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Affiliation(s)
- Berge Hampar
- U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, Maryland
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el-Alfi OS, Smith PM, Biesele JJ. Chromosomal breaks in human leucocyte cultures induced by an agent in the plasma of infectious hepatitis patients. Hereditas 2009; 52:285-94. [PMID: 5828747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1965.tb01961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Hampar B, Copeland ML. Persistent Herpes Simplex Virus Infection In Vitro with Cycles of Cell Destruction and Regrowth. J Bacteriol 2006; 90:205-12. [PMID: 16562018 PMCID: PMC315614 DOI: 10.1128/jb.90.1.205-212.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hampar, Berge (National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, Md.), and Mary Lou Copeland. Persistent herpes simplex virus infection in vitro with cycles of cell destruction and regrowth. J. Bacteriol. 90:205-212. 1965.-The susceptibility of two Chinese hamster cell lines to herpes simplex virus (HSV) was studied from the time of their initiation through successive subcultures. The cells' susceptibility to the cytocidal effects of HSV decreased as the number of cell passages increased. During the early cell passages, the decrease in cell susceptibility to HSV was characterized by an increased time after infection for complete cell destruction to occur, with a concomitant increase in the period when virus could be recovered from supernatant fluids. This was followed by a number of cell passages during which persistent HSV infections were established. The persistent infections were characterized by (i) cycles of virus synthesis and cell destruction followed by regrowth of the cells, (ii) initiation and maintenance under conditions optimal for cell growth in the absence of antibody, (iii) the cells' ability to be passaged while still maintaining their cycling patterns, (iv) a relationship between virus synthesis and cell proliferation, and (v) inability of long-term treatment with antibody to "cure" the persistent infections. The unique characteristics of this HSV infection were compared with other persistent in vitro viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hampar
- National Institute of Dental Research, U.S. Public Health Service, Bethesda, Maryland
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Todaro GJ, Wolman SR, Green H. RAPID TRANSFORMATION OF HUMAN FIBROBLASTS WITH LOW GROWTH POTENTIAL INTO ESTABLISHED CELL LINES BY SV40. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 62:257-65. [PMID: 14086148 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1030620305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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SCOTT TF, TOKUMARU T. HERPESVIRUS HOMINIS (VIRUS OF HERPES SIMPLEX). BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1996; 28:458-71. [PMID: 14244724 PMCID: PMC441246 DOI: 10.1128/br.28.4.458-471.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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ALLISON AC, MALLUCCI L. HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF LYSOSOMES AND LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES IN VIRUS-INFECTED CELL CULTURES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 121:463-76. [PMID: 14270244 PMCID: PMC2137958 DOI: 10.1084/jem.121.3.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of lysosomes and the distribution of lysosomal enzymes have been studied in a number of cell cultures exposed to viruses. Lysosomes were shown by fluorescence microscopy after vital staining with aminoacridines and light microscopy after vital staining with neutral red. The lysosomal enzymes studied histochemically in unfixed and fixed cells were acid phosphatase and 5-bromo-4-chloro-indoxyl acetate esterase. Activation of lysosomal enzymes was found to take place in three stages. The first is characterized by permeability of lysosomal membranes without release of enzymes. This is demonstrable by staining of lysosomal enzymes in unfixed cells and by increased uptake of aminoacridine fluorochromes and neutral red into lysosomes. In cell sheets initially stained with neutral red this gives rise to red plaques. This stage can be fully reversible; cells infected with, and yielding, the red-plaque strain of NDV, recover fully afterwards. In the second stage lysosomal enzymes are released into the cytoplasm, the cells round up and there is decreased uptake of aminoacridines and neutral red into lysosomes. In cell monolayers this results in the formation of white plaques. In the third stage, not usually seen in cell cultures, lysosomal enzymes are released from or inactivated in the cells and are not seen in either fixed or unfixed preparations. The possible roles of lysosomal enzymes in production of cytopathic effects, polykaryocytosis and malignant cell transformation are discussed.
