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Sun JT, Li X, Yang TY, Lv M, Chen LY, Wei BG. In(OTf) 3-catalyzed N-α phosphonylation of N, O-acetals with triethyl phosphite. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6571-6581. [PMID: 35904891 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01196d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A practical approach to α-aminophosphonates has been developed through an In(OTf)3-catalyzed N-α phosphonylation of N,O-acetals with triethyl phosphite 7. Indoline and isoindoline N,O-acetals 6a-6j and 9a-9j and chain N,O-acetals 11a-11p were subjected to a Lewis acid catalyzed N-α phosphonylation process. As a result, the desired α-aminophosphonates 8a-8j, 10a-10j and 12a-12p were obtained in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ting Sun
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China. .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai, 201620 China.
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Tian-Yu Yang
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Min Lv
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Ling-Yan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai, 201620 China.
| | - Bang-Guo Wei
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Lipidomic Alterations and PPAR α Activation Induced by Resveratrol Lead to Reduction in Lesion Size in Endometriosis Models. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9979953. [PMID: 34552688 PMCID: PMC8452402 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9979953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent chronic inflammatory disease that affects approximately 10% of women of reproductive age and up to 50% of women with infertility. The heterogeneity of the disease makes accurate diagnosis and treatment a clinical challenge. In this study, we generated two models of endometriosis: the first in rats and the second using human ectopic endometrial stromal cells (HEcESCs) derived from the lesion tissues of endometriosis patients. We then applied resveratrol to assess its therapeutic potential. Resveratrol intervention had significant efficacy to attenuate lesion size and to rectify aberrant lipid profiles of model rats. Lipidomic analysis revealed significant lipidomic alterations, including notable increases of sphingolipids and decreases of both glycerolipids and most phospholipids. Upon resveratrol application, both proliferation capacity and invasiveness parameters decreased, and the early apoptosis proportion increased for HEcESCs. The activation of PPARα was also noted as a factor potentially contributing to recovery from endometriosis in both models. Our study provides valuable insight into the mechanisms of resveratrol in endometriosis and therefore strengthens the potential for optimizing resveratrol treatment for this disease.
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Chen Z, Wang C, Lin C, Zhang L, Zheng H, Zhou Y, Li X, Li C, Zhang X, Yang X, Guan M, Xi Y. Lipidomic Alterations and PPAR α Activation Induced by Resveratrol Lead to Reduction in Lesion Size in Endometriosis Models. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021. [DOI: org/10.1155/2021/9979953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Endometriosis is an estrogen‐dependent chronic inflammatory disease that affects approximately 10% of women of reproductive age and up to 50% of women with infertility. The heterogeneity of the disease makes accurate diagnosis and treatment a clinical challenge. In this study, we generated two models of endometriosis: the first in rats and the second using human ectopic endometrial stromal cells (HEcESCs) derived from the lesion tissues of endometriosis patients. We then applied resveratrol to assess its therapeutic potential. Resveratrol intervention had significant efficacy to attenuate lesion size and to rectify aberrant lipid profiles of model rats. Lipidomic analysis revealed significant lipidomic alterations, including notable increases of sphingolipids and decreases of both glycerolipids and most phospholipids. Upon resveratrol application, both proliferation capacity and invasiveness parameters decreased, and the early apoptosis proportion increased for HEcESCs. The activation of PPARα was also noted as a factor potentially contributing to recovery from endometriosis in both models. Our study provides valuable insight into the mechanisms of resveratrol in endometriosis and therefore strengthens the potential for optimizing resveratrol treatment for this disease.
