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Feldthouse MG, Vyleta NP, Smith SM. PLC regulates spontaneous glutamate release triggered by extracellular calcium and readily releasable pool size in neocortical neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1193485. [PMID: 37260580 PMCID: PMC10228687 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1193485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dynamic physiological changes in brain extracellular calcium ([Ca2+]o) occur when high levels of neuronal activity lead to substantial Ca2+ entry via ion channels reducing local [Ca2+]o. Perturbations of the extracellular microenvironment that increase [Ca2+]o are commonly used to study how [Ca2+] regulates neuronal activity. At excitatory synapses, the Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) and other G-protein coupled receptors link [Ca2+]o and spontaneous glutamate release. Phospholipase C (PLC) is activated by G-proteins and is hypothesized to mediate this process. Methods Patch-clamping cultured neocortical neurons, we tested how spontaneous glutamate release was affected by [Ca2+]o and inhibition of PLC activity. We used hypertonic sucrose (HS) to evaluate the readily releasable pool (RRP) and test if it was affected by inhibition of PLC activity. Results Spontaneous glutamate release substantially increased with [Ca2+]o, and inhibition of PLC activity, with U73122, abolished this effect. PLC-β1 is an abundant isoform in the neocortex, however, [Ca2+]o-dependent spontaneous release was unchanged in PLC-β1 null mutants (PLC-β1-/-). U73122 completely suppressed this response in PLC-β1-/- neurons, indicating that this residual [Ca2+]o-sensitivity may be mediated by other PLC isoforms. The RRP size was substantially reduced after incubation in U73122, but not U73343. Phorbol esters increased RRP size after PLC inhibition. Discussion Together these data point to a strong role for PLC in mediating changes in spontaneous release elicited by [Ca2+]o and other extracellular cues, possibly by modifying the size of the RRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya G. Feldthouse
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Research and Development, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Nicholas P. Vyleta
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Stephen M. Smith
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Research and Development, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Orexin 1 Receptor Antagonism in the Basolateral Amygdala Shifts the Balance From Pro- to Antistress Signaling and Behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:841-852. [PMID: 35279280 PMCID: PMC9020795 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress produces differential behavioral responses through select molecular modifications to specific neurocircuitry elements. The orexin (Orx) system targets key components of this neurocircuitry in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). METHODS We assessed the contribution of intra-BLA Orx1 receptors (Orx1Rs) in the expression of stress-induced phenotypes of mice. Using the Stress Alternatives Model, a social stress paradigm that produces two behavioral phenotypes, we characterized the role of intra-BLA Orx1R using acute pharmacological inhibition (SB-674042) and genetic knockdown (AAV-U6-Orx1R-shRNA) strategies. RESULTS In the BLA, we observed that Orx1R (Hcrtr1) messenger RNA is predominantly expressed in CamKIIα+ glutamatergic neurons and rarely in GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric acidergic) cells. While there is a slight overlap in Hcrtr1 and Orx2 receptor (Hcrtr2) messenger RNA expression in the BLA, we find that these receptors are most often expressed in separate cells. Antagonism of intra-BLA Orx1R after phenotype formation shifted behavioral expression from stress-sensitive (Stay) to stress-resilient (Escape) responses, an effect that was mimicked by genetic knockdown. Acute inhibition of Orx1R in the BLA also reduced contextual and cued fear freezing responses in Stay animals. This phenotype-specific behavioral change was accompanied by biased molecular transcription favoring Hcrtr2 over Hcrtr1 and Mapk3 over Plcb1 cell signaling cascades and enhanced Bdnf messenger RNA. CONCLUSIONS Functional reorganization of intra-BLA gene expression is produced by antagonism of Orx1R, which promotes elevated Hcrtr2, greater Mapk3, and increased Bdnf expression. Together, these results provide evidence for a receptor-driven mechanism that balances pro- and antistress responses within the BLA.
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Interplay between H1N1 influenza a virus infection, extracellular and intracellular respiratory tract pH, and host responses in a mouse model. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251473. [PMID: 33979408 PMCID: PMC8115840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During influenza A virus (IAV) entry, the hemagglutinin (HA) protein is triggered by endosomal low pH to undergo irreversible structural changes that mediate membrane fusion. HA proteins from different isolates vary in the pH at which they become activated in endosomes or become irreversible inactivated if exposed to extracellular acid. Little is known about extracellular pH in the upper respiratory tracts of mammals, how pH may shift during IAV infection, and its impact on replication of viruses that vary in HA activation pH. Here, we inoculated DBA/2J mice intranasally with A/TN/1-560/2009 (H1N1) (activation pH 5.5) or a mutant containing the destabilizing mutation HA1-Y17H (pH 6.0). We measured the kinetics of extracellular pH during infection using an optical pH-sensitive microsensor probe placed in the naris, nasal sinus, soft palate, and trachea. We also measured intracellular pH of single-cell suspensions of live, primary lung epithelial cells with various wavelength pH-sensitive dyes localized to cell membranes, cytosol, endosomes, secretory vesicles, microtubules, and lysosomes. Infection with either virus decreased extracellular pH and increased intracellular pH. Peak host immune responses were observed at 2 days post infection (DPI) and peak pH changes at 5 DPI. Extracellular and intracellular pH returned to baseline by 7 DPI in mice infected with HA1-Y17H and was restored later in wildtype-infected. Overall, IAV infection altered respiratory tract pH, which in turn modulated replication efficiency. This suggests a virus-host pH feedback loop that may select for IAV strains containing HA proteins of optimal pH stability, which may be approximately pH 5.5 in mice but may differ in other species.
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Katan M, Cockcroft S. Phospholipase C families: Common themes and versatility in physiology and pathology. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 80:101065. [PMID: 32966869 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase Cs (PLCs) are expressed in all mammalian cells and play critical roles in signal transduction. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of these enzymes in physiology and pathology, a detailed structural, biochemical, cell biological and genetic information is required. In this review, we cover all these aspects to summarize current knowledge of the entire superfamily. The families of PLCs have expanded from 13 enzymes to 16 with the identification of the atypical PLCs in the human genome. Recent structural insights highlight the common themes that cover not only the substrate catalysis but also the mechanisms of activation. This involves the release of autoinhibitory interactions that, in the absence of stimulation, maintain classical PLC enzymes in their inactive forms. Studies of individual PLCs provide a rich repertoire of PLC function in different physiologies. Furthermore, the genetic studies discovered numerous mutated and rare variants of PLC enzymes and their link to human disease development, greatly expanding our understanding of their roles in diverse pathologies. Notably, substantial evidence now supports involvement of different PLC isoforms in the development of specific cancer types, immune disorders and neurodegeneration. These advances will stimulate the generation of new drugs that target PLC enzymes, and will therefore open new possibilities for treatment of a number of diseases where current therapies remain ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Katan
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shamshad Cockcroft
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK.
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Zhen H, Deng H, Song Q, Zheng M, Yuan Z, Cao Z, Pang Q, Zhao B. The Wnt/Ca 2+ signaling pathway is essential for the regeneration of GABAergic neurons in planarian Dugesia japonica. FASEB J 2020; 34:16567-16580. [PMID: 33094857 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903040rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The growth and differentiation of neurons are critical events in the establishment of proper neuron connectivity and function. Planarians have a remarkable ability to completely regenerate a functional nervous system from a pluripotent stem cell population. Thus, planarians provide a powerful model to identify genes required for neuronal differentiation in vivo. The Wnt/Ca2+ signaling pathway is crucial for cancer development, arousing inflammatory responses, and neurodegeneration. We analyzed the expression patterns and RNAi phenotypes for members of the Wnt/Ca2+ signaling pathway in the planarian, Dugesia japonica. The expression of DjWnt5a, DjPLC-β, DjCamKII, and DjCaln during regeneration was surprisingly similar and revealing in the regenerated brain. RNAi knockdown of DjWnt5a, DjPLC-β, DjCamKII, and DjCaln led to defects in regenerated brains including brain partial deletions, incompact phenotypes at the posterior of the new brain, and lateral branches, which could not regenerate. Furthermore, the expressions of GAD and the number of GABAergic neurons decreased. Together, these results suggest that the Wnt/Ca2+ signaling pathway is required for GABAergic neuron regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhen
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Shandong University of Technology, Shandong, China
| | - Hongkuan Deng
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Shandong University of Technology, Shandong, China.,School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Song
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Shandong University of Technology, Shandong, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zuoqing Yuan
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Shandong University of Technology, Shandong, China.,School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Shandong, China
| | - Zhonghong Cao
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Shandong University of Technology, Shandong, China.,School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuxiang Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Shandong, China
| | - Bosheng Zhao
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Shandong University of Technology, Shandong, China
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Xu X, Pan J, Li X, Cui Y, Mao Z, Wu B, Xu H, Zhou W, Liu Y. Inhibition of Methamphetamine Self-Administration and Reinstatement by Central Blockade of Angiotensin II Receptor in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:244-258. [PMID: 30867225 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.255729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism and treatment of methamphetamine (METH) use disorder remain unclear. The current study aimed to investigate the role of central angiotensin II receptor (ATR) in drug taking and seeking behavior associated with METH use disorder. The effect of an ATR type 1 (AT1R) antagonist, candesartan cilexetil, on the reinforcing and motivational effects of METH was first assessed using the animal model of METH self-administration (SA) and reinstatement. The levels of dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) and AT1R were subsequently examined. Furthermore, the present study determined the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) by comparing METH SA, METH-yoked, and Saline-yoked groups. The target miRNAs were further overexpressed in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) via a lentivirus vector to investigate the effects of target miRNAs on METH SA maintained under a fixed ratio 1, progressive ratio, and cue/drug reinstatement of METH SA. The potential role of the AT1R-PLCβ-CREB signaling pathway was finally investigated. The results suggest that AT1R blockade effectively reduced METH SA and reinstatement, in conjunction with the counter-regulation of D2R and AT1R. A total of 17 miRNAs targeting Ang II in NAc were found to be associated with the voluntary intake of METH. Furthermore, overexpression of specific miR-219a-5p targeting AT1R-regulated METH SA and reinstatement. The AT1R-PLCβ-CREB signaling pathway was found to be associated with the effect of AT1R on the drug-taking and drug-seeking behavior involving METH use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xu
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (X.X., J.P., Z.M., B.W., W.Z., Y.L.); Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (X.L.); Ningbo Public Security Bureau Ningbo Anti-drug Office, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (Y.C., H.X.); and Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (W.Z.)
