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Slominski AT, Kim TK, Janjetovic Z, Slominski RM, Li W, Jetten AM, Indra AK, Mason RS, Tuckey RC. Biological Effects of CYP11A1-Derived Vitamin D and Lumisterol Metabolites in the Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:2145-2161. [PMID: 39001720 PMCID: PMC11416330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Novel pathways of vitamin D3, lumisterol 3 (L3), and tachysterol 3 (T3) activation have been discovered, initiated by CYP11A1 and/or CYP27A1 in the case of L3 and T3. The resulting hydroxymetabolites enhance protection of skin against DNA damage and oxidative stress; stimulate keratinocyte differentiation; exert anti-inflammatory, antifibrogenic, and anticancer activities; and inhibit cell proliferation in a structure-dependent manner. They act on nuclear receptors, including vitamin D receptor, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, LXRα/β, RAR-related orphan receptor α/γ, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, with selectivity defined by their core structure and distribution of hydroxyl groups. They can activate NRF2 and p53 and inhibit NF-κB, IL-17, Shh, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Thus, they protect skin integrity and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Cancer Chemoprevention Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Department of Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Drug Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Arup K Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA; Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; USA
| | - Rebecca S Mason
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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2
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Kim TK, Slominski RM, Pyza E, Kleszczynski K, Tuckey RC, Reiter RJ, Holick MF, Slominski AT. Evolutionary formation of melatonin and vitamin D in early life forms: insects take centre stage. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:1772-1790. [PMID: 38686544 PMCID: PMC11368659 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin, a product of tryptophan metabolism via serotonin, is a molecule with an indole backbone that is widely produced by bacteria, unicellular eukaryotic organisms, plants, fungi and all animal taxa. Aside from its role in the regulation of circadian rhythms, it has diverse biological actions including regulation of cytoprotective responses and other functions crucial for survival across different species. The latter properties are also shared by its metabolites including kynuric products generated by reactive oxygen species or phototransfomation induced by ultraviolet radiation. Vitamins D and related photoproducts originate from phototransformation of ∆5,7 sterols, of which 7-dehydrocholesterol and ergosterol are examples. Their ∆5,7 bonds in the B ring absorb solar ultraviolet radiation [290-315 nm, ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation] resulting in B ring opening to produce previtamin D, also referred to as a secosteroid. Once formed, previtamin D can either undergo thermal-induced isomerization to vitamin D or absorb UVB radiation to be transformed into photoproducts including lumisterol and tachysterol. Vitamin D, as well as the previtamin D photoproducts lumisterol and tachysterol, are hydroxylated by cyochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes to produce biologically active hydroxyderivatives. The best known of these is 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) for which the major function in vertebrates is regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Herein we review data on melatonin production and metabolism and discuss their functions in insects. We discuss production of previtamin D and vitamin D, and their photoproducts in fungi, plants and insects, as well as mechanisms for their enzymatic activation and suggest possible biological functions for them in these groups of organisms. For the detection of these secosteroids and their precursors and photoderivatives, as well as melatonin metabolites, we focus on honey produced by bees and on body extracts of Drosophila melanogaster. Common biological functions for melatonin derivatives and secosteroids such as cytoprotective and photoprotective actions in insects are discussed. We provide hypotheses for the photoproduction of other secosteroids and of kynuric metabolites of melatonin, based on the known photobiology of ∆5,7 sterols and of the indole ring, respectively. We also offer possible mechanisms of actions for these unique molecules and summarise differences and similarities of melatoninergic and secosteroidogenic pathways in diverse organisms including insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics and Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Elzbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Konrad Kleszczynski
- Department of Dermatology, Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, Münster, 48161, Germany
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | | | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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Slominski RM, Kim TK, Janjetovic Z, Brożyna AA, Podgorska E, Dixon KM, Mason RS, Tuckey RC, Sharma R, Crossman DK, Elmets C, Raman C, Jetten AM, Indra AK, Slominski AT. Malignant Melanoma: An Overview, New Perspectives, and Vitamin D Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2262. [PMID: 38927967 PMCID: PMC11201527 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16122262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, originating through malignant transformation of melanin-producing melanocytes, is a formidable malignancy, characterized by local invasiveness, recurrence, early metastasis, resistance to therapy, and a high mortality rate. This review discusses etiologic and risk factors for melanoma, diagnostic and prognostic tools, including recent advances in molecular biology, omics, and bioinformatics, and provides an overview of its therapy. Since the incidence of melanoma is rising and mortality remains unacceptably high, we discuss its inherent properties, including melanogenesis, that make this disease resilient to treatment and propose to use AI to solve the above complex and multidimensional problems. We provide an overview on vitamin D and its anticancerogenic properties, and report recent advances in this field that can provide solutions for the prevention and/or therapy of melanoma. Experimental papers and clinicopathological studies on the role of vitamin D status and signaling pathways initiated by its active metabolites in melanoma prognosis and therapy are reviewed. We conclude that vitamin D signaling, defined by specific nuclear receptors and selective activation by specific vitamin D hydroxyderivatives, can provide a benefit for new or existing therapeutic approaches. We propose to target vitamin D signaling with the use of computational biology and AI tools to provide a solution to the melanoma problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir M. Slominski
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Z.J.); (E.P.); (C.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Z.J.); (E.P.); (C.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Anna A. Brożyna
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Ewa Podgorska
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Z.J.); (E.P.); (C.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Katie M. Dixon
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (K.M.D.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Rebecca S. Mason
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (K.M.D.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Robert C. Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - David K. Crossman
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Craig Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Z.J.); (E.P.); (C.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Chander Raman
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Z.J.); (E.P.); (C.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Anton M. Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, NIEHS—National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Arup K. Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Z.J.); (E.P.); (C.E.); (C.R.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Veteran Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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Grzesiak M, Herian M, Kamińska K, Ajersch P. Insight into vitamin D 3 action within the ovary-Basic and clinical aspects. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 142:99-130. [PMID: 39059995 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 is a fat-soluble secosteroid predominantly synthesized in the skin or delivered with a diet. Nevertheless, recently it is considered more as a hormone than a vitamin due to its pleiotropic function within the organism ensured by widely distributed vitamin D receptors and metabolic enzymes. Besides the main role in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, vitamin D3 was shown to regulate many cellular and metabolic processes in normal and cancerous tissues within the immune system, the cardiovascular system, the respiratory system and the endocrine system. The ovary is an important extraskeletal tissue of vitamin D3 action and local metabolism, indicating its role in the regulation of ovarian functions upon physiological and pathological conditions. This chapter reviews firstly the updated information about vitamin D3 metabolism and triggered intracellular pathways. Furthermore, the basic information about ovarian physiology and several aspects of vitamin D3 effects within the ovary are presented. Finally, the special attention is paid into possible mechanism of vitamin D3 action within ovarian pathologies such as premature ovarian failure, polycystic ovary syndrome, and ovarian cancer, considering its clinical application as alternative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Grzesiak
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| | | | - Kinga Kamińska
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paula Ajersch
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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De Smedt J, Aura C, Van Kelst S, Janssen L, Marasigan V, Boecxstaens V, Stas M, Bogaerts K, Belmans A, Cleynen I, Vanderschueren D, Vandenberghe K, Bechter O, Nikkels A, Strobbe T, Emri G, Lambrechts D, Garmyn M. Clinical and genetic determinants of vitamin D receptor expression in cutaneous melanoma patients. Melanoma Res 2024; 34:125-133. [PMID: 38348498 PMCID: PMC10906192 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Decrease of vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression is observed in melanocytic naevi and melanoma compared to normal skin. Little is known about factors influencing VDR expression in cutaneous melanoma (CM). We investigated the correlation of VDR expression in CM with 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) levels, demographic/clinical parameters, genetic variants of VDR and pathology of the primary tumor. Demographic/clinical parameters were recorded in 407 prospectively recruited CM patients of a multi-center controlled study (ViDMe trial). We determined VDR expression both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm by semi-quantitative assessment in CM tissue using histochemistry in 279 patients, expressed in percentages and histoscore (H-score). Genomic DNA from 332 patients was extracted to genotype thirteen VDR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using TaqMan. VDR expression in CM tissue from 279 patients was correlated with clinical/demographic parameters and 25OHD levels (univariable and multivariable analysis), VDR SNPs (univariable analysis) and pathology parameters of primary CM tissue (univariable analysis). Cytoplasmic VDR expression was increased in patients who stated to have a high sun exposure during their life compared to patients with low sun exposure (p H-score,univariable : 0.001, p H-score,multivariable : 0.004). The A allele of the genetic VDR polymorphism Fok1 was associated with a higher expression of the VDR in the cytoplasm (p cytoplasmic, univariable : 0.001 and p H-score, univariable : 0.02). In the primary tumor, presence of mitosis (p nucleus,%, univariable : 0.002) and perineural invasion (p nucleus,%,univariable : 0.03) were significantly associated with low nuclear VDR expression. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01748448.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie De Smedt
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claudia Aura
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Pathology, University College Dublin, Dublin
| | - Sofie Van Kelst
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laudine Janssen
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vivien Marasigan
- Department of Surgery, South Infirmary Victoria University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Veerle Boecxstaens
- Oncological and Vascular Access Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology
| | - Marguerite Stas
- Oncological and Vascular Access Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology
| | - Kris Bogaerts
- Leuven Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics Centre (L-BioStat)
| | - Ann Belmans
- Leuven Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics Centre (L-BioStat)
| | - Isabelle Cleynen
- Laboratory for Complex Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven
| | - Dirk Vanderschueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronical Illness and Metabolism, KU Leuven, UZ Leuven
| | | | - Oliver Bechter
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology (LEO), Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, UZ Leuven, Leuven
| | - Arjen Nikkels
- Department of Dermatology, CHU Sart Tilman, University of Liège, Liège
| | - Tinne Strobbe
- Department of Dermatology, Imeldaziekenhuis, Bonheiden, Belgium
| | - Gabriella Emri
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dieter Lambrechts
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven
- Center for Cancer Biology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marjan Garmyn
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Janjetovic Z, Qayyum S, Reddy SB, Podgorska E, Scott SG, Szpotan J, Mobley AA, Li W, Boda VK, Ravichandran S, Tuckey RC, Jetten AM, Slominski AT. Novel Vitamin D3 Hydroxymetabolites Require Involvement of the Vitamin D Receptor or Retinoic Acid-Related Orphan Receptors for Their Antifibrogenic Activities in Human Fibroblasts. Cells 2024; 13:239. [PMID: 38334631 PMCID: PMC10854953 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated multiple signaling pathways activated by CYP11A1-derived vitamin D3 hydroxymetabolites in human skin fibroblasts by assessing the actions of these molecules on their cognate receptors and by investigating the role of CYP27B1 in their biological activities. The actions of 20(OH)D3, 20,23(OH)2D3, 1,20(OH)2D3 and 1,20,23(OH)3D3 were compared to those of classical 1,25(OH)2D3. This was undertaken using wild type (WT) fibroblasts, as well as cells with VDR, RORs, or CYP27B1 genes knocked down with siRNA. Vitamin D3 hydroxymetabolites had an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of WT cells, but this effect was abrogated in cells with silenced VDR or RORs. The collagen expression by WT cells was reduced upon secosteroid treatment. This effect was reversed in cells where VDR or RORs were knocked down where the inhibition of collagen production and the expression of anti-fibrotic genes in response to the hydroxymetabolites was abrogated, along with ablation of their anti-inflammatory action. The knockdown of CYP27B1 did not change the effect of either 20(OH)D3 or 20,23(OH)2D3, indicating that their actions are independent of 1α-hydroxylation. In conclusion, the expression of the VDR and/or RORα/γ receptors in fibroblasts is necessary for the inhibition of both the proliferation and fibrogenic activity of hydroxymetabolites of vitamin D3, while CYP27B1 is not required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Shariq Qayyum
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
- Brigham’s Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sivani B. Reddy
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Ewa Podgorska
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
| | - S. Gates Scott
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Justyna Szpotan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Alisa A. Mobley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Wei Li
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (W.L.); (V.K.B.)