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Gulcan HO, Yigitkan S, Orhan IE. The Natural Products as Hydroxymethylglutaryl-Coa Reductase Inhibitors. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180816666181112144353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
High cholesterol and triglyceride levels are mainly related to further generation of lifethreating
metabolism disorders including cardiovascular system diseases. Therefore,
hypercholesterolemia (i.e., also referred to as hyperlipoproteinemia) is a serious disease state, which
must be controlled. Currently, the treatment of hypercholesterolemia is mainly achieved through the
employment of statins in the clinic, although there are alternative drugs (e.g., ezetimibe,
cholestyramine). In fact, the original statins are natural products directly obtained from fungi-like
molds and mushrooms and they are potent inhibitors of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, the
key enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol. This review focuses on the first identification of
natural statins, their synthetic and semi-synthetic analogues, and the validation of
hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase as a target in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
Furthermore, other natural products that have been shown to possess the potential to inhibit
hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase are also reviewed with respect to their chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayrettin Ozan Gulcan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, TRNC, via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yigitkan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, 06330 Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
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Dynamic control of gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae engineered for the production of plant sesquitepene α-santalene in a fed-batch mode. Metab Eng 2012; 14:91-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Interplay between cholesterol and drug metabolism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1814:146-60. [PMID: 20570756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol biosynthetic and metabolic pathways contain several branching points towards physiologically active molecules, such as coenzyme Q, vitamin D, glucocorticoid and steroid hormones, oxysterols, or bile acids. Sophisticated regulatory mechanisms are involved in maintenance of the homeostasis of not only cholesterol but also other cholesterogenic molecules. In addition to endogenous cues, cholesterol homeostasis needs to accommodate also to exogenous cues that are imported into the body, such as chemicals and medications. Steroid and nuclear receptors together with sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) mediate the fine tuning of biosynthetic and metabolic routes as well as transports of cholesterol and its derivatives. Similarly, drug/xenobiotic metabolism is the subject to the feedback regulation of cytochrome P450 enzymes and transporters. The regulatory mechanisms that maintain the homeostasis of cholesterogenic molecules and are involved in drug metabolism share similarities. Cholesterol and cholesterogenic compounds (bile acids, glucocorticoids, vitamin D, etc.) regulate the xenosensor signaling in drug-mediated induction of the major drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes. The key cellular receptors, pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), vitamin D receptor (VDR), and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) provide a functional cross-talk between the pathways maintaining cholesterol homeostasis and controlling the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes. These receptors serve as metabolic sensors, resulting in a coordinate regulation of cholesterogenic compounds metabolism and of the defense against xenobiotic and endobiotic toxicity. Herein we present a comprehensive review of functional interactions between cholesterol homeostasis and drug metabolism involving the main nuclear and steroid receptors.
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Parini P, Jiang ZY, Einarsson C, Eggertsen G, Zhang SD, Rudel LL, Han TQ, Eriksson M. ACAT2 and human hepatic cholesterol metabolism: identification of important gender-related differences in normolipidemic, non-obese Chinese patients. Atherosclerosis 2009; 207:266-71. [PMID: 19467657 PMCID: PMC2784173 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ACAT2 is a major cholesterol esterification enzyme specifically expressed in hepatocytes and may control the amount of hepatic free (unesterified) cholesterol available for secretion into bile or into HDL. This study aims to further elucidate physiologic roles of ACAT2 in human hepatic cholesterol metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS Liver biopsies from 40 normolipidemic, non-obese gallstone patients including some gallstone-free patients (female/male, 18/22) were collected and analyzed for microsomal ACAT2 activity, protein and mRNA expression. Plasma HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly higher in females than in males, while triglycerides were significantly lower. ACAT2 activity in females was significantly lower than observed in males, regardless of the presence of gallstone disease. Moreover, the activity of ACAT2 correlated negatively with plasma levels of HDL-C (r=-0.57, P<0.05) and with Apo AI (r=-0.49, P<0.05). CONCLUSION This is the first description of a gender-related difference in hepatic ACAT2 activity in normolipidemic non-obese Chinese patients suggesting a possible role for ACAT2 in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in humans. The negative correlation between ACAT2 activity and HDL-C or Apo AI may reflect this regulation. Since ACAT2 activity generally has been found to be pro-atherogenic in animal models, the observed sex-related difference may contribute to female protection from complications of coronary heart disease (CHD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Parini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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8
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Kevresan S, Kuhajda K, Kandrac J, Fawcett JP, Mikov M. Biosynthesis of bile acids in mammalian liver. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2007; 31:145-56. [PMID: 17136859 DOI: 10.1007/bf03190711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of bile acids in mammalian liver and its regulation, together with the physiological role of bile acids, are reviewed in this article. Bile acids are biosynthesized from cholesterol in hepatocytes. Several steps are involved including epimerisation of the 3beta-hydroxyl group, reduction of the delta4 double bond to the 5beta-H structural arrangement, introduction of alpha-hydroxyl groups at C7 or C7 and C12 and, finally, oxidative degradation of the side chain by three carbon atoms. This gives the primary bile acids, cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids. Cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylation is the rate determining step in the biosynthesis of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids. Feedback regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis occurs by various mechanisms including termination of the synthesis of specific cytochromes P-450, modulation of specific cytosol proteins, short-term changes in the process of phosphorylation-dephosphorylation and changes in the capacity of the cholesterol pool as a substrate. Prior to being exported from the liver, bile acids are conjugated with glycine and taurine to produce the bile salts. After excretion into the intestinal tract, primary bile acids are partly converted to secondary bile acids, deoxycholic and lithocholic acids, by intestinal microorganisms. The majority of bile acids is absorbed from the intestinal tract and returned to the liver via the portal blood, so that only a small fraction is excreted in the feces. Bile acids returned to the liver can be reconjugated and reexcreted into the bile in the process of enterohepatic recycling. In addition to the physiological function of emulsifying lipids in the intestinal tract, bile acids are particularly important in respect of their ability to dissolve and transport cholesterol in the bile.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kevresan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
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9
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Tadjuidje E, Hollemann T. Cholesterol homeostasis in development: the role of Xenopus 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (Xdhcr7) in neural development. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:2095-110. [PMID: 16752377 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (7-Dhcr) catalyses the final step in the pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis. Human patients with inborn errors of 7-Dhcr (Smith-Lemli-Opitz-Syndrome) have elevated serum levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol but low levels of cholesterol, which in phenotypical terms can result in growth retardation, craniofacial abnormalities including cleft palate, and reduced metal abilities. This study reports the isolation and molecular characterisation of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (Xdhcr7) from Xenopus laevis. During early embryonic development, the expression of Xdhcr7 is first of all spatially restricted to the Spemann's organizer and later to the notochord. In both tissues, Xdhcr7 is coexpressed with Sonic hedgehog (Shh), which itself is cholesterol-modified during autoproteolytic cleavage. Data from Xdhcr7 overexpression and knockdown experiments reveals that a tight control of cholesterol synthesis is particularly important for proper development of the central and peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Tadjuidje
- University of Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Halle/Saale, Germany
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10
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Stroup D, Ramsaran JR. Cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase is phosphorylated at multiple amino acids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 329:957-65. [PMID: 15752749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The activity of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (gpCYP7A1), the rate limiting enzyme in bile acid synthesis, has been postulated to be regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. This study has found that several kinase activators rapidly reduce the amount of bile acid produced by the human hepatoma cell line, HepG2, and that gpCYP7A1 from HepG2 cell extracts eluted in the phosphoprotein fraction of FeIII columns. After incubating the HepG2 cells with radioactive orthophosphate, the band identified as gpCYP7Al on immunoblots was strongly labeled. Recombinant gpCYP7A was expressed as 6xHIS fusion polypeptides and subjected to kinase assays. The locations of phosphorylation were mapped further by screening synthetic peptides against AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase, protein kinase A, and a panel of nine protein kinase C isoforms. AMPK, also known as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase kinase, phosphorylated cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase, suggesting a potential mechanism of coordination of cholesterol synthesis and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stroup
- Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
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11
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Tacer KF, Haugen T, Baltsen M, Debeljak N, Rozman D. Tissue-specific transcriptional regulation of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway leads to accumulation of testis meiosis-activating sterol (T-MAS). J Lipid Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)30190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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12
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Abstract
Oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol (oxysterols) present a remarkably diverse profile of biological activities, including effects on sphingolipid metabolism, platelet aggregation, apoptosis, and protein prenylation. The most notable oxysterol activities center around the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, which appears to be controlled in part by a complex series of interactions of oxysterol ligands with various receptors, such as the oxysterol binding protein, the cellular nucleic acid binding protein, the sterol regulatory element binding protein, the LXR nuclear orphan receptors, and the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Identification of the endogenous oxysterol ligands and elucidation of their enzymatic origins are topics of active investigation. Except for 24, 25-epoxysterols, most oxysterols arise from cholesterol by autoxidation or by specific microsomal or mitochondrial oxidations, usually involving cytochrome P-450 species. Oxysterols are variously metabolized to esters, bile acids, steroid hormones, cholesterol, or other sterols through pathways that may differ according to the type of cell and mode of experimentation (in vitro, in vivo, cell culture). Reliable measurements of oxysterol levels and activities are hampered by low physiological concentrations (approximately 0.01-0.1 microM plasma) relative to cholesterol (approximately 5,000 microM) and by the susceptibility of cholesterol to autoxidation, which produces artifactual oxysterols that may also have potent activities. Reports describing the occurrence and levels of oxysterols in plasma, low-density lipoproteins, various tissues, and food products include many unrealistic data resulting from inattention to autoxidation and to limitations of the analytical methodology. Because of the widespread lack of appreciation for the technical difficulties involved in oxysterol research, a rigorous evaluation of the chromatographic and spectroscopic methods used in the isolation, characterization, and quantitation of oxysterols has been included. This review comprises a detailed and critical assessment of current knowledge regarding the formation, occurrence, metabolism, regulatory properties, and other activities of oxysterols in mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Schroepfer
- Departments of Biochemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA.