| | - Jian Pan
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (X.X., J.P., Z.M., B.W., W.Z., Y.L.); Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (X.L.); Ningbo Public Security Bureau Ningbo Anti-drug Office, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (Y.C., H.X.); and Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (W.Z.)
| | - Xingxing Li
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (X.X., J.P., Z.M., B.W., W.Z., Y.L.); Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (X.L.); Ningbo Public Security Bureau Ningbo Anti-drug Office, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (Y.C., H.X.); and Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (W.Z.)
| | - Yan Cui
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (X.X., J.P., Z.M., B.W., W.Z., Y.L.); Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (X.L.); Ningbo Public Security Bureau Ningbo Anti-drug Office, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (Y.C., H.X.); and Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (W.Z.)
| | - Zijuan Mao
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (X.X., J.P., Z.M., B.W., W.Z., Y.L.); Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (X.L.); Ningbo Public Security Bureau Ningbo Anti-drug Office, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (Y.C., H.X.); and Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (W.Z.)
| | - Boliang Wu
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (X.X., J.P., Z.M., B.W., W.Z., Y.L.); Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (X.L.); Ningbo Public Security Bureau Ningbo Anti-drug Office, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (Y.C., H.X.); and Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (W.Z.)
| | - Huachong Xu
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (X.X., J.P., Z.M., B.W., W.Z., Y.L.); Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (X.L.); Ningbo Public Security Bureau Ningbo Anti-drug Office, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (Y.C., H.X.); and Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (W.Z.)
| | - Wenhua Zhou
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (X.X., J.P., Z.M., B.W., W.Z., Y.L.); Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (X.L.); Ningbo Public Security Bureau Ningbo Anti-drug Office, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (Y.C., H.X.); and Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (W.Z.)
| | - Yu Liu
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (X.X., J.P., Z.M., B.W., W.Z., Y.L.); Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (X.L.); Ningbo Public Security Bureau Ningbo Anti-drug Office, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (Y.C., H.X.); and Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China (W.Z.)
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Follo MY, Ratti S, Manzoli L, Ramazzotti G, Faenza I, Fiume R, Mongiorgi S, Suh PG, McCubrey JA, Cocco L. Inositide-Dependent Nuclear Signalling in Health and Disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 259:291-308. [PMID: 31889219 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear inositides have a specific subcellular distribution that is linked to specific functions; thus their regulation is fundamental both in health and disease. Emerging evidence shows that alterations in multiple inositide signalling pathways are involved in pathophysiology, not only in cancer but also in other diseases. Here, we give an overview of the main features of inositides in the cell, and we discuss their potential as new molecular therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Y Follo
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Ramazzotti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Faenza
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Fiume
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Mongiorgi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pann Ghill Suh
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,School of Life Sciences, UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Julliard AK, Al Koborssy D, Fadool DA, Palouzier-Paulignan B. Nutrient Sensing: Another Chemosensitivity of the Olfactory System. Front Physiol 2017; 8:468. [PMID: 28747887 PMCID: PMC5506222 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is a major sensory modality involved in real time perception of the chemical composition of the external environment. Olfaction favors anticipation and rapid adaptation of behavioral responses necessary for animal survival. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that there is a direct action of metabolic peptides on the olfactory network. Orexigenic peptides such as ghrelin and orexin increase olfactory sensitivity, which in turn, is decreased by anorexigenic hormones such as insulin and leptin. In addition to peptides, nutrients can play a key role on neuronal activity. Very little is known about nutrient sensing in olfactory areas. Nutrients, such as carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids, could play a key role in modulating olfactory sensitivity to adjust feeding behavior according to metabolic need. Here we summarize recent findings on nutrient-sensing neurons in olfactory areas and delineate the limits of our knowledge on this topic. The present review opens new lines of investigations on the relationship between olfaction and food intake, which could contribute to determining the etiology of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Karyn Julliard
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), INSERM U1028/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5292 Team Olfaction: From Coding to MemoryLyon, France
| | - Dolly Al Koborssy
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Debra A Fadool
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, United States.,Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Brigitte Palouzier-Paulignan
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), INSERM U1028/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5292 Team Olfaction: From Coding to MemoryLyon, France
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Lu G, Chang JT, Liu Z, Chen Y, Li M, Zhu JJ. Phospholipase C Beta 1: a Candidate Signature Gene for Proneural Subtype High-Grade Glioma. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:6511-6525. [PMID: 26614510 PMCID: PMC5085994 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase C beta 1 (PLCβ1) expresses in gliomas and cultured glial cells, but its expression is barely detectable in normal glial cells. We analyzed data from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO-GDSxxx), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and the Repository for Molecular Brain Neoplasia Data (REMBRANDT) to explore the potential role of PLCβ1 as a biomarker in high-grade glioma (HGG). PLCβ1 expression is significantly higher in grade III gliomas than that in grade IV gliomas from GDS1815 (n = 24 vs. 76), GDS1962 (n = 19 vs. 81), and GDS1975 (n = 26 vs. 59). In GDS1815, PLCβ1 expression correlates with several known proneural (PN) signature genes; its expression from PN subtype (n = 15) is significantly higher than that from mesenchymal (Mes) subtype (n = 33) HGG. In GDS1962, PLCβ1 expression is the highest in nontumor brain tissue (n = 23) and is significantly higher than its expression in grade II gliomas [astrocytomas (n = 7) and oligodendrogliomas (n = 37)]. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve from a REMBRANDT cohort demonstrates that glioma patients with intermediate PLCβ1 expression (n = 103) survived significantly longer than PLCβ1 downregulated (2X) groups (n = 226). From TCGA data, PLCβ1 RNA-Seq signal inversely correlates with the pathological grades, and PLCβ1 expression in PN (n = 8) is of significantly higher levels than that in Mes (n = 8) subtypes of glioblastoma. The top 50 % of PLCβ1 expression subgroup (n = 294) of gliomas (grades II to IV merged) survived significantly longer than the low 50 percentile of the PLCβ1 expression subgroup (n = 293). p values are less than 0.05 for all these analyses. We conclude that PLCβ1 is a candidate signature gene for PN subtype HGG, and its expression inversely correlates with glioma pathological grade and is a potential prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Lu
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Medical School, 6400 Fannin Street, Suite 2800, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Chang
- The Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zheyu Liu
- Division of Biostatistics, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yong Chen
- Division of Biostatistics, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Min Li
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Medical School, 6400 Fannin Street, Suite 2800, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- The Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine and Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Jay-Jiguang Zhu
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Medical School, 6400 Fannin Street, Suite 2800, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Mongiorgi S, Finelli C, Yang YR, Clissa C, McCubrey JA, Billi AM, Manzoli L, Suh PG, Cocco L, Follo MY. Inositide-dependent signaling pathways as new therapeutic targets in myelodysplastic syndromes. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:677-87. [PMID: 26610046 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1125885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nuclear inositide signaling pathways specifically regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. Interestingly, the modulation of nuclear inositides in hematological malignancies can differentially affect erythropoiesis or myelopoiesis. This is particularly important in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), who show both defective erythroid and myeloid differentiation, as well as an increased risk of evolution into acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the structure and function of specific nuclear inositide enzymes, whose impairment could be linked with disease pathogenesis and cancer. The authors, stemming from literature and published data, discuss and describe the role of nuclear inositides, focusing on specific enzymes and demonstrating that targeting these molecules could be important to develop innovative therapeutic approaches, with particular reference to MDS treatment. EXPERT OPINION Demethylating therapy, alone or in combination with other drugs, is the most common and current therapy for MDS patients. Nuclear inositide signaling molecules have been demonstrated to be important in hematopoietic differentiation and are promising new targets for developing a personalized MDS therapy. Indeed, these enzymes can be ideal targets for drug design and their modulation can have several important downstream effects to regulate MDS pathogenesis and prevent MDS progression to AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mongiorgi
- a Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Carlo Finelli
- b Institute of Hematology "L e A Seràgnoli" , S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital , Bologna , Italy
| | - Yong Ryoul Yang
- c School of Life Sciences , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology , Ulsan , Republic of Korea
| | - Cristina Clissa
- b Institute of Hematology "L e A Seràgnoli" , S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital , Bologna , Italy.,d Hematology and Transplant Center , AORMN , Pesaro , Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- e Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine , East Carolina University , Greenville , NC , USA
| | - Anna Maria Billi
- a Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- a Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- c School of Life Sciences , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology , Ulsan , Republic of Korea
| | - Lucio Cocco
- a Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Matilde Y Follo
- a Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
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Yang YR, Kang DS, Lee C, Seok H, Follo MY, Cocco L, Suh PG. Primary phospholipase C and brain disorders. Adv Biol Regul 2015; 61:80-5. [PMID: 26639088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the brain, the primary phospholipase C (PLC) proteins, PLCβ, and PLCγ, are activated primarily by neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors, and hormones through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Among the primary PLC isozymes, PLCβ1, PLCβ4, and PLCγ1 are highly expressed and differentially distributed, suggesting a specific role for each PLC subtype in different regions of the brain. Primary PLCs control neuronal activity, which is important for synapse function and development. In addition, dysregulation of primary PLC signaling is linked to several brain disorders including epilepsy, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Huntington's disease, depression and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we included current knowledge regarding the roles of primary PLC isozymes in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ryoul Yang
- Center for Cell to Cell Communication in Cancers (C5), School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Du-Seock Kang
- Center for Cell to Cell Communication in Cancers (C5), School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Lee
- Center for Cell to Cell Communication in Cancers (C5), School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Seok
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jungwon University, Goesan, Chungcheongbukdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Matilde Y Follo
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- Center for Cell to Cell Communication in Cancers (C5), School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea.