| | - Vijay K. Boda
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (W.L.); (V.K.B.)
| | - Senthilkumar Ravichandran
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Robert C. Tuckey
- School of Molecular Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia;
| | - Anton M. Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
- Cancer Chemoprevention Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Hu Y, Wang L, Yang G, Wang S, Guo M, Lu H, Zhang T. VDR promotes testosterone synthesis in mouse Leydig cells via regulation of cholesterol side chain cleavage cytochrome P450 (Cyp11a1) expression. Genes Genomics 2023; 45:1377-1387. [PMID: 37747642 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-023-01444-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates the pleiotropic biological actions that include osteoporosis, immune responses and androgen synthesis.VDR is widely expressed in testis cells such as Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, and sperm. The levels of steroids are critical for sexual development. In the early stage of steroidogenesis, cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone (precursor of most steroid hormones) by cholesterol side-chain lyase (CYP11A1), which eventually synthesizes the male hormone testosterone. OBJECTIVE This study aims to reveal how VDR regulates CYP11A1 expression and affects testosterone synthesis in murine Leydig cells. METHODS The levels of VDR, CYP11A1 were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) or western blot. Targeted relationship between VDR and Cyp11a1 was evaluated by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The levels of testosterone concentrations in cell culture media serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Phylogenetic and motif analysis showed that the Cyp11a1 family had sequence loss, which may have special biological functions during evolution. The results of promoter prediction showed that vitamin D response element (VDRE) existed in the upstream promoter region of murine Cyp11a1. Dual-luciferase assay confirmed that VDR could bind candidate VDREs in upstream region of Cyp11a1, and enhance gene expression. Tissue distribution and localizatio analysis showed that Cyp11a1 was mainly expressed in testis, and dominantly existed in murine Leydig cells. Furthermore, over-expression VDR and CYP11A1 significantly increased testosterone synthesis in mice Leydig cells. CONCLUSIONS Active vitamin D3 (VD3) and Vdr interference treatment showed that VD3/VDR had a positive regulatory effect on Cyp11a1 expression and testosterone secretion. VDR promotes testosterone synthesis in male mice by up-regulating Cyp11a1 expression, which played an important role for male reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Hu
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
| | - Ge Yang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
| | - Miaomiao Guo
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
| | - Hongzhao Lu
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
- Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China.
- QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C., Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China.
- Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China.
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Norlin M, Wikvall K. Enzymatic activation in vitamin D signaling - Past, present and future. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 742:109639. [PMID: 37196753 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D signaling is important in regulating calcium homeostasis essential for bone health but also displays other functions in cells of several tissues. Disturbed vitamin D signaling is linked to a large number of diseases. The multiple cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes catalyzing the different hydroxylations in bioactivation of vitamin D3 are crucial for vitamin D signaling and function. This review is focused on the progress achieved in identification of the bioactivating enzymes and their genes in production of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and other active metabolites. Results obtained on species- and tissue-specific expression, catalytic reactions, substrate specificity, enzyme kinetics, and consequences of gene mutations are evaluated. Matters of incomplete understanding regarding the physiological roles of some vitamin D hydroxylases are critically discussed and the authors will give their view of the importance of each enzyme for vitamin D signaling. Roles of different vitamin D receptors and an alternative bioactivation pathway, leading to 20-hydroxylated vitamin D3 metabolites, are also discussed. Considerable progress has been achieved in knowledge of the vitamin D3 bioactivating enzymes. Nevertheless, several intriguing areas deserve further attention to understand the pleiotropic and diverse activities elicited by vitamin D signaling and the mechanisms of enzymatic activation necessary for vitamin D-induced responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Norlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Kjell Wikvall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Novel CYP11A1-Derived Vitamin D and Lumisterol Biometabolites for the Management of COVID-19. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224779. [PMID: 36432468 PMCID: PMC9698837 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and poor outcomes of the COVID-19 disease. However, a satisfactory mechanism explaining the vitamin D protective effects is missing. Based on the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of classical and novel (CYP11A1-derived) vitamin D and lumisterol hydroxymetabolites, we have proposed that they would attenuate the self-amplifying damage in lungs and other organs through mechanisms initiated by interactions with corresponding nuclear receptors. These include the VDR mediated inhibition of NFκβ, inverse agonism on RORγ and the inhibition of ROS through activation of NRF2-dependent pathways. In addition, the non-receptor mediated actions of vitamin D and related lumisterol hydroxymetabolites would include interactions with the active sites of SARS-CoV-2 transcription machinery enzymes (Mpro;main protease and RdRp;RNA dependent RNA polymerase). Furthermore, these metabolites could interfere with the binding of SARS-CoV-2 RBD with ACE2 by interacting with ACE2 and TMPRSS2. These interactions can cause the conformational and dynamical motion changes in TMPRSS2, which would affect TMPRSS2 to prime SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. Therefore, novel, CYP11A1-derived, active forms of vitamin D and lumisterol can restrain COVID-19 through both nuclear receptor-dependent and independent mechanisms, which identify them as excellent candidates for antiviral drug research and for the educated use of their precursors as nutrients or supplements in the prevention and attenuation of the COVID-19 disease.
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10
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Dickson AL, Yutuc E, Thornton CA, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. Identification of unusual oxysterols biosynthesised in human pregnancy by charge-tagging and liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1031013. [PMID: 36440193 PMCID: PMC9685423 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1031013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify oxysterols and any down-stream metabolites in placenta, umbilical cord blood plasma, maternal plasma and amniotic fluid to enhance our knowledge of the involvement of these molecules in pregnancy. We confirm the identification of 20S-hydroxycholesterol in human placenta, previously reported in a single publication, and propose a pathway from 22R-hydroxycholesterol to a C27 bile acid of probable structure 3β,20R,22R-trihydroxycholest-5-en-(25R)26-oic acid. The pathway is evident not only in placenta, but pathway intermediates are also found in umbilical cord plasma, maternal plasma and amniotic fluid but not non-pregnant women.
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11
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Liu K, Wang FQ, Liu K, Zhao Y, Gao B, Tao X, Wei D. Light-driven progesterone production by InP-(M. neoaurum) biohybrid system. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:93. [PMID: 38647746 PMCID: PMC10992907 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone is one of the classical hormone drugs used in medicine for maintaining pregnancy. However, its manufacturing process, coupled with organic reagents and poisonous catalysts, causes irreversible environmental pollution. Recent advances in synthetic biology have demonstrated that the microbial biosynthesis of natural products, especially difficult-to-synthesize compounds, from building blocks is a promising strategy. Herein, overcoming the heterologous cytochrome P450 enzyme interdependency in Mycolicibacterium neoaurum successfully constructed the CYP11A1 running module to realize metabolic conversion from waste phytosterols to progesterone. Subsequently, progesterone yield was improved through strategies involving electron transfer and NADPH regeneration. Mutant CYP11A1 (mCYP11A1) and adrenodoxin reductase (ADR) were connected by a flexible linker (L) to form the chimera mCYP11A1-L-ADR to enhance electron transfer. The chimera mCYP11A1-L-ADR, adrenodoxin (ADX), and ADR-related homolog ARH1 were expressed in M. neoaurum, showed positive activity and produced 45 mg/L progesterone. This electron transfer strategy increased progesterone production by 3.95-fold compared with M. neoaurum expressing mCYP11A1, ADR, and ADX. Significantly, a novel inorganic-biological hybrid system was assembled by combining engineered M. neoaurum and InP nanoparticles to regenerate NADPH, which was increased 84-fold from the initial progesterone titer to 235 ± 50 mg/L. In summary, this work highlights the green and sustainable potential of obtaining synthetic progesterone from sterols in M. neoaurum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Feng-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Ke Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yunqiu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Bei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xinyi Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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12
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Slominski AT, Kim TK, Slominski RM, Song Y, Janjetovic Z, Podgorska E, Reddy SB, Song Y, Raman C, Tang EKY, Fabisiak A, Brzeminski P, Sicinski RR, Atigadda V, Jetten AM, Holick MF, Tuckey RC. Metabolic activation of tachysterol 3 to biologically active hydroxyderivatives that act on VDR, AhR, LXRs, and PPARγ receptors. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22451. [PMID: 35838947 PMCID: PMC9345108 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200578r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CYP11A1 and CYP27A1 hydroxylate tachysterol3 , a photoproduct of previtamin D3 , producing 20S-hydroxytachysterol3 [20S(OH)T3 ] and 25(OH)T3 , respectively. Both metabolites were detected in the human epidermis and serum. Tachysterol3 was also detected in human serum at a concentration of 7.3 ± 2.5 ng/ml. 20S(OH)T3 and 25(OH)T3 inhibited the proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts and stimulated the expression of differentiation and anti-oxidative genes in keratinocytes in a similar manner to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2 D3 ]. They acted on the vitamin D receptor (VDR) as demonstrated by image flow cytometry and the translocation of VDR coupled GFP from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of melanoma cells, as well as by the stimulation of CYP24A1 expression. Functional studies using a human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) reporter assay system revealed marked activation of AhR by 20S(OH)T3 , a smaller effect by 25(OH)T3 , and a minimal effect for their precursor, tachysterol3 . Tachysterol3 hydroxyderivatives showed high-affinity binding to the ligan-binding domain (LBD) of the liver X receptor (LXR) α and β, and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in LanthaScreen TR-FRET coactivator assays. Molecular docking using crystal structures of the LBDs of VDR, AhR, LXRs, and PPARγ revealed high docking scores for 20S(OH)T3 and 25(OH)T3 , comparable to their natural ligands. The scores for the non-genomic-binding site of the VDR were very low indicating a lack of interaction with tachysterol3 ligands. Our identification of endogenous production of 20S(OH)T3 and 25(OH)T3 that are biologically active and interact with VDR, AhR, LXRs, and PPARγ, provides a new understanding of the biological function of tachysterol3 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Radomir M. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yuwei Song
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ewa Podgorska
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sivani B. Reddy
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yuhua Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Chander Raman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Edith K. Y. Tang
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Adrian Fabisiak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Venkatram Atigadda
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Anton M. Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael F. Holick
- Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert C. Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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13
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Ferreira H, Leal-Calvo T, Mendes MA, Avanzi C, Busso P, Benjak A, Sales AM, Ferreira CP, de Berrêdo-Pinho M, Cole ST, Sarno EN, Moraes MO, Pinheiro RO. Gene expression patterns associated with multidrug therapy in multibacillary leprosy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:917282. [PMID: 35937686 PMCID: PMC9354612 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.917282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug therapy (MDT) has been successfully used in the treatment of leprosy. However, although patients are cured after the completion of MDT, leprosy reactions, permanent disability, and occasional relapse/reinfection are frequently observed in patients. The immune system of multibacillary patients (MB) is not able to mount an effective cellular immune response against M. leprae. Consequently, clearance of bacilli from the body is a slow process and after 12 doses of MDT not all MB patients reduce bacillary index (BI). In this context, we recruited MB patients at the uptake and after 12-month of MDT. Patients were stratified according to the level of reduction of the BI after 12 doses MDT. A reduction of at least one log in BI was necessary to be considered a responder patient. We evaluated the pattern of host gene expression in skin samples with RNA sequencing before and after MDT and between samples from patients with or without one log reduction in BI. Our results demonstrated that after 12 doses of MDT there was a reduction in genes associated with lipid metabolism, inflammatory response, and cellular immune response among responders (APOBEC3A, LGALS17A, CXCL13, CXCL9, CALHM6, and IFNG). Also, by comparing MB patients with lower BI reduction versus responder patients, we identified high expression of CDH19, TMPRSS4, PAX3, FA2H, HLA-V, FABP7, and SERPINA11 before MDT. From the most differentially expressed genes, we observed that MDT modulates pathways related to immune response and lipid metabolism in skin cells from MB patients after MDT, with higher expression of genes like CYP11A1, that are associated with cholesterol metabolism in the group with the worst response to treatment. Altogether, the data presented contribute to elucidate gene signatures and identify differentially expressed genes associated with MDT outcomes in MB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Ferreira