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14
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Kerkhoff C, Beuck M, Threige-Rasmussen J, Spener F, Knudsen J, Schmitz G. Acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP) regulates acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) in human mononuclear phagocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1346:163-72. [PMID: 9219899 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2760(97)00030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It is demonstrated that the acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) enzyme activity in rough endoplasmatic reticulum membranes is regulated by the acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP). The ACAT activity is strongly inhibited by different ACBP/oleoyl-CoA complexes depending from the molar ratio of protein and fatty acid-CoA. Other lipid binding proteins such as bovine serum albumin and the liver fatty acid binding protein do not show any effects on ACAT activity. In addition, we can show that cholesterol loading with acetylated low density lipoproteins does not lead to an increase of the ACBP mRNA level. Consequently, the increase of the intracellular concentration of fatty acids because of the cholesteryl ester accumulation renders ACAT more active for cholesterol esterification. In binding studies we have characterized binding sites on microsomal membranes for the ACAT substrate oleoyl-CoA and the ACAT inhibitor diazepam. Diazepam competes with oleoyl-CoA and vice versa for its binding to microsomal membranes. This common binding site is suggested to be responsible for the transfer from ACBP-bound oleoyl-CoA to ACAT and, therefore, to be essential for the microsomal cholesterol esterification.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kerkhoff
- Institut fur Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinikum der Universitat Regensburg, Germany
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15
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Björkhem I, Lund E, Rudling M. Coordinate regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and HMG-CoA reductase in the liver. Subcell Biochem 1997; 28:23-55. [PMID: 9090290 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5901-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I Björkhem
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
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16
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The Regulation of Cholesterol Conversion to Bile Acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2558(08)60347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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17
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Martínez MJ, Hernández ML, Lacort M, Ochoa B. Regulation of rat liver microsomal cholesterol ester hydrolase by reversible phosphorylation. Lipids 1994; 29:7-13. [PMID: 8139399 DOI: 10.1007/bf02537084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase activity by changes in its phosphorylation state was studied in rat liver microsomes. Treatment with cAMP-dependent protein kinase resulted in increased enzyme activity, which was further enhanced by the addition of cAMP and MgATP. Consistent activations were also achieved with MgCl2 and MgATP, the magnesium effect being abolished by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and adenosine triphosphate. Cholesterol ester hydrolase was activated twofold by free calcium and Ca2+/calmodulin; this latter effect was blocked by the chelator ethylene-glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid and the calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine. The phosphatase inhibitors pyrophosphate and glycerophosphate led to marked and dose-dependent increases in esterase activity, whereas okadaic acid elicited no effect. Furthermore, pyrophosphate and okadaic acid did not change the increases in enzyme activity promoted by Ca2+, Ca2+/calmodulin, Mg2+ and MgATP. Cholesterol ester hydrolase was inactivated in a concentration-dependent manner by nonspecific alkaline phosphatases. In cAMP-dependent protein kinase/cAMP- or Ca2+/calmodulin-activated microsomes, a time-dependent loss of activation in cholesteryl oleate hydrolysis was caused by alkaline phosphatase. These findings suggest that microsomal cholesterol ester hydrolase is activated through cAMP and Ca2+/calmodulin phosphorylation, whereas enzyme deactivation is dependent on phosphatase action.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Martínez
- Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country Medical School, Bilbao, Spain
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18
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Honda A, Shoda J, Tanaka N, Matsuzaki Y, Osuga T, Shigematsu N, Tohma M, Miyazaki H. Simultaneous assay of the activities of two key enzymes in cholesterol metabolism by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1991; 565:53-66. [PMID: 1874904 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(91)80370-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A very sensitive and specific method for the simultaneous assay of the activities of two key regulatory enzymes in cholesterol metabolism, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (EC 1.1.1.34), and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.7), is described. The assay is based on the measurement of [2H3]mevalonolactone and 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol produced by the incubation of [2H3]HMG-CoA and endogenous cholesterol with hamster liver microsomes using isotope dilution mass spectrometry. The incubation mixture was purified by means of solid extraction cartridges, and the extract was treated with benzylamine followed by dimethylethylsilyl imidazole. The resulting ether derivatives of the mevalonylbenzylamide and 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected-ion monitoring in a high resolution mode. The method made it possible to assay simultaneously the activities of HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase in hamster liver microsomes with high sensitivity and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Honda
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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19
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Nishimoto M, Gotoh O, Okuda K, Noshiro M. Structural analysis of the gene encoding rat cholesterol alpha-hydroxylase, the key enzyme for bile acid biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)38141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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21
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Pandak WM, Li YC, Chiang JY, Studer EJ, Gurley EC, Heuman DM, Vlahcevic ZR, Hylemon PB. Regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase mRNA and transcriptional activity by taurocholate and cholesterol in the chronic biliary diverted rat. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)67810-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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22