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12
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García del Caño G, Aretxabala X, González-Burguera I, Montaña M, López de Jesús M, Barrondo S, Barrio RJ, Sampedro C, Goicolea MA, Sallés J. Nuclear diacylglycerol lipase-α in rat brain cortical neurons: evidence of 2-arachidonoylglycerol production in concert with phospholipase C-β activity. J Neurochem 2014; 132:489-503. [PMID: 25308538 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we describe the localization of diacylglycerol lipase-α (DAGLα) in nuclei from adult cortical neurons, as assessed by double-immunofluorescence staining of rat brain cortical sections and purified intact nuclei and by western blot analysis of subnuclear fractions. Double-labeling assays using the anti-DAGLα antibody and NeuN combined with Hoechst staining showed that only nuclei of neuronal origin were DAGLα positive. At high resolution, DAGLα-signal displayed a punctate pattern in nuclear subdomains poor in Hoechst's chromatin and lamin B1 staining. In contrast, SC-35- and NeuN-signals (markers of the nuclear speckles) showed a high overlap with DAGLα within specific subdomains of the nuclear matrix. Among the members of the phospholipase C-β (PLCβ) family, PLCβ1, PLCβ2, and PLCβ4 exhibited the same distribution with respect to chromatin, lamin B1, SC-35, and NeuN as that described for DAGLα. Furthermore, by quantifying the basal levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and by characterizing the pharmacology of its accumulation, we describe the presence of a mechanism for 2-AG production, and its PLCβ/DAGLα-dependent biosynthesis in isolated nuclei. These results extend our knowledge about subcellular distribution of neuronal DAGLα, providing biochemical grounds to hypothesize a role for 2-AG locally produced within the neuronal nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gontzal García del Caño
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba), Spain
| | - Xabier Aretxabala
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba), Spain
| | - Imanol González-Burguera
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba), Spain
| | - Mario Montaña
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba), Spain
| | - Maider López de Jesús
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba), Spain
| | - Sergio Barrondo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba), Spain
| | - Ramón J Barrio
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba), Spain
| | - Carmen Sampedro
- Servicio General de Análisis, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba), Spain
| | - M Arantzazu Goicolea
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba), Spain
| | - Joan Sallés
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba), Spain
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13
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He XP, Wen R, McNamara JO. Impairment of kindling development in phospholipase Cγ1 heterozygous mice. Epilepsia 2014; 55:456-63. [PMID: 24502564 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elucidating molecular mechanisms underlying limbic epileptogenesis may reveal novel targets for preventive therapy. Studies of TrkB mutant mice led us to hypothesize that signaling through a specific phospholipase (PLC), PLCγ1, promoted development of kindling. METHODS To test this hypothesis, we examined the development of kindling in PLCγ1 heterozygous mice. We also examined the cellular and subcellular location of PLCγ1 in adult wild-type mice. RESULTS The development of kindling was impaired in PLCγ1 heterozygous mice compared to wild-type controls. PLCγ1 immunoreactivity was localized to the soma and dendrites of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the hippocampus of adult mice. SIGNIFICANCE This study implicates PLCγ1 signaling as the dominant pathway by which TrkB activation promotes limbic epileptogenesis. Its cellular localization places PLCγ1 in a position to modify the efficacy of both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission. These findings advance PLCγ1 as a novel target for therapies aimed at preventing temporal lobe epilepsy induced by status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ping He
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A
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14
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García del Caño G, Montaña M, Aretxabala X, González-Burguera I, López de Jesús M, Barrondo S, Sallés J. Nuclear phospholipase C-β1 and diacylglycerol LIPASE-α in brain cortical neurons. Adv Biol Regul 2014; 54:12-23. [PMID: 24076015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide (PtdIns) signaling involves the generation of lipid second messengers in response to stimuli in a receptor-mediated manner at the plasma membrane. In neuronal cells of adult brain, the standard model proposes that activation of metabotropic receptors coupled to Phospholipase C-β1 (PLC-β1) is linked to endocannabinoid signaling through the production of diacylglycerol (DAG), which could be systematically metabolized by 1,2-diacylglycerol Lipases (DAGL) to produce an increase of 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG), the most abundant endocannabinoid in the brain. However, the existence of a nuclear PtdIns metabolism independent from that occurring elsewhere in the cell is now widely accepted, suggesting that the nucleus constitutes both a functional and a distinct compartment for PtdIns metabolism. In this review, we shall highlight the main achievements in the field of neuronal nuclear inositol lipid metabolism with particular attention to progress made linked to the 2-AG biosynthesis. Our aim has been to identify potential sites of 2-AG synthesis other than the neuronal cytoplasmic compartment by determining the subcellular localization of PLC-β1 and DAGL-α, which is much more abundant than DAGL-β in brain. Our data show that PLC-β1 and DAGL-α are detected in discrete brain regions, with a marked predominance of pyramidal morphologies of positive cortical cells, consistent with their role in the biosynthesis and release of 2-AG by pyramidal neurons to control their synaptic inputs. However, as novelty, we showed here an integrated description of the localization of PLC-β1 and DAGL-α in the neuronal nuclear compartment. We discuss our comparative analysis of the expression patterns of PLC-β1 and DAGL-α, providing some insight into the potential autocrine role of 2-AG production in the neuronal nuclear compartment that probably subserve additional roles to the recognized activation of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gontzal García del Caño
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Facultad de Farmacia (Vitoria-Gasteiz), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Spain
| | - Mario Montaña
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia (Vitoria-Gasteiz), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Spain; CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Xabier Aretxabala
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Facultad de Farmacia (Vitoria-Gasteiz), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Spain
| | - Imanol González-Burguera
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia (Vitoria-Gasteiz), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Spain
| | - Maider López de Jesús
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia (Vitoria-Gasteiz), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Spain; CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Sergio Barrondo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia (Vitoria-Gasteiz), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Spain; CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Joan Sallés
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia (Vitoria-Gasteiz), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Spain; CIBERSAM, Spain.
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15
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Yang YR, Follo MY, Cocco L, Suh PG. The physiological roles of primary phospholipase C. Adv Biol Regul 2013; 53:232-241. [PMID: 24041464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The roles of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) have been extensively investigated in diverse cell lines and pathological conditions. Among the PLC isozmes, primary PLCs, PLC-β and PLC-γ, are directly activated by receptor activation, unlike other secondary PLCs (PLC-ɛ, PLC-δ1, and PLC-η1). PLC-β isozymes are activated by G protein couple receptor and PLC-γ isozymes are activated by receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). Primary PLCs are differentially expressed in different tissues, suggesting their specific roles in diverse tissues and regulate a variety of physiological and pathophysiological functions. Thus, dysregulation of phospholipases contributes to a number of human diseases and primary PLCs have been identified as therapeutic targets for prevention and treatment of diseases. Here we review the roles of primary PLCs in physiology and their impact in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ryoul Yang
- School of Nano-Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
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16
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Lo Vasco VR, Longo L, Polonia P. Phosphoinositide-specific Phospholipase C β1 gene deletion in bipolar disorder affected patient. J Cell Commun Signal 2012; 7:25-9. [PMID: 23161413 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-012-0182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of phosphoinositides (PI) signal transduction pathway and related molecules, such as the Phosphoinositide-specific Phospholipase C (PI-PLC) enzymes, in the pathophysiology of mood disorders is corroborated by a number of recent evidences. Our previous works identified the deletion of PLCB1 gene, which codifies for the PI-PLC β1 enzyme, in 4 out 15 patients affected with schizophrenia, and no deletion both in major depression affected patients and in normal controls. By using interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization methodology, we analyzed PLCB1 in paraffin embedded samples of orbito-frontal cortex of 15 patients affected with bipolar disorder. Deletion of PLCB1 was identified in one female patient.
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17
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Lo Vasco VR. Phosphoinositide pathway and the signal transduction network in neural development. Neurosci Bull 2012; 28:789-800. [PMID: 23152330 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-012-1283-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the nervous system is under the strict control of a number of signal transduction pathways, often interconnected. Among them, the phosphoinositide (PI) pathway and the related phospholipase C (PI-PLC) family of enzymes have been attracting much attention. Besides their well-known role in the regulation of intracellular calcium levels, PI-PLC enzymes interact with a number of molecules belonging to further signal transduction pathways, contributing to a specific and complex network in the developing nervous system. In this review, the connections of PI signalling with further transduction pathways acting during neural development are discussed, with special regard to the role of the PI-PLC family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Rita Lo Vasco
- Department Organi di Senso, Policlinico Umberto I, Faculty of Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, viale del Policlinico 33, Rome 00185, Italy.
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18
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Cellular neurochemical characterization and subcellular localization of phospholipase C β1 in rat brain. Neuroscience 2012; 222:239-68. [PMID: 22735577 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes a complete and detailed neuroanatomical distribution map of the phospholipase C beta1 (PLCβ1) isoform along the adult rat neuraxis, and defines the phenotype of cells expressing PLCβ1, along with its subcellular localization in cortical neurons as assessed by double-immunofluorescence staining and confocal laser scanning. Immunohistochemical labeling revealed a considerable morphological heterogeneity among PLCβ1-positive cells in the cortex, even though there was a marked predominance of pyramidal morphologies. As an exception to the general non-matching distribution of GFAP and PLCβ1, a high degree of co-expression was observed in radial glia-like processes of the spinal cord white matter. In the somatosensory cortex, the proportion of GABAergic neurons co-stained with PLCβ1 was similar (around 2/3) in layers I, II-III, IV and VI, and considerably lower in layer V (around 2/5). Double immunofluorescence against PLCβ1 and nuclear speckle markers SC-35 and NeuN/Fox3 in isolated nuclei from the rat cortex showed a high overlap of both markers with PLCβ1 within the nuclear matrix. In contrast, there was no apparent co-localization with markers of the nuclear envelope and lamina. Finally, to assess whether the subcellular expression pattern of PLCβ1 involved specifically one of the two splice variants of PLCβ1, we carried out Western blot experiments in cortical subcellular fractions. Notably, PLCβ1a/1b ratios were statistically higher in the cytoplasm than in the nuclear and plasma membrane fractions. These results provide a deeper knowledge of the cellular distribution of the PLCβ1 isoform in different cell subtypes of the rat brain, and of its presence in the neuronal nuclear compartment.