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thyago Leal-Calvo
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mayara Abud Mendes
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Charlotte Avanzi
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Busso
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrej Benjak
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Maria Sales
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cássio Porto Ferreira
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcia de Berrêdo-Pinho
- Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stewart Thomas Cole
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Euzenir Nunes Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Milton Ozório Moraes
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Roberta Olmo Pinheiro,
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14
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Molecular and structural basis of interactions of vitamin D3 hydroxyderivatives with aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR): An integrated experimental and computational study. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1111-1123. [PMID: 35421413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the molecular and structural basis underlying the interaction of vitamin D3 hydroxyderivatives with AhR, molecular simulation was used to probe the binding of 1,20(OH)2D3, 1,25(OH)2D3, 20,23(OH)2D3 and 20(OH)D3 to AhR. qPCR showed that vitamin D3 derivatives stimulate expression of cyp1A1 and cyp1B1 genes that are downstream targets of AhR signaling. These secosteroids stimulated the translocation of the AhR to the nucleus, as measured by flow cytometry and western blotting. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to model the binding of vitamin D3 derivatives to AhR to examine their influence on the structure, conformation and dynamics of the AhR ligand binding domain (LBD). Binding thermodynamics, conformation, secondary structure, dynamical motion and electrostatic potential of AhR were analyzed. The molecular docking scores and binding free energy were all favorable for the binding of D3 derivatives to the AhR. These established ligands and the D3 derivatives are predicted to have different patterns of hydrogen bond formation with the AhR, and varied residue conformational fluctuations and dynamical motion for the LBD. These changes could alter the shape, size and electrostatic potential distribution of the ligand binding pocket, contributing to the different binding affinities of AhR for the natural ligands and D3 derivatives.
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15
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Berretta M, Quagliariello V, Bignucolo A, Facchini S, Maurea N, Di Francia R, Fiorica F, Sharifi S, Bressan S, Richter SN, Camozzi V, Rinaldi L, Scaroni C, Montopoli M. The Multiple Effects of Vitamin D against Chronic Diseases: From Reduction of Lipid Peroxidation to Updated Evidence from Clinical Studies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1090. [PMID: 35739987 PMCID: PMC9220017 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D exerts multiple beneficial effects in humans, including neuronal, immune, and bone homeostasis and the regulation of cardiovascular functions. Recent studies correlate vitamin D with cancer cell growth and survival, but meta-analyses on this topic are often not consistent. METHODS A systematic search of the PubMed database and the Clinical Trial Register was performed to identify all potentially relevant English-language scientific papers containing original research articles on the effects of vitamin D on human health. RESULTS In this review, we analyzed the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D against acute and chronic diseases, focusing particularly on cancer, immune-related diseases, cardiomyophaties (including heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and atherosclerosis) and infectious diseases. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D significantly reduces the pro-oxidant systemic and tissue biomarkers involved in the development, progression, and recurrence of chronic cardiometabolic disease and cancer. The overall picture of this review provides the basis for new randomized controlled trials of oral vitamin D supplementation in patients with cancer and infectious, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases aimed at reducing risk factors for disease recurrence and improving quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Quagliariello
- Division of Cardiology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (V.Q.); (N.M.)
| | - Alessia Bignucolo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy;
| | - Sergio Facchini
- Oncology Operative Unit, Santa Maria delle Grazie Hospital, 80078 Naples, Italy;
| | - Nicola Maurea
- Division of Cardiology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (V.Q.); (N.M.)
| | - Raffaele Di Francia
- Gruppo Oncologico Ricercatori Italiani, GORI Onlus, 33170 Pordenone, Italy;
- Italian Association of Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Diagnostics (IAPharmagen), 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Fiorica
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, AULSS 9 Scaligera, 37100 Verona, Italy;
| | - Saman Sharifi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (S.S.); (S.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Silvia Bressan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (S.S.); (S.B.); (M.M.)
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Sara N. Richter
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy; (S.N.R.); (C.S.)
| | - Valentina Camozzi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35100 Padua, Italy;
| | - Luca Rinaldi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgery Sciences, Internal Medicine COVID Center, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Naples, Italy;
| | - Carla Scaroni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy; (S.N.R.); (C.S.)
| | - Monica Montopoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (S.S.); (S.B.); (M.M.)
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16
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De Smedt J, Van Kelst S, Janssen L, Marasigan V, Boecxstaens V, Stas M, Vanderschueren D, Guler I, Bogaerts K, Vandenberghe K, Bechter O, Billen J, Nikkels A, Strobbe T, Emri G, Lambrechts D, Garmyn M. Determinants of 25-hydroxyvitamin D Status in a Cutaneous Melanoma Population. Acta Derm Venereol 2022; 102:adv00692. [PMID: 35312026 PMCID: PMC9609978 DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v102.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D status is influenced by well-known determinants, but factors associated with low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in the cutaneous melanoma population are not well defined. The aim of this study was to confirm the well-known determinants and to assess new determinants for 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in a cutaneous melanoma population. In a prospectively included cohort of 387 patients with cutaneous melanoma the association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels with sex, age, body mass index, time of blood withdrawal, Fitzpatrick phototype, vitamin D supplementation, score for intensity of lifetime sun exposure, smoking, education level, hair and skin colour, eye colour, total number of benign naevi, freckles and parameters of chronic sun damage was investigated. In addition, 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were correlated with pathological parameters of the primary tumour and melanoma stage (8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed using R software. The following factors had a significant effect on vitamin D status: body mass index, seasonal time of blood sampling, vitamin D supplementation, and a subtype of skin, and hair colour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie De Smedt
- School of Biomedical sciences, Department of Oncology, Catholic University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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17
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Becker AL, Carpenter EL, Slominski AT, Indra AK. The Role of the Vitamin D Receptor in the Pathogenesis, Prognosis, and Treatment of Cutaneous Melanoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:743667. [PMID: 34692525 PMCID: PMC8526885 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.743667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the malignant transformation of melanocytes and represents the most lethal form of skin cancer. While early-stage melanoma localized to the skin can be cured with surgical excision, metastatic melanoma often requires a multi-pronged approach and even then can exhibit treatment resistance. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of melanoma could lead to novel diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies to ultimately decrease morbidity and mortality. One emerging candidate that may have value as both a prognostic marker and in a therapeutic context is the vitamin D receptor (VDR). VDR is a nuclear steroid hormone receptor activated by 1,25 dihydroxy-vitamin D3 [calcitriol, 1,25(OH)2D3]. While 1,25 dihydroxy-vitamin D3 is typically thought of in relation to calcium metabolism, it also plays an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation, programmed-cell death as well as photoprotection. This review discusses the role of VDR in the crosstalk between keratinocytes and melanocytes during melanomagenesis and summarizes the clinical data regarding VDR polymorphisms, VDR as a prognostic marker, and potential uses of vitamin D and its analogs as an adjuvant treatment for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa L. Becker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, OSU, Corvallis, OR, United States
- John A. Burns School of Medicine at the University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Evan L. Carpenter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, OSU, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Cancer Chemoprevention Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Arup K. Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, OSU, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, OR, United States
- Linus Pauling Science Center, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, OR, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, United States
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18
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Tuckey RC, Tang EKY, Chen YA, Slominski AT. Selective ability of rat 7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) to act on some 7-Dehydrocholesterol metabolites but not on lumisterol metabolites. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 212:105929. [PMID: 34098080 PMCID: PMC8403650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) catalyses the final step of cholesterol biosynthesis in the Kandutsch-Russel pathway, the reduction of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) to cholesterol. 7DHC can be acted on by a range of other enzymes including CYP27A1 and CYP11A1, as well as by UVB radiation, producing a number of derivatives including hydroxy-metabolites, some of which retain the C7-C8 double bond and are biologically active. These metabolites include lumisterol (L3) which is a stereoisomer of 7DHC produced in the skin by UVB radiation of 7DHC, as well as vitamin D3. The aim of this study was to test whether these metabolites could act as substrates or inhibitors of DHCR7 in rat liver microsomes. To initially screen the ability of these metabolites to interact with the active site of DHCR7, their ability to inhibit the conversion of ergosterol to brassicasterol was measured. Sterols that significantly inhibited this reaction included 7DHC (as expected), 20S(OH)7DHC, 27(OH)DHC, 8DHC, 20S(OH)L3 and 22(OH)L3 but not 7-dehydropregnenolone (7DHP), 25(OH)7DHC, L3 or vitamin D3 and its hydroxyderivatives. Sterols that inhibited ergosterol reduction were directly tested as substrates for DHCR7. 20S(OH)7DHC, 27(OH)DHC and 7-dehydrodesmosterol were confirmed to be substrates, giving the expected product with the C7-C8 double bond removed. No products were observed from 8DHC or 20S(OH)L3 indicating that these sterols are inhibitors and not substrates of DHCR7. The resistance of lumisterol and 7DHP to reduction by DHCR7 in cells will permit other enzymes to metabolise these sterols to their active forms retaining the C7-C8 double bond, conferring specificity to their biological actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Edith K Y Tang
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Yunzhi A Chen
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA
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19
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Bocheva G, Slominski RM, Slominski AT. The Impact of Vitamin D on Skin Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169097. [PMID: 34445803 PMCID: PMC8396468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The active metabolites of vitamin D3 (D3) and lumisterol (L3) exert a variety of antiaging and photoprotective effects on the skin. These are achieved through immunomodulation and include anti-inflammatory actions, regulation of keratinocytes proliferation, and differentiation programs to build the epidermal barrier necessary for maintaining skin homeostasis. In addition, they induce antioxidative responses, inhibit DNA damage and induce DNA repair mechanisms to attenuate premature skin aging and cancerogenesis. The mechanism of action would involve interaction with multiple nuclear receptors including VDR, AhR, LXR, reverse agonism on RORα and -γ, and nongenomic actions through 1,25D3-MARRS receptor and interaction with the nongenomic binding site of the VDR. Therefore, active forms of vitamin D3 including its canonical (1,25(OH)2D3) and noncanonical (CYP11A1-intitated) D3 derivatives as well as L3 derivatives are promising agents for the prevention, attenuation, or treatment of premature skin aging. They could be administrated orally and/or topically. Other forms of parenteral application of vitamin D3 precursor should be considered to avoid its predominant metabolism to 25(OH)D3 that is not recognized by CYP11A1 enzyme. The efficacy of topically applied vitamin D3 and L3 derivatives needs further clinical evaluation in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgeta Bocheva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (G.B.); (A.T.S.)
| | - Radomir M. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Graduate Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Veteran Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Correspondence: (G.B.); (A.T.S.)
