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Yoon SH, Meyer MB, Arevalo C, Tekguc M, Zhang C, Wang JS, Castro Andrade CD, Strauss K, Sato T, Benkusky NA, Lee SM, Berdeaux R, Foretz M, Sundberg TB, Xavier RJ, Adelmann CH, Brooks DJ, Anselmo A, Sadreyev RI, Rosales IA, Fisher DE, Gupta N, Morizane R, Greka A, Pike JW, Mannstadt M, Wein MN. A parathyroid hormone/salt-inducible kinase signaling axis controls renal vitamin D activation and organismal calcium homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e163627. [PMID: 36862513 PMCID: PMC10145948 DOI: 10.1172/jci163627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The renal actions of parathyroid hormone (PTH) promote 1,25-vitamin D generation; however, the signaling mechanisms that control PTH-dependent vitamin D activation remain unknown. Here, we demonstrated that salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) orchestrated renal 1,25-vitamin D production downstream of PTH signaling. PTH inhibited SIK cellular activity by cAMP-dependent PKA phosphorylation. Whole-tissue and single-cell transcriptomics demonstrated that both PTH and pharmacologic SIK inhibitors regulated a vitamin D gene module in the proximal tubule. SIK inhibitors increased 1,25-vitamin D production and renal Cyp27b1 mRNA expression in mice and in human embryonic stem cell-derived kidney organoids. Global- and kidney-specific Sik2/Sik3 mutant mice showed Cyp27b1 upregulation, elevated serum 1,25-vitamin D, and PTH-independent hypercalcemia. The SIK substrate CRTC2 showed PTH and SIK inhibitor-inducible binding to key Cyp27b1 regulatory enhancers in the kidney, which were also required for SIK inhibitors to increase Cyp27b1 in vivo. Finally, in a podocyte injury model of chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD), SIK inhibitor treatment stimulated renal Cyp27b1 expression and 1,25-vitamin D production. Together, these results demonstrated a PTH/SIK/CRTC signaling axis in the kidney that controls Cyp27b1 expression and 1,25-vitamin D synthesis. These findings indicate that SIK inhibitors might be helpful for stimulation of 1,25-vitamin D production in CKD-MBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Yoon
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark B. Meyer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin — Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Carlos Arevalo
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Murat Tekguc
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jialiang S. Wang
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Katelyn Strauss
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tadatoshi Sato
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nancy A. Benkusky
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin — Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Seong Min Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin — Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rebecca Berdeaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marc Foretz
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | - Ramnik J. Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Daniel J. Brooks
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Ruslan I. Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology, and
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ivy A. Rosales
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David E. Fisher
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology
| | - Navin Gupta
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryuji Morizane
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna Greka
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J. Wesley Pike
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin — Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael Mannstadt
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marc N. Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Meyer MB, Pike JW. Genomic mechanisms controlling renal vitamin D metabolism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 228:106252. [PMID: 36657729 PMCID: PMC10006327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D metabolism centers on regulation in the kidney of CYP27B1 induction by PTH, suppression by FGF23 and 1,25(OH)2D3, and reciprocal CYP24A1 suppression by PTH, and induction by FGF23 and 1,25(OH)2D3. This coordinated genomic regulation through enhancer modules results in the production and dynamic maintenance of circulating endocrine 1,25(OH)2D3 which, together with PTH and FGF23, controls mineral homeostasis. We discovered enhancers near Cyp27b1 in the mouse kidney located within intronic regions of Mettl1 and Mettl21b genes. These kidney-specific enhancers ("M1", "M21") control Cyp27b1. Through CRISPR/Cas deletion, we found that PTH activation of Cyp27b1 is lost with deletion of M1, whereas FGF23 suppression is lost with deletion of M21. The combination of both deletions (M1/M21-DIKO) eliminated the suppression by 1,25(OH)2D3. Cyp24a1 activation by 1,25(OH)2D3 is controlled by a promoter proximal pair of VDREs as well as a distal region - 35 to - 37 kb (DS2). We also found that FGF23 activation and PTH suppression of Cyp24a1 was located in a region - 21 to - 37 kb downstream (DS1). More recently, using in vivo ChIP-seq in mouse kidney, we demonstrate that PTH activation rapidly induces increased recruitment of pCREB and its coactivators, CBP and CRTC2, to the M1 and M21 enhancers near the Cyp27b1 gene. At distal enhancers of the Cyp24a1 gene, PTH suppression promotes dismisses CBP with only minor changes in pCREB and CRTC2 occupancy, all of which correlate with a suppression of basal histone acetylation across this locus and reduced transcripts. Surprisingly, we find that 1,25(OH)2D3 suppression increases the occupancy of CRTC2 in the M1 enhancer, a novel observation for CRTC2 and/or 1,25(OH)2D3 action. The suppressive actions of 1,25(OH)2D3 and FGF23 at the Cyp27b1 gene are associated with a reduction in CBP recruitment at these enhancers. Although FGF23-regulated transcription factors remain unknown, we hypothesize that VDR occupancy induced at the M1 and M21 enhancers by 1,25(OH)2D3 likely disrupts or competes with the active conformation of these CREB modules thereby preventing full induction by PTH. Our findings show coactivators such as CRTC2 and CBP contribute to Cyp27b1 and Cyp24a1 transcription and provide molecular insight into the coordinated mechanistic actions of PTH, FGF23, and 1,25(OH)2D3 in the kidney that regulate mineral homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Meyer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - J Wesley Pike
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Gallagher JC, Rosen CJ. Vitamin D: 100 years of discoveries, yet controversy continues. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2023; 11:362-374. [PMID: 37004709 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 100 years, many major breakthroughs and discoveries have occurred in relation to vitamin D research. These developments include the cure of rickets in 1919, the discovery of vitamin D compounds, advances in vitamin D molecular biology, and improvements in our understanding of endocrine control of vitamin D metabolism. Furthermore, recommended daily allowances for vitamin D have been established and large clinical trials of vitamin D, aimed at clarifying the effect of Vitamin D in the prevention of multiple diseases, have been completed. However, disappointingly, these clinical trials have not fulfilled the expectations many had 10 years ago. In almost every trial, various doses and routes of administration did not show efficacy of vitamin D in preventing fractures, falls, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, asthma, and respiratory infections. Although concerns about side-effects of long-term high-dose treatments, such as hypercalcaemia and nephrocalcinosis, have been around for four decades, some trials from the past 5 years have had new and unexpected adverse events. These adverse events include increased fractures, falls, and hospitalisations in older people (aged >65 years). Several of these clinical trials were powered appropriately for a primary outcome but did not include dose response studies and were underpowered for secondary analyses. Furthermore, more attention should be paid to the safety of high doses of vitamin D supplementation, particularly in older people. In addition, despite universal recommendations by osteoporosis societies for combining calcium supplements with vitamin D there remains insufficient data about their efficacy and effect on fracture risk in the highest risk groups. More trials are needed for people with severe vitamin D deficiency (ie, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D <25nmol/L [10ng/mL]). In this Personal View, we summarise and discuss some of the major discoveries and controversies in the field of vitamin D.
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Latic N, Erben RG. Interaction of Vitamin D with Peptide Hormones with Emphasis on Parathyroid Hormone, FGF23, and the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235186. [PMID: 36501215 PMCID: PMC9736617 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The seminal discoveries that parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) are major endocrine regulators of vitamin D metabolism led to a significant improvement in our understanding of the pivotal roles of peptide hormones and small proteohormones in the crosstalk between different organs, regulating vitamin D metabolism. The interaction of vitamin D, FGF23 and PTH in the kidney is essential for maintaining mineral homeostasis. The proteohormone FGF23 is mainly secreted from osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the bone. FGF23 acts on proximal renal tubules to decrease production of the active form of vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) by downregulating transcription of 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), and by activating transcription of the key enzyme responsible for vitamin D degradation, 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1). Conversely, the peptide hormone PTH stimulates 1,25(OH)2D renal production by upregulating the expression of 1α-hydroxylase and downregulating that of 24-hydroxylase. The circulating concentration of 1,25(OH)2D is a positive regulator of FGF23 secretion in the bone, and a negative regulator of PTH secretion from the parathyroid gland, forming feedback loops between kidney and bone, and between kidney and parathyroid gland, respectively. In recent years, it has become clear that vitamin D signaling has important functions beyond mineral metabolism. Observation of seasonal variations in blood pressure and the subsequent identification of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and 1α-hydroxylase in non-renal tissues such as cardiomyocytes, endothelial and smooth muscle cells, suggested that vitamin D may play a role in maintaining cardiovascular health. Indeed, observational studies in humans have found an association between vitamin D deficiency and hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure, and experimental studies provided strong evidence for a role of vitamin D signaling in the regulation of cardiovascular function. One of the proposed mechanisms of action of vitamin D is that it functions as a negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). This finding established a novel link between vitamin D and RAAS that was unexplored until then. During recent years, major progress has been made towards a more complete understanding of the mechanisms by which FGF23, PTH, and RAAS regulate vitamin D metabolism, especially at the genomic level. However, there are still major gaps in our knowledge that need to be filled by future research. The purpose of this review is to highlight our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between vitamin D, FGF23, PTH, and RAAS, and to discuss the role of these mechanisms in physiology and pathophysiology.