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19
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Hozumi Y, Goto K. Diacylglycerol kinase β in neurons: functional implications at the synapse and in disease. Adv Biol Regul 2012; 52:315-25. [PMID: 22781745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide cycle plays a pivotal role in neuronal signal transduction. In this cycle, diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) phosphorylates diacylglycerol (DG) to yield phosphatidic acid (PA). DG and PA acts as important second messengers that regulate distinct cascade of cellular events. Previous studies have disclosed that DGK consists of a family of isozymes that differ in their structure, enzymatic property, gene expression, subcellular localization, and binding partner. Intriguingly, most if not all DGK isozymes are abundantly expressed in the brain, suggesting important roles of this enzyme family in brain function. Of DGKs, DGKβ was the first enzyme identified as being expressed in a neuronal population in the brain. This review focuses on recent findings of DGKβ at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels together with pathological implications in brain function and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Hozumi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-nishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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20
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Lee SB, Oh YJ, Chung JK, Jeong JH, Lee SD, Park DK, Park KH, Ko JS, Kim DS. Altered PLCβ-1 expression in the gerbil hippocampal complex following spontaneous seizure. BMB Rep 2012; 44:566-71. [PMID: 21944248 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2011.44.9.566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the phospholipase C (PLC)β-1 isoform is associated with spontaneous seizure and distinctively expressed in the telencephalon, the distribution of PLCβ-1 expression in the epileptic gerbil hippocampus remains controversial. Therefore, we determined whether PLCβ-1 is associated with spontaneous seizure in an animal model of genetic epilepsy. In the present study, PLCβ-1 immunoreactivity was down-regulated in seizure-sensitive (SS) gerbils more than in seizure-resistant (SR) gerbils. The expression of PLCβ-1 within calretinin (CR)- positive neurons was rarely detected within the dentate hilar region of SS gerbils. PLCβ-1 immunoreactivity in the hippocampus was significantly elevated as compared to that in pre-seizure SS gerbil 3 h post-ictal. These findings suggest that alterations in PLCβ-1 immunoreactivity in the SS gerbil hippocampus may be closely related to the epileptic state of the gerbil brain and transiently elevated PLCβ-1 protein levels following seizure episodes. Such alterations may be compensatory responses in the SS gerbil hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saet-Byeol Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 330-090, Korea
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21
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Kano M, Ohno-Shosaku T, Hashimotodani Y, Uchigashima M, Watanabe M. Endocannabinoid-mediated control of synaptic transmission. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:309-80. [PMID: 19126760 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1048] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of cannabinoid receptors and subsequent identification of their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids) in early 1990s have greatly accelerated research on cannabinoid actions in the brain. Then, the discovery in 2001 that endocannabinoids mediate retrograde synaptic signaling has opened up a new era for cannabinoid research and also established a new concept how diffusible messengers modulate synaptic efficacy and neural activity. The last 7 years have witnessed remarkable advances in our understanding of the endocannabinoid system. It is now well accepted that endocannabinoids are released from postsynaptic neurons, activate presynaptic cannabinoid CB(1) receptors, and cause transient and long-lasting reduction of neurotransmitter release. In this review, we aim to integrate our current understanding of functions of the endocannabinoid system, especially focusing on the control of synaptic transmission in the brain. We summarize recent electrophysiological studies carried out on synapses of various brain regions and discuss how synaptic transmission is regulated by endocannabinoid signaling. Then we refer to recent anatomical studies on subcellular distribution of the molecules involved in endocannabinoid signaling and discuss how these signaling molecules are arranged around synapses. In addition, we make a brief overview of studies on cannabinoid receptors and their intracellular signaling, biochemical studies on endocannabinoid metabolism, and behavioral studies on the roles of the endocannabinoid system in various aspects of neural functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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22
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Fukaya M, Uchigashima M, Nomura S, Hasegawa Y, Kikuchi H, Watanabe M. Predominant expression of phospholipase Cβ1 in telencephalic principal neurons and cerebellar interneurons, and its close association with related signaling molecules in somatodendritic neuronal elements. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 28:1744-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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Frye CA, Walf AA. Activity of protein kinase C is important for 3alpha,5alpha-THP's actions at dopamine type 1-like and/or GABAA receptors in the ventral tegmental area for lordosis of rats. Brain Res Bull 2008; 77:91-7. [PMID: 18675324 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the ventral tegmental area, progestogens facilitate sexual receptivity of rodents via actions at dopamine type 1-like and/or gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors and activation of downstream signal transduction molecules. In the present study, we investigated whether effects of progesterone's metabolite, 3alpha,5alpha-THP, to enhance lordosis via actions at these receptors in the ventral tegmental area requires phospholipase C-dependent protein kinase C. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that: if progestogens' actions through dopamine type 1-like and/or gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in the ventral tegmental area for lordosis require protein kinase C, then inhibiting protein kinase C in the ventral tegmental area should reduce 3alpha,5alpha-THP-facilitated lordosis and its enhancement by dopamine type 1-like or gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor agonists. Ovariectomized, estradiol (E(2); 10 microg s.c. at h 0)-primed rats were tested for their baseline lordosis responses and then received a series of three infusions to the ventral tegmental area: first, bisindolylmaleimide (75 nM/side) or vehicle; second, SKF38393 (100 ng/side), muscimol (100 ng/side), or vehicle; third, 3alpha,5alpha-THP (100, 200 ng/side) or vehicle. Rats were pre-tested for lordosis and motor behavior and then tested for lordosis after each infusion and 10 and 60 min after the last infusion. Rats were tested for motor behavior following their last lordosis test. As has been previously demonstrated, 3alpha,5alpha-THP infusions to the ventral tegmental area increased lordosis and effects were further enhanced by infusions of SKF38393 and muscimol. Infusions of bisindolylmaleimide to the ventral tegmental area attenuated 3alpha,5alpha-THP-, SKF38393-, and/or muscimol-facilitated lordosis. Effects on lordosis were not solely due to changes in general motor behavior. Thus, 3alpha,5alpha-THP's actions in the ventral tegmental area through membrane receptors may require activity of protein kinase C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Frye
- Department of Psychology, The University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
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Frye CA, Walf AA. In the ventral tegmental area, the membrane-mediated actions of progestins for lordosis of hormone-primed hamsters involve phospholipase C and protein kinase C. J Neuroendocrinol 2007; 19:717-24. [PMID: 17680887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2007.01580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Progestin-facilitated lordosis of rodents is enhanced by activation of dopamine type 1 (D(1)) or GABA(A) receptors, their downstream G-proteins, and/or second messengers in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). We examined whether the ability of progestins to enhance lordosis via actions at D(1) and/or GABA(A) receptors is contingent upon activation of the second messenger phospholipase C (PLC) and its associated kinase, protein kinase C (PKC), in the VTA. If the actions of progestins through D(1) and GABA(A) receptors in the VTA are mediated through PLC and PKC, then inhibiting PLC formation (Experiment 1) or blocking PKC (Experiment 2) should reduce progestin-facilitated lordosis and its enhancement by D(1) (SKF38393) or GABA(A) (muscimol) receptor agonists. In Experiment 1, ovariectomised hamsters, primed with oestradiol (10 microg; h 0) + progesterone (100 microg; h 45), were pretested for lordosis and motor behaviour (h 48) and then infused with the PLC inhibitor, U73122 (400 nM/side), or vehicle. Thirty minutes later, hamsters were retested and then received infusions of SKF38393 (100 ng/side), muscimol (100 ng/side), or vehicle to the VTA. Hamsters were post-tested for lordosis and motor behaviour 30 min later. In Experiment 2, a similar protocol was utilised except that instead of the PLC inhibitor hamsters were infused with the PKC inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide (75 nM/side). Systemic progesterone, SKF38393-, and muscimol-facilitated lordosis was attenuated by infusion of the PLC inhibitor, U73122, or the PKC inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide, compared to vehicle to the VTA. Thus, the actions of progestins in the VTA to enhance lordosis through D(1) and/or GABA(A) may include downstream activity of PLC and PKC.
