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Fernandes P, Waldron N, Chatzilygeroudi T, Naji NS, Karantanos T. Acute Erythroid Leukemia: From Molecular Biology to Clinical Outcomes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6256. [PMID: 38892446 PMCID: PMC11172574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute Erythroid Leukemia (AEL) is a rare and aggressive subtype of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). In 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined AEL as a biopsy with ≥30% proerythroblasts and erythroid precursors that account for ≥80% of cellularity. The International Consensus Classification refers to this neoplasm as "AML with mutated TP53". Classification entails ≥20% blasts in blood or bone marrow biopsy and a somatic TP53 mutation (VAF > 10%). This type of leukemia is typically associated with biallelic TP53 mutations and a complex karyotype, specifically 5q and 7q deletions. Transgenic mouse models have implicated several molecules in the pathogenesis of AEL, including transcriptional master regulator GATA1 (involved in erythroid differentiation), master oncogenes, and CDX4. Recent studies have also characterized AEL by epigenetic regulator mutations and transcriptome subgroups. AEL patients have overall poor clinical outcomes, mostly related to their poor response to the standard therapies, which include hypomethylating agents and intensive chemotherapy. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (AlloBMT) is the only potentially curative approach but requires deep remission, which is very challenging for these patients. Age, AlloBMT, and a history of antecedent myeloid neoplasms further affect the outcomes of these patients. In this review, we will summarize the diagnostic criteria of AEL, review the current insights into the biology of AEL, and describe the treatment options and outcomes of patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Fernandes
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (P.F.); (N.W.)
| | - Natalie Waldron
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (P.F.); (N.W.)
| | - Theodora Chatzilygeroudi
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (T.C.); (N.S.N.)
| | - Nour Sabiha Naji
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (T.C.); (N.S.N.)
| | - Theodoros Karantanos
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (P.F.); (N.W.)
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (T.C.); (N.S.N.)
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Gallini S, Annusver K, Rahman NT, Gonzalez DG, Yun S, Matte-Martone C, Xin T, Lathrop E, Suozzi KC, Kasper M, Greco V. Injury prevents Ras mutant cell expansion in mosaic skin. Nature 2023; 619:167-175. [PMID: 37344586 PMCID: PMC10322723 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Healthy skin is a mosaic of wild-type and mutant clones1,2. Although injury can cooperate with mutated Ras family proteins to promote tumorigenesis3-12, the consequences in genetically mosaic skin are unknown. Here we show that after injury, wild-type cells suppress aberrant growth induced by oncogenic Ras. HrasG12V/+ and KrasG12D/+ cells outcompete wild-type cells in uninjured, mosaic tissue but their expansion is prevented after injury owing to an increase in the fraction of proliferating wild-type cells. Mechanistically, we show that, unlike HrasG12V/+ cells, wild-type cells respond to autocrine and paracrine secretion of EGFR ligands, and this differential activation of the EGFR pathway explains the competitive switch during injury repair. Inhibition of EGFR signalling via drug or genetic approaches diminishes the proportion of dividing wild-type cells after injury, leading to the expansion of HrasG12V/+ cells. Increased proliferation of wild-type cells via constitutive loss of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 counteracts the expansion of HrasG12V/+ cells even in the absence of injury. Thus, injury has a role in switching the competitive balance between oncogenic and wild-type cells in genetically mosaic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gallini
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Karl Annusver
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nur-Taz Rahman
- Bioinformatics Support Program, Cushing/Whitney Medical Library, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David G Gonzalez
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sangwon Yun
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Tianchi Xin
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Maria Kasper
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Valentina Greco
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Departments of Cell Biology and Dermatology, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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3
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Schwartz AG. Dehydroepiandrosterone, Cancer, and Aging. Aging Dis 2022; 13:423-432. [PMID: 35371612 PMCID: PMC8947821 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological significance of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) which, in the form of its sulfated ester is the most abundant steroid hormone in human plasma, is an enigma. Over the past years, numerous investigators have reported preclinical findings that DHEA has preventive and therapeutic efficacy in treating major age-associated diseases, including cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity, as well as ameliorating the deleterious effects of excess cortisol exposure. Epidemiological studies have also found that low DHEA(S) levels predict an increased all-cause mortality. However, clinical trials, in which oral doses of DHEA at 50 mg-100 mg have been administered to elderly individuals for up to two years, have produced no clear evidence of benefit in parameters such as body composition, peak volume of oxygen consumption, muscle strength, or insulin sensitivity. I discuss why clinical trials, which use doses of DHEA in the 100 mg range, which are the human equivalent of about 1/20th the doses used in animal studies, are an inadequate test of DHEA's therapeutic potential. I also discuss three mechanisms of DHEA action that very likely contribute to its biological effects in animal studies. Lastly, I describe the development of a DHEA analog which lacks DHEA's androgenic and estrogenic action and that demonstrates enhanced potency and is currently in clinical trials. The use of such analogs may provide a better understanding of DHEA's potential therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur G Schwartz
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Arthur G. Schwartz, Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, USA.