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Rapid genomic changes by mineralotropic hormones and kinase SIK inhibition drive coordinated renal Cyp27b1 and Cyp24a1 expression via CREB modules. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102559. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Yoon SH, Tang CC, Wein MN. Salt inducible kinases and PTH1R action. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2022; 120:23-45. [PMID: 35953111 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone is a central regulator of calcium homeostasis. PTH protects the organism from hypocalcemia through its actions in bone and kidney. Recent physiologic studies have revealed key target genes for PTH receptor (PTH1R) signaling in these target organs. However, the complete signal transduction cascade used by PTH1R to accomplish these physiologic actions has remained poorly defined. Here we will review recent studies that have defined an important role for salt inducible kinases downstream of PTH1R in bone, cartilage, and kidney. PTH1R signaling inhibits the activity of salt inducible kinases. Therefore, direct SIK inhibitors represent a promising novel strategy to mimic PTH actions using small molecules. Moreover, a detailed understanding of the molecular circuitry used by PTH1R to exert its biologic effects will afford powerful new models to better understand the diverse actions of this important G protein coupled receptor in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Yoon
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cheng-Chia Tang
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marc N Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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Young K, Beggs MR, Grimbly C, Alexander RT. Regulation of 1 and 24 hydroxylation of vitamin D metabolites in the proximal tubule. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1103-1111. [PMID: 35482362 PMCID: PMC9335508 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221091982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium and phosphate are critical for numerous physiological processes. Consequently, the plasma concentration of these ions are tightly regulated. Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, is a positive modulator of mineralization as well as calcium and phosphate metabolism. The molecular and physiological effects of calcitriol are well documented. Calcitriol increases blood calcium and phosphate levels by increasing absorption from the intestine, and resorption of bone. Calcitriol synthesis is a multistep process. A precursor is first made via skin exposure to UV, it is then 25-hydroxylated in the liver to form 25-hydroxyitamin D. The next hydroxylation step occurs in the renal proximal tubule via the 1-αhydroxylase enzyme (encoded by CYP27B1) thereby generating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, that is, calcitriol. At the same site, the 25-hydroxyvitamin D 24-hydroxlase enzyme encoded by CYP24A1 can hydroxylate 25-hydroxyvitamin D or calcitriol to deactivate the hormone. Plasma calcitriol levels are primarily determined by the regulated expression of CYP27B1 and CYP24A1. This occurs in response to parathyroid hormone (increases CYP27B1), calcitriol itself (decreases CYP27B1 and increases CYP24A1), calcitonin (increases or decreases CYP24A1 and increases CYP27B1), FGF23 (decreases CYP27B1 and increases CYP24A1) and potentially plasma calcium and phosphate levels themselves (mixed effects). Herein, we review the regulation of CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 transcription in response to the action of classic phophocalciotropic hormones and explore the possibility of direct regulation by plasma calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedi Young
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada,Women and Children’s Health Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Megan R Beggs
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada,Women and Children’s Health Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Chelsey Grimbly
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - R Todd Alexander
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada,Women and Children’s Health Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada,Department of Paediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada,R Todd Alexander.
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Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 as Regulator of Vitamin D Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1362:47-54. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91623-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fonseca Santos RK, Santos CB, Reis AR, Brandão-Lima PN, de Carvalho GB, Martini LA, Pires LV. Role of food fortification with vitamin D and calcium in the bone remodeling process in postmenopausal women: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:826-837. [PMID: 34368851 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Foods containing vitamin D reduce the deficiency of this vitamin and improve bone turnover. OBJECTIVE To discuss effects of the intake of vitamin D-fortified foods in isolated form or associated with calcium on bone remodeling in postmenopausal women. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Lilacs, Scopus, and Bireme databases. OpenThesis and Google Scholar were searched as "grey literature". Medical subject headings or similar terms related to food fortified with vitamin D and bone in postmenopausal women were used. DATA EXTRACTION Information was collected on study methodology and characteristics of studied populations; dosage; the food matrix used as the fortification vehicle; duration of intervention; dietary intake; 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels; serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations; bone resorption and/or formation markers (ie, carboxy terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX], tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b [TRAP5b], and procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide [P1NP]); main results; and study limitations. DATA ANALYSIS Five randomized controlled trials involving postmenopausal women were included. The mean ages of participants ranged from 56.1 to 86.9 years. Daily consumption of soft plain cheese fortified with 2.5 µg of vitamin D3 and 302 mg of calcium for 4 weeks resulted in a mean increase of 0.8 ng/mL in 25(OH)D and 15.9 ng/mL in P1NP levels compared with baseline, and decreased CTX, TRAP5b, and PTH values. A similar intervention for 6 weeks, using fortified cheese, showed a reduction only in TRAP5b values (-0.64 U/L). Yogurt fortified with 10 µg of vitamin D3 and 800 mg of calcium did not change P1NP values after 8 weeks of intervention, but was associated with decreases of 0.0286 ng/mL and 1.06 U/L in PTH and TRAP5b, respectively. After 12 weeks of eating the fortified yogurt, 25(OH)D levels increased by a mean of 8.8 ng/mL and PTH levels decreased in by a mean of 0.0167 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS The interventions contributed toward the improvement of the bone resorption process but not to the bone formation process in postmenopausal women. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42019131976.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramara Kadija Fonseca Santos
- R.K. Fonseca Santos, C.B. Santos, A.R. Reis, G.B. de Carvalho, and L.V. Pires are with the Nutrition Sciences Post-Graduate Program, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil. P.N. Brandão-Lima is with the Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil. L.A. Martini is with the Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Batista Santos
- R.K. Fonseca Santos, C.B. Santos, A.R. Reis, G.B. de Carvalho, and L.V. Pires are with the Nutrition Sciences Post-Graduate Program, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil. P.N. Brandão-Lima is with the Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil. L.A. Martini is with the Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Rocha Reis
- R.K. Fonseca Santos, C.B. Santos, A.R. Reis, G.B. de Carvalho, and L.V. Pires are with the Nutrition Sciences Post-Graduate Program, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil. P.N. Brandão-Lima is with the Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil. L.A. Martini is with the Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Nascimento Brandão-Lima
- R.K. Fonseca Santos, C.B. Santos, A.R. Reis, G.B. de Carvalho, and L.V. Pires are with the Nutrition Sciences Post-Graduate Program, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil. P.N. Brandão-Lima is with the Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil. L.A. Martini is with the Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabrielli Barbosa de Carvalho
- R.K. Fonseca Santos, C.B. Santos, A.R. Reis, G.B. de Carvalho, and L.V. Pires are with the Nutrition Sciences Post-Graduate Program, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil. P.N. Brandão-Lima is with the Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil. L.A. Martini is with the Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ligia Araújo Martini
- R.K. Fonseca Santos, C.B. Santos, A.R. Reis, G.B. de Carvalho, and L.V. Pires are with the Nutrition Sciences Post-Graduate Program, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil. P.N. Brandão-Lima is with the Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil. L.A. Martini is with the Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liliane Viana Pires
- R.K. Fonseca Santos, C.B. Santos, A.R. Reis, G.B. de Carvalho, and L.V. Pires are with the Nutrition Sciences Post-Graduate Program, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil. P.N. Brandão-Lima is with the Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil. L.A. Martini is with the Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wang JS, Mazur CM, Wein MN. Sclerostin and Osteocalcin: Candidate Bone-Produced Hormones. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:584147. [PMID: 33776907 PMCID: PMC7988212 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.584147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its structural role, the skeleton serves as an endocrine organ that controls mineral metabolism and energy homeostasis. Three major cell types in bone - osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes - dynamically form and maintain bone and secrete factors with systemic activity. Osteocalcin, an osteoblast-derived factor initially described as a matrix protein that regulates bone mineralization, has been suggested to be an osteoblast-derived endocrine hormone that regulates multiple target organs including pancreas, liver, muscle, adipose, testes, and the central and peripheral nervous system. Sclerostin is predominantly produced by osteocytes, and is best known as a paracrine-acting regulator of WNT signaling and activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts on bone surfaces. In addition to this important paracrine role for sclerostin within bone, sclerostin protein has been noted to act at a distance to regulate adipocytes, energy homeostasis, and mineral metabolism in the kidney. In this article, we aim to bring together evidence supporting an endocrine function for sclerostin and osteocalcin, and discuss recent controversies regarding the proposed role of osteocalcin outside of bone. We summarize the current state of knowledge on animal models and human physiology related to the multiple functions of these bone-derived factors. Finally, we highlight areas in which future research is expected to yield additional insights into the biology of osteocalcin and sclerostin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang S. Wang
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Courtney M. Mazur
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marc N. Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Marc N. Wein,