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MESH Headings
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/metabolism
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cricetinae
- Dopamine Agonists/metabolism
- Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Estrenes/metabolism
- Estrenes/pharmacology
- Female
- GABA Agonists/metabolism
- GABA Agonists/pharmacology
- Indoles/metabolism
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Lordosis
- Maleimides/metabolism
- Maleimides/pharmacology
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/physiology
- Muscimol/metabolism
- Muscimol/pharmacology
- Ovariectomy
- Progestins/metabolism
- Progestins/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- Pyrrolidinones/metabolism
- Pyrrolidinones/pharmacology
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism
- Type C Phospholipases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Type C Phospholipases/metabolism
- Ventral Tegmental Area/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Frye
- Departments of Psychology and Biological Sciences, and the Centers for Neurosience and Life Sciences Research, The University at Albany-SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
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25
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Zhou L, Martinez SJ, Haber M, Jones EV, Bouvier D, Doucet G, Corera AT, Fon EA, Zisch AH, Murai KK. EphA4 signaling regulates phospholipase Cgamma1 activation, cofilin membrane association, and dendritic spine morphology. J Neurosci 2007; 27:5127-38. [PMID: 17494698 PMCID: PMC6672384 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1170-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialized postsynaptic structures known as dendritic spines are the primary sites of glutamatergic innervation at synapses of the CNS. Previous studies have shown that spines rapidly remodel their actin cytoskeleton to modify their shape and this has been associated with changes in synaptic physiology. However, the receptors and signaling intermediates that restructure the actin network in spines are only beginning to be identified. We reported previously that the EphA4 receptor tyrosine kinase regulates spine morphology. However, the signaling pathways downstream of EphA4 that induce spine retraction on ephrin ligand binding remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that ephrin stimulation of EphA4 leads to the recruitment and activation of phospholipase Cgamma1 (PLCgamma1) in heterologous cells and in hippocampal slices. This interaction occurs through an Src homology 2 domain of PLCgamma1 and requires the EphA4 juxtamembrane tyrosines. In the brain, PLCgamma1 is found in multiple compartments of synaptosomes and is readily found in postsynaptic density fractions. Consistent with this, PLC activity is required for the maintenance of spine morphology and ephrin-induced spine retraction. Remarkably, EphA4 and PLC activity modulate the association of the actin depolymerizing/severing factor cofilin with the plasma membrane. Because cofilin has been implicated previously in the structural plasticity of spines, this signaling may enable cofilin to depolymerize actin filaments and restructure spines at sites of ephrin-EphA4 contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Center for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1A4
| | - Sarah J. Martinez
- Center for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1A4
| | - Michael Haber
- Center for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1A4
| | - Emma V. Jones
- Center for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1A4
| | - David Bouvier
- Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Guy Doucet
- Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Amadou T. Corera
- Center for Neuronal Survival and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 3B4
| | - Edward A. Fon
- Center for Neuronal Survival and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 3B4
| | - Andreas H. Zisch
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland, and
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Keith K. Murai
- Center for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1A4
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26
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Nomura S, Fukaya M, Tsujioka T, Wu D, Watanabe M. Phospholipase Cβ3 is distributed in both somatodendritic and axonal compartments and localized around perisynapse and smooth endoplasmic reticulum in mouse Purkinje cell subsets. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:659-72. [PMID: 17298601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase Cbeta3 (PLCbeta3) and PLCbeta4 are the two major isoforms in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs), displaying reciprocal expression across the cerebellum. Here, we examined subcellular distribution of PLCbeta3 in the mouse cerebellum by producing specific antibody. PLCbeta3 was detected as a particulate pattern of immunostaining in various PC elements. Like PLCbeta4, PLCbeta3 was richly distributed in somatodendritic compartments, where it was colocalized with molecules constituting the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR1) signalling pathway, i.e. mGluR1alpha, G alpha q/G alpha 11 subunits of G q protein, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor IP3R1, Homer1, protein kinase C PKCgamma, and diacylglycerol lipase DAGLalpha. Unlike PLCbeta4, PLCbeta3 was also distributed at low to moderate levels in PC axons, which were intense for IP3R1 and PKCgamma, low for G alpha q/G alpha 11, and negative for mGluR1alpha, Homer1, and DAGLalpha. By immunoelectron microscopy, PLCbeta3 was preferentially localized around the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in spines, dendrites, and axons of PCs, and also accumulated at the perisynapse of parallel fibre-PC synapses. Consistent with the ultrastructural localization, PLCbeta3 was biochemically enriched in the microsomal and postsynaptic density fractions. These results suggest that PLCbeta3 plays a major role in mediating mGluR1-dependent synaptic transmission, plasticity, and integration in PLCbeta3-dominant PCs, through eliciting Ca2+ release, protein phosphorylation, and endocannabinoid production at local somatodendritic compartments. Because PLCbeta3 can be activated by G betagamma subunits liberated from Gi/o and Gs proteins as well, axonal PLCbeta3 seems to modulate the conduction of action potentials through mediating local Ca2+ release and protein phosphorylation upon activation of a variety of G protein-coupled receptors other than mGluR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachi Nomura
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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27
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Sohn JW, Lee D, Cho H, Lim W, Shin HS, Lee SH, Ho WK. Receptor-specific inhibition of GABAB-activated K+ currents by muscarinic and metabotropic glutamate receptors in immature rat hippocampus. J Physiol 2007; 580:411-22. [PMID: 17255165 PMCID: PMC2075565 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.125914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that the activation of G(q)-coupled receptors (G(q)PCRs) in cardiac myocytes inhibits the G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K(+) current (I(GIRK)) via receptor-specific depletion of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)). In this study, we investigated the mechanism of the receptor-mediated regulation of I(GIRK) in acutely isolated hippocampal CA1 neurons by the muscarinic receptor agonist, carbachol (CCh), and the group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist, 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG). I(GIRK) was activated by the GABA(B) receptor agonist, baclofen. When baclofen was repetitively applied at intervals of 2-3 min, the amplitude of the second I(GIRK) was 92.3 +/- 1.7% of the first I(GIRK) in control. Pretreatment of neurons with CCh or DHPG prior to the second application of baclofen caused a reduction in the amplitude of the second I(GIRK) to 54.8 +/- 1.3% and 51.4 +/- 0.6%, respectively. In PLCbeta1 knockout mice, the effect of CCh on I(GIRK) was significantly reduced, whereas the effect of DHPG remained unchanged. The CCh-mediated inhibition of I(GIRK) was almost completely abolished by PKC inhibitors and pipette solutions containing BAPTA. The DHPG-mediated inhibition of I(GIRK) was attenuated by the inhibition of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), or the sequestration of arachidonic acid. We confirmed that DHPG eliminated the inhibition of I(GIRK) by arachidonic acid. These results indicate that muscarinic inhibition of I(GIRK) is mediated by the PLC/PKC signalling pathway, while group I mGluR inhibition of I(GIRK) occurs via the PLA(2)-dependent production of arachidonic acid. These results present a novel receptor-specific mechanism for crosstalk between G(q)PCRs and GABA(B) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Woo Sohn
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yonkeun-Dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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28
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Marzban H, Chung S, Watanabe M, Hawkes R. Phospholipase cβ4 expression reveals the continuity of cerebellar topography through development. J Comp Neurol 2007; 502:857-71. [PMID: 17436294 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mediolateral boundaries divide the mouse cerebellar cortex into four transverse zones, and within each zone the cortex is further subdivided into a symmetrical array of parasagittal stripes. Various expression markers reveal this complexity, and detailed maps have been constructed based on the differential expression of zebrin II/aldolase C in a Purkinje cell subset. Recently, phospholipase (PL) Cbeta4 expression in adult mice was shown to be restricted to, and coextensive with, the zebrin II-immunonegative Purkinje cell subset. The Purkinje cell expression of PLCbeta4 during embryogenesis and postnatal development begins just before birth in a subset of Purkinje cells that are clustered to form a reproducible array of parasagittal stripes. Double label and serial section immunocytochemistry revealed that the early PLCbeta4-immunoreactive clusters in the neonate are complementary to those previously identified by neurogranin expression. The PLCbeta4 expression pattern can be traced continuously from embryo to adult, revealing the continuity of the topographical map from perinatal to adult cerebella. The only exception, as has been seen for other antigenic markers, is that transient PLCbeta4 expression (which subsequently disappears) is seen in some Purkinje cell stripes during the second postnatal week. Furthermore, the data confirm that some adult Purkinje cell stripes are composite in origin, being derived from two or more distinct embryonic clusters. Thus, the zone and stripe topography of the cerebellum is conserved from embryo to adult, confirming that the early- and late-antigenic markers share a common cerebellar topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Marzban
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Genes and Development Research Group, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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29
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López de Jesús M, Zalduegui A, Ruiz de Azúa I, Callado LF, Meana JJ, Sallés J. Levels of G-protein alpha q/11 subunits and of phospholipase C-beta(1-4), -gamma, and -delta1 isoforms in postmortem human brain caudate and cortical membranes: potential functional implications. Neurochem Int 2006; 49:72-9. [PMID: 16481068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2005.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Revised: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The levels of expression of G-protein alpha(q/11) (Galpha(q/11)) subunits and PLC-beta(1-4), -gamma, and -delta(1) isoforms were quantified by Western blot analysis in order to establish their contribution to the patterns of PLC functioning reported here. Quantitative measurements of the levels of Galpha(q/11) subunits in each region were obtained by comparison with known amounts of Escherichia coli expressed recombinant Galpha(q) subunits. Quantitative analysis indicated that Galpha(q/11) subunits are abundant polypeptides in human brain, with values ranging from about 1200 ng/mg in cerebral cortex to close to 900 ng/mg of membrane protein in caudate. In cerebral cortical membranes, the PLC-beta(1) isoform was more abundant than in caudate membranes. The highest levels of PLC-beta(2) expression were detected in caudate membranes. PLC-beta(3) was little expressed, and there were no significant differences in the relative values between both brain regions. Finally, the levels of the PLC-beta(4) isoform were significantly lower in caudate than in cortical membranes. It is concluded that although most of these data represent relative, not absolute, measures of protein levels within these regions, they contribute nonetheless to the significant differences observed in signaling capacities through the PLC system in both human brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maider López de Jesús
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, Spain
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30
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Sarna JR, Marzban H, Watanabe M, Hawkes R. Complementary stripes of phospholipase Cβ3 and Cβ4 expression by Purkinje cell subsets in the mouse cerebellum. J Comp Neurol 2006; 496:303-13. [PMID: 16566000 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Transverse boundaries divide the cerebellar cortex into four transverse zones, and within each zone the cortex is further subdivided into a symmetrical array of parasagittal stripes. Several molecules believed to mediate long-term depression at the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapse are known to be expressed in stripes. We have therefore explored the distributions of phospholipase Cbeta3 and phospholipase Cbeta4, key components in the transduction of type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated responses. The data reveal that both phospholipase Cbeta isotypes are expressed strongly in the mouse cerebellum in subsets of Purkinje cells. The two distributions are distinct and largely nonoverlapping. The pattern of phospholipase Cbeta3 expression is unique, revealing stripes in three of the four transverse zones and a uniform distribution in the fourth. In contrast, phospholipase Cbeta4 appears to be confined largely to the Purkinje cells that are phospholipase Cbeta3-negative. PLCbeta3 is restricted to the zebrin II-immunopositive Purkinje cell subset. Not all zebrin II-immunoreactive Purkinje cells express PLCbeta3: in lobules IX and X it is restricted to that zebrin II-immunopositive subset that also expresses the small heat shock protein HSP25. PLCbeta4 expression is restricted to, and coextensive with, the zebrin II-immunonegative Purkinje cell subset. These nonoverlapping expression patterns suggest that long-term depression may be manifested differently between cerebellar modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna R Sarna
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Genes and Development Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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31
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Hwang JI, Kim HS, Lee JR, Kim E, Ryu SH, Suh PG. The Interaction of Phospholipase C-β3 with Shank2 Regulates mGluR-mediated Calcium Signal. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:12467-73. [PMID: 15632121 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410740200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C-beta isozymes that are activated by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and heterotrimeric G proteins carry a PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain binding motif at their C terminus. Through interactions with PDZ domains, this motif may endow the PLC-beta isozyme with specific roles in GPCR signaling events that occur in compartmentalized regions of the plasma membrane. In this study, we identified the interaction of PLC-beta3 with Shank2, a PDZ domain-containing multimodular scaffold in the postsynaptic density (PSD). The C terminus of PLC-beta3, but not other PLC-beta isotypes, specifically interacts with the PDZ domain of Shank2. Homer 1b, a Shank-interacting protein that is linked to group I metabotropic glutamate receptors and IP3 receptors, forms a multiple complex with Shank2 and PLC-beta3. Importantly, microinjection of a synthetic peptide specifically mimicking the C terminus of PLC-beta3 markedly reduces the mGluR-mediated intracellular calcium response. These results demonstrate that Shank2 brings PLC-beta3 closer to Homer 1b and constitutes an efficient mGluR-coupled signaling pathway in the PSD region of neuronal synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ik Hwang
- Department of Life Science, Division of Molecular and Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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32
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Abstract
Heterotrimeric G-proteins are intracellular partners of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs act on inactive Galpha.GDP/Gbetagamma heterotrimers to promote GDP release and GTP binding, resulting in liberation of Galpha from Gbetagamma. Galpha.GTP and Gbetagamma target effectors including adenylyl cyclases, phospholipases and ion channels. Signaling is terminated by intrinsic GTPase activity of Galpha and heterotrimer reformation - a cycle accelerated by 'regulators of G-protein signaling' (RGS proteins). Recent studies have identified several unconventional G-protein signaling pathways that diverge from this standard model. Whereas phospholipase C (PLC) beta is activated by Galpha(q) and Gbetagamma, novel PLC isoforms are regulated by both heterotrimeric and Ras-superfamily G-proteins. An Arabidopsis protein has been discovered containing both GPCR and RGS domains within the same protein. Most surprisingly, a receptor-independent Galpha nucleotide cycle that regulates cell division has been delineated in both Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. Here, we revisit classical heterotrimeric G-protein signaling and explore these new, non-canonical G-protein signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R McCudden
- Department of Pharmacology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-7365, USA.