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20
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Lin YC, Papadopoulos V. Neurosteroidogenic enzymes: CYP11A1 in the central nervous system. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 62:100925. [PMID: 34015388 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurosteroids, steroid hormones synthesized locally in the nervous system, have important neuromodulatory and neuroprotective effects in the central nervous system. Progress in neurosteroid research has led to the successful translation of allopregnanolone into an approved therapy for postpartum depression. However, there is insufficient evidence to support the assumption that steroidogenesis is exactly the same between the nervous system and the periphery. This review focuses on CYP11A1, the only enzyme currently known to catalyze the first reaction in steroidogenesis to produce pregnenolone, the precursor to all other steroids. Although CYP11A1 mRNA has been found in brain of many mammals, the presence of CYP11A1 protein has been difficult to detect, particularly in humans. Here, we highlight the discrepancies in the current evidence for CYP11A1 in the central nervous system and propose new directions for understanding neurosteroidogenesis, which will be crucial for developing neurosteroid-based therapies for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Christina Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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21
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Slominski RM, Raman C, Elmets C, Jetten AM, Slominski AT, Tuckey RC. The significance of CYP11A1 expression in skin physiology and pathology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 530:111238. [PMID: 33716049 PMCID: PMC8205265 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CYP11A1, a member of the cytochrome P450 family, plays several key roles in the human body. It catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis, converting cholesterol to pregnenolone. Aside from the classical steroidogenic tissues such as the adrenals, gonads and placenta, CYP11A1 has also been found in the brain, gastrointestinal tract, immune systems, and finally the skin. CYP11A1 activity in the skin is regulated predominately by StAR protein and hence cholesterol levels in the mitochondria. However, UVB, UVC, CRH, ACTH, cAMP, and cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and TNFα can also regulate its expression and activity. Indeed, CYP11A1 plays several critical roles in the skin through its initiation of local steroidogenesis and specific metabolism of vitamin D, lumisterol, and 7-dehydrocholesterol. Products of these pathways regulate the protective barrier and skin immune functions in a context-dependent fashion through interactions with a number of receptors. Disturbances in CYP11A1 activity can lead to skin pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Slominski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, USA; Department of Dermatology, USA
| | - C Raman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, USA; Department of Dermatology, USA
| | - C Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - A M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation, Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - A T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, USA; VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - R C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
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22
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Slominski AT, Kim TK, Qayyum S, Song Y, Janjetovic Z, Oak ASW, Slominski RM, Raman C, Stefan J, Mier-Aguilar CA, Atigadda V, Crossman DK, Golub A, Bilokin Y, Tang EKY, Chen JY, Tuckey RC, Jetten AM, Song Y. Vitamin D and lumisterol derivatives can act on liver X receptors (LXRs). Sci Rep 2021; 11:8002. [PMID: 33850196 PMCID: PMC8044163 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87061-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions of derivatives of lumisterol (L3) and vitamin D3 (D3) with liver X receptors (LXRs) were investigated. Molecular docking using crystal structures of the ligand binding domains (LBDs) of LXRα and β revealed high docking scores for L3 and D3 hydroxymetabolites, similar to those of the natural ligands, predicting good binding to the receptor. RNA sequencing of murine dermal fibroblasts stimulated with D3-hydroxyderivatives revealed LXR as the second nuclear receptor pathway for several D3-hydroxyderivatives, including 1,25(OH)2D3. This was validated by their induction of genes downstream of LXR. L3 and D3-derivatives activated an LXR-response element (LXRE)-driven reporter in CHO cells and human keratinocytes, and by enhanced expression of LXR target genes. L3 and D3 derivatives showed high affinity binding to the LBD of the LXRα and β in LanthaScreen TR-FRET LXRα and β coactivator assays. The majority of metabolites functioned as LXRα/β agonists; however, 1,20,25(OH)3D3, 1,25(OH)2D3, 1,20(OH)2D3 and 25(OH)D3 acted as inverse agonists of LXRα, but as agonists of LXRβ. Molecular dynamics simulations for the selected compounds, including 1,25(OH)2D3, 1,20(OH)2D3, 25(OH)D3, 20(OH)D3, 20(OH)L3 and 20,22(OH)2L3, showed different but overlapping interactions with LXRs. Identification of D3 and L3 derivatives as ligands for LXRs suggests a new mechanism of action for these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd, Rm 476, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA.
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA.
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd, Rm 476, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA
| | - Shariq Qayyum
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd, Rm 476, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA
| | - Yuwei Song
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd, Rm 476, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd, Rm 476, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA
| | - Allen S W Oak
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd, Rm 476, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd, Rm 476, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA
| | - Chander Raman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd, Rm 476, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA
| | - Joanna Stefan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd, Rm 476, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA
- Department of Oncology, Nicolaus Copernicus University Medical College, Romanowskiej str. 2, 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Carlos A Mier-Aguilar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd, Rm 476, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA
| | - Venkatram Atigadda
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd, Rm 476, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA
| | - David K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Core Facility, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA
| | | | | | - Edith K Y Tang
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jake Y Chen
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Yuhua Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Shelby 803, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA.
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23
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Wang X, Li M, Zhang X, Li Y, He G, Dinnyés A, Sun Q, Xu W. CYP11A1 Upregulation Leads to Trophoblast Oxidative Stress and Fetal Neurodevelopmental Toxicity That can be Rescued by Vitamin D. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:608447. [PMID: 33659272 PMCID: PMC7917044 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.608447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During normal pregnancy, the placental trophoblast secretes a variety of steroid hormones and participates in the regulation of maternal physiological functions and fetal development. The CYP11A1 gene encodes the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme P450scc, which catalyzes the production of pregnenolone from cholesterol, which is the first step in the synthesis of all steroid hormones. Under the influence of genetic susceptibility and certain environmental factors, such as drugs and toxins, the expression of CYP11A1 can be upregulated, thereby affecting steroid metabolism and physiological functions in trophoblast cells, as well as fetal development. Here, we demonstrate that upregulation of CYP11A1 in the BeWo cell line triggers excessive mitochondrial oxidative stress, leads to mitochondrial damage and interleukin-6 release, and contributes to the inhibition of proliferation and DNA damage in neuronal stem cells (NSCs). Furthermore, oxidative stress and inflammation can be ameliorated by vitamin D3 in a dose-dependent manner, thereby facilitating the rescue of NSC impairment. Our findings reveal the underlying mechanism in which upregulation of CYP11A1 is detrimental to the physiological function of trophoblasts and demonstrate the beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation in preventing placental and neurodevelopmental damage associated with CYP11A1 upregulation during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine (SCU-CUHK), Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengxue Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueguang Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine (SCU-CUHK), Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaqian Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, GödöllőChengdu, Hungary
| | - Guolin He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, GödöllőChengdu, Hungary
| | - Andras Dinnyés
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,BioTalentum Ltd.,, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Qun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenming Xu
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine (SCU-CUHK), Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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24
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Protection from Ultraviolet Damage and Photocarcinogenesis by Vitamin D Compounds. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1268:227-253. [PMID: 32918222 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of skin cells to UV radiation results in DNA damage, which if inadequately repaired, may cause mutations. UV-induced DNA damage and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species also cause local and systemic suppression of the adaptive immune system. Together, these changes underpin the development of skin tumours. The hormone derived from vitamin D, calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) and other related compounds, working via the vitamin D receptor and at least in part through endoplasmic reticulum protein 57 (ERp57), reduce cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and oxidative DNA damage in keratinocytes and other skin cell types after UV. Calcitriol and related compounds enhance DNA repair in keratinocytes, in part through decreased reactive oxygen species, increased p53 expression and/or activation, increased repair proteins and increased energy availability in the cell when calcitriol is present after UV exposure. There is mitochondrial damage in keratinocytes after UV. In the presence of calcitriol, but not vehicle, glycolysis is increased after UV, along with increased energy-conserving autophagy and changes consistent with enhanced mitophagy. Reduced DNA damage and reduced ROS/RNS should help reduce UV-induced immune suppression. Reduced UV immune suppression is observed after topical treatment with calcitriol and related compounds in hairless mice. These protective effects of calcitriol and related compounds presumably contribute to the observed reduction in skin tumour formation in mice after chronic exposure to UV followed by topical post-irradiation treatment with calcitriol and some, though not all, related compounds.
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25
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Kim TK, Atigadda V, Brzeminski P, Fabisiak A, Tang EKY, Tuckey RC, Slominski AT. Detection of 7-Dehydrocholesterol and Vitamin D3 Derivatives in Honey. Molecules 2020; 25:E2583. [PMID: 32498437 PMCID: PMC7321140 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
20(S)-Hydroxyvitamin D3 (20(OH)D3) is an endogenous metabolite produced by the action of CYP11A1 on the side chain of vitamin D3 (D3). 20(OH)D3 can be further hydroxylated by CYP11A1, CYP27A1, CYP24A1 and/or CYP27B1 to several hydroxyderivatives. CYP11A1 also hydroxylates D3 to 22-monohydroxyvitamin D3 (22(OH)D3), which is detectable in the epidermis. 20-Hydroxy-7-dehydrocholesterol (20(OH)-7DHC) has been detected in the human epidermis and can be phototransformed into 20(OH)D3 following the absorption of ultraviolet B (UVB) energy by the B-ring. 20(OH)D3 and its hydroxyderivatives have anti-inflammatory, pro-differentiation and anti-proliferative effects, comparable to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). Since cytochromes P450 with 20- or 25-hydroxylase activity are found in insects participating in ecdysone synthesis from 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC), we tested whether D3-hydroxyderivatives are present in honey, implying their production in bees. Honey was collected during summer in the Birmingham area of Alabama or purchased commercially and extracted and analyzed using LC-MS. We detected a clear peak of m/z = 423.324 [M + Na]+ for 20(OH)D3 corresponding to a concentration in honey of 256 ng/g. We also detected peaks of m/z = 383.331 [M + H - H2O]+ for 20(OH)-7DHC and 25(OH)D3 with retention times corresponding to the standards. We further detected species with m/z = 407.329 [M + Na]+ corresponding to the RT of 7DHC, D3 and lumisterol3 (L3). Similarly, peaks with m/z = 399.326 [M + H - H2O]+ were detected at the RT of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 1,20-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,20(OH)2D3). Species corresponding to 20-monohydroxylumisterol3 (20(OH)L3), 22-monohydroxyvitamin D3 (22(OH)D3), 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (20,23(OH)2D3), 20,24/25/26-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (20,24/25/26(OH)2D3) and 1,20,23/24/25/26-trihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,20,23/24/25/26(OH)3D3) were not detectable above the background. In conclusion, the presence of 7DHC and D3 and of species corresponding to 20(OH)-7DHC, 20(OH)D3, 1,20(OH)2D3, 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 in honey implies their production in bees, although the precise biochemistry and photochemistry of these processes remain to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (V.A.); (P.B.); (A.F.)
