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Ullah A, Chen Y, Singla RK, Cao D, Shen B. Exploring cytokines dynamics: Uncovering therapeutic concepts for metabolic disorders in postmenopausal women- diabetes, metabolic bone diseases, and non-alcohol fatty liver disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 101:102505. [PMID: 39307315 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Menopause is an age-related change that persists for around one-third of a woman's life. Menopause increases the risk of metabolic illnesses such as diabetes, osteoporosis (OP), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Immune mediators (pro-inflammatory cytokines), such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-17, transforming growth factor (TGF), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), exacerbate the challenges of a woman undergoing menopause by causing inflammation and contributing to the development of these metabolic diseases in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, studies have shown that anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 receptor antagonists (IL-1Ra), IL-2, and IL-10 have a double-edged effect on diabetes and OP. Likewise, several interferon (IFN) members are double-edged swords in the OP. Therefore, addressing these immune mediators precisely may be an approach to improving the health of postmenopausal women. Hence, considering the significant changes in these cytokines, the present review focuses on the latest findings concerning the molecular mechanisms by which pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukins) impact postmenopausal women with diabetes, OP, and NAFLD. Furthermore, we comprehensively discuss the therapeutic approaches that identify cytokines as therapeutic targets, such as hormonal therapy, physical activities, natural inhibitors (drugs), and others. Finally, this review aims to provide valuable insights into the role of cytokines in postmenopausal women's diabetes, OP, and NAFLD. Deeply investigating the mechanisms and therapeutic interventions involved will address the characteristics of immune mediators (cytokines) and improve the management of these illnesses, thereby enhancing the general quality of life and health of the corresponding populations of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Ullah
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center of West China Hospital and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yongxiu Chen
- Gynecology Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, No. 521, Xingnan Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511442, China
| | - Rajeev K Singla
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center of West China Hospital and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Dan Cao
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center of West China Hospital and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Bairong Shen
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center of West China Hospital and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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2
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Mohamed AH, Ahmed AT, Al Abdulmonem W, Bokov DO, Shafie A, Al-Hetty HRAK, Hsu CY, Alissa M, Nazir S, Jamali MC, Mudhafar M. Interleukin-6 serves as a critical factor in various cancer progression and therapy. Med Oncol 2024; 41:182. [PMID: 38900329 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays a crucial role in host immune defense and acute stress responses. Moreover, it modulates various cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and differentiation. These effects are facilitated by various signaling pathways, particularly the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2). However, excessive IL-6 production and dysregulated signaling are associated with various cancers, promoting tumorigenesis by influencing all cancer hallmarks, such as apoptosis, survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, invasiveness, metastasis, and notably, metabolism. Emerging evidence indicates that selective inhibition of the IL-6 signaling pathway yields therapeutic benefits across diverse malignancies, such as multiple myeloma, prostate, colorectal, renal, ovarian, and lung cancers. Targeting key components of IL-6 signaling, such as IL-6Rs, gp130, STAT3, and JAK via monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or small molecules, is a heavily researched approach in preclinical cancer studies. The purpose of this study is to offer an overview of the role of IL-6 and its signaling pathway in various cancer types. Furthermore, we discussed current preclinical and clinical studies focusing on targeting IL-6 signaling as a therapeutic strategy for various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma'a H Mohamed
- Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technologies, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babil, Hilla, 51001, Iraq
| | - Abdulrahman T Ahmed
- Department of Nursing, Al-Maarif University College, Ramadi, AL-Anbar Governorate, Iraq.
| | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dmitry Olegovich Bokov
- Institute of Pharmacy named after A.P. Nelyubin, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8 Trubetskaya St., bldg. 2, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 2/14 Ustyinsky pr., Moscow, Russian Federation, 109240
| | - Alaa Shafie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Chou-Yi Hsu
- Thunderbird School of Global Management, Arizona State University Tempe Campus, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Mohammed Alissa
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Nazir
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Mohammad Chand Jamali
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Liwa College, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mustafa Mudhafar
- Department of Medical Physics, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Kerbala, Karbala, 56001, Iraq
- Department of Anesthesia Techniques and Intensive Care, Al-Taff University College, Kerbala, 56001, Iraq
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3
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Swaroop AK, Negi P, Kar A, Mariappan E, Natarajan J, Namboori P K K, Selvaraj J. Navigating IL-6: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic breakthroughs. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 76:48-76. [PMID: 38220583 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
This concise review navigates the intricate realm of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), an important member of the cytokine family. Beginning with an introduction to cytokines, this narrative review unfolds with the historical journey of IL-6, illuminating its evolving significance. A crucial section unravels the three distinct signaling modes employed by IL-6, providing a foundational understanding of its versatile interactions within cellular landscapes. Moving deeper, the review meticulously dissects IL-6's signaling mechanisms, unraveling the complexities of its pleiotropic effects in both physiological responses and pathological conditions. A significant focus is dedicated to the essential role IL-6 plays in inflammatory diseases, offering insights into its associations and implications for various health conditions. The review also takes a therapeutic turn by exploring the emergence of anti-IL-6 monoclonal inhibitors, marking a profound stride in treatment modalities. Diving into the molecular realm, the review explores small molecules as agents for IL-6 inhibition, providing a nuanced perspective on diverse intervention strategies. As the review embarks on the final chapters, it contemplates future aspects, offering glimpses into potential research trajectories and the evolving landscape of IL-6-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akey Krishna Swaroop
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Preeya Negi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ayushi Kar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Esakkimuthukumar Mariappan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jawahar Natarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnan Namboori P K