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Piipponen M, Riihilä P, Nissinen L, Kähäri VM. The Role of p53 in Progression of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184507. [PMID: 34572732 PMCID: PMC8466956 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancers are the most common types of cancer worldwide, and their incidence is increasing. Melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) are the three major types of skin cancer. Melanoma originates from melanocytes, whereas BCC and cSCC originate from epidermal keratinocytes and are therefore called keratinocyte carcinomas. Chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a common risk factor for skin cancers, but they differ with respect to oncogenic mutational profiles and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. cSCC is the most common metastatic skin cancer, and it is associated with poor prognosis in the advanced stage. An important early event in cSCC development is mutation of the TP53 gene and inactivation of the tumor suppressor function of the tumor protein 53 gene (TP53) in epidermal keratinocytes, which then leads to accumulation of additional oncogenic mutations. Additional genomic and proteomic alterations are required for the progression of premalignant lesion, actinic keratosis, to invasive and metastatic cSCC. Recently, the role of p53 in the invasion of cSCC has also been elucidated. In this review, the role of p53 in the progression of cSCC and as potential new therapeutic target for cSCC will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Piipponen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (M.P.); (P.R.); (L.N.)
- FICAN West Cancer Centre Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Dermatology and Venereology Division, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pilvi Riihilä
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (M.P.); (P.R.); (L.N.)
- FICAN West Cancer Centre Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Liisa Nissinen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (M.P.); (P.R.); (L.N.)
- FICAN West Cancer Centre Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (M.P.); (P.R.); (L.N.)
- FICAN West Cancer Centre Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-2-3131600
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Alameda JP, García-García VA, López S, Hernando A, Page A, Navarro M, Moreno-Maldonado R, Paramio JM, Ramírez Á, García-Fernández RA, Casanova ML. CYLD Inhibits the Development of Skin Squamous Cell Tumors in Immunocompetent Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6736. [PMID: 34201751 PMCID: PMC8268443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cylindromatosis (CYLD) is a deubiquitinase (DUB) enzyme that was initially characterized as a tumor suppressor of adnexal skin tumors in patients with CYLD syndrome. Later, it was also shown that the expression of functionally inactive mutated forms of CYLD promoted tumor development and progression of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). However, the ability of wild-type CYLD to inhibit skin tumorigenesis in vivo in immunocompetent mice has not been proved. Herein, we generated transgenic mice that express the wild type form of CYLD under the control of the keratin 5 (K5) promoter (K5-CYLDwt mice) and analyzed the skin properties of these transgenic mice by WB and immunohistochemistry, studied the survival and proliferating characteristics of primary keratinocytes, and performed chemical skin carcinogenesis experiments. As a result, we found a reduced activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway in the skin of K5-CYLDwt mice in response to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α); accordingly, when subjected to insults, K5-CYLDwt keratinocytes are prone to apoptosis and are protected from excessive hyperproliferation. Skin carcinogenesis assays showed inhibition of tumor development in K5-CYLDwt mice. As a mechanism of this tumor suppressor activity, we found that a moderate increase in CYLD expression levels reduced NF-κB activation, which favored the differentiation of tumor epidermal cells and inhibited its proliferation; moreover, it decreased tumor angiogenesis and inflammation. Altogether, our results suggest that increased levels of CYLD may be useful for anti-skin cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa P. Alameda
- Molecular and Translational Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.P.A.); (V.A.G.-G.); (A.H.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (R.M.-M.); (J.M.P.); (Á.R.)
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica A. García-García
- Molecular and Translational Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.P.A.); (V.A.G.-G.); (A.H.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (R.M.-M.); (J.M.P.); (Á.R.)