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Venkatram Atigadda
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (V.A.); (P.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Pawel Brzeminski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (V.A.); (P.B.); (A.F.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrian Fabisiak
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (V.A.); (P.B.); (A.F.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edith K. Y. Tang
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (E.K.Y.T.); (R.C.T.)
| | - Robert C. Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (E.K.Y.T.); (R.C.T.)
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (V.A.); (P.B.); (A.F.)
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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26
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Slominski AT, Chaiprasongsuk A, Janjetovic Z, Kim TK, Stefan J, Slominski RM, Hanumanthu VS, Raman C, Qayyum S, Song Y, Song Y, Panich U, Crossman DK, Athar M, Holick MF, Jetten AM, Zmijewski MA, Zmijewski J, Tuckey RC. Photoprotective Properties of Vitamin D and Lumisterol Hydroxyderivatives. Cell Biochem Biophys 2020; 78:165-180. [PMID: 32441029 PMCID: PMC7347247 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-020-00913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described new pathways of vitamin D3 activation by CYP11A1 to produce a variety of metabolites including 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3. These can be further hydroxylated by CYP27B1 to produce their C1α-hydroxyderivatives. CYP11A1 similarly initiates the metabolism of lumisterol (L3) through sequential hydroxylation of the side chain to produce 20(OH)L3, 22(OH)L3, 20,22(OH)2L3 and 24(OH)L3. CYP11A1 also acts on 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) producing 22(OH)7DHC, 20,22(OH)27DHC and 7-dehydropregnenolone (7DHP) which can be converted to the D3 and L3 configurations following exposure to UVB. These CYP11A1-derived compounds are produced in vivo and are biologically active displaying anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and pro-differentiation properties. Since the protective role of the classical form of vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) against UVB-induced damage is recognized, we recently tested whether novel CYP11A1-derived D3- and L3-hydroxyderivatives protect against UVB-induced damage in epidermal human keratinocytes and melanocytes. We found that along with 1,25(OH)2D3, CYP11A1-derived D3-hydroxyderivatives and L3 and its hydroxyderivatives exert photoprotective effects. These included induction of intracellular free radical scavenging and attenuation and repair of DNA damage. The protection of human keratinocytes against DNA damage included the activation of the NRF2-regulated antioxidant response, p53-phosphorylation and its translocation to the nucleus, and DNA repair induction. These data indicate that novel derivatives of vitamin D3 and lumisterol are promising photoprotective agents. However, detailed mechanisms of action, and the involvement of specific nuclear receptors, other vitamin D binding proteins or mitochondria, remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA.
- Veteran Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Al, USA.
| | - Anyamanee Chaiprasongsuk
- Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Joanna Stefan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Vidya Sagar Hanumanthu
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Chander Raman
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Shariq Qayyum
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Yuwei Song
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Yuhua Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Uraiwan Panich
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - David K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | | | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Jaroslaw Zmijewski
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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27
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Slominski AT, Brożyna AA, Zmijewski MA, Janjetovic Z, Kim TK, Slominski RM, Tuckey RC, Mason RS, Jetten AM, Guroji P, Reichrath J, Elmets C, Athar M. The Role of Classical and Novel Forms of Vitamin D in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1268:257-283. [PMID: 32918223 PMCID: PMC7490773 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancers including basal and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC and BCC) represent a significant clinical problem due to their relatively high incidence, imposing an economic burden to healthcare systems around the world. It is accepted that ultraviolet radiation (UVR: λ = 290-400 nm) plays a crucial role in the initiation and promotion of BCC and SCC with UVB (λ = 290-320 nm) having a central role in this process. On the other hand, UVB is required for vitamin D3 (D3) production in the skin, which supplies >90% of the body's requirement for this prohormone. Prolonged exposure to UVB can also generate tachysterol and lumisterol. Vitamin D3 itself and its canonical (1,25(OH)2D3) and noncanonical (CYP11A1-intitated) D3 hydroxyderivatives show photoprotective functions in the skin. These include regulation of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, induction of anti-oxidative responses, inhibition of DNA damage and induction of DNA repair mechanisms, and anti-inflammatory activities. Studies in animals have demonstrated that D3 hydroxyderivatives can attenuate UVB or chemically induced epidermal cancerogenesis and inhibit growth of SCC and BCC. Genomic and non-genomic mechanisms of action have been suggested. In addition, vitamin D3 itself inhibits hedgehog signaling pathways which have been implicated in many cancers. Silencing of the vitamin D receptor leads to increased propensity to develop UVB or chemically induced epidermal cancers. Other targets for vitamin D compounds include 1,25D3-MARRS, retinoic orphan receptors α and γ, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and Wnt signaling. Most recently, photoprotective effects of lumisterol hydroxyderivatives have been identified. Clinical trials demonstrated a beneficial role of vitamin D compounds in the treatment of actinic keratosis. In summary, recent advances in vitamin D biology and pharmacology open new exciting opportunities in chemoprevention and treatment of skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Anna A Brożyna
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | | | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rebecca S Mason
- Physiology & Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Purushotham Guroji
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jörg Reichrath
- Center for Clinical and Experimental Photodermatology and Department of Dermatology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Craig Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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A Critical Appraisal of Strategies to Optimize Vitamin D Status in Germany, a Population with a Western Diet. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112682. [PMID: 31698703 PMCID: PMC6893762 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, our scientific knowledge of the pleiotropic biological effects of vitamin D metabolites and their relevance to human health has expanded widely. Beyond the well-known key role of vitamin D in calcium homeostasis and bone health, it has been shown that vitamin D deficiency is associated with a broad variety of independent diseases, including several types of cancer, and with increased overall mortality. Moreover, recent findings have demonstrated biological effects of the vitamin D endocrine system that are not mediated via activation of the classical nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) by binding with high affinity to its corresponding ligand, the biologically active vitamin D metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D). In contrast, many of these new biological effects of vitamin D compounds, including regulation of the circadian clock and many metabolic functions, are mediated by other vitamin D metabolites, including 20-hydroxyvitamin D and 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D, and involve their binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and retinoid-orphan receptor (ROR). In most populations, including the German population, UVB-induced cutaneous vitamin D production is the main source for fulfilling the human body’s requirements of vitamin D. However, this causes a dilemma because solar or artificial UVR exposure is associated with skin cancer risk. In addition to UVB-induced vitamin D production in skin, in humans, there are two other possible sources of vitamin D: from diet and supplements. However, only a few natural foods contain substantial amounts of vitamin D, and in most populations, the dietary source of vitamin D cannot fulfill the body´s requirements. Because an increasing body of evidence has convincingly demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency is very common worldwide, it is the aim of this paper to (i) give an update of the vitamin D status in a population with a western diet, namely, the German population, and to (ii) develop strategies to optimize the vitamin D supply that consider both the advantages as well as the disadvantages/risks of different approaches, including increasing vitamin D status by dietary intake, by supplements, or by UVB-induced cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D.
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Jenkinson C. The vitamin D metabolome: An update on analysis and function. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 37:408-423. [PMID: 31328813 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Current understanding of vitamin D tends to be focussed on the measurement of the major circulating form 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) and its conversion to the active hormonal form, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2 D3) via the enzyme 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1). However, whilst these metabolites form the endocrine backbone of vitamin D physiology, it is important to recognise that there are other metabolic and catabolic pathways that are now recognised as being crucially important to vitamin D function. These pathways include C3-epimerization, CYP24A1 hydroxylase, CYP11A1 alternative metabolism of vitamin D3, and phase II metabolism. Endogenous metabolites beyond 25OHD3 are usually present at low endogenous levels and may only be functional in specific target tissues rather than in the general circulation. However, the technologies available to measure these metabolites have also improved, so that measurement of alternative vitamin D metabolic pathways may become more routine in the near future. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the various pathways of vitamin D metabolism, as well as describe the analytical techniques currently available to measure these vitamin D metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Jenkinson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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30
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Rendic SP, Peter Guengerich F. Human cytochrome P450 enzymes 5-51 as targets of drugs and natural and environmental compounds: mechanisms, induction, and inhibition - toxic effects and benefits. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 50:256-342. [PMID: 30717606 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1483401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes have long been of interest due to their roles in the metabolism of drugs, pesticides, pro-carcinogens, and other xenobiotic chemicals. They have also been of interest due to their very critical roles in the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroids, vitamins, and certain eicosanoids. This review covers the 22 (of the total of 57) human P450s in Families 5-51 and their substrate selectivity. Furthermore, included is information and references regarding inducibility, inhibition, and (in some cases) stimulation by chemicals. We update and discuss important aspects of each of these 22 P450s and questions that remain open.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- b Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA
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31
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Fujishima T, Suenaga T, Kawahata M, Yamaguchi K. Synthesis and characterization of 20-hydroxyvitamin D 3 with the A-ring modification. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 187:27-33. [PMID: 30389627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Two novel 20-hydroxyvitamin D3 analogues (4a,b) with the A-ring modification have been synthesized by a convergent manner. An alternative pathway of vitamin D3 metabolism by cytochrome P450scc CYP11A1 was reported to afford 20-hydroxyvitamin D3 (3), functions of which remain to be explored. Based on the structure of the 20-hydroxy metabolite, novel analogues (4a,b) with the modifications, including the 1α-hydroxy, 25-hydroxy and 2α-methyl groups, have been designed. The side chain of the requisite CD-ring portions (9a,b) was introduced by Grignard reaction as a key step, and the stereochemistry at the C20 position was confirmed by the X-ray crystal structure analysis of the synthetic intermediate (8b). Preliminary biological characterization using the bovine thymus vitamin D receptor suggested that the introduction of the active motifs into the 20-hydroxyvitamin D3 scaffold elevated the receptor affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Fujishima
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa, 769-2193, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Suenaga
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa, 769-2193, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kawahata
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa, 769-2193, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa, 769-2193, Japan
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32