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Gloux A, Le Roy N, Ezagal J, Même N, Hennequet-Antier C, Piketty ML, Prié D, Benzoni G, Gautron J, Nys Y, Narcy A, Duclos MJ. Possible roles of parathyroid hormone, 1.25(OH) 2D 3, and fibroblast growth factor 23 on genes controlling calcium metabolism across different tissues of the laying hen. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 72:106407. [PMID: 32006872 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.106407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study provides an integrative description of candidate gene expression across tissues involved in calcium (Ca) metabolism during the egg laying cycle, using the well-defined model of Ca supply as fine or coarse particles of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Plasma and tissue samples were collected from hens at the peak of laying at 0 to 1, 9 to 10, and 18 to 19 h postovulation (PO). After mRNA preparation from the parathyroid gland, medullary bone, liver, kidney, duodenum, and jejunum, gene expressions were quantified using RT-qPCR. The highest levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) mRNA in the parathyroid gland (P < 0.05), and of the active form of vitamin D3 1.25(OH)2D3 in the plasma (P < 0.01) were observed at 18 to 19 h PO. During this active phase of eggshell formation, bone resorption was attested to high levels of plasma inorganic phosphorus (iP) and the receptor activation of nuclear factor-κB expression in the bone (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). At this stage, 5 genes of the transcellular and the paracellular Ca absorption pathways in the intestine (P < 0.05) and the Ca channel transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5 (P < 0.05), involved in its reabsorption in the kidney, were overexpressed. At 0 to 1 h PO during the subsequent daylight period, 2 candidates of the transcellular and the paracellular Ca pathways (P < 0.05) remained at high levels in the intestine, while calbindin D 28K expression was the highest in the kidney (P < 0.05). As PTH mRNA and 1.25(OH)2D3 were low, bone accretion was likely active at this stage. The phosphaturic hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) was overexpressed at 18 to 19 h PO (P < 0.05) in the bone when plasma iP was high, which suggested a role in the subsequent reduction of P reabsorption in the kidney, as attested to the decreased expression of P cotransporters, leading to iP clearance from the plasma at 0 to 1 h PO (P < 0.05). The low levels of 1.25(OH)2D3 at this stage coincided with increased expression of the 24-hydroxylase gene in the kidney (P < 0.05). In hens fed fine particles of CaCO3, higher plasma levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 and higher expression of several genes involved in bone turnover reflected a stronger challenge to Ca homeostasis. Altogether, these data support the hypothesis that FGF23 could drive vitamin D metabolism in the laying hen, as previously documented in other species and explain the tight link between P and Ca metabolisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gloux
- BOA, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - N Le Roy
- BOA, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - J Ezagal
- BOA, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - N Même
- BOA, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | | | - M L Piketty
- Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, G.H. Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U11513, 75743 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - D Prié
- Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, G.H. Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U11513, 75743 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - G Benzoni
- Neovia, Route de Talhouët, 56250 Saint-Nolff, France
| | - J Gautron
- BOA, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Y Nys
- BOA, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - A Narcy
- BOA, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - M J Duclos
- BOA, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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12
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Meyer MB, Pike JW. Mechanistic homeostasis of vitamin D metabolism in the kidney through reciprocal modulation of Cyp27b1 and Cyp24a1 expression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 196:105500. [PMID: 31629064 PMCID: PMC6954286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyp27b1 and Cyp24a1 are reciprocally regulated in the kidney by the key hormones PTH, FGF23, and 1,25(OH)2D3. Our recent genomic studies in mice identified a complex kidney-specific enhancer module located within the introns of adjacent Mettl1 (M1) and Mettl21b (M21) genes that mediate basal and PTH induction of Cyp27b1 as well as suppression by FGF23 and 1,25(OH)2D3. Gross deletion of these segments in mice has severe consequences on skeletal health, and directly affects Cyp27b1 expression in the kidney. Deletion of both M1 and M21 submodules together fully eliminates basal Cyp27b1 expression in the kidney, leading to a systemic and skeletal phenotype similar to that of the Cyp27b1-KO mouse due to depletion of 1,25(OH)2D3 and high PTH. Cyp24a1 levels in the double KO mouse were low due to compensatory regulation by elevated PTH and reduced FGF23. However, expression of Cyp27b1 and retention of its regulation by inflammation (LPS) in the NRTCs remained unperturbed. Dietary normalization of calcium, phosphate, PTH, and FGF23 rescues this aberrant phenotype and normalizes the skeletal issues. Cyp24a1 is controlled by its own unique enhancers for 1,25(OH)2D3, FGF23, and PTH. We were also able to eliminate these activities in mice. Collectively, the hormone-mediated enhancer regulation of both Cyp27b1 and Cyp24a1 in the kidney is responsible for the circulating levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the blood which in turn primarily affects calcium and phosphate regulation. Importantly, we can now manipulate this system with our enhancer deletion animal models to study 1,25(OH)2D3 production in non-renal target cells and tissues not only in disease, where it is known to affect the immune system, but also in healthy individuals. Here we will review our studies that have defined a finely balanced homeostatic control mechanism employed by PTH and FGF23 with catastrophic toxicity protection from 1,25(OH)2D3 in the genomic regulation of vitamin D metabolism and its accompanied control of mineral maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - J Wesley Pike
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Effects of an oral supplement containing calcium and live yeast on post-absorptive metabolism, inflammation and production following intravenous lipopolysaccharide infusion in dairy cows. Res Vet Sci 2020; 129:74-81. [PMID: 31954317 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives were to evaluate the effects of an oral supplement containing soluble Ca, and live yeast in LPS-challenged dairy cows. The trial consisted of 2 experimental periods (P). During P1 (3 d), cows (n = 12) were fed ad libitum and baseline data was collected. At the beginning of P2 (which lasted 96 h), all cows were i.v. challenged with 0.375 μg/kg BW LPS. Cows were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) control (CON; no bolus; n = 6) or 2) an oral bolus containing Ca and live yeast (CLY; YMCP Vitall® 44.718 g of elemental Ca; TechMix, LLC., Stewart, MN; n = 6), administered -0.5 and 6.5 h relative to LPS infusion. Following LPS administration, circulating Ca decreased in both treatments but supplemental CLY ameliorated the hypocalcemia (48 h area under the curve: -10.8 vs. -1.9 mmol/L × h; P < .01). Lipopolysaccharide decreased dry matter intake (DMI; 60%) similarly for both treatments on d 1, but overall (d 1-4) DMI tended to be reduced less (14 vs. 30%; P = .06) in CLY supplemented vs CON cows. Lipopolysaccharide reduced milk yield (70%; P < .01) from 12 to 24 h, but throughout P2, milk yield from CLY supplemented cows was increased (38%; P = .03) relative to CON cows. Overall during P2, circulating LPS-binding protein and serum amyloid A increased post LPS (3- and 4-fold, respectively, P < .01), but were unaffected by treatment (P ≥ .68). In conclusion, providing an oral supplement containing Ca and live yeast prior to and following LPS administration markedly ameliorated LPS-induced hypocalcemia and improved DMI and milk yield.
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A Narrative Role of Vitamin D and Its Receptor: With Current Evidence on the Gastric Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153832. [PMID: 31387330 PMCID: PMC6695859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a major steroid hormone that is gaining attention as a therapeutic molecule. Due to the general awareness of its importance for the overall well-being, vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is now recognized as a major health issue. The main reason for VDD is minimal exposure to sunlight. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a member of the steroid hormone receptors that induces a cascade of cell signaling to maintain healthy Ca2+ levels that serve to regulate several biological functions. However, the roles of vitamin D and its metabolism in maintaining gastric homeostasis have not yet been completely elucidated. Currently, there is a need to increase the vitamin D status in individuals worldwide as it has been shown to improve musculoskeletal health and reduce the risk of chronic illnesses, including some cancers, autoimmune and infectious diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, neurocognitive disorders, and general mortality. The role of vitamin D in gastric homeostasis is crucial and unexplored. This review attempts to elucidate the central role of vitamin D in preserving and maintaining the overall health and homeostasis of the stomach tissue.
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Significance of urinary C-megalin excretion in vitamin D metabolism in pre-dialysis CKD patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2207. [PMID: 30778159 PMCID: PMC6379559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38613-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum 1,25(OH)2D and 24,25(OH)2D are decreased in CKD. Megalin in proximal tubular epithelial cells reabsorbs glomerular-filtered 25(OH)D-DBP complex to convert 25(OH)D to 1,25(OH)2D and 24,25(OH)2D. Urinary C-megalin excretion is increased via exocytosis from injured nephrons overloaded with megalin-mediated protein metabolism. This study investigated the significance of urinary C-megalin excretion in vitamin D metabolism in 153 pre-dialysis CKD patients. Urinary C-megalin was positively associated with urinary protein, β2MG and α1MG, and exhibited negative correlations with serum 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D and 24,25(OH)2D. Multiple regression analysis showed that urinary C-megalin had a significantly negative association with 25(OH)D. Serum 1,25(OH)2D and 24,25(OH)2D, as well as 1,25(OH)2D/25(OH)D and 24,25(OH)2D/25(OH)D ratios, showed positive correlations with eGFR. Additionally, wholePTH was positively associated with 1,25(OH)2D/25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D/24,25(OH)2D, while FGF23 was positively associated with 24,25(OH)2D/25(OH)D and negatively with 1,25(OH)2D/24,25(OH)2D. Urinary C-megalin emerged as an independent factor positively associated with 1,25(OH)2D/25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D/24,25(OH)2D. Although 1,25(OH)2D and 24,25(OH)2D are decreased in CKD patient serum, our findings suggest that PTH and FGF23 retain their effects to regulate vitamin D metabolism even in the kidneys of these patients, while production of 1,25(OH)2D and 24,25(OH)2D from 25(OH)D is restricted due to either impairment of megalin-mediated reabsorption of the 25(OH)D-DBP complex or reduced renal mass.