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia López
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Facultad de Veterinaria, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.L.); (R.A.G.-F.)
| | - Ana Hernando
- Molecular and Translational Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.P.A.); (V.A.G.-G.); (A.H.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (R.M.-M.); (J.M.P.); (Á.R.)
- Bionomous Sàrl, PFL Innovation Park, Bâtiment, FCH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Angustias Page
- Molecular and Translational Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.P.A.); (V.A.G.-G.); (A.H.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (R.M.-M.); (J.M.P.); (Á.R.)
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Navarro
- Molecular and Translational Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.P.A.); (V.A.G.-G.); (A.H.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (R.M.-M.); (J.M.P.); (Á.R.)
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Moreno-Maldonado
- Molecular and Translational Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.P.A.); (V.A.G.-G.); (A.H.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (R.M.-M.); (J.M.P.); (Á.R.)
- Bio-innova Consulting, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Paramio
- Molecular and Translational Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.P.A.); (V.A.G.-G.); (A.H.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (R.M.-M.); (J.M.P.); (Á.R.)
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Ramírez
- Molecular and Translational Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.P.A.); (V.A.G.-G.); (A.H.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (R.M.-M.); (J.M.P.); (Á.R.)
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa A. García-Fernández
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Facultad de Veterinaria, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.L.); (R.A.G.-F.)
| | - María Llanos Casanova
- Molecular and Translational Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.P.A.); (V.A.G.-G.); (A.H.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (R.M.-M.); (J.M.P.); (Á.R.)
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Font-Díaz J, Jiménez-Panizo A, Caelles C, Vivanco MDM, Pérez P, Aranda A, Estébanez-Perpiñá E, Castrillo A, Ricote M, Valledor AF. Nuclear receptors: Lipid and hormone sensors with essential roles in the control of cancer development. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 73:58-75. [PMID: 33309851 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors that act as biological sensors and use a combination of mechanisms to modulate positively and negatively gene expression in a spatial and temporal manner. The highly orchestrated biological actions of several NRs influence the proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of many different cell types. Synthetic ligands for several NRs have been the focus of extensive drug discovery efforts for cancer intervention. This review summarizes the roles in tumour growth and metastasis of several relevant NR family members, namely androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor (ER), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), thyroid hormone receptor (TR), retinoic acid receptors (RARs), retinoid X receptors (RXRs), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), and liver X receptors (LXRs). These studies are key to develop improved therapeutic agents based on novel modes of action with reduced side effects and overcoming resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Font-Díaz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Alba Jiménez-Panizo
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, 08028, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Carme Caelles
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, 08028, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - María dM Vivanco
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research Technology Alliance, BRTA, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, 48160, Spain
| | - Paloma Pérez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV)-CSIC, Valencia, 46010, Spain
| | - Ana Aranda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Eva Estébanez-Perpiñá
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, 08028, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28029, Spain; Unidad de Biomedicina, (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Universidad de Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, 35001, Spain
| | - Mercedes Ricote
- Area of Myocardial Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Annabel F Valledor
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
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Mepham TB, Combes RD, Balls M, Barbieri O, Blokhuis HJ, Costa P, Crilly RE, de Cock Buning T, Delpire VC, O'Hare MJ, Houdebine LM, van Kreijl CF, van der Meer M, Reinhardt CA, Wolf E, van Zeller AM. The Use of Transgenic Animals in the European Union. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299802600108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Ben Mepham
- ECVAM, JRC Environment Institute, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - Robert D. Combes
- Dipartimento di Oncologia Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Genova, IST/CBA, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Michael Balls
- Institute for Animal Science and Health (ID-DL), Department of Behaviour, Stress Physiology and Management, Edelhertweg 15, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Ottavia Barbieri
- Instituto di Biologia Molecolare, Via Pontina KM 30.600, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Harry J. Blokhuis
- Department for the Study of Animal Experiments, University of Leiden, 2301 CB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrizia Costa
- Breast Cancer Laboratory, LICR/UCL, 67–73 Riding House Street, London W1P 7LD, UK
| | | | - Tjard de Cock Buning
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Véronique C. Delpire
- Institute for Animal Science and Health (ID-DL), Department of Behaviour, Stress Physiology and Management, Edelhertweg 15, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Louis-Marie Houdebine