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Tuckey RC, Cheng CYS, Slominski AT. The serum vitamin D metabolome: What we know and what is still to discover. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 186:4-21. [PMID: 30205156 PMCID: PMC6342654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D, referring to the two forms, D2 from the diet and D3 primarily derived from phototransformation in the skin, is a prohormone important in human health. The most hormonally active form, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1α,25(OH)2D), formed from vitamin D via 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), is not only important for regulating calcium metabolism, but has many pleiotropic effects including regulation of the immune system and has anti-cancer properties. The major circulating form of vitamin D is 25(OH)D and both D2 and D3 forms are routinely measured by LC/MS/MS to assess vitamin D status, due to their relatively long half-lives and much higher concentrations compared to 1α,25(OH)2D. Inactivation of both 25(OH)D and 1α,25(OH)2D is catalyzed by CYP24A1 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 3-epimerase. Initial products from these enzymes acting on 25(OH)D3 are 24R,25(OH)2D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3, respectively, and both of these can also be measured routinely in some clinical laboratories to further document vitamin D status. With advances in LC/MS/MS and its increased availability, and with the help of studies with recombinant vitamin D-metabolizing enzymes, many other vitamin D metabolites have now been detected and in some cases quantitated, in human serum. CYP11A1 which catalyzes the first step in steroidogenesis, has been found to also act on vitamins D3 and D2 hydroxylating both at C20, but with some secondary metabolites produced by subsequent hydroxylations at other positions on the side chain. The major vitamin D3 metabolite, 20S-hydroxyvitamin D3 (20S(OH)D3), shows biological activity, often similar to 1α,25(OH)2D3 but without calcemic effects. Using standards produced enzymatically by purified CYP11A1 and characterized by NMR, many of these new metabolites have been detected in human serum, with semi-quantitative measurement of 20S(OH)D3 indicating it is present at comparable concentrations to 24R,25(OH)2D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3. Recently, vitamin D-related hydroxylumisterols derived from lumisterol3, a previtamin D3 photoproduct, have also been measured in human serum and displayed biological activity in initial in vitro studies. With the current extensive knowledge on the reactions and pathways of metabolism of vitamin D, especially those catalyzed by CYP24A1, CYP27A1, CYP27B1, CYP3A4 and CYP11A1, it is likely that many other of the resulting hydroxyvitamin D metabolites will be measured in human serum in the future, some contributing to a more detailed understanding of vitamin D status in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Chloe Y S Cheng
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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Slominski AT, Kim TK, Janjetovic Z, Brożyna AA, Żmijewski MA, Xu H, Sutter TR, Tuckey RC, Jetten AM, Crossman DK. Differential and Overlapping Effects of 20,23(OH)₂D3 and 1,25(OH)₂D3 on Gene Expression in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes: Identification of AhR as an Alternative Receptor for 20,23(OH)₂D3. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103072. [PMID: 30297679 PMCID: PMC6213311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel pathway of vitamin D activation by CYP11A has previously been elucidated. To define the mechanism of action of its major dihydroxy-products, we tested the divergence and overlap between the gene expression profiles of human epidermal keratinocytes treated with either CYP11A1-derived 20,23(OH)2D3 or classical 1,25(OH)2D3. Both secosteroids have significant chemical similarity with the only differences being the positions of the hydroxyl groups. mRNA was isolated and examined by microarray analysis using Illumina’s HumanWG-6 chip/arrays and subsequent bioinformatics analyses. Marked differences in the up- and downregulated genes were observed between 1,25(OH)2D3- and 20,23(OH)2D3-treated cells. Hierarchical clustering identified both distinct, opposite and common (overlapping) gene expression patterns. CYP24A1 was a common gene strongly activated by both compounds, a finding confirmed by qPCR. Ingenuity pathway analysis identified VDR/RXR signaling as the top canonical pathway induced by 1,25(OH)2D3. In contrast, the top canonical pathway induced by 20,23(OH)2D3 was AhR, with VDR/RXR being the second nuclear receptor signaling pathway identified. QPCR analyses validated the former finding by revealing that 20,23(OH)2D3 stimulated CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 gene expression, effects located downstream of AhR. Similar stimulation was observed with 20(OH)D3, the precursor to 20,23(OH)2D3, as well as with its downstream metabolite, 17,20,23(OH)3D3. Using a Human AhR Reporter Assay System we showed marked activation of AhR activity by 20,23(OH)2D3, with weaker stimulation by 20(OH)D3. Finally, molecular modeling using an AhR LBD model predicted vitamin D3 hydroxyderivatives to be good ligands for this receptor. Thus, our microarray, qPCR, functional studies and molecular modeling indicate that AhR is the major receptor target for 20,23(OH)2D3, opening an exciting area of investigation on the interaction of different vitamin D3-hydroxyderivatives with AhR and the subsequent downstream activation of signal transduction pathways in a cell-type-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
- Veteran Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Anna A Brożyna
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre-Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Michal A Żmijewski
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Thomas R Sutter
- Feinstone Center for Genomic Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152 USA.
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory/Cell Biology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - David K Crossman
- Howell and Elizabeth Heflin Center for Human Genetics, Genomic Core Facility, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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34
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Wang P, Qin X, Liu M, Wang X. The burgeoning role of cytochrome P450-mediated vitamin D metabolites against colorectal cancer. Pharmacol Res 2018; 133:9-20. [PMID: 29719203 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The metabolites of vitamin D3 (VD3) mediated by different cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, play fundamental roles in many physiological processes in relation to human health. These metabolites regulate a variety of cellular signal pathways through the direct binding of activated vitamin D receptor/retinoic X receptor (VDR/RXR) heterodimeric complex to specific DNA sequences. Thus, the polymorphisms of VDR and VD3 metabolizing enzymes lead to differentiated efficiency of VD3 and further affect serum VD3 levels. Moreover, VDR activation is demonstrated to inhibit the growth of various cancers, including colorectal cancer. However, excessive intake of vitamin D may lead to hypercalcemia, which limits the application of vitamin D tremendously. In this review, we have summarized the advances in VD3 research, especially the metabolism map of VD3 and the molecular mechanisms of inhibiting growth and inducing differentiation in colorectal cancer mediated by VDR-associated cellular signal pathways. The relationship between VDR polymorphism and the risk of colorectal cancer is also illustrated. In particular, novel pathways of the activation of VD3 started by CYP11A1 and CYP3A4 are highlighted, which produce several noncalcemic and antiproliferative metabolites. At last, the hypothesis is put forward that further research of CYP-mediated VD3 metabolites may develop therapeutic agents for colorectal cancer without resulting in hypercalcemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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35
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Jeon SM, Shin EA. Exploring vitamin D metabolism and function in cancer. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-14. [PMID: 29657326 PMCID: PMC5938036 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D, traditionally known as an essential nutrient, is a precursor of a potent steroid hormone that regulates a broad spectrum of physiological processes. In addition to its classical roles in bone metabolism, epidemiological, preclinical, and cellular research during the last decades, it revealed that vitamin D may play a key role in the prevention and treatment of many extra-skeletal diseases such as cancer. Vitamin D, as a prohormone, undergoes two-step metabolism in liver and kidney to produce a biologically active metabolite, calcitriol, which binds to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) for the regulation of expression of diverse genes. In addition, recent studies have revealed that vitamin D can also be metabolized and activated through a CYP11A1-driven non-canonical metabolic pathway. Numerous anticancer properties of vitamin D have been proposed, with diverse effects on cancer development and progression. However, accumulating data suggest that the metabolism and functions of vitamin D are dysregulated in many types of cancer, conferring resistance to the antitumorigenic effects of vitamin D and thereby contributing to the development and progression of cancer. Thus, understanding dysregulated vitamin D metabolism and function in cancer will be critical for the development of promising new strategies for successful vitamin D-based cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Ae Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea
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Suenega T, Fujishima T. The C4-functionalized 9,10-seco-5,7,10(19)-cholestatriene derivatives: Concise synthesis and characterization of novel vitamin D analogues with a four-membered heterocyclic ether. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cheng CYS, Kim TK, Jeayeng S, Slominski AT, Tuckey RC. Properties of purified CYP2R1 in a reconstituted membrane environment and its 25-hydroxylation of 20-hydroxyvitamin D3. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 177:59-69. [PMID: 28716760 PMCID: PMC5767547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that CYP2R1 is the major 25-hydroxylase catalyzing the first step in vitamin D activation. Since the catalytic properties of CYP2R1 have been poorly studied to date and it is a membrane protein, we examined the purified enzyme in a membrane environment. CYP2R1 was expressed in E. coli and purified by nickel affinity- and hydrophobic interaction-chromatography and assayed in a reconstituted membrane system comprising phospholipid vesicles plus purified human NADPH-P450 oxidoreductase. CYP2R1 converted vitamin D3 in the vesicle membrane to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] with good adherence to Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The kinetic parameters for 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D3 by the two major vitamin D 25-hydroxylases, CYP2R1 and CYP27A1, were examined in vesicles under identical conditions. CYP2R1 displayed a slightly lower kcat than CYP27A1 but a much lower Km for vitamin D3, and thus an overall 17-fold higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km), consistent with CYP2R1 being the major vitamin D 25-hydroxylase. 20-Hydroxyvitamin D3 [20(OH)D3], the main product of vitamin D3 activation by an alternative pathway catalyzed by CYP11A1, was metabolized by CYP2R1 to 20,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [20,25(OH)2D3], with catalytic efficiency similar to that for the 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D3. 20,25(OH)2D3 retained full, or somewhat enhanced activity compared to the parent 20(OH)D3 for the inhibition of the proliferation of melanocytes and dermal fibroblasts, with a potency comparable to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. The 20,25(OH)2D3 was also able to act as an inverse agonist on retinoic acid-related orphan receptor α, like its parent 20(OH)D3. Thus, the major findings of this study are that CYP2R1 can metabolize substrates in a membrane environment, the enzyme displays higher catalytic efficiency than CYP27A1 for the 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D, it efficiently hydroxylates 20(OH)D3 at C25 and this product retains the biological activity of the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Y S Cheng
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Saowanee Jeayeng
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Slominski AT, Brożyna AA, Skobowiat C, Zmijewski MA, Kim TK, Janjetovic Z, Oak AS, Jozwicki W, Jetten AM, Mason RS, Elmets C, Li W, Hoffman RM, Tuckey RC. On the role of classical and novel forms of vitamin D in melanoma progression and management. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 177:159-170. [PMID: 28676457 PMCID: PMC5748362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma represents a significant clinical problem affecting a large segment of the population with a relatively high incidence and mortality rate. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is an important etiological factor in malignant transformation of melanocytes and melanoma development. UVB, while being a full carcinogen in melanomagenesis, is also necessary for the cutaneous production of vitamin D3 (D3). Calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D3) and novel CYP11A1-derived hydroxyderivatives of D3 show anti-melanoma activities and protective properties against damage induced by UVB. The former activities include inhibitory effects on proliferation, plating efficiency and anchorage-independent growth of cultured human and rodent melanomas in vitro, as well as the in vivo inhibition of tumor growth by 20(OH)D3 after injection of human melanoma cells into immunodeficient mice. The literature indicates that low levels of 25(OH)D3 are associated with more advanced melanomas and reduced patient survivals, while single nucleotide polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor or the D3 binding protein gene affect development or progression of melanoma, or disease outcome. An inverse correlation of VDR and CYP27B1 expression with melanoma progression has been found, with low or undetectable levels of these proteins being associated with poor disease outcomes. Unexpectedly, increased expression of CYP24A1 was associated with better melanoma prognosis. In addition, decreased expression of retinoic acid orphan receptors α and γ, which can also bind vitamin D3 hydroxyderivatives, showed positive association with melanoma progression and shorter disease-free and overall survival. Thus, inadequate levels of biologically active forms of D3 and disturbances in expression of the target receptors, or D3 activating or inactivating enzymes, can affect melanomagenesis and disease progression. We therefore propose that inclusion of vitamin D into melanoma management should be beneficial for patients, at least as an adjuvant approach. The presence of multiple hydroxyderivatives of D3 in skin that show anti-melanoma activity in experimental models and which may act on alternative receptors, will be a future consideration when planning which forms of vitamin D to use for melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre - Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Anna A Brożyna