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Failure of herpes simplex virus type 2 to substitute for dimethyl-benzanthracene in two-stage skin carcinogenesis. Chin J Cancer Res 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02954996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Herpes simplex virus type 2 mutagenesis: characterization of mutants induced at the hprt locus of nonpermissive XC cells. Mol Cell Biol 1987. [PMID: 3023954 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.6.8.2977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous report, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) was shown to increase the frequency of mutation at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) locus of nonpermissive rat XC cells (L. Pilon, A. Royal, and Y. Langelier, J. Gen. Virol. 66:259-265, 1985). A series of 17 independent mutants were isolated after viral infection together with 12 spontaneous noninfected mutants to characterize the nature of the mutations induced by the virus at the molecular level. The DNA of the mutants isolated after viral infection was probed with cloned HSV-2 fragments representing the entire genome. In these mutants, no authentic HSV-2 hybridization could be detected. This was indicative of a mechanism of mutagenesis which did not require the permanent integration of viral sequences in the host genome. The structure of the hprt gene was determined by the method of Southern (J. Mol. Biol. 98:503-517, 1975), and the level of hprt mRNA was analyzed by Northern blots. Except for the identification of one deletion mutant in each of the two groups, the HPRT- clones showed no evidence of alteration in their hprt gene. A total of 7 of 12 spontaneous mutants and 11 of 15 mutants isolated from the infected population transcribed an hprt mRNA of the same size and abundance as did the wild-type cells. Thus, the majority of the mutants seemed to have a point mutation in their hprt structural gene. Interestingly, the proportion of the different types of mutations was similar in the two groups of mutants. This analysis revealed that HSV-2 infection did not increase the frequency of rearrangements but rather that it probably induced a general increase of the level of mutations in the cells. This type of response is thought to be compatible with the biology of the virus, and the possible mechanisms by which HSV-2 induces somatic mutations in mammalian cells are discussed.
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Abstract
The increasing frequency of cervical neoplasia among younger women and the increased invasiveness of these tumors has led to a considerable growth in research into this disease. Conventional methods (epidemiology, cytology, and immunology), while being extremely useful, also have significant limitations. Recent advances in techniques for the manipulation of DNA now make it possible to analyze tissues for the presence of viral genomes. This review introduces these techniques and describes their application to the search for herpes simplex virus and human papillomavirus sequences in cervical tissue. The significance of the findings both for the mechanism of transmission of the disease, and also the consequences for early detection and hence more successful treatment, are also discussed.
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Pilon L, Langelier Y, Royal A. Herpes simplex virus type 2 mutagenesis: characterization of mutants induced at the hprt locus of nonpermissive XC cells. Mol Cell Biol 1986; 6:2977-83. [PMID: 3023954 PMCID: PMC367868 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.6.8.2977-2983.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous report, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) was shown to increase the frequency of mutation at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) locus of nonpermissive rat XC cells (L. Pilon, A. Royal, and Y. Langelier, J. Gen. Virol. 66:259-265, 1985). A series of 17 independent mutants were isolated after viral infection together with 12 spontaneous noninfected mutants to characterize the nature of the mutations induced by the virus at the molecular level. The DNA of the mutants isolated after viral infection was probed with cloned HSV-2 fragments representing the entire genome. In these mutants, no authentic HSV-2 hybridization could be detected. This was indicative of a mechanism of mutagenesis which did not require the permanent integration of viral sequences in the host genome. The structure of the hprt gene was determined by the method of Southern (J. Mol. Biol. 98:503-517, 1975), and the level of hprt mRNA was analyzed by Northern blots. Except for the identification of one deletion mutant in each of the two groups, the HPRT- clones showed no evidence of alteration in their hprt gene. A total of 7 of 12 spontaneous mutants and 11 of 15 mutants isolated from the infected population transcribed an hprt mRNA of the same size and abundance as did the wild-type cells. Thus, the majority of the mutants seemed to have a point mutation in their hprt structural gene. Interestingly, the proportion of the different types of mutations was similar in the two groups of mutants. This analysis revealed that HSV-2 infection did not increase the frequency of rearrangements but rather that it probably induced a general increase of the level of mutations in the cells. This type of response is thought to be compatible with the biology of the virus, and the possible mechanisms by which HSV-2 induces somatic mutations in mammalian cells are discussed.