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Miriam van der Meer
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eckhard Wolf
- Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Tierzucht, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Anne-Marie van Zeller
- Dipartimento di Oncologia Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Genova, IST/CBA, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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8
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Webster JD, Santagostino SF, Foreman O. Applications and considerations for the use of genetically engineered mouse models in drug development. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 380:325-340. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Dantsuka A, Ichii O, Hanberg A, Elewa YHA, Otsuka-Kanazawa S, Nakamura T, Kon Y. Histopathological features of the proper gastric glands in FVB/N-background mice carrying constitutively-active aryl-hydrocarbon receptor. BMC Gastroenterol 2019; 19:102. [PMID: 31226941 PMCID: PMC6588904 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-019-1009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a multiple ligand-activated transcription factor that has important roles in xenobiotic, physiological, or pathological functions. Transgenic mice systemically expressing constitutively-active AhR (CA-AhR) have been created to mimic activated AhR signaling in vivo. However, their detailed histopathological features are unclear. In the present study, we generated CA-AhR-expressing FVB/N mice (FVB-CA-AhR mice) and clarified their phenotypes in detail. Methods Male and female FVB-CA-AhR and wild-type mice were histopathologically examined from 6 to 33 weeks of age. Results Among the systemic organs, only the stomachs in FVB-CA-AhR mice showed pathological changes including cystic structures beneath the serosa; in addition, stomach weights increased with age. Histopathologically, cystic structures and alcian blue-positive metaplasia were observed in the mucosa of the proper gastric glands, and these two histometric parameters were positively correlated. Furthermore, proliferating cells shifted from the isthmus to the base of the glands, and parietal cells decreased. Age-related histopathological changes were clearer in females than in males. Importantly, in FVB-CA-AhR mice, intramucosal cysts developed as extramucosal cysts beneath the serosa, penetrating the lamina muscularis mucosae and the muscularis propria. Their incidence reached 100% in 28-week-old male mice and 33-week-old female mice. Extramucosal cysts contained alcian blue-, Griffonia simplicifolia lectin II-, or trefoil factor 2-positive cells, suggesting a stomach origin for the cysts and spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia-like lesions. Conclusions Disease onset occurred earlier in FVB-CA-AhR mice than previously reported in C57BL/6-derived CA-AhR mice. Importantly, the histopathological features were partly similar with gastritis cystica profunda in humans and animals. Excessive activation of AhR signaling aggravated abnormalities in the gastric mucosa and were affected by both genetic- and sex-related factors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12876-019-1009-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Dantsuka
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Annika Hanberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yaser Hosny Ali Elewa
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.,Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Saori Otsuka-Kanazawa
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Teppei Nakamura
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.,Section of Biological Safety Research, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, Bunkyo 2-3, Chitose, 066-0052, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kon
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
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10
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Mepham TB, Combes RD, Balls M, Barbieri O, Blokhuis HJ, Costa P, Crilly RE, de Cock Buning T, Delpire VC, O'Hare MJ, Houdebine LM, van Kreijl CF, van der Meer M, Reinhardt CA, Wolf E, van Zeller AM. The Use of Transgenic Animals in the European Union. Altern Lab Anim 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299902701s02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Ben Mepham
- Centre for Applied Bioethics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Robert D. Combes
- FRAME, Russell & Burch House, 96–98 North Sherwood Street, Nottingham, NG1 4EE, UK
| | - Michael Balls
- ECVAM, JRC Environment Institute, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - Ottavia Barbieri
- Dipartimento di Oncologia Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Genova, IST/CBA, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Harry J. Blokhuis
- Institute for Animal Science and Health (ID-DL), Department of Behaviour, Stress Physiology and Management, Edelhertweg 15, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Patrizia Costa
- Instituto di Biologia Molecolare, Via Pontina KM 30.600, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert E. Crilly
- Centre for Applied Bioethics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Tjard de Cock Buning
- Department for the Study of Animal Experiments, University of Leiden, 2301 CB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michael J. O'Hare
- Breast Cancer Laboratory, LICR/UCL, 67–73 Riding House Street, London W1P 7LD, UK
| | - Louis-Marie Houdebine
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Miriam van der Meer
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eckhard Wolf
- Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Tierzucht, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
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11