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Bellan M, Marzullo P. New Insights on Low Vitamin D Plasma Concentration as a Potential Cardiovascular Risk Factor. Open Rheumatol J 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1874312901812010261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Vitamin D hormone in human health and disease is still debated. Recently, growing attention has been paid to its putative role in cardiovascular system homeostasis with several studies that suggested a correlation between low vitamin D levels and increased cardiovascular risk. Several mechanisms are involved in the development of cardiovascular diseases: systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, arterial hypertension and insulin resistance. In the present paper, we have revised the current literature supporting a role for vitamin D in the development of these pathogenetic processes. Finally, we have evaluated the current evidence linking vitamin D to atherosclerosis and its natural consequence, cardiovascular diseases.
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Abstract
Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) commonly develop osteoporosis and fragility fractures. This fact cannot be explained only with the use of glucocorticoids, known to be detrimental for bone health. RA is characterized by a chronic inflammation caused by the continuous activation of innate and adaptive immunity with proinflammatory cytokines overproduction. This process is detrimental for several organs and physiological processes, including the impairment of bone remodeling. We will briefly review the pathogenesis of inflammation-related bone loss in RA, describing well-known and new molecular pathways and focusing on vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone role.
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Lu CL, Yeih DF, Hou YC, Jow GM, Li ZY, Liu WC, Zheng CM, Lin YF, Shyu JF, Chen R, Huang CY, Lu KC. The Emerging Role of Nutritional Vitamin D in Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in CKD. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121890. [PMID: 30513912 PMCID: PMC6316278 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic kidney disease (CKD), hyperphosphatemia induces fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) expression that disturbs renal 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (1,25D) synthesis; thereby increasing parathyroid hormone (PTH) production. FGF-23 acts on the parathyroid gland (PTG) to increase 1α-hydroxylase activity and results in increase intra-gland 1,25D production that attenuates PTH secretion efficiently if sufficient 25D are available. Interesting, calcimimetics can further increase PTG 1α-hydroxylase activity that emphasizes the demand for nutritional vitamin D (NVD) under high PTH status. In addition, the changes in hydroxylase enzyme activity highlight the greater parathyroid 25-hydroxyvitmain D (25D) requirement in secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT); the higher proportion of oxyphil cells as hyperplastic parathyroid progression; lower cytosolic vitamin D binding protein (DBP) content in the oxyphil cell; and calcitriol promote vitamin D degradation are all possible reasons supports nutritional vitamin D (NVD; e.g., Cholecalciferol) supplement is crucial in SHPT. Clinically, NVD can effectively restore serum 25D concentration and prevent the further increase in PTH level. Therefore, NVD might have the benefit of alleviating the development of SHPT in early CKD and further lowering PTH in moderate to severe SHPT in dialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Lin Lu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
| | - Dong-Feng Yeih
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chou Hou
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Cardinal-Tien Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 23155, Taiwan.
| | - Guey-Mei Jow
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
| | - Zong-Yu Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Chih Liu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung City 433, Taiwan.
| | - Cai-Mei Zheng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11103, Taiwan.
| | - Yuh-Feng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11103, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-Fwu Shyu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
| | - Remy Chen
- Kidney Dialysis Center, Kamifukuoka General Hospital, Saitama 356, Japan.
| | - Chung-Yu Huang
- Department of Medicine, Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 50008, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
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Ide N, Ye R, Courbebaisse M, Olauson H, Densmore MJ, Larsson TE, Hanai JI, Lanske B. In vivo evidence for an interplay of FGF23/Klotho/PTH axis on the phosphate handling in renal proximal tubules. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F1261-F1270. [PMID: 29993278 PMCID: PMC6293295 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00650.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphate homeostasis is primarily maintained in the renal proximal tubules, where the expression of sodium/phosphate cotransporters (Npt2a and Npt2c) is modified by the endocrine actions of both fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). However, the specific contribution of each regulatory pathway in the proximal tubules has not been fully elucidated in vivo. We have previously demonstrated that proximal tubule-specific deletion of the FGF23 coreceptor Klotho results in mild hyperphosphatemia with little to no change in serum levels of FGF23, 1,25(OH)2D3, and PTH. In the present study, we characterized mice in which the PTH receptor PTH1R was specifically deleted from the proximal tubules, either alone or in combination with Klotho ( PT-PTH1R-/- and PT-PTH1R/KL-/-, respectively). PT-PTH1R-/- mice showed significant increases in serum FGF23 and PTH levels, whereas serum phosphate levels were maintained in the normal range, and Npt2a and Npt2c expression in brush border membrane (BBM) did not change compared with control mice. In contrast, PT-PTH1R/KL-/- mice displayed hyperphosphatemia and an increased abundance of Npt2a and Npt2c in the renal BBM, along with increased circulating FGF23 levels. While serum calcium was normal, 1,25(OH)2D3 levels were significantly decreased, leading to extremely high levels of PTH. Collectively, mice with a deletion of PTH1R alone in proximal tubules results in only minor changes in phosphate regulation, whereas deletion of both PTH1R and Klotho leads to a severe disturbance, including hyperphosphatemia with increased sodium/phosphate cotransporter expression in BBM. These results suggest an important interplay between the PTH/PTH1R and FGF23/Klotho pathways to affect renal phosphate handling in the proximal tubules.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcitriol/blood
- Calcium/blood
- Cells, Cultured
- Fibroblast Growth Factor-23
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/blood
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Glucuronidase/deficiency
- Glucuronidase/genetics
- Glucuronidase/metabolism
- Hyperphosphatemia/blood
- Hyperphosphatemia/genetics
- Hyperphosphatemia/physiopathology
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/physiopathology
- Klotho Proteins
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Parathyroid Hormone/blood
- Phenotype
- Phosphates/blood
- Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1/deficiency
- Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1/genetics
- Renal Reabsorption
- Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIa/metabolism
- Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIc/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Ide
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rui Ye
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Marie Courbebaisse
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
- Paris Descartes University , Paris , France
| | - Hannes Olauson
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Michael J Densmore
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tobias E Larsson
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jun-Ichi Hanai
- Division of Nephrology, Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Beate Lanske
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
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Agudelo-Zapata Y, Maldonado-Acosta LM, Sandoval-Alzate HF, Poveda NE, Garcés MF, Cortés-Vásquez JA, Linares-Vaca AF, Mancera-Rodríguez CA, Perea-Ariza SA, Ramírez-Iriarte KY, Castro-Saldarriaga CA, Arteaga-Diaz JM, Franco-Vega R, Ángel-Müller E, Parada-Baños AJ, Caminos JE. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels throughout pregnancy: a longitudinal study in healthy and preeclamptic pregnant women. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:698-707. [PMID: 29666170 PMCID: PMC5952242 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide there is a high prevalence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) deficiency and has been associated with adverse outcomes during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE This is a nested, case-control study in a longitudinal cohort to compare the serum 25OHD levels and other biomarkers throughout pregnancy in a group of 20 preeclamptic women and 61 healthy pregnant women. An additional group of 29 healthy non-pregnant women were also studied during the two phases of the menstrual cycle. RESULTS Mean 25OHD levels in non-pregnant women were 31.9 ng/mL and 34.9 ng/mL during follicular and luteal phase, respectively (P < 0.01). Mean serum 25OHD levels in healthy pregnant women were 26.5, 30.1 and 31.9 ng/mL, at first, second and third trimester, respectively (P < 0.001). The first trimester levels of 25OHD were lower than those of healthy non-pregnant women (P < 0.001), showing a significant recovery at third trimester. In the group of healthy pregnant women, the 25OHD levels were 25.7 ng/mL and 27.2 ng/mL at 3 and 6 months postpartum, respectively; both values were lower than those observed in the non-pregnant women (P < 0.001). In preeclamptic women, 25OHD serum levels were similar to those of healthy pregnant women; nevertheless, they remained almost unchanged throughout pregnancy. CONCLUSION There were no significant differences between healthy and preeclamptic pregnant women in terms of 25OHD levels throughout the pregnancy. Serum 25OHD levels in non-pregnant women were higher during luteal phase compared with follicular phase. The 25OHD levels of non-pregnant women tended to be higher than those of pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessica Agudelo-Zapata
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis Miguel Maldonado-Acosta
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Natalia Elvira Poveda
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María Fernanda Garcés
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Juan Manuel Arteaga-Diaz
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Roberto Franco-Vega
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Edith Ángel-Müller
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologySchool of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Arturo José Parada-Baños
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologySchool of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jorge E Caminos
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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21
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Sadat-Ali M, Al Essa ON, Alani FM, Al Omar HK, Ebrahim WY. Correlation of symptoms to serum vitamin D levels? Clin Nutr ESPEN 2018; 24:31-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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22
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Zand L, Kumar R. The Use of Vitamin D Metabolites and Analogues in the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2017; 46:983-1007. [PMID: 29080646 PMCID: PMC5977979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are associated with abnormalities in bone and mineral metabolism, known as CKD-bone mineral disorder. CKD and ESRD cause skeletal abnormalities characterized by hyperparathyroidism, mixed uremic osteodystrophy, osteomalacia, adynamic bone disease, and frequently enhanced vascular and ectopic calcification. Hyperparathyroidism and mixed uremic osteodystrophy are the most common manifestations due to phosphate retention, reduced concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, intestinal calcium absorption, and negative calcium balance. Treatment with 1-hydroxylated vitamin D analogues is useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Zand
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55901, USA.
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55901, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55901, USA.