- Amrita Molecular Modeling and Synthesis (AMMAS) Research lab, Amrita Vishwavidyapeetham, Amrita Nagar, Ettimadai, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jubie Selvaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Paul I, Roy A, Ray S. Molecular Design of Novel Inhibitor by Targeting IL-6Rα using Combined Pharmacophore and Experimentally Verified Plant Products with Scaffold-Hopping Techniques: A Dual Therapeutic Strategy for COVID-19 and Cancer. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300806. [PMID: 37967248 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The IL-6/IL-6R/gp130 complex serves as a significant indicator of cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19 and chronic inflammation, increasing the risk of cancer. Therefore, we identified IL-6Rα as a potential target to block gp130 interaction. Notably, there has been no reception of approval for an orally available drug to serve this purpose, to date. In this study, we targeted IL-6Rα to inhibit IL-6Rα/gp130 interaction. The selection of the lead candidate L821 involved the amalgamation of three drug discovery approaches. This library was screened employing tertiary structure-based pharmacophore models followed by molecular docking models, scaffold-hopping, MM/PBSA as well as MM/GBSA analysis, and assessments of pKi and ADMET properties. After evaluating the binding interactions with key amino acids, 15 potential ligands were chosen, with the top ligand undergoing further investigation by means of molecular dynamics simulations. Considering the stability of the complexes, the strong interactions observed between ligand and residues of IL-6Rα/gp130, and the favorable binding free energy calculations, L821 emerged as the prime candidate for inhibiting IL-6Rα. Notably, L821 exhibited a docking-based binding affinity of -9.5 kcal/mol. Our study presents L821 as a promising inhibitor for future in vitro analysis, potentially combatting SARS-CoV-2-related cytokine storms and serving as an oncogenic drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishani Paul
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, India
| | - Alankar Roy
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, India
| | - Sujay Ray
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, India
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5
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Nada H, Sivaraman A, Lu Q, Min K, Kim S, Goo JI, Choi Y, Lee K. Perspective for Discovery of Small Molecule IL-6 Inhibitors through Study of Structure–Activity Relationships and Molecular Docking. J Med Chem 2023; 66:4417-4433. [PMID: 36971365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays a key role in the pathogenesis and physiology of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as coronary heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and most recently COVID-19. IL-6 and its signaling pathway are promising targets in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Although, anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibodies are currently being used in clinics, huge unmet medical needs remain because of the high cost, administration-related toxicity, lack of opportunity for oral dosing, and potential immunogenicity of monoclonal antibody therapy. Furthermore, nonresponse or loss of response to monoclonal antibody therapy has been reported, which increases the importance of optimizing drug therapy with small molecule drugs. This work aims to provide a perspective for the discovery of novel small molecule IL-6 inhibitors by the analysis of the structure-activity relationships and computational studies for protein-protein inhibitors targeting the IL-6/IL-6 receptor/gp130 complex.
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Schultz DC, Pan L, Wang T, Booker C, Hyder I, Hanold L, Rubin G, Ding Y, Lin J, Li C. Carbohydrate-Small Molecule Hybrids as Lead Compounds Targeting IL-6 Signaling. Molecules 2023; 28:677. [PMID: 36677735 PMCID: PMC9861960 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past 25 years, a number of efforts have been made toward the development of small molecule interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling inhibitors, but none have been approved to date. Monosaccharides are a diverse class of bioactive compounds, but thus far have been unexplored as a scaffold for small molecule IL-6-signaling inhibitor design. Therefore, in this present communication, we combined a structure-based drug design approach with carbohydrate building blocks to design and synthesize novel IL-6-signaling inhibitors targeting glycoprotein 130 (gp130). Of this series of compounds, LS-TG-2P and LS-TF-3P were the top lead compounds, displaying IC50 values of 6.9 and 16 µM against SUM159 cell lines, respectively, while still retaining preferential activity against the IL-6-signaling pathway. The carbohydrate moiety was found to improve activity, as N-unsubstituted triazole analogues of these compounds were found to be less active in vitro compared to the leads themselves. Thus, LS-TG-2P and LS-TF-3P are promising scaffolds for further development and study as IL-6-signaling inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Schultz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Tiffany Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Conner Booker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Iram Hyder
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Laura Hanold
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Garret Rubin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yousong Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jiayuh Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Chenglong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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7
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Bandyopadhyay S, Abiodun OA, Ogboo BC, Kola-Mustapha AT, Attah EI, Edemhanria L, Kumari A, Jaganathan R, Adelakun NS. Polypharmacology of some medicinal plant metabolites against SARS-CoV-2 and host targets: Molecular dynamics evaluation of NSP9 RNA binding protein. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:11467-11483. [PMID: 34370622 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1959401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants as rich sources of bioactive compounds are now being explored for drug development against COVID-19. 19 medicinal plants known to exhibit antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects were manually curated, procuring a library of 521 metabolites; this was virtually screened against NSP9, including some other viral and host targets and were evaluated for polypharmacological indications. Leads were identified via rigorous scoring thresholds and ADMET filtering. MM-GBSA calculation was deployed to select NSP9-Lead complexes and the complexes were evaluated for their stability and protein-ligand communication via MD simulation. We identified 5 phytochemical leads for NSP9, 23 for Furin, 18 for ORF3a, and 19 for IL-6. Ochnaflavone and Licoflavone B, obtained from Lonicera japonica (Japanese Honeysuckle) and Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice), respectively, were identified to have the highest potential polypharmacological properties for the aforementioned targets and may act on multiple pathways simultaneously to inhibit viral entry, replication, and disease progression. Additionally, MD simulation supports the robust stability of Ochnaflavone and Licoflavone B against NSP9 at the active sites via hydrophobic interactions, H-bonding, and H-bonding facilitated by water. This study promotes the initiation of further experimental analysis of natural product-based anti-COVID-19 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suritra Bandyopadhyay
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), BARC Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Blessing Chinweotito Ogboo
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
| | - Adeola Tawakalitu Kola-Mustapha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.,College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emmanuel Ifeanyi Attah
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
| | - Lawrence Edemhanria
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Samuel Adegboyega University, Ogwa, Nigeria
| | | | - Ravindran Jaganathan
- SriSamraj Health Services Pvt. Ltd, Tindivanam, Tamilnadu, India.,Pre-clinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL-RCMP), Malaysia
| | - Niyi S Adelakun
- Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.,Bio-Assay and Cheminformatics Unit, Molecular and Simulations, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
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8
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Rašková M, Lacina L, Kejík Z, Venhauerová A, Skaličková M, Kolář M, Jakubek M, Rosel D, Smetana K, Brábek J. The Role of IL-6 in Cancer Cell Invasiveness and Metastasis-Overview and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cells 2022; 11:3698. [PMID: 36429126 PMCID: PMC9688109 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) belongs to a broad class of cytokines involved in the regulation of various homeostatic and pathological processes. These activities range from regulating embryonic development, wound healing and ageing, inflammation, and immunity, including COVID-19. In this review, we summarise the role of IL-6 signalling pathways in cancer biology, with particular emphasis on cancer cell invasiveness and metastasis formation. Targeting principal components of IL-6 signalling (e.g., IL-6Rs, gp130, STAT3, NF-κB) is an intensively studied approach in preclinical cancer research. It is of significant translational potential; numerous studies strongly imply the remarkable potential of IL-6 signalling inhibitors, especially in metastasis suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rašková
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Lacina