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre - Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland; Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | | | | | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | | | - Allen S Oak
- Department of Dermatology, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Wojciech Jozwicki
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre - Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland; Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health,Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Rebecca S Mason
- Bosch Institute & School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Craig Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - We Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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Skobowiat C, Oak ASW, Kim TK, Yang CH, Pfeffer LM, Tuckey RC, Slominski AT. Noncalcemic 20-hydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits human melanoma growth in in vitro and in vivo models. Oncotarget 2018; 8:9823-9834. [PMID: 28039464 PMCID: PMC5354773 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel pathway of vitamin D3 (D3) metabolism, initiated by C20-hydroxylation of D3 by CYP11A1, has been confirmed to operate in vivo. Its major product, 20(OH)D3, exhibits antiproliferative activity in vitro comparable to that of 1,25(OH)2D3, but is noncalcemic in mice and rats. To further characterize the antimelanoma activity of 20(OH)D3, we tested its effect on colony formation of human melanoma cells in monolayer culture and anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. The migratory capabilities of the cells and cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions were also evaluated using transwell cell migration and spheroid toxicity assays. To assess the antimelanoma activity of 20(OH)D3in vivo, age-matched immunocompromised mice were subcutaneously implanted with luciferase-labelled SKMel-188 cells and were randomly assigned to be treated with either 20(OH)D3 or vehicle (n=10 per group). Tumor size was measured with caliper and live bioimaging methods, and overall health condition expressed as a total body score scale. The following results were observed: (i) 20(OH)D3 inhibited colony formation both in monolayer and soft agar conditions, (ii) 20(OH)D3 inhibited melanoma cells in both transwell migration and spheroid toxicity assays, and (iii) 20(OH)D3 inhibited melanoma tumor growth in immunocompromised mice without visible signs of toxicity. However, although the survival rate was 90% in both groups, the total body score was higher in the treatment group compared to control group (2.8 vs. 2.55). In conclusion, 20(OH)D3, an endogenously produced secosteroid, is an excellent candidate for further preclinical testing as an antimelanoma agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Skobowiat
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Allen S W Oak
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Chuan He Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and the Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lawrence M Pfeffer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and the Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA.,Laboratory Service of the VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA.,Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
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Slominski AT, Kim TK, Hobrath JV, Oak ASW, Tang EKY, Tieu EW, Li W, Tuckey RC, Jetten AM. Endogenously produced nonclassical vitamin D hydroxy-metabolites act as "biased" agonists on VDR and inverse agonists on RORα and RORγ. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 173:42-56. [PMID: 27693422 PMCID: PMC5373926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The classical pathway of vitamin D activation follows the sequence D3→25(OH)D3→1,25(OH)2D3 with the final product acting on the receptor for vitamin D (VDR). An alternative pathway can be started by the action of CYP11A1 on the side chain of D3, primarily producing 20(OH)D3, 22(OH)D3, 20,23(OH)2D3, 20,22(OH)2D3 and 17,20,23(OH)3D3. Some of these metabolites are hydroxylated by CYP27B1 at C1α, by CYP24A1 at C24 and C25, and by CYP27A1 at C25 and C26. The products of these pathways are biologically active. In the epidermis and/or serum or adrenals we detected 20(OH)D3, 22(OH)D3, 20,22(OH)2D3, 20,23(OH)2D3, 17,20,23(OH)3D3, 1,20(OH)2D3, 1,20,23(OH)3D3, 1,20,22(OH)3D3, 20,24(OH)2D3, 1,20,24(OH)3D3, 20,25(OH)2D3, 1,20,25(OH)3D3, 20,26(OH)2D3 and 1,20,26(OH)3D3. 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3 are non-calcemic, while the addition of an OH at C1α confers some calcemic activity. Molecular modeling and functional assays show that the major products of the pathway can act as "biased" agonists for the VDR with high docking scores to the ligand binding domain (LBD), but lower than that of 1,25(OH)2D3. Importantly, cell based functional receptor studies and molecular modeling have identified the novel secosteroids as inverse agonists of both RORα and RORγ receptors. Specifically, they have high docking scores using crystal structures of RORα and RORγ LBDs. Furthermore, 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3 have been tested in a cell model that expresses a Tet-on RORα or RORγ vector and a RORE-LUC reporter (ROR-responsive element), and in a mammalian 2-hybrid model that test interactions between an LBD-interacting LXXLL-peptide and the LBD of RORα/γ. These assays demonstrated that the novel secosteroids have ROR-antagonist activities that were further confirmed by the inhibition of IL17 promoter activity in cells overexpressing RORα/γ. In conclusion, endogenously produced novel D3 hydroxy-derivatives can act both as "biased" agonists of the VDR and/or inverse agonists of RORα/γ. We suggest that the identification of large number of endogenously produced alternative hydroxy-metabolites of D3 that are biologically active, and of possible alternative receptors, may offer an explanation for the pleiotropic and diverse activities of vitamin D, previously assigned solely to 1,25(OH)2D3 and VDR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme/metabolism
- Humans
- Hydroxycholecalciferols/metabolism
- Hydroxycholecalciferols/pharmacology
- Models, Molecular
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/agonists
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/agonists
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Receptors, Calcitriol/agonists
- Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism
- Vitamins/metabolism
- Vitamins/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA.
| | | | - Judith V Hobrath
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Edith K Y Tang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Elaine W Tieu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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Characterization of a new pathway that activates lumisterol in vivo to biologically active hydroxylumisterols. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11434. [PMID: 28900196 PMCID: PMC5595834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Using LC/qTOF-MS we detected lumisterol, 20-hydroxylumisterol, 22-hydroxylumisterol, 24-hydroxylumisterol, 20,22-dihydroxylumisterol, pregnalumisterol, 17-hydroxypregnalumisterol and 17,20-dihydroxypregnalumisterol in human serum and epidermis, and the porcine adrenal gland. The hydroxylumisterols inhibited proliferation of human skin cells in a cell type-dependent fashion with predominant effects on epidermal keratinocytes. They also inhibited melanoma proliferation in both monolayer and soft agar. 20-Hydroxylumisterol stimulated the expression of several genes, including those associated with keratinocyte differentiation and antioxidative responses, while inhibiting the expression of others including RORA and RORC. Molecular modeling and studies on VDRE-transcriptional activity excludes action through the genomic site of the VDR. However, their favorable interactions with the A-pocket in conjunction with VDR translocation studies suggest they may act on this non-genomic VDR site. Inhibition of RORα and RORγ transactivation activities in a Tet-on CHO cell reporter system, RORα co-activator assays and inhibition of (RORE)-LUC reporter activity in skin cells, in conjunction with molecular modeling, identified RORα and RORγ as excellent receptor candidates for the hydroxylumisterols. Thus, we have discovered a new biologically relevant, lumisterogenic pathway, the metabolites of which display biological activity. This opens a new area of endocrine research on the effects of the hydroxylumisterols on different pathways in different cells and the mechanisms involved.
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Baseline Vitamin D Deficiency Decreases the Effectiveness of Statins in HIV-Infected Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 74:539-547. [PMID: 28045766 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vitamin D deficiency is common in HIV. Statins may increase vitamin D, and it is unknown whether vitamin D modifies the effect of statins on cardiovascular disease. DESIGN SATURN-HIV was a 96-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial designed to evaluate the effect of rosuvastatin on immune activation and subclinical vascular disease in HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy. This analysis focuses on the prespecified secondary endpoint 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations. METHODS Mixed effects linear modeling and analysis of variance were used to assess the rosuvastatin effect on plasma 25(OH)D concentrations over time and to determine whether baseline vitamin D modifies the rosuvastatin effect on changes in outcomes over the trial. RESULTS Hundred forty-seven adults were randomized (72 to rosuvastatin and 75 to placebo); 78% were men, 68% African American, with a mean age of 45 years. Baseline 25(OH)D concentrations were similar (overall mean 18 ng/mL) with 65% of participants below 20 ng/mL. Changes in 25(OH)D at 96 weeks were small and not significant within- or between-rosuvastatin and placebo groups. There were significant group by vitamin D status interactions for changes in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, proportion of patrolling monocytes expressing tissue factor (CD14dimCD16+TF+), lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, and common carotid artery intima media thickness at most time points. For each of these outcomes, the beneficial effects of rosuvastatin were either not apparent or attenuated in participants with 25(OH)D <20 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS Although 25(OH)D did not change with rosuvastatin, baseline vitamin D deficiency decreased the effectiveness of rosuvastatin. Vitamin D supplementation may be warranted for deficient patients initiating statin therapy.
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Vitamin D signaling and melanoma: role of vitamin D and its receptors in melanoma progression and management. J Transl Med 2017; 97:706-724. [PMID: 28218743 PMCID: PMC5446295 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB), in addition to having carcinogenic activity, is required for the production of vitamin D3 (D3) in the skin which supplies >90% of the body's requirement. Vitamin D is activated through hydroxylation by 25-hydroxylases (CYP2R1 or CYP27A1) and 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) to produce 1,25(OH)2D3, or through the action of CYP11A1 to produce mono-di- and trihydroxy-D3 products that can be further modified by CYP27B1, CYP27A1, and CYP24A1. The active forms of D3, in addition to regulating calcium metabolism, exert pleiotropic activities, which include anticarcinogenic and anti-melanoma effects in experimental models, with photoprotection against UVB-induced damage. These diverse effects are mediated through an interaction with the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and/or as most recently demonstrated through action on retinoic acid orphan receptors (ROR)α and RORγ. With respect to melanoma, low levels of 25(OH)D are associated with thicker tumors and reduced patient survival. Furthermore, single-nucleotide polymorphisms of VDR and the vitamin D-binding protein (VDP) genes affect melanomagenesis or disease outcome. Clinicopathological analyses have shown positive correlation between low or undetectable expression of VDR and/or CYP27B1 in melanoma with tumor progression and shorter overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) times. Paradoxically, this correlation was reversed for CYP24A1 (inactivating 24-hydroxylase), indicating that this enzyme, while inactivating 1,25(OH)2D3, can activate other forms of D3 that are products of the non-canonical pathway initiated by CYP11A1. An inverse correlation has been found between the levels of RORα and RORγ expression and melanoma progression and disease outcome. Therefore, we propose that defects in vitamin D signaling including D3 activation/inactivation, and the expression and activity of the corresponding receptors, affect melanoma progression and the outcome of the disease. The existence of multiple bioactive forms of D3 and alternative receptors affecting the behavior of melanoma should be taken into consideration when applying vitamin D management for melanoma therapy.