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23
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Sundseth S, Waxman D. Hepatic P-450 cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. Regulation in vivo at the protein and mRNA level in response to mevalonate, diurnal rhythm, and bile acid feedback. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)77227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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24
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Li YC, Wang DP, Chiang JY. Regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase in the liver. Cloning, sequencing, and regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase mRNA. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Chiang JY, Miller WF, Lin GM. Regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase in the liver. Purification of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and the immunochemical evidence for the induction of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase by cholestyramine and circadian rhythm. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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26
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Regulation of bile acid synthesis. IV. Interrelationship between cholesterol and bile acid biosynthesis pathways. J Lipid Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)42762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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27
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Heuman DM, Hylemon PB, Vlahcevic ZR. Regulation of bile acid synthesis. III. Correlation between biliary bile salt hydrophobicity index and the activities of enzymes regulating cholesterol and bile acid synthesis in the rat. J Lipid Res 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Einarsson K, Benthin L, Ewerth S, Hellers G, Ståhlberg D, Angelin B. Studies on acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase activity in human liver microsomes. J Lipid Res 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38333-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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29
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Roitelman J, Shechter I. Allosteric and non-allosteric forms of rat liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase: differential inhibition of activity by adenosine 2'-monophospho-5'-diphosphoribose. J Lipid Res 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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30
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Molina MT, Vazquez CM. Distal small bowel resection does not modify the intestinal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase activity. Lipids 1988; 23:730-2. [PMID: 3419287 DOI: 10.1007/bf02535677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase (HMG-CoA red.) has been evaluated in rat jejunal, caecal and colonic mucosa adapting to 50% or 75% distal small bowel resection (SBR). Six wk after surgery, the total activity and the activity state (active form) of the enzyme were determined. The results show that HMG-CoA red. activity was stimulated per organ but not per unit mass in the mucosa adapting to SBR. As a side result, we noted regional differences in the active/total reductase ratio (RA/RT) for HMG-CoA red. that was lower in small intestine compared with that of the large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Molina
- Departamento de Fisiologia Animal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
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31
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Modulation of low density lipoprotein receptor activity by bile acids: differential effects of chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acids in the hamster. J Lipid Res 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38589-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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32
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33
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7 Hydroxymethylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Reductase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6047(08)60258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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34
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Roitelman J, Shechter I. Altered kinetic properties of rat liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase following dietary manipulations. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)89214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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35
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36
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2 Cyclic Cascades and Metabolic Regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6047(08)60427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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37
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Kubaska WM, Gurley EC, Hylemon PB, Guzelian PS, Vlahcevic ZR. Absence of negative feedback control of bile acid biosynthesis in cultured rat hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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38
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Junker LH, Story JA. An improved assay for cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity using phospholipid liposome solubilized substrate. Lipids 1985; 20:712-8. [PMID: 3903414 DOI: 10.1007/bf02534392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A persistent problem in measurement of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (7 alpha-OHase) activity by isotope incorporation has been solubilization of cholesterol substrate. Solubilization with Tween 20, for example, resulted in a 75% reduction in 7 alpha-OHase activity after a 60 min incubation of substrate with microsomes. Incorporation of cholesterol substrate into small, unilamellar phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) prevented this effect, resulting in a 50% increase in activity over the same 60 min incubation at optimal concentrations. Using cholesterol in liposomes as substrate, standard assay conditions were determined to be: preparation of liposomes with 180 microM cholesterol substrate and 0.5 mg phospholipid/assay; incubation of these liposomes with 0.5 mg microsomal protein at 37 C for 60 min; addition of a NADPH generating system to start the reaction, and incubation at 37 C for 30 min before stopping the reaction and determining the amount of 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol formed. In addition to preventing the detergent-related inhibition of the enzyme, liposome-solubilized substrate also reduced the variation among replicates from a coefficient of 45% with Tween 20 to 4.2% with phospholipid. This method provides a sensitive and reliable alternative to methods which require more sophisticated equipment and allows total control of substrate concentration in a form readily accessible to the enzyme.