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Dermatovenereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Kejík
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Venhauerová
- BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Skaličková
- BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kolář
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 140 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jakubek
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Rosel
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Smetana
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Dermatovenereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
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9
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Talianová V, Kejík Z, Kaplánek R, Veselá K, Abramenko N, Lacina L, Strnadová K, Dvořánková B, Martásek P, Masařík M, Megová MH, Bušek P, Křížová J, Zdražilová L, Hansíková H, Vlčák E, Filimonenko V, Šedo A, Smetana K, Jakubek M. New-Generation Heterocyclic Bis-Pentamethinium Salts as Potential Cytostatic Drugs with Dual IL-6R and Mitochondria-Targeting Activity. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081712. [PMID: 36015338 PMCID: PMC9416741 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-6 signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of a number of serious diseases, including chronic inflammation and cancer. Targeting of IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) by small molecules is therefore an intensively studied strategy in cancer treatment. We describe the design, synthesis, and characteristics of two new bis-pentamethinium salts 5 and 6 (meta and para) bearing indole moieties. Molecular docking studies showed that both compounds have the potential to bind IL-6R (free energy of binding −9.5 and −8.1 kcal/mol). The interaction with IL-6R was confirmed using microscale thermophoresis analyses, which revealed that both compounds had strong affinity for the IL-6R (experimentally determined dissociation constants 26.5 ± 2.5 nM and 304 ± 27.6 nM, respectively). In addition, both compounds were cytotoxic for a broad spectrum of cancer cell lines in micromolar concentrations, most likely due to their accumulation in mitochondria and inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. In summary, the structure motif of bis-pentamethinium salts represents a promising starting point for the design of novel multitargeting compounds with the potential to inhibit IL-6 signaling and simultaneously target mitochondrial metabolism in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Talianová
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, CZ-252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 455/2, CZ-128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Kejík
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, CZ-252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 455/2, CZ-128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Kaplánek
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, CZ-252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 455/2, CZ-128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Veselá
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, CZ-252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 455/2, CZ-128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nikita Abramenko
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, CZ-252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 455/2, CZ-128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Lacina
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, CZ-252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, CZ-120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Dermatovenerology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, CZ-128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Strnadová
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, CZ-252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, CZ-120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Dvořánková
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, CZ-252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, CZ-120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 455/2, CZ-128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masařík
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, CZ-252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 455/2, CZ-128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathological Physiology and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Houdová Megová
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, CZ-120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bušek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, CZ-120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Křížová
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 455/2, CZ-128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Zdražilová
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 455/2, CZ-128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hansíková
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 455/2, CZ-128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Erik Vlčák
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences, CZ-140 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vlada Filimonenko
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences, CZ-140 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleksi Šedo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, CZ-120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Smetana
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, CZ-252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, CZ-120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jakubek
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, CZ-252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 455/2, CZ-128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
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10
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IL-6 in the Ecosystem of Head and Neck Cancer: Possible Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011027. [PMID: 34681685 PMCID: PMC8540903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a highly potent cytokine involved in multiple biological processes. It was previously reported to play a distinct role in inflammation, autoimmune and psychiatric disorders, ageing and various types of cancer. Furthermore, it is understood that IL-6 and its signaling pathways are substantial players in orchestrating the cancer microenvironment. Thus, they appear to be potential targets in anti-tumor therapy. The aim of this article is to elucidate the role of IL-6 in the tumor ecosystem and to review the possible therapeutic approaches in head and neck cancer.
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11
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Brábek J, Jakubek M, Vellieux F, Novotný J, Kolář M, Lacina L, Szabo P, Strnadová K, Rösel D, Dvořánková B, Smetana K. Interleukin-6: Molecule in the Intersection of Cancer, Ageing and COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217937. [PMID: 33114676 PMCID: PMC7662856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine with multifaceted effects playing a remarkable role in the initiation of the immune response. The increased level of this cytokine in the elderly seems to be associated with the chronic inflammatory setting of the microenvironment in aged individuals. IL-6 also represents one of the main signals in communication between cancer cells and their non-malignant neighbours within the tumour niche. IL-6 also participates in the development of a premetastatic niche and in the adjustment of the metabolism in terminal-stage patients suffering from a malignant disease. IL-6 is a fundamental factor of the cytokine storm in patients with severe COVID-19, where it is responsible for the fatal outcome of the disease. A better understanding of the role of IL-6 under physiological as well as pathological conditions and the preparation of new strategies for the therapeutic control of the IL-6 axis may help to manage the problems associated with the elderly, cancer, and serious viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (D.R.)
- BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Milan Jakubek
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Fréderic Vellieux
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Novotný
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 140 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kolář
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 140 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Lacina
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, Fist Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
- Department of Dermatovenereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavol Szabo
- Institute of Anatomy, Fist Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Karolína Strnadová
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, Fist Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Daniel Rösel
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (D.R.)
- BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Barbora Dvořánková
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, Fist Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Karel Smetana
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, Fist Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-224-965-873
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12
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Song D, Yu W, Ren Y, Zhu J, Wan C, Cai G, Guo J, Zhang W, Kong L. Discovery of bazedoxifene analogues targeting glycoprotein 130. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 199:112375. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Metcalfe RD, Putoczki TL, Griffin MDW. Structural Understanding of Interleukin 6 Family Cytokine Signaling and Targeted Therapies: Focus on Interleukin 11. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1424. [PMID: 32765502 PMCID: PMC7378365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are small signaling proteins that have central roles in inflammation and cell survival. In the half-century since the discovery of the first cytokines, the interferons, over fifty cytokines have been identified. Amongst these is interleukin (IL)-6, the first and prototypical member of the IL-6 family of cytokines, nearly all of which utilize the common signaling receptor, gp130. In the last decade, there have been numerous advances in our understanding of the structural mechanisms of IL-6 family signaling, particularly for IL-6 itself. However, our understanding of the detailed structural mechanisms underlying signaling by most IL-6 family members remains limited. With the emergence of new roles for IL-6 family cytokines in disease and, in particular, roles of IL-11 in cardiovascular disease, lung disease, and cancer, there is an emerging need to develop therapeutics that can progress to clinical use. Here we outline our current knowledge of the structural mechanism of signaling by the IL-6 family of cytokines. We discuss how this knowledge allows us to understand the mechanism of action of currently available inhibitors targeting IL-6 family cytokine signaling, and most importantly how it allows for improved opportunities to pharmacologically disrupt cytokine signaling. We focus specifically on the need to develop and understand inhibitors that disrupt IL-11 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley D Metcalfe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Technology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tracy L Putoczki
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael D W Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Technology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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14
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Aqel SI, Kraus EE, Jena N, Kumari V, Granitto MC, Mao L, Farinas MF, Zhao EY, Perottino G, Pei W, Lovett-Racke AE, Racke MK, Fuchs JR, Li C, Yang Y. Novel small molecule IL-6 inhibitor suppresses autoreactive Th17 development and promotes T reg development. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 196:215-225. [PMID: 30615197 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the leading cause of non-traumatic neurological disability in the United States in young adults, but current treatments are only partially effective, making it necessary to develop new, innovative therapeutic strategies. Myelin-specific interleukin (IL)-17-producing T helper type 17 (Th17) cells are a major subset of CD4 T effector cells (Teff ) that play a critical role in mediating the development and progression of MS and its mouse model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), while regulatory T cells (Treg ) CD4 T cells are beneficial for suppressing disease. The IL-6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3) signaling pathway is a key regulator of Th17 and Treg cells by promoting Th17 development and suppressing Treg development. Here we show that three novel small molecule IL-6 inhibitors, madindoline-5 (MDL-5), MDL-16 and MDL-101, significantly suppress IL-17 production in myelin-specific CD4 T cells in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. MDL-101 showed superior potency in suppressing IL-17 production compared to MDL-5 and MDL-16. Treatment of myelin-specific CD4 T cells with MDL-101 in vitro reduced their encephalitogenic potential following their subsequent adoptive transfer. Furthermore, MDL-101 significantly suppressed proliferation and IL-17 production of anti-CD3-activated effector/memory CD45RO+ CD4+ human CD4 T cells and promoted human Treg development. Together, these data demonstrate that these novel small molecule IL-6 inhibitors have the potential to shift the Teff : Treg balance, which may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for ameliorating disease progression in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Aqel
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - E E Kraus
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - N Jena
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.,Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - V Kumari
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M C Granitto
- Neuroscience Program, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - L Mao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA
| | - M F Farinas
- Neuroscience Program, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - E Y Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - G Perottino
- Neuroscience Program, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W Pei
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - A E Lovett-Racke
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M K Racke
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J R Fuchs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - C Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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15
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Masjedi A, Hashemi V, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Ghalamfarsa G, Azizi G, Yousefi M, Jadidi-Niaragh F. The significant role of interleukin-6 and its signaling pathway in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1415-1424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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16
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Jones SA, Jenkins BJ. Recent insights into targeting the IL-6 cytokine family in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2018; 18:773-789. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-018-0066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Hajra S, Singha Roy S, Biswas A, Saleh SA. Catalyst-Free Ring Opening of Spiroaziridine Oxindoles by Heteronucleophiles: An Approach to the Synthesis of Enantiopure 3-Substituted Oxindoles. J Org Chem 2018; 83:3633-3644. [PMID: 29494152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A simple catalyst-free method was developed for the ring opening of spiroaziridine oxindoles by three different nucleophiles, namely, amines, thiols, and methanol, to produce enantiopure (up to 99%) vicinal diaminooxindoles, β-aminosulfides, and β-amino-3-methoxyoxindole, respectively, in good to excellent yields. In contrast to the spiroepoxides, spiroaziridines are opened regio- and stereospecifically through the pseudobenzylic spirocenter under catalyst-free conditions. Moreover, unlike simple 2-substituted aziridines, these spiroaziridines are opened up with retention in configuration at the C3-spirocenter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumen Hajra
- Centre of Biomedical Research , Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus , Raebareli Road , Lucknow 226014 , India
| | - Somnath Singha Roy
- Centre of Biomedical Research , Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus , Raebareli Road , Lucknow 226014 , India
| | - Anurag Biswas
- Centre of Biomedical Research , Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus , Raebareli Road , Lucknow 226014 , India
| | - Sk Abu Saleh
- Centre of Biomedical Research , Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus , Raebareli Road , Lucknow 226014 , India
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18
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Growth-suppressive activity of raloxifene on liver cancer cells by targeting IL-6/GP130 signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 8:33683-33693. [PMID: 28430601 PMCID: PMC5464902 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine, which is involved in the regulation of differentiation and growth of certain types of tumor cells. Constitutive activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) induced by IL-6 is frequently detected in liver cancer and has emerged as a viable molecular target for liver cancer treatment. However, few inhibitors targeting up-streams of STAT3 are available for the therapy of liver cancer. We reported the discovery of EVISTA (Raloxifene HCl) as novel inhibitor of IL-6/GP130 protein-protein interactions (PPIs) using multiple ligand simultaneous docking (MLSD) and drug repositioning. The possible effect of Raloxifene in STAT3 signaling or liver cancer cells is still unclear. Results Raloxifene inhibited the P-STAT3 stimulated by IL-6, but not the induction of STAT1 and STAT6 phosphorylation by IFN-γ, IFN-α, and IL-4. Raloxifene inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation and resulted in the induction apoptosis on human liver cancer cell-lines. Raloxifene inhibited the targets of STAT3, such as Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and survivin and cell viability, cell migration, and colony formation in liver cancer cells. Further, daily administration of Raloxifene suppressed the Hep-G2 tumor growth in mice in vivo. Materials and Methods The inhibitory effect on STAT3 phosphorylation and activity as well as cell viability, migration, and colony forming ability by Raloxifene was examined in human liver cancer cells. Tumor growth was detected via mouse xenograft tumor mode. Conclusions Our results suggest that Raloxifene is a potent IL-6/GP130 inhibitor and may be a chemoprevention agent for liver cancer by targeting persistent STAT3 signaling.