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Abstract
The central role of hormonal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] is to regulate calcium and phosphorus homeostasis via actions in intestine, kidney, and bone. These and other actions in many cell types not involved in mineral metabolism are mediated by the vitamin D receptor. Recent studies using genome-wide scale techniques have extended fundamental ideas regarding vitamin D-mediated control of gene expression while simultaneously revealing a series of new concepts. This article summarizes the current view of the biological actions of the vitamin D hormone and focuses on new concepts that drive the understanding of the mechanisms through which vitamin D operates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wesley Pike
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Biochem Addition, Room 543D, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Sylvia Christakos
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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24
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Christakos S. In search of regulatory circuits that control the biological activity of vitamin D. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17559-17560. [PMID: 29055009 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.h117.806901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the cytochrome P450 CYP27B1 plays a critical role in vitamin D biology, the molecular mechanisms involved in regulation of CYP27B1 have remained undefined. A new study has identified a kidney-specific control module distal to the Cyp27b1 gene that mediates the basal activity and hormonal regulation of Cyp27b1 This work provides a novel mechanism indicating differential regulation of Cyp27b1 in renal and non-renal cells and has implications for vitamin D biology in multiple sclerosis and perhaps other autoimmune diseases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Christakos
- From the Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
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25
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Meyer MB, Benkusky NA, Kaufmann M, Lee SM, Onal M, Jones G, Pike JW. A kidney-specific genetic control module in mice governs endocrine regulation of the cytochrome P450 gene Cyp27b1 essential for vitamin D 3 activation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17541-17558. [PMID: 28808057 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.806901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The vitamin D endocrine system regulates mineral homeostasis through its activities in the intestine, kidney, and bone. Terminal activation of vitamin D3 to its hormonal form, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), occurs in the kidney via the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP27B1. Despite its importance in vitamin D metabolism, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of the gene for this enzyme, Cyp27b1, are unknown. Here, we identified a kidney-specific control module governed by a renal cell-specific chromatin structure located distal to Cyp27b1 that mediates unique basal and parathyroid hormone (PTH)-, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)-, and 1,25(OH)2D3-mediated regulation of Cyp27b1 expression. Selective genomic deletion of key components within this module in mice resulted in loss of either PTH induction or FGF23 and 1,25(OH)2D3 suppression of Cyp27b1 gene expression; the former loss caused a debilitating skeletal phenotype, whereas the latter conferred a quasi-normal bone mineral phenotype through compensatory homeostatic mechanisms involving Cyp24a1 We found that Cyp27b1 is also expressed at low levels in non-renal cells, in which transcription was modulated exclusively by inflammatory factors via a process that was unaffected by deletion of the kidney-specific module. These results reveal that differential regulation of Cyp27b1 expression represents a mechanism whereby 1,25(OH)2D3 can fulfill separate functional roles, first in the kidney to control mineral homeostasis and second in extra-renal cells to regulate target genes linked to specific biological responses. Furthermore, we conclude that these mouse models open new avenues for the study of vitamin D metabolism and its involvement in therapeutic strategies for human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Meyer
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
| | - Nancy A Benkusky
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
| | - Martin Kaufmann
- the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University Kingston, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Seong Min Lee
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
| | - Melda Onal
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
| | - Glenville Jones
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
| | - J Wesley Pike
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
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26
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Abstract
Hypercalcemia occurs in up to 4% of the population in association with malignancy, primary hyperparathyroidism, ingestion of excessive calcium and/or vitamin D, ectopic production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], and impaired degradation of 1,25(OH)2D. The ingestion of excessive amounts of vitamin D3 (or vitamin D2) results in hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria due to the formation of supraphysiological amounts of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] that bind to the vitamin D receptor, albeit with lower affinity than the active form of the vitamin, 1,25(OH)2D, and the formation of 5,6-trans 25(OH)D, which binds to the vitamin D receptor more tightly than 25(OH)D. In patients with granulomatous disease such as sarcoidosis or tuberculosis and tumors such as lymphomas, hypercalcemia occurs as a result of the activity of ectopic 25(OH)D-1-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) expressed in macrophages or tumor cells and the formation of excessive amounts of 1,25(OH)2D. Recent work has identified a novel cause of non-PTH-mediated hypercalcemia that occurs when the degradation of 1,25(OH)2D is impaired as a result of mutations of the 1,25(OH)2D-24-hydroxylase cytochrome P450 (CYP24A1). Patients with biallelic and, in some instances, monoallelic mutations of the CYP24A1 gene have elevated serum calcium concentrations associated with elevated serum 1,25(OH)2D, suppressed PTH concentrations, hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, and on occasion, reduced bone density. Of interest, first-time calcium renal stone formers have elevated 1,25(OH)2D and evidence of impaired 24-hydroxylase-mediated 1,25(OH)2D degradation. We will describe the biochemical processes associated with the synthesis and degradation of various vitamin D metabolites, the clinical features of the vitamin D-mediated hypercalcemia, their biochemical diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Tebben
- Divisions of Endocrinology (P.J.T., R.K.) and Nephrology and Hypertension (R.K.), and Departments of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (P.J.T.), Internal Medicine (P.J.T., R.K.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.J.S.), and Biochemistry in Molecular Biology (R.K.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Ravinder J Singh
- Divisions of Endocrinology (P.J.T., R.K.) and Nephrology and Hypertension (R.K.), and Departments of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (P.J.T.), Internal Medicine (P.J.T., R.K.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.J.S.), and Biochemistry in Molecular Biology (R.K.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Divisions of Endocrinology (P.J.T., R.K.) and Nephrology and Hypertension (R.K.), and Departments of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (P.J.T.), Internal Medicine (P.J.T., R.K.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.J.S.), and Biochemistry in Molecular Biology (R.K.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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27
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Moor MB, Bonny O. Ways of calcium reabsorption in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F1337-50. [PMID: 27009338 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00273.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the kidney in calcium homeostasis has been reshaped from a classic view in which the kidney was regulated by systemic calcitropic hormones such as vitamin D3 or parathyroid hormone to an organ actively taking part in the regulation of calcium handling. With the identification of the intrinsic renal calcium-sensing receptor feedback system, the regulation of paracellular calcium transport involving claudins, and new paracrine regulators such as klotho, the kidney has emerged as a crucial modulator not only of calciuria but also of calcium homeostasis. This review summarizes recent molecular and endocrine contributors to renal calcium handling and highlights the tight link between calcium and sodium reabsorption in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias B Moor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - Olivier Bonny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Service of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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28
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Abstract
A history of vitamin D has been provided, dating from the earliest description of rickets, the disease resulting from vitamin D deficiency, to a current understanding of vitamin D metabolism and the mechanism of action of its hormonal form in regulating gene expression in target organs. Vitamin D is produced in skin by impact of 280-310 nm light on 7-dehydrocholesterol. The vitamin D is then converted in the liver to a circulating form, 25-hydroxyvitamin D that is converted largely, if not exclusively, in the kidney to the final hormone, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. This hormone functions through a nuclear receptor that regulates expression of key genes in target organs. Among its many resulting functions are increased intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption, bone calcium mobilization, and renal reabsorption of calcium. The resultant increase in serum calcium and phosphate supports bone mineralization, curing rickets, and osteomalacia. There are many other functions of vitamin D that remain to be described that contribute to its health supporting role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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29
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Ketha H, Singh RJ, Grebe SK, Bergstralh EJ, Rule AD, Lieske JC, Kumar R. Altered Calcium and Vitamin D Homeostasis in First-Time Calcium Kidney Stone-Formers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137350. [PMID: 26332888 PMCID: PMC4558059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) concentrations have been reported among cohorts of recurrent calcium (Ca) kidney stone-formers and implicated in the pathogenesis of hypercalciuria. Variations in Ca and vitamin D metabolism, and excretion of urinary solutes among first-time male and female Ca stone-formers in the community, however, have not been defined. Methods In a 4-year community-based study we measured serum Ca, phosphorus (P), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), 1,25(OH)2D, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25(OH)2D), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) concentrations in first-time Ca stone-formers and age- and gender frequency-matched controls. Results Serum Ca and 1,25(OH)2D were increased in Ca stone-formers compared to controls (P = 0.01 and P = 0.001). Stone-formers had a lower serum 24,25(OH)2D/25(OH)D ratio compared to controls (P = 0.008). Serum PTH and FGF-23 concentrations were similar in the groups. Urine Ca excretion was similar in the two groups (P = 0.82). In controls, positive associations between serum 25(OH)D and 24,25(OH)2D, FGF-23 and fractional phosphate excretion, and negative associations between serum Ca and PTH, and FGF-23 and 1,25(OH)2D were observed. In SF associations between FGF-23 and fractional phosphate excretion, and FGF-23 and 1,25(OH)2D, were not observed. 1,25(OH)2D concentrations associated more weakly with FGF-23 in SF compared with C (P <0.05). Conclusions Quantitative differences in serum Ca and 1,25(OH)2D and reductions in 24-hydroxylation of vitamin D metabolites are present in first-time SF and might contribute to first-time stone risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemamalini Ketha
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ravinder J. Singh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stefan K. Grebe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Bergstralh
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Rule
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - John C. Lieske
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Cianferotti L, Cricelli C, Kanis JA, Nuti R, Reginster JY, Ringe JD, Rizzoli R, Brandi ML. The clinical use of vitamin D metabolites and their potential developments: a position statement from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO) and the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF). Endocrine 2015; 50:12-26. [PMID: 25931412 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several compounds are produced along the complex pathways of vitamin D3 metabolism, and synthetic analogs have been generated to improve kinetics and/or vitamin D receptor activation. These metabolites display different chemical properties with respect to the parental or native vitamin D3, i.e., cholecalciferol, which has been, so far, the supplement most employed in the treatment of vitamin D inadequacy. Hydrophilic properties of vitamin D3 derivatives facilitate their intestinal absorption and their manageability in the case of intoxication because of the shorter half-life. Calcidiol is a more hydrophilic compound than parental vitamin D3. Active vitamin D analogs, capable of binding the vitamin D receptor evoking vitamin D-related biological effects, are mandatorily employed in hypoparathyroidism and kidney failure with impaired 1α-hydroxylation. They have been shown to increase BMD, supposedly ameliorating calcium absorption and/or directly affecting bone cells, although their use in these conditions is jeopardized by the development of hypercalciuria and mild hypercalcemia. Further studies are needed to assess their overall safety and effectiveness in the long-term and new intermittent regimens, especially when combined with the most effective antifracture agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisella Cianferotti
- Bone Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy,
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31
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Barrera D, Díaz L, Noyola-Martínez N, Halhali A. Vitamin D and Inflammatory Cytokines in Healthy and Preeclamptic Pregnancies. Nutrients 2015; 7:6465-90. [PMID: 26247971 PMCID: PMC4555132 DOI: 10.3390/nu7085293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy disease characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. Among several disorders, the imbalance of inflammatory cytokines and the alteration of vitamin D metabolism have been reported in preeclampsia. The effects of calcitriol upon inflammatory cytokines has been demonstrated. In healthy pregnant women there is a shift toward a Th2 cytokine profile, which is necessary for an adequate pregnancy outcome. As compared with normal pregnancy, high pro-inflammatory and low anti-inflammatory cytokine levels have been observed in preeclamptic women. Preeclampsia has been associated with low calcitriol levels and vitamin D deficiency is correlated with a higher risk of the development of this disease. It has been demonstrated that placenta is a source as well as the target of calcitriol and cytokines and placental dysfunction has been associated with preeclampsia. Therefore, the present manuscript includes a review about serum calcitriol levels in non-pregnant, pregnant, and preeclamptic women as well as a review on the fetoplacental vitamin D metabolism in healthy and preeclamptic pregnancies. In addition, circulating and fetoplacental inflammatory cytokines in healthy and preeclamptic pregnancies are reviewed. Finally, the effects of calcitriol upon placental pro-inflammatory cytokines are also explored. In conclusion, maternal and placental calcitriol levels are low in preeclampsia which may explain, at least in part, high pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Barrera
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Tlalpan, México D.F. 14000, México.