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Park H, Lad S, Boland K, Johnson K, Readio N, Jin G, Asfaha S, Patterson KS, Singh A, Yang X, Londono D, Singh A, Trempus C, Gordon D, Wang TC, Morris RJ. Bone marrow-derived epithelial cells and hair follicle stem cells contribute to development of chronic cutaneous neoplasms. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5293. [PMID: 30546048 PMCID: PMC6294255 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07688-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We used allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and a mouse multistage cutaneous carcinogenesis model to probe recruitment of bone marrow-derived epithelial cells (BMDECs) in skin tumors initiated with the carcinogen, dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), and promoted with 12-O-tetradecanolyphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). BMDECs clustered in the lesional epithelium, expressed cytokeratins, proliferated, and stratified. We detected cytokeratin induction in plastic-adherent bone marrow cells (BMCs) cultured in the presence of filter-separated keratinocytes (KCs) and bone morphogenetic protein 5 (BMP5). Lineage-depleted BMCs migrated towards High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) protein and epidermal KCs in ex vivo invasion assays. Naive female mice receiving BMTs from DMBA-treated donors developed benign and malignant lesions after TPA promotion alone. We conclude that BMDECs contribute to the development of papillomas and dysplasia, demonstrating a systemic contribution to these lesions. Furthermore, carcinogen-exposed BMCs can initiate benign and malignant lesions upon tumor promotion. Ultimately, these findings may suggest targets for treatment of non-melanoma skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heuijoon Park
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, 10032, NY, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, 10032, NY, USA
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, 10032, NY, USA
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, 55912, MN, USA
| | - Sonali Lad
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, 55912, MN, USA
| | - Kelsey Boland
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, 55912, MN, USA
| | - Kelly Johnson
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, 55912, MN, USA
| | - Nyssa Readio
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, 55912, MN, USA
| | - Guangchun Jin
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, 10032, NY, USA
| | - Samuel Asfaha
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, 10032, NY, USA
| | - Kelly S Patterson
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, 10032, NY, USA
| | - Ashok Singh
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, 55912, MN, USA
| | - Xiangdong Yang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, 10032, NY, USA
| | - Douglas Londono
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, 08854-8082, NJ, USA
| | - Anupama Singh
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, 55912, MN, USA
| | - Carol Trempus
- Matrix Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 27709, NC, USA
| | - Derek Gordon
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, 08854-8082, NJ, USA
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, 10032, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca J Morris
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, 10032, NY, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, 10032, NY, USA.
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, 55912, MN, USA.
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12
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Kirkland D, Fowler P. A review of the genotoxicity of trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA). MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 828:36-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Alameda JP, Gaspar M, Ramírez Á, Navarro M, Page A, Suárez-Cabrera C, Fernández MG, Mérida JR, Paramio JM, García-Fernández RA, Fernández-Aceñero MJ, Casanova ML. Deciphering the role of nuclear and cytoplasmic IKKα in skin cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:29531-47. [PMID: 27121058 PMCID: PMC5045415 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC) are the most common human malignancies. IKKα is an essential protein for skin development and is also involved in the genesis and progression of NMSC, through mechanisms not fully understood. While different studies show that IKKα protects against skin cancer, others indicate that it promotes NMSC. To resolve this controversy we have generated two models of transgenic mice expressing the IKKα protein in the nucleus (N-IKKα mice) or the cytoplasm (C-IKKα mice) of keratinocytes. Chemical skin carcinogenesis experiments show that tumors developed by both types of transgenic mice exhibit histological and molecular characteristics that make them more prone to progression and invasion than those developed by Control mice. However, the mechanisms through which IKKα promotes skin tumors are different depending on its subcellular localization; while IKKα of cytoplasmic localization increases EGFR, MMP-9 and VEGF-A activities in tumors, nuclear IKKα causes tumor progression through regulation of c-Myc, Maspin and Integrin-α6 expression. Additionally, we have found that N-IKKα skin tumors mimic the characteristics associated to aggressive human skin tumors with high risk to metastasize. Our results show that IKKα has different non-overlapping roles in the nucleus or cytoplasm of keratinocytes, and provide new targets for intervention in human NMSC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa P Alameda
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Molecular Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Investigation University Hospital "12 de Octubre", 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Gaspar
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Ramírez
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Molecular Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Investigation University Hospital "12 de Octubre", 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Navarro
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Molecular Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Investigation University Hospital "12 de Octubre", 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angustias Page
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Molecular Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Investigation University Hospital "12 de Octubre", 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristian Suárez-Cabrera