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19
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Heo TH, Wahler J, Suh N. Potential therapeutic implications of IL-6/IL-6R/gp130-targeting agents in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:15460-73. [PMID: 26840088 PMCID: PMC4941253 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine with known multiple functions in immune regulation, inflammation, and oncogenesis. Binding of IL-6 to the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) induces homodimerization and recruitment of glycoprotein 130 (gp130), which leads to activation of downstream signaling. Emerging evidence suggests that high levels of IL-6 are correlated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. IL-6 appears to play a critical role in the growth and metastasis of breast cancer cells, renewal of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), and drug resistance of BCSCs, making anti-IL-6/IL-6R/gp130 therapies promising options for the treatment and prevention of breast cancers. However, preclinical and clinical studies of the applications of anti-IL-6/IL-6R/gp130 therapy in breast cancers are limited. In this review, we summarize the structures, preclinical and clinical studies, mechanisms of action of chemical and biological blockers that directly bind to IL-6, IL-6R, or gp130, and the potential clinical applications of these pharmacological agents as breast cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hwe Heo
- NP512, Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Joseph Wahler
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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20
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Kim D, Won HY, Hwang ES, Kim YK, Choo HYP. Synthesis of benzoxazole derivatives as interleukin-6 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3127-3134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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21
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Yadav A, Kumar B, Teknos TN, Kumar P. Bazedoxifene enhances the anti-tumor effects of cisplatin and radiation treatment by blocking IL-6 signaling in head and neck cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 8:66912-66924. [PMID: 28978005 PMCID: PMC5620145 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that IL-6 signaling plays an important role in the aggressive and metastatic phenotype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Therefore, we hypothesized that targeting of IL-6 signaling in HNSCC could enhance the therapeutic efficacy of standard chemoradiation treatment. We used both in vitro and in vivo models to test the efficacy of Bazedoxifene (BZA), a drug that was originally developed as a newer-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Recently, BZA was also shown to exhibit potent anti-cancer effects that were both estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent and ER-independent. Our results suggest that BZA inhibits IL-6 signaling by disrupting IL-6R/gp130 protein-protein interactions. BZA treatment of CAL27-IL-6 (IL-6 overexpressing cells) or UM-SCC-74A (naturally expressing high levels of IL-6) significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and colony formation ability in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, BZA significantly decreased IL-6-mediated tumorsphere formation by markedly reducing nanog expression. BZA treatment also markedly reduced chemo and radioresistance in head and neck cancer cells by downregulating ERCC-1, XRCC-1 and survivin expression. In a SCID mouse xenograft model, BZA significantly enhanced the anti-tumor effects of cisplatin and radiation treatment with no added systemic toxicity. Furthermore, combination treatments significantly decreased tumor metastasis, pSTAT3 expression and nanog expression, in vivo. Taken together, our results suggest that targeting IL-6 signaling with bazedoxifene could be an effective treatment strategy for the treatment of HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Yadav
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bhavna Kumar
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Theodoros N Teknos
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Pawan Kumar
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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22
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Zeng XP, Cao ZY, Wang YH, Zhou F, Zhou J. Catalytic Enantioselective Desymmetrization Reactions to All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters. Chem Rev 2016; 116:7330-96. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Ping Zeng
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Yan Cao
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Hui Wang
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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23
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Pandey G, Khamrai J. Asymmetric Total Synthesis and Structural Elucidation of Unusual Oxindole Alkaloid Leucolusine. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Pandey
- Molecular Synthesis and Drug Discovery Laboratory; Centre of Biomedical Research; SGPGIMS Campus Lucknow- 226014 India
| | - Jagadish Khamrai
- Molecular Synthesis and Drug Discovery Laboratory; Centre of Biomedical Research; SGPGIMS Campus Lucknow- 226014 India
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24
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Singh S, Gajulapati V, Gajulapati K, Goo JI, Park YH, Jung HY, Lee SY, Choi JH, Kim YK, Lee K, Heo TH, Choi Y. Structure–activity relationship study of a series of novel oxazolidinone derivatives as IL-6 signaling blockers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1282-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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25
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Hong SS, Choi JH, Lee SY, Park YH, Park KY, Lee JY, Kim J, Gajulapati V, Goo JI, Singh S, Lee K, Kim YK, Im SH, Ahn SH, Rose-John S, Heo TH, Choi Y. A Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitor Targeting the IL-6 Receptor β Subunit, Glycoprotein 130. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:237-45. [PMID: 26026064 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-6 is a major causative factor of inflammatory disease. Although IL-6 and its signaling pathways are promising targets, orally available small-molecule drugs specific for IL-6 have not been developed. To discover IL-6 antagonists, we screened our in-house chemical library and identified LMT-28, a novel synthetic compound, as a candidate IL-6 blocker. The activity, mechanism of action, and direct molecular target of LMT-28 were investigated. A reporter gene assay showed that LMT-28 suppressed activation of STAT3 induced by IL-6, but not activation induced by leukemia inhibitory factor. In addition, LMT-28 downregulated IL-6-stimulated phosphorylation of STAT3, gp130, and JAK2 protein and substantially inhibited IL-6-dependent TF-1 cell proliferation. LMT-28 antagonized IL-6-induced TNF-α production in vivo. In pathologic models, oral administration of LMT-28 alleviated collagen-induced arthritis and acute pancreatitis in mice. Based on the observation of upstream IL-6 signal inhibition by LMT-28, we hypothesized IL-6, IL-6Rα, or gp130 to be putative molecular targets. We subsequently demonstrated direct interaction of LMT-28 with gp130 and specific reduction of IL-6/IL-6Rα complex binding to gp130 in the presence of LMT-28, which was measured by surface plasmon resonance analysis. Taken together, our data suggest that LMT-28 is a novel synthetic IL-6 inhibitor that functions through direct binding to gp130.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Sun Hong
- Department of Drug Development, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ho Choi
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yoon Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Hwa Park
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Yeon Park
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoung Kim
- Department of Drug Development, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Veeraswamy Gajulapati
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Il Goo
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarbjit Singh
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 410-820, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kook Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hee Im
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Ahn
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, Kiel 24098, Germany
| | - Tae-Hwe Heo
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yongseok Choi
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea;