| | - Lorenza Díaz
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Tlalpan, México D.F. 14000, México.
| | - Nancy Noyola-Martínez
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Tlalpan, México D.F. 14000, México.
| | - Ali Halhali
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Tlalpan, México D.F. 14000, México.
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Nakatani S, Nakatani A, Tsugawa N, Yamada S, Mori K, Imanishi Y, Ishimura E, Okano T, Inaba M. Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 and Vitamin D Metabolism in Subjects with eGFR ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m². Nephron Clin Pract 2015; 130:119-26. [PMID: 26068724 DOI: 10.1159/000430870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 and parathyroid hormone (PTH) are both potent phosphaturic hormones. Since they exert opposite effects on vitamin D metabolism, the measurement of 3 vitamin D metabolites; 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25(OH)2D), allows the distinction of the effects of FGF-23 from those of PTH. The aim of this study was to elucidate which factor, FGF-23 or PTH, plays a more important role in the regulation of vitamin D metabolites in subjects with estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR) ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m(2). METHODS Subjects with eGFR ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) (n = 20) were enrolled and their serum levels of FGF-23, intact PTH, and vitamin D metabolites were determined. RESULTS Serum FGF-23 correlated inversely with 1,25(OH)2D (r = -0.717, p = 0.0004) and the 1,25(OH)2D/25-OH-D ratio (r = -0.518, p = 0.019), compared with a significant positive correlation between serum intact PTH and the 1,25(OH)2D/25-OH-D ratio (r = 0.562, p = 0.010). Multiple regression analyses revealed serum FGF-23 as a significant factor that was associated with serum 1,25(OH)2D (β = -0.593, p = 0.018), 1,25(OH)2D/25-OH-D ratio (β = -0.521, p = 0.025), and the 24,25(OH)2D/1,25(OH)2D ratio (β = 0.632, p = 0.008), and intact PTH as a significant factor associated with the 1,25(OH)2D/25-OH-D ratio (β = 0.445, p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that, even in subjects with eGFR ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m(2), FGF-23 might play an important role in the regulation of vitamin D metabolism. In addition to the established role of PTH, the association between FGF-23 and indices of vitamin D metabolism suggested the potential role of FGF-23 on phosphate metabolism in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Nakatani
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Bellan M, Pirisi M, Sainaghi PP. Osteoporose na artrite reumatoide: papel do sistema vitamina D/hormônio paratireóideo. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2015; 55:256-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbr.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Ryan ZC, Craig TA, McGee-Lawrence M, Westendorf JJ, Kumar R. Alterations in vitamin D metabolite, parathyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor-23 concentrations in sclerostin-deficient mice permit the maintenance of a high bone mass. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 148:225-31. [PMID: 25446885 PMCID: PMC4361263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Humans with mutations of the sclerostin (SOST) gene, and knockout animals in which the Sost gene has been experimentally deleted, exhibit an increase in bone mass. We review the mechanisms by which Sost knockout mice are able to accrete increased amounts of calcium and phosphorus required for the maintenance of a high bone mass. Recently published information from our laboratory, shows that bone mass is increased in Sost-deficient mice through an increase in osteoblast and a decrease in osteoclast activity, which is mediated by activation of β-catenin and an increase in prostacyclin synthesis in osteocytes and osteoblasts. The increases in calcium and phosphorus retention required for enhanced bone mineral accretion are brought about by changes in the vitamin D endocrine system, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23). Thus, in Sost knockout mice, concentrations of serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) are increased and concentrations of FGF-23 are decreased thereby allowing a positive calcium and phosphorus balance. Additionally, in the absence of Sost expression, urinary calcium is decreased, either through a direct effect of sclerostin on renal calcium handling, or through its effect on the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D. Adaptations in vitamin D, PTH and FGF-23 physiology occur in the absence of sclerostin expression and mediate increased calcium and phosphorus retention required for the increase in bone mineralization. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled '17th Vitamin D Workshop'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C Ryan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Theodore A Craig
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Meghan McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer J Westendorf
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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35
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Abstract
Phosphate is essential for growth and maintenance of the skeleton and for generating high-energy phosphate compounds. Evolutionary adaptation to high dietary phosphorous in humans and other terrestrial vertebrates involves regulated mechanisms assuring the efficient renal elimination of excess phosphate. These mechanisms prominently include PTH, FGF23, and Vitamin D, which directly and indirectly regulate phosphate transport. Disordered phosphate homeostasis is associated with pathologies ranging from kidney stones to kidney failure. Chronic kidney disease results in hyperphosphatemia, an elevated calcium×phosphate product with considerable morbidity and mortality, mostly associated with adverse cardiovascular events. This chapter highlights recent findings and insights regarding the hormonal regulation of renal phosphate transport along with imbalances of phosphate balance due to acquired or inherited diseases states.