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33
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Dwivedi Y, Mondal AC, Rizavi HS, Shukla PK, Pandey GN. Single and repeated stress-induced modulation of phospholipase C catalytic activity and expression: role in LH behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30:473-83. [PMID: 15536495 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PI-PLC, a critical enzyme of the phosphoinositide (PI) signaling pathway, mediates many physiological functions in the brain, including cellular plasticity. Stress-induced learned helplessness (LH) in animals serves as a model of behavioral depression. Recently, we observed that repeated stress prolongs the duration of LH behavior in rats, enabling us to compare neurobiologic abnormalities in acute and chronic depression. Here we examine whether LH behavior is associated with alterations in phospholipase C (PLC), and whether repetition of inescapable shock has similar or dissimilar effects on PLC to those of the single-stress paradigm. Rats were exposed to inescapable shock either once on day 1, or twice, on days 1 and 7. Rats were tested for escape latency on days 2 and 4 after day 1 inescapable shock or on days 2, 8, and 14 after day 1 and 7 inescapable shock. PI-PLC activity and mRNA and protein expression of three different PLC isozymes were determined in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Higher escape latencies were observed in LH rats tested on day 2 after single inescapable shock and on day 14 after repeated inescapable shock. Single inescapable shock reduced PI-PLC activity in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of LH rats. On the other hand, repeated inescapable shock not only reduced PI-PLC activity in these brain areas of LH rats but also selectively decreased the expression of PLC beta1 and PLC gamma1 isozymes. Our results suggest different responsiveness at the level of PI-PLC after single vs repeated stress, and that reductions in PLC may be critical in the pathophysiology of depression and other stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Dwivedi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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34
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Nakamura M, Sato K, Fukaya M, Araishi K, Aiba A, Kano M, Watanabe M. Signaling complex formation of phospholipase Cβ4 with metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1α and 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor at the perisynapse and endoplasmic reticulum in the mouse brain. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20:2929-44. [PMID: 15579147 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Upon activation of cell surface receptors coupled to the Gq subclass of G proteins, phospholipase C (PLC) beta hydrolyses membrane phospholipid to yield a pair of second messengers, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and 1,2-diacylglycerol. PLCbeta4 has been characterized as the isoform enriched in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) and the retina and involved in motor and visual functions. Here we examined cellular and subcellular distributions of PLCbeta4 in adult mouse brains. Immunohistochemistry showed that high levels of PLCbeta4 were detected in the somatodendritic domain of neuronal populations expressing the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) type 1alpha, including olfactory periglomerular cells, neurons in the bed nucleus anterior commissure, thalamus, substantia nigra, inferior olive, and unipolar brush cells and PCs in the cerebellum. Low to moderate levels were detected in many other mGluR1alpha-positive neurons and in a few mGluR1alpha-negative neurons. In PCs, immunogold electron microscopy localized PLCbeta4 to the perisynapse, at which mGluR1alpha is concentrated, and to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in dendrites and spines, an intracellular Ca2+ store gated by IP3 receptors. In the cerebellum, immunoblot demonstrated its concentrated distribution in the post-synaptic density and microsomal fractions, where mGluR1alpha and type 1 IP3 receptor were also greatly enriched. Furthermore, PLCbeta4 formed coimmunoprecipitable complexes with mGluR1alpha, type 1 IP3 receptor and Homer 1. These results suggest that PLCbeta4 is preferentially localized in the perisynapse and smooth endoplasmic reticulum as a component of the physically linked phosphoinositide signaling complex. This close molecular relationship might provide PLCbeta4 with a high-fidelity effector function to mediate various neuronal responses under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Brain/cytology
- Calbindins
- Calcium Channels/metabolism
- Calreticulin/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/immunology
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/ultrastructure
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/metabolism
- Homer Scaffolding Proteins
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- Immunoprecipitation/methods
- In Situ Hybridization/methods
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors
- Isoenzymes/immunology
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron/methods
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/ultrastructure
- Parvalbumins/metabolism
- Phospholipase C beta
- Presynaptic Terminals/metabolism
- Presynaptic Terminals/ultrastructure
- Receptors, AMPA/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/metabolism
- S100 Calcium Binding Protein G/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Type C Phospholipases/immunology
- Type C Phospholipases/metabolism
- Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Nakamura
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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35
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Bolaños CA, Nestler EJ. Neurotrophic mechanisms in drug addiction. Neuromolecular Med 2004; 5:69-83. [PMID: 15001814 DOI: 10.1385/nmm:5:1:069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2003] [Accepted: 09/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of neurotrophic factors in neuronal survival and differentiation is well established. The more recent realization that these factors also play pivotal roles in the maintenance and activity-dependent remodeling of neuronal functioning in the adult brain has generated excitement in the neurosciences. Neurotrophic factors have been implicated in the modulation of synaptic transmission and in the mechanisms underlying learning and memory, mood disorders, and drug addiction. Here the evidence for the role of neurotrophins and other neurotrophic factors-and the signaling pathways they activate-in mediating long-term molecular, cellular, and behavioral adaptations associated with drug addiction is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Bolaños
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Basic Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9070, USA
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36
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Weeber EJ, Caldwell KK. Delay fear conditioning modifies phospholipase C-β1a signaling in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004; 78:155-64. [PMID: 15159145 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2003] [Revised: 03/02/2004] [Accepted: 03/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of the single-trial fear conditioning paradigm allows for control over the exact moment when an animal is exposed to a learning event, making it possible to study both the initial neurobiological changes that are associated with learning and changes that take place over long periods of time. In the present study, we performed detailed analyses of the alterations in phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-beta1a (PLC-beta1a) levels and enzyme activities in subcellular fractions prepared from the hippocampal formation (HPF) and medial frontal cortex (MFC) 1, 3, 5, 7, 24, and 72 h following single-trial fear conditioning. We observed tissue- and time-dependent changes in both PLC-beta1a enzyme activity and anti-PLC-beta1a immunoreactivity in each subcellular fraction. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that changes in PLC-beta1a catalytic activity and subcellular distribution play important roles in neuronal signaling processes that are required for fear-conditioned learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J Weeber
- Department of Neurosciences, MSC08 4740, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
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37
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Phillis JW, O'Regan MH. A potentially critical role of phospholipases in central nervous system ischemic, traumatic, and neurodegenerative disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 44:13-47. [PMID: 14739001 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2003.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases are a diverse group of enzymes whose activation may be responsible for the development of injury following insult to the brain. Amongst the numerous isoforms of phospholipase proteins expressed in mammals are 19 different phospholipase A2's (PLA2s), classified functionally as either secretory, calcium dependent, or calcium independent, 11 isozymes belonging to three structural groups of PLC, and 3 PLD gene products. Many of these phospholipases have been identified in selected brain regions. Under normal conditions, these enzymes regulate the turnover of free fatty acids (FFAs) in membrane phospholipids affecting membrane stability, fluidity, and transport processes. The measurement of free fatty acids thus provides a convenient method to follow phospholipase activity and their regulation. Phospholipase activity is also responsible for the generation of an extensive list of intracellular messengers including arachidonic acid metabolites. Phospholipases are regulated by many factors including selective phosphorylation, intracellular calcium and pH. However, under abnormal conditions, excessive phospholipase activation, along with a decreased ability to resynthesize membrane phospholipids, can lead to the generation of free radicals, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis/necrosis. This review evaluates the critical contribution of the various phospholipases to brain injury following ischemia and trauma and in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Phillis
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 5374 Scott Hall, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201-1928, USA.
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Role of thalamic phospholipase C[beta]4 mediated by metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 in inflammatory pain. J Neurosci 2003. [PMID: 12954872 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-22-08098.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) beta4, one of the four isoforms of PLCbetas, is the sole isoform expressed in the mouse ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus (VPL), a key station in pain processing. The mouse thalamus also has been shown to express a high level of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 (mGluR1), which stimulates PLCbetas through activation of Galphaq/11 protein. It is therefore expected that the thalamic mGluR1-PLCbeta4 cascade may play a functional role in nociceptive transmission. To test this hypothesis, we first studied behavioral responses to various nociceptive stimuli in PLCbeta4 knock-out mice. We performed the formalin test and found no difference in the pain behavior in the first phase of the formalin test, which is attributed to acute nociception, between PLCbeta4 knock-out and wild-type mice. Consistent with this result, acute pain responses in the hot plate and tail flick tests were also unaffected in the PLCbeta4 knock-out mice. However, the nociceptive behavior in the second phase of the formalin test, resulting from the tissue inflammation, was attenuated in PLCbeta4 knock-out mice. In the dorsal horn of the spinal cord where PLCbeta1 and PLCbeta4 mRNAs are expressed, no difference was found between the wild-type and knock-out mice in the number of Fos-like immunoreactive neurons, which represent neuronal activity in the second phase in the formalin test. Thus, it is unlikely that spinal PLCbeta4 is involved in the formalin-induced inflammatory pain. Next, we found that pretreatment with PLC inhibitors, mGluR1 antagonists, or both, by either intracerebroventricular or intrathalamic injection, attenuated the formalin-induced pain behavior in the second phase in wild-type mice. Furthermore, activation of mGluR1 at the VPL enhanced pain behavior in the second phase in the wild-type mice. In contrast, PLCbeta4 knock-out mice did not show such enhancement, indicating that mGluR1 is connected to PLCbeta4 in the VPL. Finally, in parallel with the behavioral results, we showed in an electrophysiological study that the time course of firing discharges in VPL corresponds well to that of pain behavior in the formalin test in both wild-type and PLCbeta4 knock-out mice. These findings indicate that the thalamic mGluR1-PLCbeta4 cascade is indispensable for the formalin-induced inflammatory pain by regulating the response of VPL neurons.
