oxoG), a major product of 1 O2 -mediated RNA oxidation. We show that 8-oxoG can accumulate in vivo when 1 O2 is produced in the cytoplasm. Conditions for such production include the application of RB in the light, dark-to-light transitions in the flu mutant, or subjecting plants to combined dehydration/light exposure. Transcriptomes of these treatments displayed a significant overlap with transcripts stimulated by the cytosolic 80S ribosomal translation inhibitors, cycloheximide and homoharringtonine. We demonstrate that 8-oxoG accumulation correlates with a decrease in RNA translatability, resulting in the rapid decrease of the levels of labile gene repressor elements such as IAA1 and JAZ1 in a proteasome-dependent manner. Indeed, genes regulated by the labile repressors of the jasmonic acid signalling pathway were induced by cycloheximide, RB or dehydration/light treatment independently of the hormone. The results suggest that 1 O2 , by oxidizing RNA, attenuated cellular translatability and caused specific genes to be released from the repression of their cognate short half-life repressors. The findings here describe a novel means of gene regulation via the direct interaction of 1 O2 with RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Koh
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dekel Cohen
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexander Brandis
- Life Sciences Core Facility, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Robert Fluhr
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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50
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Wakao S, Niyogi KK. Chlamydomonas as a model for reactive oxygen species signaling and thiol redox regulation in the green lineage. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:687-698. [PMID: 35237823 PMCID: PMC8491031 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
One-sentence summary: Advances in proteomic and transcriptomic studies have made Chlamydomonas a powerful research model in redox and reactive oxygen species regulation with unique and overlapping mechanisms with plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setsuko Wakao
- Division of Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Author for communication: Senior author
| | - Krishna K. Niyogi
- Division of Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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