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Wang Y, Zhu J, DeLuca HF. The vitamin D receptor in the proximal renal tubule is a key regulator of serum 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E201-5. [PMID: 25425001 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00422.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that the mitochondria of proximal convoluted tubule cells of the kidney are the site of production of circulating 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. The production of 1,25(OH)2D3 at this site is tightly regulated. Parathyroid hormone markedly stimulates 1,25(OH)2D3 production, whereas 1,25(OH)2D3 itself suppresses production. The mechanism of suppression by 1,25(OH)2D3 has not yet been elucidated. We have now found that in the absence of vitamin D (vitamin D deficiency), the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is found in the interior of the apical brush border of the proximal tubule cells. This is unique for the proximal tubule cells, since this has not been observed in the distal tubule cells or in other epithelial cells, such as intestinal mucosa. Administration of 1,25(OH)2D3 to vitamin D-deficient rats results in the movement of VDR from the brush border to the cytoplasm and nucleus presumably bound to reabsorbed 1,25(OH)2D3. The VDR bound to 1,25(OH)2D3 suppresses expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1α-hydroxylase and stimulates the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase. Thus, VDR in the apical brush border of the proximal convoluted tubule cells serves to "sense" the level of circulating 1,25(OH)2D3 and modulates the activity of the 1α-hydroxylase and the 24-hydroxylase accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongji Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; and Vitamin D Research Institute, Shaanxi University of Technology, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jinge Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Hector F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; and
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Shaman AM, Kowalski SR. Hyperphosphatemia Management in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Saudi Pharm J 2015; 24:494-505. [PMID: 27330380 PMCID: PMC4908098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients is a potentially life altering condition that can lead to cardiovascular calcification, metabolic bone disease (renal osteodystrophy) and the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). It is also associated with increased prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and mortality rates. To effectively manage hyperphosphatemia in CKD patients it is important to not only consider pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment options but also to understand the underlying physiologic pathways involved in phosphorus homoeostasis. This review will therefore provide both a background into phosphorus homoeostasis and the management of hyperphosphatemia in CKD patients. In addition, it will cover some of the most important reasons for failure to control hyperphosphatemia with emphasis on the effect of the gastric pH on phosphate binders efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Shaman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefan R Kowalski
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia
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Jehan F, Voloc A. [Classical actions of vitamin D: insights from human genetics and from mouse models on calcium and phosphate homeostasis]. Biol Aujourdhui 2014; 208:45-53. [PMID: 24948018 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2014009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
At the beginning of the 20th century, the discovery of vitamin D by Sir EV McCollum allowed a better comprehension of its origin and its role, and made it possible to cure rickets, a largely prevalent disease at that time. The main role of vitamin D3 is to maintain calcium and phosphate homeostasis through the action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, its active form. This underlies physiological functions related to calcium and phosphate, such as bone mineralization or muscle function. Progress in basic research for the last 40 years led to the discovery of the main hydroxylation steps that produce and catabolize the active form of vitamin D. It also uncovered the molecular aspects of vitamin D action, from its nuclear receptor, VDR, to the various target genes of this hormone. Recent progress in human genetics pointed out mutations in genes involved in vitamin D metabolism and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 actions. It also helped to understand the role of the major actors that control vitamin D production and effects, through 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 actions on phosphate and calcium homeostasis, and on bone biology. Genetical engineering targeting the whole animal or defined tissues or cell types have yielded many mouse models in the past decades. When targeted to tissues important for vitamin D metabolism and activity, these models allowed a more detailed comprehension of vitamin effects on calcium and phosphorus homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Jehan
- INSERM U1132, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France - Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Alexandru Voloc
- Université de Médecine et de Pharmacie "Nicolae Testemitanu", Chisinau, Moldavie
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Kumar R, Vallon V. Reduced renal calcium excretion in the absence of sclerostin expression: evidence for a novel calcium-regulating bone kidney axis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2159-68. [PMID: 24876121 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidneys contribute to calcium homeostasis by adjusting the reabsorption and excretion of filtered calcium through processes that are regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25[OH]2D3). Most of the filtered calcium is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule, primarily by paracellular mechanisms that are not sensitive to calcium-regulating hormones in physiologically relevant ways. In the distal tubule, however, calcium is reabsorbed by channels and transporters, the activity or expression of which is highly regulated and increased by PTH and 1α,25(OH)2D3. Recent research suggests that other, heretofore unrecognized factors, such as the osteocyte-specific protein sclerostin, also regulate renal calcium excretion. Clues in this regard have come from the study of humans and mice with inactivating mutations of the sclerostin gene that both have increased skeletal density, which would necessitate an increase in intestinal absorption and/or renal reabsorption of calcium. Deletion of the sclerostin gene in mice significantly diminishes urinary calcium excretion and increases fractional renal calcium reabsorption. This is associated with increased circulating 1α,25(OH)2D3 levels, whereas sclerostin directly suppresses 1α-hydroxylase in immortalized proximal tubular cells. Thus, evidence is accumulating that sclerostin directly or indirectly reduces renal calcium reabsorption, suggesting the presence of a novel calcium-excreting bone-kidney axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Volker Vallon
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
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Michaels CJ, Antwis RE, Preziosi RF. Impacts of UVB provision and dietary calcium content on serum vitamin D3
, growth rates, skeletal structure and coloration in captive oriental fire-bellied toads (Bombina orientalis
). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 99:391-403. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Michaels
- Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - R. E. Antwis
- Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - R. F. Preziosi
- Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
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DeLuca HF. History of the discovery of vitamin D and its active metabolites. BONEKEY REPORTS 2014; 3:479. [PMID: 24466410 PMCID: PMC3899558 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2013.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Before the twentieth century, it was not possible to describe the essentials of a diet that could support life, growth and reproduction of higher animals. The discovery of vitamin A by McCollum and Davis in 1913 ushered in the era of accessory food substances culminating in the achievement of that goal. It included the discovery of vitamin D and its production in skin caused by ultraviolet light. This was followed by a description of its actions at the physiological level that resulted in a healthy skeleton and beyond. To carry out these functions, vitamin D is converted to a hormone that acts through a nuclear receptor. The findings leading to this concept and their importance to biology and medicine are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Abstract
The exploration of vitamin D metabolism and function has led to the discovery of active forms of vitamin D that find great usefulness in treating patients with bone disease or renal failure and also perhaps in topical application for the treatment of skin disorders, such as psoriasis. It may also be effective in some types of autoimmune disease. This warrants our attention to maintaining an adequate vitamin D level in our blood to assure that the expected functions of vitamin D take place. However, we must not get so overenthusiastic as to expect vitamin D to be effective in treating or preventing many diverse diseases and especially caution is urged in considering that vitamin D compounds might be used to suppress cancerous growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706-1544
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Barker T, Schneider ED, Dixon BM, Henriksen VT, Weaver LK. Supplemental vitamin D enhances the recovery in peak isometric force shortly after intense exercise. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2013; 10:69. [PMID: 24313936 PMCID: PMC4029611 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-10-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations associate with skeletal muscle weakness (i.e., deficit in skeletal muscle strength) after muscular injury or damage. Although supplemental vitamin D increases serum 25(OH)D concentrations, it is unknown if supplemental vitamin D enhances strength recovery after a damaging event. Methods Reportedly healthy and modestly active (30 minute of continuous physical activity at least 3 time/week) adult males were randomly assigned to a placebo (n = 13, age, 31(5) y; BMI, 26.9(4.2) kg/m2; serum 25(OH)D, 31.0(8.2) ng/mL) or vitamin D (cholecalciferol, 4000 IU; n = 15; age, 30(6) y; BMI, 27.6(6.0) kg/m2; serum 25(OH)D, 30.5(9.4) ng/mL) supplement. Supplements were taken daily for 35-d. After 28-d of supplementation, one randomly selected leg performed an exercise protocol (10 sets of 10 repetitive eccentric-concentric jumps on a custom horizontal plyo-press at 75% of body mass with a 20 second rest between sets) intended to induce muscle damage. During the exercise protocol, subjects were allowed to perform presses if they were unable to complete two successive jumps. Circulating chemistries (25(OH)D and alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) aminotransferases), single-leg peak isometric force, and muscle soreness were measured before supplementation. Circulating chemistries, single-leg peak isometric force, and muscle soreness were also measured before (immediately) and after (immediately, 1-h [blood draw only], 24-h, 48-h, 72-h, and 168-h) the damaging event. Results Supplemental vitamin D increased serum 25(OH)D concentrations (P < 0.05; ≈70%) and enhanced the recovery in peak isometric force after the damaging event (P < 0.05; ≈8% at 24-h). Supplemental vitamin D attenuated (P < 0.05) the immediate and delayed (48-h, 72-h, or 168-h) increase in circulating biomarkers representative of muscle damage (ALT or AST) without ameliorating muscle soreness (P > 0.05). Conclusions We conclude that supplemental vitamin D may serve as an attractive complementary approach to enhance the recovery of skeletal muscle strength following intense exercise in reportedly active adults with a sufficient vitamin D status prior to supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Barker
- The Orthopedic Specialty Hospital, 5848 S, Fashion Blvd,, Murray, UT 84107, USA.