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Galloway DA, McDougall JK. The oncogenic potential of herpes simplex viruses: evidence for a 'hit-and-run' mechanism. Nature 1983; 302:21-4. [PMID: 6298634 DOI: 10.1038/302021a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Experiments to determine the mechanism of transformation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) have identified fragments of viral DNA which are able to initiate transformation. No set of viral genes seems to be consistently retained or expressed in the transformed cells or in human cervical tumours, suggesting that viral DNA is not needed to maintain the transformed phenotype. In fact there is no conclusive evidence that initiation of neoplasia is mediated by a viral protein. Here we revisit the 'hit-and-run' hypothesis and its implications for HSV-induced tumorigenicity.
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Lorentz AK, Munk K, Darai G. DNA repair replication in human embryonic lung cells infected with herpes simplex virus. Virology 1977; 82:401-8. [PMID: 199996 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Rapp F. New properties of mammalian cells transformed by herpes simplex and cytomegaloviruses. HAMATOLOGIE UND BLUTTRANSFUSION 1976; 19:461-70. [PMID: 188732 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-87524-3_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kantorovich RA, Sokolova NM, Gavrina EM, Solov'eva AI, Shteiner AA. The action of influenza virus on human chromosomes. Bull Exp Biol Med 1974; 77:191-4. [PMID: 4433929 DOI: 10.1007/bf00809633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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The Presence of Viruses in Uninoculated Tissue Cultures: Sources and Methods of Detection. CONTAMINATION IN TISSUE CULTURE 1973. [PMCID: PMC7155471 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-261850-5.50016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Shimizu Y. Modification of host cell membrane after herpes simplex virus infection. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1971; 33:338-46. [PMID: 4329640 DOI: 10.1007/bf01254690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Tegtmeyer PJ, Ming PM, Craighead JE. Cytological studies on cytomegalovirus infected mouse cells. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1969; 26:334-40. [PMID: 4306371 DOI: 10.1007/bf01250943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Humphrey RM, Brinkley BR. Ultrastructural studies of radiation-induced chromosome damage. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1969; 42:745-53. [PMID: 4895598 PMCID: PMC2107714 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.42.3.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The fine structure of radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations in Potorous tridactylis (rat kangaroo) cells was examined in situ by electron microscopy. The observations on the structure of terminal deletions (acentric fragments), anaphase bridges and "gaps," sidearm bridges, and specialized regions, such as the nucleolus organizer, are discussed in detail. Conclusions based on these observations are the following: (a) damage is physically expressed only at anaphase; (b) a gap region is composed of two subunits, each of which is about 800-1000 A in diameter and may correspond to a half-chromatid structure; (c) the ends of acentric fragments are structurally similar to normal chromosome ends, except where the break occurs in a specific region such as the secondary constriction; (d) at metaphase the fragment and the main portion of the chromosome move as a single unit to the equator, and the two units are disconnected only at the onset of anaphase; (e) sidearm bridges appear to be exchanges, involving a subchromatid unit. The interpretation of this evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that the chromosome is a multistranded structure.
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Germanov AB, Blyumkin VN. Effect of herpes simplex virus (strain L2K5) and its mutants on mitotic activity of cell cultures. Bull Exp Biol Med 1969. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00803634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Waubke R, Zur Hausen H, Henle W. Chromosomal and autoradiographic studies of cells infected with herpes simplex virus. J Virol 1968; 2:1047-54. [PMID: 4302015 PMCID: PMC375435 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.2.10.1047-1054.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction of chromosomal aberrations by herpes simplex virus (HSV) and the interaction between viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and chromosomes have been studied (i) by infection of the BHK-21 line of hamster kidney cells at multiplicities ranging from 0.5 to 100 followed by 1-hr pulses of (3)H-thymidine preceding preparation at varying intervals of metaphases and autoradiography, and (ii) by use of (3)H-thymidine-labeled HSV for infection, chromosomal, and autoradiographic analyses at intervals thereafter. The results revealed that (i) chromosomal lesions develop prior to, and thus are independent of, viral DNA synthesis; (ii) HSV is capable of replicating in cells during the late G-2 period or in metaphase; (iii) most of the viral DNA remains unassociated with chromosomes and is not detectable at sites of chromosomal lesions; (iv) the capacity of the virus to cause chromosomal aberrations is four times less sensitive to inactivation by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation than its infectious property; and (v) after large doses of UV, invasion of the nuclei by the irradiated virus is reduced. These observations indicate that the chromosomal lesions induced by HSV result most likely from action of an early enzyme under control of the viral genome. This explanation is proposed also for the effects of adenovirus type 12 on chromosomes.