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39
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Kennelly PJ, Rodwell VW. Regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase by reversible phosphorylation-dephosphorylation. J Lipid Res 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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40
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Suckling KE, Stange EF. Role of acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase in cellular cholesterol metabolism. J Lipid Res 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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41
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42
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Sanghvi A. The role of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation in the regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1985; 183:311-22. [PMID: 2994408 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2459-1_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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43
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Mitropoulos KA, Venkatesan S. Conditions that may result in (de-)phosphorylation of hepatic acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase result also in modulation of substrate supply in vitro. Biochem J 1984; 221:685-95. [PMID: 6477494 PMCID: PMC1144098 DOI: 10.1042/bj2210685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The present experiments were designed to study intervesicular transfer of cholesterol in rat liver microsomal fraction and modulation of the activity of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) under conditions that are expected to result in the covalent modification (phosphorylation/dephosphorylation) of the enzyme. Preincubation of rat liver microsomal fraction followed by assay of ACAT showed a time-dependent increase in activity. This rate was temperature-dependent. Preincubation in the presence of cholesterol/phospholipid liposomes resulted in a time-dependent transfer of cholesterol from liposomal to the microsomal vesicles and in an increase in the rate of ACAT change owing to the preincubation. Both these rates were dependent on liposomal cholesterol concentration and on temperature. The presence of cytosol in the preincubation mixture increased the rate of change of ACAT activity in the absence or in the presence of cholesterol/phospholipid liposomes. In the latter case the presence of cytosol also increased the rate of transfer of cholesterol from liposomal to the microsomal vesicles. Activation energies of the rate of this transfer and of the rate of increase of ACAT activity were similar in the presence and in the absence of cytosol. Both in the absence and in the presence of cytosol, the presence of NaF (50 mM) in the preincubation mixture considerably decreased the rate of transfer of cholesterol from liposomal to microsomal vesicles and the rate of increase of ACAT activity. The presence of Mg2+ in the preincubation mixture produced no effect on the rate of transfer of cholesterol from liposomal to the microsomal vesicles, although under most conditions it decreased the rate of increase of ACAT activity caused by the preincubation. These results are discussed in relation to the molecular mechanism involved in this intervesicular transfer of cholesterol and to the modulation of ACAT activity by substrate supply, and also in relation to the hypothesis that ACAT activity can be modulated by a mechanism involving the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of the enzyme.
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44
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Sirtori CR, Galli G, Lovati MR, Carrara P, Bosisio E, Kienle MG. Effects of dietary proteins on the regulation of liver lipoprotein receptors in rats. J Nutr 1984; 114:1493-500. [PMID: 6086863 DOI: 10.1093/jn/114.8.1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Female rats fed a 1.2% cholesterol diet with animal proteins (casein) develop a significant hypercholesterolemia, with a marked increase of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-associated cholesterol. Substitution of soy proteins for casein in the diet counteracts the increase of both total and VLDL cholesterol. Studies of liver receptor activity were carried out with both casein and soybean-cholesterol diets, to define the site of action of soy proteins. Binding of a cholesterol-rich lipoprotein fraction (beta-VLDL) to hepatic membranes is normal when a soybean-cholesterol diet is administered, and markedly reduced with casein-cholesterol. The activity of receptor-linked enzymes, HMG-CoA reductase, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase (ACATase), is differently affected by the two diets. HMG-CoA reductase activity is reduced by both diets with, however, significantly higher enzyme activities in the soybean-cholesterol-fed group. Both 7 alpha-hydroxylase and ACATase activity levels are significantly raised by casein-cholesterol but are in a normal range with soybean-cholesterol. These findings suggest that the hepatic receptor regulation of cholesterol metabolism is differently affected by animal and vegetable proteins in the diet.
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45
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Suckling KE. Cholesterol esterification and hydrolysis in the adrenal cortex--the role of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase. Endocr Res 1984; 10:507-14. [PMID: 6100254 DOI: 10.1080/07435808409036513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of cholesterol esterification and hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters in the adrenal cortex appear to be complementary to each other. The esterification of cholesterol, catalysed by acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase, is regulated in a different manner in the adrenal compared with the liver.
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