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26
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Nagaraju S, Satyanarayana N, Paplal B, Vasu AK, Kanvah S, Kashinath D. Synthesis of functionalized isoxazole–oxindole hybrids via on water, catalyst free vinylogous Henry and 1,6-Michael addition reactions. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14039k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Various isoxazole–oxindole hybrids were synthesized via vinylogous Henry reaction of 3,5-dimethyl-4-nitroisoxazole and isatin under catalyst free conditions in water. The products obtained were functionalized using 1,6-Michael addition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakkani Nagaraju
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Warangal-506004
- India
| | | | - Banoth Paplal
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Warangal-506004
- India
| | - Anuji K. Vasu
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Ahmedabad
- India
| | - Sriram Kanvah
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Ahmedabad
- India
| | - Dhurke Kashinath
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Warangal-506004
- India
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27
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Liu CJ, Kuo FC, Hu HM, Chen CY, Huang YB, Cheng KH, Yokoyama KK, Wu DC, Hsieh S, Kuo CH. 17β-Estradiol inhibition of IL-6-Src and Cas and paxillin pathway suppresses human mesenchymal stem cells-mediated gastric cancer cell motility. Transl Res 2014; 164:232-43. [PMID: 24801617 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies demonstrate that the incidence and mortality of gastric cancer in women are lower than in men worldwide. Many studies have reported the delayed menopause and hormone replacement therapy are associated with a reduced risk for gastric cancer. It has been reported that endogenous estrogen lowers gastric cancer incidence in women, and cancer patients treated with estrogens have a lower subsequent risk of gastric cancer. It has been reported that estrogen decreases the progression of gastric cancer by inhibiting erbB-2 oncogene expression. Overexpression of estrogen receptor might inhibit the proliferation and invasion of MKN28 gastric cancer cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells contribute to the progression of gastric cancer. However, it is unknown if 17β-estradiol (E2) treatment is sufficient to inhibit human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (HBMMSCs)-mediated cell motility in human gastric cancer cells. The results from human cytokine arrays have shown that HBMMSCs notably secrete interleukin 6 (IL-6) protein. Administration of IL-6-specific neutralizing antibody significantly inhibits HBMMSCs-mediated motility activity in human gastric cancer cells. Treatment of recombinant IL-6 soluble protein confirmed the role of IL-6 in mediating HBMMSCs-upregulated cell motility. IL-6 mainly upregulates motility activity via activation of Src signaling pathway in human gastric cancer cells. We further observed that E2 treatment inhibits HBMMSCs-induced cellular motility via suppressing the activation of IL-6-Src/Cas/paxillin signaling pathway in human gastric cancer cells. Collectively, these results suggest that E2 treatment significantly inhibits HBMMSCs-induced cellular motility in human gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Jung Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chen Kuo
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Ming Hu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Yun Chen
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Imaging, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Bin Huang
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hung Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kazunari K Yokoyama
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shuchen Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hung Kuo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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28
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Li H, Xiao H, Lin L, Jou D, Kumari V, Lin J, Li C. Drug Design Targeting Protein–Protein Interactions (PPIs) Using Multiple Ligand Simultaneous Docking (MLSD) and Drug Repositioning: Discovery of Raloxifene and Bazedoxifene as Novel Inhibitors of IL-6/GP130 Interface. J Med Chem 2014; 57:632-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401144z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huameng Li
- Biophysics
Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Hui Xiao
- Center
for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, United States
| | - Li Lin
- Division
of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - David Jou
- Center
for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, United States
| | - Vandana Kumari
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jiayuh Lin
- Center
for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, United States
| | - Chenglong Li
- Biophysics
Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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29
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Paladhi S, Bhati M, Panda D, Dash J. Thiazolidinedione–Isatin Conjugates via an Uncatalyzed Diastereoselective Aldol Reaction on Water. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1473-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402515d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sushovan Paladhi
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
- Department
of Chemical Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, Mohanpur, 741252, India
| | - Meeta Bhati
- Department
of Chemical Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, Mohanpur, 741252, India
| | - Deepanjan Panda
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
- Department
of Chemical Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, Mohanpur, 741252, India
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30
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Huo HX, Duvall JR, Huang MY, Hong R. Catalytic asymmetric allylation of carbonyl compounds and imines with allylic boronates. Org Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3qo00081h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselective allylation is a highly used organic reaction to prepare chiral homoallylic alcohols and amines, which serve as important building blocks in the synthesis of a variety of natural products and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Xing Huo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | - Meng-Yuan Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ran Hong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, China
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31
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Miyata O, Ueda M, Ito Y. Synthetic Routes towards Benzofuro[2,3-b]pyrroles and Benzofuro[2,3-b]indoles. HETEROCYCLES 2014. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-14-798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Mohammadi S, Heiran R, Herrera RP, Marqués-López E. Isatin as a Strategic Motif for Asymmetric Catalysis. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION STAT3 is a key transcription factor for many regulatory factors that modulate gene transcription. Particularly important are cytokines and growth factors that maintain homeostasis by regulating immunocytes, stromal and epithelial cells. Dysregulation of STAT3 by constitutive activation plays an important role in the initiation of inflammation and cellular transformation in numerous cancers, especially of epithelial origin. This review focuses on STAT3 drive in gastric cancer initiation and progression, with emphasis on its activation by cytokines, and how targeting the primary drivers or gastric STAT3 therapeutically may prevent or slow stomach cancer development. AREAS COVERED This review will discuss the mechanics of STAT3 signalling, how constitutive STAT3 activation promotes gastric tumourigenesis in both human adenocarcinomas and mouse models, the nature of the upstream regulators of STAT3, and their association with chronic Helicobacter pylori infection, STAT3-activated genes that promote transformation and progression, and finally the development and use of STAT3 and upstream cytokine inhibitors as therapeutics. EXPERT OPINION Chronic STAT3 activation is a key event in gastric cancer induction and progression. Specific targeting of stomach epithelial STAT3 or blocking IL-11Rα/gp130 and/or EGFR signal transduction in chronic gastric inflammation and metaplasia may be therapeutically effective in preventing gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Giraud