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Zur Hausen H. Induction of specific chromosomal aberrations by adenovirus type 12 in human embryonic kidney cells. J Virol 1967; 1:1174-85. [PMID: 5621489 PMCID: PMC375407 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.1.6.1174-1185.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonrandom chromosomal breaks in chromosomes 1 and 17 were provoked in human embryonic kidney cells 24 hr after infection with adenovirus type 12. These chromosomal changes disappeared in persistently infected cultures. Neutralization of the virus with type-specific antiviral serum prior to infection prevented the occurrence of chromosomal aberrations. No viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis, as determined by autoradiography, was seen in metaphases containing adenovirus type 12-induced chromosomal aberrations. Ultraviolet irradiation of the virus reduced chromosomal aberrations linearly. This reduction in aberrations was fourfold slower than the inactivation of viral infectivity. At 24 hr after infection of cells with purified (3)H-labeled adenovirus type 12, the isotope was found to be associated with the nuclei. The uptake of isotope was reduced ninefold when the labeled virus was neutralized with type-specific antiviral serum. This difference is considered to account for neutralization of labeled virions. In metaphases infected with labeled viruses, most of the clustered grains were seen only on one arm of the chromatid, even after 72 hr. Isochromatid labeling was found, however, in a small percentage of chromosomes, and increased with time after infection. This increase was threefold between 24 and 72 hr after infection, whereas the mean grain counts decreased twofold during the same period. This has been tentatively interpreted to mean that most of the viral DNA molecules or parts thereof are merely attached to cellular chromatin, but a small fraction of them becomes gradually integrated as time proceeds. Certain chromosomal sites appeared to be preferentially labeled when chromosome 2 was used as a model for evaluation.
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Boiron M, Tanzer J, Thomas M, Hampe A. Early diffuse chromosome alterations in monkey kidney cells infected in vitro with herpes simplex virus. Nature 1966; 209:737-8. [PMID: 4288464 DOI: 10.1038/209737a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hausen H, Lanz E. Chromosomale Aberrationen bei L-Zellen nach Vaccinia-Virus-Infektion. Med Microbiol Immunol 1966. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02123087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Cohen MM, Shaw MW. Specific effects of viruses and antimetabolites on mammalian chromosomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1965. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02618088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Defendi V, Lehman JM. Transformation of hamster embryo cells in vitro by polyoma virus: morphological, karyological, immunological and transplantation characteristics. J Cell Physiol 1965; 66:351-409. [PMID: 4287095 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1030660313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bou� A, Plotkin SA, Bou� JG. Action du virus de la rub�ole sur diff�rents syst�mes de cultures de cellules embryonnaires humaines. Arch Virol 1965. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01253853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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BOUE A, PLOTKIN SA, BOUE JG. [ACTION OF THE RUBELLA VIRUS ON DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF HUMAN EMBRYONIC CELL CULTURES]. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1965; 16:443-58. [PMID: 14322910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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COOPER HL, BLACK PH. Cytogenetic studies of three clones derived from a permanent line of hamster cells transformed by SV40. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1964; 64:201-19. [PMID: 14219654 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1030640206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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HARNDEN DG. CYTOGENETIC STUDIES ON PATIENTS WITH VIRUS INFECTIONS AND SUBJECTS VACCINATED AGAINST YELLOW FEVER. Am J Hum Genet 1964; 16:204-13. [PMID: 14174801 PMCID: PMC1932291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
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Munk K. Grundzüge der Virusätiologie von Tumoren nach neueren Ergebnissen. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1964. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-42622-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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