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Gong S, Zheng C, Doughty ML, Losos K, Didkovsky N, Schambra UB, Nowak NJ, Joyner A, Leblanc G, Hatten ME, Heintz N. A gene expression atlas of the central nervous system based on bacterial artificial chromosomes. Nature 2003; 425:917-25. [PMID: 14586460 DOI: 10.1038/nature02033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1610] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2003] [Accepted: 09/08/2003] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) contains a remarkable array of neural cells, each with a complex pattern of connections that together generate perceptions and higher brain functions. Here we describe a large-scale screen to create an atlas of CNS gene expression at the cellular level, and to provide a library of verified bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors and transgenic mouse lines that offer experimental access to CNS regions, cell classes and pathways. We illustrate the use of this atlas to derive novel insights into gene function in neural cells, and into principal steps of CNS development. The atlas, library of BAC vectors and BAC transgenic mice generated in this screen provide a rich resource that allows a broad array of investigations not previously available to the neuroscience community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiaoching Gong
- GENSAT Project, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 260, New York 10021, USA
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40
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Phospholipase Cgamma in distinct regions of the ventral tegmental area differentially modulates mood-related behaviors. J Neurosci 2003. [PMID: 12930795 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-20-07569.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic factor signaling pathways modulate cellular and behavioral responses to drugs of abuse. In addition, chronic exposure to morphine increases expression of phospholipase Cgamma1 (PLCgamma1) (a protein involved in neurotrophic signaling) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a neural substrate for many drugs of abuse. Using viral-mediated gene transfer to locally alter the activity of PLCgamma1, we show that overexpression of PLCgamma1 in rostral portions of the VTA (R-VTA) results in increased morphine place preference, whereas PLCgamma1 overexpression in the caudal VTA (C-VTA) results in avoidance of morphine-paired compartments. In addition, overexpression of PLCgamma1 in R-VTA causes increased preference for sucrose and increased anxiety-like behavior but does not affect responses to stress or nociceptive stimuli. In contrast, overexpression of PLCgamma1 in C-VTA decreases preference for sucrose and increases sensitivity to stress and nociceptive stimuli, although there was a tendency for increased anxiety-like behavior as seen for the R-VTA. These results show that levels of PLCgamma1 in the VTA regulate responsiveness to drugs of abuse, natural rewards, and aversive stimuli and point to the possibility that distinct topographical regions within the VTA mediate generally positive versus negative responses to emotional stimuli. Moreover, these data also support a role for drug-induced elevations in PLCgamma1 expression in the VTA in mediating long-term adaptations to drugs of abuse and aversive stimuli.
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41
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McCullar JS, Larsen SA, Millimaki RA, Filtz TM. Calmodulin is a phospholipase C-beta interacting protein. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:33708-13. [PMID: 12821674 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301940200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C-beta 3 (PLC beta 3) is an important effector enzyme in G protein-coupled signaling pathways. Activation of PLC beta 3 by G alpha and G beta gamma subunits has been fairly well characterized, but little is known about other protein interactions that may also regulate PLC beta 3 function. A yeast two-hybrid screen of a mouse brain cDNA library with the amino terminus of PLC beta 3 has yielded potential PLC beta 3 interacting proteins including calmodulin (CaM). Physical interaction between CaM and PLC beta 3 is supported by a positive secondary screen in yeast and the identification of a CaM binding site in the amino terminus of PLC beta 3. Co-precipitation of in vitro translated and transcribed amino- and carboxyl-terminal PLC beta 3 revealed CaM binding at a putative amino-terminal binding site. Direct physical interaction of PLC beta 3 and PLC beta 1 isoforms with CaM is supported by pull-down of both isoenzymes with CaM-Sepharose beads from 1321N1 cell lysates. CaM inhibitors reduced M1-muscarinic receptor stimulation of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells consistent with a physiologic role for CaM in modulation of PLC beta activity. There was no effect of CaM kinase II inhibitors, KN-93 and KN-62, on M1-muscarinic receptor stimulation of inositol phosphate hydrolysis, consistent with a direct interaction between PLC beta isoforms and CaM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S McCullar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and the Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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42
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Miyata M, Kashiwadani H, Fukaya M, Hayashi T, Wu D, Suzuki T, Watanabe M, Kawakami Y. Role of thalamic phospholipase C[beta]4 mediated by metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 in inflammatory pain. J Neurosci 2003; 23:8098-108. [PMID: 12954872 PMCID: PMC6740489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) beta4, one of the four isoforms of PLCbetas, is the sole isoform expressed in the mouse ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus (VPL), a key station in pain processing. The mouse thalamus also has been shown to express a high level of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 (mGluR1), which stimulates PLCbetas through activation of Galphaq/11 protein. It is therefore expected that the thalamic mGluR1-PLCbeta4 cascade may play a functional role in nociceptive transmission. To test this hypothesis, we first studied behavioral responses to various nociceptive stimuli in PLCbeta4 knock-out mice. We performed the formalin test and found no difference in the pain behavior in the first phase of the formalin test, which is attributed to acute nociception, between PLCbeta4 knock-out and wild-type mice. Consistent with this result, acute pain responses in the hot plate and tail flick tests were also unaffected in the PLCbeta4 knock-out mice. However, the nociceptive behavior in the second phase of the formalin test, resulting from the tissue inflammation, was attenuated in PLCbeta4 knock-out mice. In the dorsal horn of the spinal cord where PLCbeta1 and PLCbeta4 mRNAs are expressed, no difference was found between the wild-type and knock-out mice in the number of Fos-like immunoreactive neurons, which represent neuronal activity in the second phase in the formalin test. Thus, it is unlikely that spinal PLCbeta4 is involved in the formalin-induced inflammatory pain. Next, we found that pretreatment with PLC inhibitors, mGluR1 antagonists, or both, by either intracerebroventricular or intrathalamic injection, attenuated the formalin-induced pain behavior in the second phase in wild-type mice. Furthermore, activation of mGluR1 at the VPL enhanced pain behavior in the second phase in the wild-type mice. In contrast, PLCbeta4 knock-out mice did not show such enhancement, indicating that mGluR1 is connected to PLCbeta4 in the VPL. Finally, in parallel with the behavioral results, we showed in an electrophysiological study that the time course of firing discharges in VPL corresponds well to that of pain behavior in the formalin test in both wild-type and PLCbeta4 knock-out mice. These findings indicate that the thalamic mGluR1-PLCbeta4 cascade is indispensable for the formalin-induced inflammatory pain by regulating the response of VPL neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Miyata
- Department of Information Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.