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Noyola-Martínez N, Halhali A, Zaga-Clavellina V, Olmos-Ortiz A, Larrea F, Barrera D. A time-course regulatory and kinetic expression study of steroid metabolizing enzymes by calcitriol in primary cultured human placental cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 167:98-105. [PMID: 27871977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1,25-dihydroxivitamin D3 (calcitriol), is a secoesteroid involved in several placental functions. In particular, we and others showed that calcitriol regulates peptides, proteins, cytokines and hormones production in human trophoblastic cells. On the other hand, calcitriol modifies the activity and expression of some steroidogenic enzymes, a process that is considered tissue-specific. However, the effects of calcitriol on the expression of enzymes involved in the synthesis of sex steroids in placental tissue have not yet been entirely studied. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of calcitriol upon gene expression of several steroid enzymes such as cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1), type 1 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase(3β-HSDI), 17β-HSD3, 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase (CYP17A1) and aromatase (CYP19A1) in primary cultures of human placental cells. Cell cultures were performed using placentas obtained immediately after delivery by caesarean section from normotensive healthy women and calcitriol effects were evaluated, at level of transcription, by qPCR. The results showed that: 1) from basal expression values of the five genes studied, 3β-HSDI was the most expressed gene (P<0.05); 2) basal expression of all enzymes was significantly higher in cultured syncytiotrophoblast than in cytotrophoblasts (P<0.05); 3) the presence of calcitriol in cultured trophoblast cells generally resulted in a stimulatory effect of CYP11A1, CYP19A1 and 17β-HSD3 gene expression at 3h of treatment whereas 3β-HSDI was induced at 6h (P<0.05). However, a time-dependent variable was also observed; 4) protein expression of CYP11A1 and 3β-HSDI were not modified significantly by calcitriol, however that of CYP19A1 was regulated in similar fashion as gene expression. In conclusion, calcitriol affected in a time-dependent manner the expression of steroids metabolizing enzymes in human placental cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Noyola-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, México, D.F. 14080, Mexico
| | - Ali Halhali
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, México, D.F. 14080, Mexico
| | - Verónica Zaga-Clavellina
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Montes Urales No. 800, Miguel Hidalgo 11000, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Andrea Olmos-Ortiz
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, México, D.F. 14080, Mexico
| | - Fernando Larrea
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, México, D.F. 14080, Mexico
| | - David Barrera
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, México, D.F. 14080, Mexico.
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Miller WL. Genetic disorders of Vitamin D biosynthesis and degradation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:101-108. [PMID: 27060335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D, an inactive secosteroid pro-hormone, is produced by the action of ultraviolet light on 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin. The active hormone, 1,25(OH)2D is produced by sequential 25-hydroxylation in the liver, principally by CYP2R1, and 1α-hydroxylation in the kidney by CYP27B1. Mutations in CYP27B1 cause 1α-hydroxylase deficiency, also known as vitamin D dependent rickets type I or hereditary pseudo-vitamin D deficient rickets; very rare mutations in CYP2R1 can cause 25-hydroxylase deficiency. Both deficiencies cause hypocalcemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism, severe rickets in infancy, and low serum concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D; both disorders respond to hormonal replacement therapy with calcitriol. The inactivation of vitamin D is principally initiated by its 23- and 24-hydroxylation by CYP24A1. Mutations in CYP24A1 can cause both severe neonatal hypercalcemia and a less severe adult hypercalcemic syndrome. Other pathways of vitamin D metabolism are under investigation, notably its 20-hydroxylation by the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, CYP11A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, HSE 1634, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0556, USA.
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46
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Xia Y, Zhao G, Lin J, Li C, Cong L, Jiang N, Xu Q, Wang Q. 1,25(OH)2D3 and VDR Signaling Pathways Regulate the Inhibition of Dectin-1 Caused by Cyclosporine A in Response to Aspergillus Fumigatus in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164717. [PMID: 27755569 PMCID: PMC5068748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study is to observe whether cyclosporine A (CsA) inhibits the expression of dectin-1 in human corneal epithelial cells infected with Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) and to investigate the molecular mechanisms of the inhibition. Methods Immortalized human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were pretreated with 1,25(OH)2D3 and VDR inhibitor for 1 h, and then they were pretreated with CsA for 12h. After these pretreatments, the HCECs were stimulated with A. fumigatus and curdlan respectively, and the expression of dectin-1 and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) were detected by RT-PCR, western blot and ELISA. Results Dectin-1 mRNA and dectin-1 protein expression increased when HCECs were stimulated with A. fumigatus or curdlan, and CsA inhibited the dectin-1 expression both in mRNA and protein levels specifically. Dectin-1 and proinflammatory cytokine expression levels were higher when HCECs were pretreated with VDR inhibitor and CsA compared to pretreatment with CsA alone, while dectin-1 and proinflammatory cytokine levels were lower when HCECs were pretreated with 1,25(OH)2D3 and CsA compared to pretreatment with CsA alone. Conclusions These data provide evidence that CsA can inhibit the expression of dectin-1 and proinflammatory cytokines through dectin-1 when HCECs are stimulated by A. fumigatus or curdlan. The active form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D3, and VDR signaling pathway regulate the inhibition of CsA. The inhibition is enhanced by 1,25(OH)2D3, and the VDR inhibitor suppresses the inhibition.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/pharmacology
- Aspergillus fumigatus/metabolism
- Calcitriol/antagonists & inhibitors
- Calcitriol/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclosporine/pharmacology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epithelium, Corneal/cytology
- Epithelium, Corneal/drug effects
- Epithelium, Corneal/metabolism
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Humans
- Interleukin-1beta/analysis
- Interleukin-1beta/genetics
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Calcitriol/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- beta-Glucans/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Shandong Eye Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Cytochrome P450 metabolism of the post-lanosterol intermediates explains enigmas of cholesterol synthesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28462. [PMID: 27334049 PMCID: PMC4917857 DOI: 10.1038/srep28462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol synthesis is among the oldest metabolic pathways, consisting of the Bloch and Kandutch-Russell branches. Following lanosterol, sterols of both branches are proposed to be dedicated to cholesterol. We challenge this dogma by mathematical modeling and with experimental evidence. It was not possible to explain the sterol profile of testis in cAMP responsive element modulator tau (Crem τ) knockout mice with mathematical models based on textbook pathways of cholesterol synthesis. Our model differs in the inclusion of virtual sterol metabolizing enzymes branching from the pathway. We tested the hypothesis that enzymes from the cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily can participate in the catalysis of non-classical reactions. We show that CYP enzymes can metabolize multiple sterols in vitro, establishing novel branching points of cholesterol synthesis. In conclusion, sterols of cholesterol synthesis can be oxidized further to metabolites not dedicated to production of cholesterol. Additionally, CYP7A1, CYP11A1, CYP27A1, and CYP46A1 are parts of a broader cholesterol synthesis network.
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48
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Piotrowska A, Wierzbicka J, Ślebioda T, Woźniak M, Tuckey RC, Slominski AT, Żmijewski MA. Vitamin D derivatives enhance cytotoxic effects of H2O2 or cisplatin on human keratinocytes. Steroids 2016; 110:49-61. [PMID: 27083311 PMCID: PMC4853285 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the skin production of vitamin D is initiated by ultraviolet radiation type B (UVB), the role vitamin D plays in antioxidative or pro-oxidative responses remains to be elucidated. We have used immortalized human HaCaT keratinocytes as a model of proliferating epidermal cells to test the influence of vitamin D on cellular response to H2O2 or the anti-cancer drug, cisplatin. Incubation of keratinocytes with 1,25(OH)2D3 or its low calcemic analogues, 20(OH)D3, 21(OH)pD or calcipotriol, sensitized cells to ROS resulting in more potent inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation by H2O2 in the presence of vitamin D compounds. These results were supported by cell cycle and apoptosis analyses, and measurement of the mitochondrial transmembrane potentials (MMP), however some unique properties of individual secosteroids were observed. Furthermore, in HaCaT keratinocytes treated with H2O2, 1,25(OH)2D3, 21(OH)pD and calcipotriol stimulated the expression of SOD1 and CAT genes, but not SOD2, indicating a possible role of mitochondria in ROS-modulated cell death. 1,25(OH)2D3 also showed a short-term, protective effect on HaCaT keratinocytes, as exemplified by the inhibition of apoptosis and the maintenance of MMP. However, with prolonged incubation with H2O2 or cisplatin, 1,25(OH)2D3 caused an acceleration in the death of the keratinocytes. Therefore, we propose that lead vitamin D derivatives can protect the epidermis against neoplastic transformation secondary to oxidative or UV-induced stress through activation of vitamin D-signaling. Furthermore, our data suggest that treatment with low calcemic vitamin D analogues or the maintenance of optimal level of vitamin D by proper supplementation, can enhance the anticancer efficacy of cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Piotrowska
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Ślebioda
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Woźniak
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA; Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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49
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Cheng CYS, Slominski AT, Tuckey RC. Hydroxylation of 20-hydroxyvitamin D3 by human CYP3A4. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 159:131-41. [PMID: 26970587 PMCID: PMC4821771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
20S-Hydroxyvitamin D3 [20(OH)D3] is the biologically active major product of the action of CYP11A1 on vitamin D3 and is present in human plasma. 20(OH)D3 displays similar therapeutic properties to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], but without causing hypercalcaemia and therefore has potential for development as a therapeutic drug. CYP24A1, the kidney mitochondrial P450 involved in inactivation of 1,25(OH)2D3, can hydroxylate 20(OH)D3 at C24 and C25, with the products displaying more potent inhibition of melanoma cell proliferation than 20(OH)D3. CYP3A4 is the major drug-metabolising P450 in liver endoplasmic reticulum and can metabolise other active forms of vitamin D, so we examined its ability to metabolise 20(OH)D3. We found that CYP3A4 metabolises 20(OH)D3 to three major products, 20,24R-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [20,24R(OH)2D3], 20,24S-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [20,24S(OH)2D3] and 20,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [20,25(OH)2D3]. 20,24R(OH)2D3 and 20,24S(OH)2D3, but not 20,25(OH)2D3, were further metabolised to trihydroxyvitamin D3 products by CYP3A4 but with low catalytic efficiency. The same three primary products, 20,24R(OH)2D3, 20,24S(OH)2D3 and 20,25(OH)2D3, were observed for the metabolism of 20(OH)D3 by human liver microsomes, in which CYP3A4 is a major CYP isoform present. Addition of CYP3A family-specific inhibitors, troleandomycin and azamulin, almost completely inhibited production of 20,24R(OH)2D3, 20,24S(OH)2D3 and 20,25(OH)2D3 by human liver microsomes, further supporting that CYP3A4 plays the major role in 20(OH)D3 metabolism by microsomes. Since both 20,24R(OH)2D3 and 20,25(OH)2D3 have previously been shown to display enhanced biological activity in inhibiting melanoma cell proliferation, our results show that CYP3A4 further activates, rather than inactivates, 20(OH)D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Y S Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA; VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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Slominski AT, Kim TK, Li W, Tuckey RC. Classical and non-classical metabolic transformation of vitamin D in dermal fibroblasts. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:231-2. [PMID: 26440881 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,VA Medical Center at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Center, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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