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Varshney S, Bhadada SK, Saikia UN, Sachdeva N, Behera A, Arya AK, Sharma S, Bhansali A, Mithal A, Rao SD. Simultaneous expression analysis of vitamin D receptor, calcium-sensing receptor, cyclin D1, and PTH in symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism in Asian Indians. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 169:109-16. [PMID: 23660642 DOI: 10.1530/eje-13-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore underlying molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of symptomatic sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-one parathyroid adenomas from patients with symptomatic PHPT and ten normal parathyroid glands either from patients with PHPT (n=3) or from euthyroid patients without PHPT during thyroid surgery (n=7) were analyzed for vitamin D receptor (VDR), calcium-sensing receptor (CASR), cyclin D1 (CD1), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) expressions. The protein expressions were assessed semiquantitatively by immunohistochemistry, based on percentage of positive cells and staining intensity, and confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry revealed significant reductions in VDR (both nuclear and cytoplasmic) and CASR expressions and significant increases in CD1 and PTH expressions in adenomatous compared with normal parathyroid tissue. Consistent with immunohistochemistry findings, both VDR and CASR mRNAs were reduced by 0.36- and 0.45-fold change (P<0.001) and CD1 and PTH mRNAs were increased by 9.4- and 17.4-fold change respectively (P<0.001) in adenomatous parathyroid tissue. PTH mRNA correlated with plasma PTH (r=0.864; P<0.001), but not with adenoma weight, while CD1 mRNA correlated with adenoma weight (r=0.715; P<0.001). There were no correlations between VDR and CASR mRNA levels and serum Ca, plasma intact PTH, or 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. In addition, there was no relationship between the decreases in VDR and CASR mRNA expressions and the increases in PTH and CD1 mRNA expressions. CONCLUSIONS The expression of both VDR and CASR are reduced in symptomatic PHPT in Asian Indians. In addition, CD1 expression was greatly increased and correlated with adenoma weight, implying a potential role for CD1 in adenoma growth and differential clinical expression of PHPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Varshney
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 4th Floor, F-Block, Room No. 2, Chandigarh 160012, India
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Barker T, Henriksen VT, Martins TB, Hill HR, Kjeldsberg CR, Schneider ED, Dixon BM, Weaver LK. Higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations associate with a faster recovery of skeletal muscle strength after muscular injury. Nutrients 2013; 5:1253-75. [PMID: 23595134 PMCID: PMC3705346 DOI: 10.3390/nu5041253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to identify if serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations predict muscular weakness after intense exercise. We hypothesized that pre-exercise serum 25(OH)D concentrations inversely predict exercise-induced muscular weakness. Fourteen recreationally active adults participated in this study. Each subject had one leg randomly assigned as a control. The other leg performed an intense exercise protocol. Single-leg peak isometric force and blood 25(OH)D, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, albumin, interferon (IFN)-γ, and interleukin-4 were measured prior to and following intense exercise. Following exercise, serum 25(OH)D concentrations increased (p < 0.05) immediately, but within minutes, subsequently decreased (p < 0.05). Circulating albumin increases predicted (p < 0.005) serum 25(OH)D increases, while IFN-γ increases predicted (p < 0.001) serum 25(OH)D decreases. Muscular weakness persisted within the exercise leg (p < 0.05) and compared to the control leg (p < 0.05) after the exercise protocol. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations inversely predicted (p < 0.05) muscular weakness (i.e., control leg vs. exercise leg peak isometric force) immediately and days (i.e., 48-h and 72-h) after exercise, suggesting the attenuation of exercise-induced muscular weakness with increasing serum 25(OH)D prior to exercise. Based on these data, we conclude that pre-exercise serum 25(OH)D concentrations could influence the recovery of skeletal muscle strength after an acute bout of intense exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Barker
- The Orthopedic Specialty Hospital, Murray, UT 84107, USA; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-801-314-4951; Fax: +1-801-314-4862
| | | | - Thomas B. Martins
- ARUP Laboratories, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; E-Mails: (T.B.M.); (H.R.H.); (C.R.K.)
| | - Harry R. Hill
- ARUP Laboratories, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; E-Mails: (T.B.M.); (H.R.H.); (C.R.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Carl R. Kjeldsberg
- ARUP Laboratories, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; E-Mails: (T.B.M.); (H.R.H.); (C.R.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Erik D. Schneider
- USANA Health Sciences, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT 84120, USA; E-Mails: (E.D.S.); (B.M.D.)
| | - Brian M. Dixon
- USANA Health Sciences, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT 84120, USA; E-Mails: (E.D.S.); (B.M.D.)
| | - Lindell K. Weaver
- Hyperbaric Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT 84107, USA; E-Mail:
- LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT 84143, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Sclerostin alters serum vitamin D metabolite and fibroblast growth factor 23 concentrations and the urinary excretion of calcium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:6199-204. [PMID: 23530237 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1221255110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivating mutations of the SOST (sclerostin) gene are associated with overgrowth and sclerosis of the skeleton. To determine mechanisms by which increased amounts of calcium and phosphorus are accreted to enable enhanced bone mineralization in the absence of sclerostin, we measured concentrations of calciotropic and phosphaturic hormones, and urine and serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus in mice in which the sclerostin (sost) gene was replaced by the β-D-galactosidase (lacZ) gene in the germ line. Knockout (KO) (sost(-/-)) mice had increased bone mineral density and content, increased cortical and trabecular bone thickness, and greater net bone formation as a result of increased osteoblast and decreased osteoclast surfaces compared with wild-type (WT) mice. β-Galactosidase activity was detected in osteocytes of sost KO mice but was undetectable in WT mice. Eight-week-old, male sost KO mice had increased serum 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, decreased 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, decreased intact fibroblast growth factor 23, and elevated inorganic phosphorus concentrations compared with age-matched WT mice. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase cytochrome P450 (cyp27B1) mRNA was increased in kidneys of sost KO mice compared with WT mice. Treatment of cultured proximal tubule cells with mouse recombinant sclerostin decreased cyp27B1 mRNA transcripts. Urinary calcium and renal fractional excretion of calcium were decreased in sost KO mice compared with WT mice. Sost KO and WT mice had similar serum calcium and parathyroid hormone concentrations. The data show that sclerostin not only alters bone mineralization, but also influences mineral metabolism by altering concentrations of hormones that regulate mineral accretion.
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Rajakumar K, Reis EC, Holick MF. Dosing error with over-the-counter vitamin D supplement: a risk for vitamin D toxicity in infants. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2013; 52:82-5. [PMID: 22492833 PMCID: PMC3396753 DOI: 10.1177/0009922812439245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Evelyn Cohen Reis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Academic Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Michael F. Holick
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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Nagy L, Szanto A, Szatmari I, Széles L. Nuclear hormone receptors enable macrophages and dendritic cells to sense their lipid environment and shape their immune response. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:739-89. [PMID: 22535896 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00004.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A key issue in the immune system is to generate specific cell types, often with opposing activities. The mechanisms of differentiation and subtype specification of immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells are critical to understand the regulatory principles and logic of the immune system. In addition to cytokines and pathogens, it is increasingly appreciated that lipid signaling also has a key role in differentiation and subtype specification. In this review we explore how intracellular lipid signaling via a set of transcription factors regulates cellular differentiation, subtype specification, and immune as well as metabolic homeostasis. We introduce macrophages and dendritic cells and then we focus on a group of transcription factors, nuclear receptors, which regulate gene expression upon receiving lipid signals. The receptors we cover are the ones with a recognized physiological function in these cell types and ones which heterodimerize with the retinoid X receptor. These are as follows: the receptor for a metabolite of vitamin A, retinoic acid: retinoic acid receptor (RAR), the vitamin D receptor (VDR), the fatty acid receptor: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), the oxysterol receptor liver X receptor (LXR), and their obligate heterodimeric partner, the retinoid X receptor (RXR). We discuss how they can get activated and how ligand is generated and eliminated in these cell types. We also explore how activation of a particular target gene contributes to biological functions and how the regulation of individual target genes adds up to the coordination of gene networks. It appears that RXR heterodimeric nuclear receptors provide these cells with a coordinated and interrelated network of transcriptional regulators for interpreting the lipid milieu and the metabolic changes to bring about gene expression changes leading to subtype and functional specification. We also show that these networks are implicated in various immune diseases and are amenable to therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Kumar R, Tebben PJ, Thompson JR. Vitamin D and the kidney. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 523:77-86. [PMID: 22426203 PMCID: PMC3361542 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The kidney is essential for the maintenance of normal calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Calcium and inorganic phosphorus are filtered at the glomerulus, and are reabsorbed from tubular segments by transporters and channels which are regulated by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin (1α,25(OH)(2)D) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). The kidney is the major site of the synthesis of 1α,25(OH)(2)D under physiologic conditions, and is one of the sites of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25(OH)(2)D) synthesis. The activity of the 25(OH)D-1α-hydroxylase, the mixed function oxidase responsible for the synthesis of 1α,25(OH)(2)D, is regulated by PTH, 1α,25(OH)(2)D, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), inorganic phosphorus and other growth factors. Additionally, the vitamin D receptor which binds to, and mediates the activity of 1α,25(OH)(2)D, is widely distributed in the kidney. Thus, the kidney, by regulating multiple transport and synthetic processes is indispensible in the maintenance of mineral homeostasis in physiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Cosman F, Dawson-Hughes B, Wan X, Krege JH. Changes in vitamin D metabolites during teriparatide treatment. Bone 2012; 50:1368-71. [PMID: 22426307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.02.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases the conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] to 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)(2)D]. The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in serum concentration of vitamin D metabolites 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)(2)D] and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] during teriparatide 20 μg/day (teriparatide) therapy in the double-blind Fracture Prevention Trial of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and in the male study of men with osteoporosis. Patients were randomized to teriparatide or placebo and received daily supplements of calcium 1000 mg and vitamin D 400-1200 IU. Serum concentrations of 1,25(OH)(2)D and 25(OH)D were measured. In women (N=336), median 1,25(OH)(2)D concentrations at 1 month increased from baseline by 27% (P<0.0001) in the teriparatide group versus -3% (P=0.87) in the placebo group (between group P<0.0001). At 12 months, the increase was 19% (P<0.0001) in the teriparatide group versus -2% (P=0.23) in the placebo group (P<0.0001). Median 25(OH)D concentrations at 12 months decreased by 19% (P<0.0001) in the teriparatide group versus 0% (P=0.13) in the placebo group (P<0.0001). In men (N=287), median 1,25(OH)(2)D concentrations at 1 month increased by 22% (P<0.0001) in the teriparatide group versus 0% (P=0.99) in the placebo group (P<0.0001). At 12 months, the increase was 14% (P<0.0001) in the teriparatide group versus 5% (P=0.004) in the placebo group (P=0.17). Median 25(OH)D concentrations at 12 months decreased by 11% (P=0.001) in the teriparatide group versus an increase of 1% (P=0.20) in the placebo group (P=0.003). Therefore, treatment with teriparatide increases 1,25(OH)(2)D concentrations and decreases 25(OH)D concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Cosman
- Clinical Research Center, Helen Hayes Hospital, West Haverstraw, NY 10993, USA.
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