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43
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Bolaños CA, Perrotti LI, Edwards S, Eisch AJ, Barrot M, Olson VG, Russell DS, Neve RL, Nestler EJ. Phospholipase Cgamma in distinct regions of the ventral tegmental area differentially modulates mood-related behaviors. J Neurosci 2003; 23:7569-76. [PMID: 12930795 PMCID: PMC6740761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2003] [Revised: 05/01/2003] [Accepted: 05/01/2003] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic factor signaling pathways modulate cellular and behavioral responses to drugs of abuse. In addition, chronic exposure to morphine increases expression of phospholipase Cgamma1 (PLCgamma1) (a protein involved in neurotrophic signaling) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a neural substrate for many drugs of abuse. Using viral-mediated gene transfer to locally alter the activity of PLCgamma1, we show that overexpression of PLCgamma1 in rostral portions of the VTA (R-VTA) results in increased morphine place preference, whereas PLCgamma1 overexpression in the caudal VTA (C-VTA) results in avoidance of morphine-paired compartments. In addition, overexpression of PLCgamma1 in R-VTA causes increased preference for sucrose and increased anxiety-like behavior but does not affect responses to stress or nociceptive stimuli. In contrast, overexpression of PLCgamma1 in C-VTA decreases preference for sucrose and increases sensitivity to stress and nociceptive stimuli, although there was a tendency for increased anxiety-like behavior as seen for the R-VTA. These results show that levels of PLCgamma1 in the VTA regulate responsiveness to drugs of abuse, natural rewards, and aversive stimuli and point to the possibility that distinct topographical regions within the VTA mediate generally positive versus negative responses to emotional stimuli. Moreover, these data also support a role for drug-induced elevations in PLCgamma1 expression in the VTA in mediating long-term adaptations to drugs of abuse and aversive stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Bolaños
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Basic Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9070, USA
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44
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Wu D, Tadano M, Edamatsu H, Masago-Toda M, Yamawaki-Kataoka Y, Terashima T, Mizoguchi A, Minami Y, Satoh T, Kataoka T. Neuronal lineage-specific induction of phospholipase Cepsilon expression in the developing mouse brain. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 17:1571-80. [PMID: 12752375 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase C is a key enzyme of intracellular signal transduction in the central nervous system. We and others recently discovered a novel class of phospholipase C, phospholipase Cepsilon, which is regulated by Ras and Rap small GTPases. As a first step toward analysis of its function, we have examined the spatial and temporal expression patterns of phospholipase Cepsilon during mouse development by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Around embryonic day 10.5, abundant expression of phospholipase Cepsilon is observed specifically in the outermost layer of the neural tube. On embryonic day 12 and later, it is observed mainly in the marginal zone of developing brain and spinal cord as well as in other regions undergoing neuronal differentiation, such as the retina and olfactory epithelium. The phospholipase Cepsilon-expressing cells almost invariably express microtubule-associated protein 2, but hardly express nestin or glial fibrillary acidic protein, indicating that the expression of phospholipase Cepsilon is induced specifically in cells committed to the neuronal lineage. The expression of phospholipase Cepsilon persists in the terminally differentiated neurons and exhibits no regional specificity. Further, an in vitro culture system of neuroepithelial stem cells is employed to show that abundant expression of phospholipase Cepsilon occurs in parallel with the loss of nestin expression as well as with the induction of microtubule-associated protein 2 expression and neuronal morphology. Also, glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive glial lineage cells do not exhibit the high phospholipase Cepsilon expression. These results suggest that the induction of phospholipase Cepsilon expression may be a specific event associated with the commitment of the neural precursor cells to the neuronal lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wu
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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45
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Weeber EJ, Savage DD, Sutherland RJ, Caldwell KK. Fear conditioning-induced alterations of phospholipase C-beta1a protein level and enzyme activity in rat hippocampal formation and medial frontal cortex. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2001; 76:151-82. [PMID: 11502147 DOI: 10.1006/nlme.2000.3994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of one-trial fear conditioning on phospholipase C-beta1a catalytic activity and protein level in hippocampal formation and medial frontal cortex of untreated control rats and rats prenatally exposed to ethanol. One hour following fear conditioning of untreated control rats, phospholipase C-beta1a protein level was increased in the hippocampal cytosolic fraction and decreased in the hippocampal membrane and cortical cytosolic and cortical membrane fractions. Twenty-four hours after fear conditioning, phospholipase C-beta1a protein level was reduced in the hippocampal cytosolic fraction and elevated in the cortical nuclear fraction; in addition, 24 h after conditioning, phospholipase C-beta1a activity in the cortical cytosolic fraction was increased. Rats that were exposed prenatally to ethanol displayed attenuated contextual fear conditioning, whereas conditioning to the acoustic-conditioned stimulus was not different from controls. In behavioral control (unconditioned) rats, fetal ethanol exposure was associated with reduced phospholipase C-beta1a enzyme activity in the hippocampal nuclear, cortical cytosolic, and cortical membrane fractions and increased phospholipase C-beta1a protein level in the hippocampal membrane and cortical cytosolic fractions. In certain cases, prenatal ethanol exposure modified the relationship between fear conditioning and changes in phospholipase C-beta1a protein level and/or activity. The majority of these effects occurred 1 h, rather than 24 h, after fear conditioning. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed interactions between fear conditioning, subcellular fraction, and prenatal ethanol exposure for measures of phospholipase C-beta1a protein level in hippocampal formation and phospholipase C-beta1a enzyme activity in medial frontal cortex. In the majority of cases, fear conditioning-induced changes in hippocampal phospholipase C-beta1a protein level were augmented in rats prenatally exposed to ethanol. In contrast, fear conditioning-induced changes in cortical phospholipase C-beta1a activity were, often, in opposite directions in prenatal ethanol-exposed compared to diet control rats. We speculate that alterations in subcellular phospholipase C-beta1a catalytic activity and protein level contribute to contextual fear conditioning and that learning deficits observed in rats exposed prenatally to ethanol result, in part, from dysfunctions in phospholipase C-beta1a signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Weeber
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-5223, USA
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46
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Rebecchi MJ, Pentyala SN. Structure, function, and control of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. Physiol Rev 2000; 80:1291-335. [PMID: 11015615 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 725] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) subtypes beta, gamma, and delta comprise a related group of multidomain phosphodiesterases that cleave the polar head groups from inositol lipids. Activated by all classes of cell surface receptor, these enzymes generate the ubiquitous second messengers inositol 1,4, 5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. The last 5 years have seen remarkable advances in our understanding of the molecular and biological facets of PLCs. New insights into their multidomain arrangement and catalytic mechanism have been gained from crystallographic studies of PLC-delta(1), while new modes of controlling PLC activity have been uncovered in cellular studies. Most notable is the realization that PLC-beta, -gamma, and -delta isoforms act in concert, each contributing to a specific aspect of the cellular response. Clues to their true biological roles were also obtained. Long assumed to function broadly in calcium-regulated processes, genetic studies in yeast, slime molds, plants, flies, and mammals point to specific and conditional roles for each PLC isoform in cell signaling and development. In this review we consider each subtype of PLC in organisms ranging from yeast to mammals and discuss their molecular regulation and biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Rebecchi
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
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47
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Hwang JI, Heo K, Shin KJ, Kim E, Yun C, Ryu SH, Shin HS, Suh PG. Regulation of phospholipase C-beta 3 activity by Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor 2. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:16632-7. [PMID: 10748023 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m001410200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the phospholipase C that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, four mammalian phospholipase C-beta (PLC-beta) isotypes (isotypes 1-4) are activated through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Although the regulation of the PLC-betas by GPCRs and heterotrimeric G proteins has been extensively studied, little is known about the molecular determinants that regulate their activity. The PLC-beta isozymes carry a putative PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 (PDZ) binding motif (X(S/T)X(V/L)COOH) at their carboxyl terminus, which is implicated in specific interactions with anchor proteins. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we identified Na(+)/H(+) exchanger regulatory factor 2 (NHERF2) as a protein that interacted with a C-terminal heptapeptide of PLC-beta3. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that NHERF2 interacts specifically with PLC-beta3, but not with other PLC-beta isotypes. Furthermore, PLC-beta3 interacted with NHERF2 rather than with other PDZ-containing proteins. This interaction required the COOH-terminal NTQL sequence of PLC-beta3 and the second PDZ domain of NHERF2. Interestingly, NHERF2 potentiated the PLC-beta activation by carbachol in COS7 and HeLa cells, while mutant NHERF2, lacking the second PDZ domain, had no such effect. Taken together, the data suggest that NHERF2 may act as a modulator underlying the process of PLC-beta3-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Hwang
- Department of Life Science, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Calcium and Learning, Division of Molecular and Life Science and School of Environmental Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
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48
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Novak JE, Agranoff BW, Fisher SK. Increased expression of Galpha(q/11) and of phospholipase-Cbeta1/4 in differentiated human NT2-N neurons: enhancement of phosphoinositide hydrolysis. J Neurochem 2000; 74:2322-30. [PMID: 10820192 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0742322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The CNS is enriched in phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) and in the G proteins linked to its activation. Although the regional distributions of these signaling components within the brain have been determined, neither their cell type-specific localizations (i.e., neuronal versus glial) nor the functional significance of their high expression has been definitively established. In this study, we have examined the expression of phosphoinositide signaling proteins in human NT2-N cells, a well characterized model system for CNS neurons. Retinoic acid-mediated differentiation of NT2 precursor cells to the neuronal phenotype resulted in five- to 15-fold increases in the expression of PLC-beta1, PLC-beta4, and Galpha(q/11) (the prime G protein activator of these isozymes). In contrast, the expression of PLC-beta3 and PLC-gamma1 was markedly reduced following neuronal differentiation. Similar alterations in cell morphology and in the expression of PLC-beta1, PLC-beta3, and Galpha(q/11) expression were observed when NT2 cells were differentiated with berberine, a compound structurally unrelated to retinoic acid. NT2-N neurons exhibited a significantly higher rate of phosphoinositide hydrolysis than NT2 precursor cells in response to direct activation of either G proteins or PLC. These results indicate that neuronal differentiation of NT2 cells is associated with dramatic changes in the expression of proteins of the phosphoinositide signaling system and that, accordingly, differentiated NT2-N neurons possess an increased ability to hydrolyze inositol lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Novak
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Mental Health Research Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104-1687, USA
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49
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Zólyomi A, Zhao X, Downing GJ, Balla T. Localization of two distinct type III phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase enzyme mRNAs in the rat. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2000; 278:C914-20. [PMID: 10794665 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2000.278.5.c914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inositol lipid kinases generate polyphosphoinositides, important regulators of several cellular functions. We have recently cloned two distinct phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4-kinase enzymes, the 210-kDa PI4KIIIalpha and the 110-kDa PI4KIIIbeta, from bovine tissues. In the present study, the distribution of mRNAs encoding these two enzymes was analyzed by in situ hybridization histochemistry in the rat. PI4KIIIalpha was found predominantly expressed in the brain, with low expression in peripheral tissues. PI4KIIIbeta was more uniformly expressed being also present in various peripheral tissues. Within the brain, PI4KIIIbeta showed highest expression in the gray matter, especially in neurons of the olfactory bulb and the hippocampus, but also gave a signal in the white matter indicating its presence in glia. PI4KIIIalpha was highly expressed in neurons, but lacked a signal in the white matter and the choroid plexus. Both enzymes showed expression in the pigment layer and nuclear layers as well as in the ganglion cells of the retina. In a 17-day-old rat fetus, PI4KIIIbeta was found to be more widely distributed and PI4KIIIalpha was primarily expressed in neurons. These results indicate that PI4KIIIbeta is more widely expressed than PI4KIIIalpha, and that the two enzymes are probably coexpressed in many neurons. Such expression pattern and the conservation of these two proteins during evolution suggest their nonredundant functions in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zólyomi
- Endocrinology and Reproduction Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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50
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Wolf DH, Numan S, Nestler EJ, Russell DS. Regulation of phospholipase Cgamma in the mesolimbic dopamine system by chronic morphine administration. J Neurochem 1999; 73:1520-8. [PMID: 10501197 PMCID: PMC1993239 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0731520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic signaling pathways have been implicated in the maintenance of the mesolimbic dopamine system, as well as in changes in this system induced by chronic morphine exposure. We found that many of these signaling pathway proteins are expressed at appreciable levels within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and related regions, although with substantial regional variation. Moreover, phospholipase Cgamma1 (PLCgamma1) was significantly and specifically up-regulated within the VTA by 30% following chronic exposure to morphine. PLCgamma1 mRNA expression is enriched in dopaminergic neurons within the VTA; however, the up-regulation of PLCgamma1 in this region was not seen at the mRNA level. In contrast to PLCgamma1, insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-2, a protein involved in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling, and another putative IRS-like protein were significantly down-regulated within the VTA by 49 and 45%, respectively. Levels of several proteins within the Ras-ERK pathway were not altered. Regulation of neurotrophic factor signaling proteins may play a role in morphine-induced plasticity within the mesolimbic dopamine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Wolf
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine and Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven 06508, USA
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