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Childrens Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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35
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Bisai V, Bisai A, Singh VK. Enantioselective organocatalytic aldol reaction using small organic molecules. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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36
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Liu GG, Zhao H, Lan YB, Wu B, Huang XF, Chen J, Tao JC, Wang XW. Asymmetric cross aldol addition of isatins with α,β-unsaturated ketones catalyzed by a bifunctional Brønsted acid–Brønsted base organocatalyst. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Waser M. Enamine Catalysis. ASYMMETRIC ORGANOCATALYSIS IN NATURAL PRODUCT SYNTHESES 2012:7-44. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1163-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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38
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Sunazuka T. Synthetic Study and Medicinal Chemistry of Microbial Bioactive Natural Products Including Macrolides. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2012. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.70.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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39
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40
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Role of interleukin-6 on RANKL-RANK/osteoprotegerin system in hypothyroid ovariectomized mice. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2011; 48:549-54. [PMID: 21478097 DOI: 10.2478/v10042-010-0064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal women frequently develop hypothyroidism. Estrogen depletion is accompanied by an increase of IL-6, accelerating bone turnover. The influence of hypothyroidism on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women is poorly understood. The aim of the study was an attempt to clarify the role of interleukin-6 on RANKL-RANK/osteoprotegerin system in hypothyroid ovariectomized mice. The study was performed on 56, 12-13 weeks old, female mice: C57BL/6J (wild-type; WT) and C57BL/6JIL6-/-Kopf (IL-6 knock-out; IL6KO). The mice were randomly divided into 8 groups with 7 mice in each one: 1/ WT controls, 2/ IL6KO controls, 3/ WT hypothyroid mice, 4/ IL6KO hypothyroid mice, 5/ WT ovariectomized, 6/ IL6KO ovariectomized, 7/ WT ovariectomized hypothyroid mice and 8/ IL6KO ovariectomized hypothyroid mice. Experimental model of menopause was produced by bilateral ovariectomy carried out in 8-9 weeks old mice. Experimental model of hypothyroidism was induced by propylthiouracyl administration in driking water. The serum levels of TRACP 5b, osteocalcin, OPG and RANKL were determined by ELISA. Serum RANKL concentrations were elevated significantly in all groups of ovariectomized mice as compared to respective controls, but in a minor degree in IL6KO hypothyroid mice as compared to wild-type animals. Moreover sRANKL values were significantly lower in IL6KO as compared to WT controls and IL6KO PTU injected mice. Osteoprotegerin serum levels were decreased in all IL-6 deficient mice and in a highest degree in sham-operated hypothyroid mice. To sum up, the results of the present study suggest that estrogens deficit is a strong stimulus for RANKL-RANK/OPG pathway that breaks an inhibitory influence of hypothyroidism even in IL-6 deficient mice.
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41
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The balance between soluble receptors regulating IL-6 trans-signaling is predictive for the RANKL/osteoprotegerin ratio in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2010; 32:199-206. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-010-1606-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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42
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Slinger E, Maussang D, Schreiber A, Siderius M, Rahbar A, Fraile-Ramos A, Lira SA, Söderberg-Nauclér C, Smit MJ. HCMV-encoded chemokine receptor US28 mediates proliferative signaling through the IL-6-STAT3 axis. Sci Signal 2010; 3:ra58. [PMID: 20682912 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
US28 is a viral G protein (heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate-binding protein)-coupled receptor encoded by the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). In addition to binding and internalizing chemokines, US28 constitutively activates signaling pathways linked to cell proliferation. Here, we show increased concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in supernatants of US28-expressing NIH 3T3 cells. Increased IL-6 was associated with increased activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) through upstream activation of the Janus-activated kinase JAK1. We used conditioned growth medium, IL-6-neutralizing antibodies, an inhibitor of the IL-6 receptor, and short hairpin RNA targeting IL-6 to show that US28 activates the IL-6-JAK1-STAT3 signaling axis through activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB and the consequent production of IL-6. Treatment of cells with a specific inhibitor of STAT3 inhibited US28-dependent [(3)H]thymidine incorporation and foci formation, suggesting a key role for STAT3 in the US28-mediated proliferative phenotype. US28 also elicited STAT3 activation and IL-6 secretion in HCMV-infected cells. Analyses of tumor specimens from glioblastoma patients demonstrated colocalization of US28 and phosphorylated STAT3 in the vascular niche of these tumors. Moreover, increased phospho-STAT3 abundance correlated with poor patient outcome. We propose that US28 induces proliferation in HCMV-infected tumors by establishing a positive feedback loop through activation of the IL-6-STAT3 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Slinger
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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43
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Marqués-López E, Herrera RP, Christmann M. Asymmetric organocatalysis in total synthesis--a trial by fire. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:1138-67. [PMID: 20445939 DOI: 10.1039/b924964h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Marqués-López
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Organische Chemie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
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44
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Lee SW, Kim MS, Park MH, Park SJ, Lee WS, Chang JS, Rho MC. Alkamides from Piper longum and Piper nigrum as Inhibitors of IL-6 action. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.04.921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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45
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Sims NA. gp130 signaling in bone cell biology: multiple roles revealed by analysis of genetically altered mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 310:30-9. [PMID: 18805458 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The receptor subunit gp130 is utilized by a wide range of cytokines, many of which have critical functions in regulating the actions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. In vitro studies have revealed remarkably consistent effects of many of these family members, specifically, actions on receptors in the osteoblast lineage that stimulate osteoblast differentiation and stimulate production of RANKL, thereby increasing the formation of osteoclasts. In contrast to this simple model of gp130 action on bone, deletion of cytokines or receptors that interact with gp130 reveal a range of bone phenotypes implicating critical roles for gp130 signaling in longitudinal bone growth, bone resorption and bone formation. In most cases, deletion of gp130, ligands or ligand-specific receptors interacting with gp130 causes a low level of bone formation; a high level of bone formation was only observed in gp130(Y757F/Y757F) mice, gp130 signaling mutants, where it is caused by a cell-lineage autonomous increase in osteoclast formation and an IL-6-dependent coupling pathway. On the other hand, the range of gene knockouts may cause either a reduction or an increase in osteoclast formation, and in many cases alterations in osteoclast size and ability to resorb bone. Since some knockouts are neonatal lethal, interpretation of ex vivo analyses and the contribution of each component to bone remodeling are not clearly defined, and there is still much work to be done before these questions can be resolved. Taken together these results indicate multiple roles for gp130 cytokines in controlling osteoblasts and osteoclast function, including paracrine roles to mediate signaling between these two cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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46
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Itoh T, Ishikawa H, Hayashi Y. Asymmetric aldol reaction of acetaldehyde and isatin derivatives for the total syntheses of ent-convolutamydine E and CPC-1 and a half fragment of madindoline A and B. Org Lett 2009; 11:3854-7. [PMID: 19655732 DOI: 10.1021/ol901432a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric aldol reaction of isatin derivatives and acetaldehyde has been developed using 4-hydroxydiarylprolinol as a catalyst, affording the aldol products with high enantioselectivity, these products being key intermediates in the synthesis of 3-hydroxyindole alkaloids. Short syntheses of ent-convolutamydine E and CPC-1 and a half fragment of madindoline A and B have been accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Itoh
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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47
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Lee EG, Baek JE, Lee SH, Kim TW, Choi JH, Rho MC, Ahn JO, Lee HW, Jung JK. Efficient proteolytic cleavage by insertion of oligopeptide linkers and its application to production of recombinant human interleukin-6 in Escherichia coli. Enzyme Microb Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Teramoto T, Matsunaga T, Toba M, Sunazuka T, Omura S, Ohmori S. Role of Dexamethasone and Oncostatin M on the Formation of Vacuoles in Human Fetal Liver Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:209-12. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mie Toba
- Department of Pharmacy, Shinshu University Hospital
| | - Toshiaki Sunazuka
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute
| | - Satoshi Omura
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute
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Sunazuka T, Hirose T, O̅mura S. Efficient total synthesis of novel bioactive microbial metabolites. Acc Chem Res 2008; 41:302-14. [PMID: 18217720 DOI: 10.1021/ar6000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive natural products produced by microbes have almost limitless potential in pharmaceutical applications, and the organic synthesis of such products as lead compounds will result in the creation of new and widely useful pharmaceutical products. A program of discovery of naturally occurring bioactive microbial metabolites has been ongoing at the Kitasato Institute. We have also developed efficient, rational, and highly flexible production methods for generation of target compounds, synthesis of related compounds, elucidation of their structure-activity relationships, and the possible creation of improved bioactive compounds. In this Account, the isolation and total synthesis of naturally occurring bioactive microbial metabolites in order to create novel medicines for specific illnesses is described. This covers diseases and conditions such as atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, inflammation, and osteoporosis, among others, and focuses on six specific compounds. Pyripyropenes were discovered from Aspergillus fumigatus FO-1289 through our screening of microbial metabolites that strongly inhibit acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) in order to develop a new class of cholesterol-lowering agents. These novel polyoxygenated mixed polyketide-terpenoid (meroterpenoid) metabolites contain a fused pyridyl alpha-pyrone moiety. We carried out the first total synthesis of (+)-pyripyropene A via a flexible, concise, and highly efficient route and also clarified the structure-activity relationships. Arisugacins were discovered from Penicillium sp. FO-4259 by our screening of microbial metabolites that strongly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in order to create novel medicines for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Arisugacins are also meroterpenoids. We have achieved the first convergent total synthesis of arisugacins A and B. Lactacystin was isolated from Streptomyces sp. OM-6519 via our screening of microbial metabolites that promote the differentiation of the neuroblastoma cell to further discover new AD medicines. Lactacystin has a novel gamma-lactam thioester structure and is also a selective and strong proteasome inhibitor. We have developed a concise approach to synthesize lactacystin designed to afford easy access to the original compound and a variety of analogs. Macrosphelides were isolated from Microsphaeropsis sp. FO-5050 from our screening of microbial metabolites that inhibit the adhesion of HL-60 cells to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Macrosphelides are the first 16-membered macrotriolides. Macrosphelides prevent cell-cell adhesion by inhibiting the binding of sialyl Lewis X to E-selectin. We have accomplished the first efficient total synthesis of macrosphelides. Madindolines were isolated from Streptomyces nitrosporeus K93-0711 by our program to discover new interleukin 6 (IL-6) modulators. Madindolines are comprised of a 3a-hydroxyfuroindoline ring connected at nitrogen via a methylene bridge to a cyclopentene-1,3-dione ring. We have developed an efficient and practical total synthesis of madindolines. Madindoline A binds to gp130 selectively and inhibits IL-6 activity. Neoxaline was isolated from Aspergillus japonicus Fg-551. Neoxaline is a member of a novel class of biologically active indole alkaloids characterized by a unique indoline spiroaminal framework and binds to tubulin, which results in inhibition of tubulin polymerization. We have developed a concise stereoselective synthesis of the indoline spiroaminal framework of neoxaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Sunazuka
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University and The Kitasato Institute, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Hirose
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University and The Kitasato Institute, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Satoshi O̅mura
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University and The Kitasato Institute, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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Kino T, Boos TL, Sulima A, Siegel EM, Gold PW, Rice KC, Chrousos GP. 3-O-Formyl-20R,21-epoxyresibufogenin suppresses IL-6–type cytokine actions by targeting the glycoprotein 130 subunit: Potential clinical implications. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120:437-44. [PMID: 17451794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The multifunctional inflammatory cytokine IL-6 regulates the acute phase reaction and plays central roles in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory disorders. OBJECTIVES Two small chemical compounds, 3-O-formyl-20R,21-epoxyresibufogenin (TB-2-081) and 3-O-formyl-20S,21-epoxyresibufogenin (TB-2-082), known isolates from the Chinese toad skin extract drug Ch'an Su, were synthesized and tested on the IL-6-induced hepatic acute-phase reaction. METHODS HepG2 cells or rat primary hepatocytes were incubated with the compounds, and the effects on IL-6-induced expression of acute-phase molecules were tested. RESULTS TB-2-081, and to a lesser extent TB-2-082, suppressed IL-6-induced alpha1-antichymotrypsin (AACT) mRNA expression in HepG2 cells, whereas TB-2-081 failed to influence the mRNA expression of the TNF-alpha-induced mRNA expression of the methionine adenosyltransferase 2A gene in these cells. TB-2-081 suppressed IL-6-induced mRNA expression of alpha1-acid glycoprotein, alpha2-macroglobulin, and beta-fibrinogen in and secretion of the C-reactive protein by rat primary hepatocytes. TB-2-081 shifted the IL-6 dose-response curve of the AACT mRNA expression right and downward and inhibited IL-6-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. In addition to IL-6, TB-2-081 inhibited IL-11-stimulated and oncostatin M-stimulated AACT mRNA expression independently of the IL-6 receptor subunit. The soluble glycoprotein 130, but not the soluble IL-6 receptor, antagonized TB-2-081-induced suppression of IL-6-stimulated AACT mRNA expression. CONCLUSION TB-2-081 inhibits IL-6-type cytokine action by attenuating the function of the common receptor subunit glycoprotein 130. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS This class of compounds may be beneficial for the treatment of diseases in which excessive circulation/production/action of IL-6-type cytokines play pathologic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoshige Kino
- Pediatric Endocrinology Section, Reproductive Biology and Medicine Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Clinical Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892-1109, USA.
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