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Molecular Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Investigation University Hospital "12 de Octubre", 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Guadalupe Fernández
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embriology, Facultad de Medicina, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose R Mérida
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embriology, Facultad de Medicina, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Molecular Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Investigation University Hospital "12 de Octubre", 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa A García-Fernández
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Facultad de Veterinaria, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - M Llanos Casanova
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Molecular Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Investigation University Hospital "12 de Octubre", 28041 Madrid, Spain
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14
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Choudhuri S, Patton GW, Chanderbhan RF, Mattia A, Klaassen CD. From Classical Toxicology to Tox21: Some Critical Conceptual and Technological Advances in the Molecular Understanding of the Toxic Response Beginning From the Last Quarter of the 20th Century. Toxicol Sci 2018; 161:5-22. [PMID: 28973688 PMCID: PMC5837539 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxicology has made steady advances over the last 60+ years in understanding the mechanisms of toxicity at an increasingly finer level of cellular organization. Traditionally, toxicological studies have used animal models. However, the general adoption of the principles of 3R (Replace, Reduce, Refine) provided the impetus for the development of in vitro models in toxicity testing. The present commentary is an attempt to briefly discuss the transformation in toxicology that began around 1980. Many genes important in cellular protection and metabolism of toxicants were cloned and characterized in the 80s, and gene expression studies became feasible, too. The development of transgenic and knockout mice provided valuable animal models to investigate the role of specific genes in producing toxic effects of chemicals or protecting the organism from the toxic effects of chemicals. Further developments in toxicology came from the incorporation of the tools of "omics" (genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, interactomics), epigenetics, systems biology, computational biology, and in vitro biology. Collectively, the advances in toxicology made during the last 30-40 years are expected to provide more innovative and efficient approaches to risk assessment. A goal of experimental toxicology going forward is to reduce animal use and yet be able to conduct appropriate risk assessments and make sound regulatory decisions using alternative methods of toxicity testing. In that respect, Tox21 has provided a big picture framework for the future. Currently, regulatory decisions involving drugs, biologics, food additives, and similar compounds still utilize data from animal testing and human clinical trials. In contrast, the prioritization of environmental chemicals for further study can be made using in vitro screening and computational tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratim Choudhuri
- Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
| | - Geoffrey W Patton
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ronald F Chanderbhan
- Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
| | - Antonia Mattia
- Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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15
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Page A, Navarro M, Suárez-Cabrera C, Bravo A, Ramirez A. Context-Dependent Role of IKKβ in Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:E376. [PMID: 29292732 PMCID: PMC5748694 DOI: 10.3390/genes8120376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta (IKKβ) is a kinase principally known as a positive regulator of the ubiquitous transcription factor family Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB). In addition, IKKβ also phosphorylates a number of other proteins that regulate many cellular processes, from cell cycle to metabolism and differentiation. As a consequence, IKKβ affects cell physiology in a variety of ways and may promote or hamper tumoral transformation depending on hitherto unknown circumstances. In this article, we give an overview of the NF-κB-dependent and -independent functions of IKKβ. We also summarize the current knowledge about the relationship of IKKβ with cellular transformation and cancer, obtained mainly through the study of animal models with cell type-specific modifications in IKKβ expression or activity. Finally, we describe the most relevant data about IKKβ implication in cancer obtained from the analysis of the human tumoral samples gathered in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angustias Page
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Oncogenomic Unit, Institute of Biomedical Investigation "12 de Octubre i+12", 28041 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manuel Navarro
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Oncogenomic Unit, Institute of Biomedical Investigation "12 de Octubre i+12", 28041 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristian Suárez-Cabrera
- Oncogenomic Unit, Institute of Biomedical Investigation "12 de Octubre i+12", 28041 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Bravo
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Angel Ramirez
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Oncogenomic Unit, Institute of Biomedical Investigation "12 de Octubre i+12", 28041 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Page A, Bravo A, Suarez-Cabrera C, Alameda JP, Casanova ML, Lorz C, Segrelles C, Segovia JC, Paramio JM, Navarro M, Ramirez A. IKKβ-Mediated Resistance to Skin Cancer Development Is Ink4a/Arf-Dependent. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1255-1264. [PMID: 28584022 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
IKKβ (encoded by IKBKB) is a protein kinase that regulates the activity of numerous proteins important in several signaling pathways, such as the NF-κB pathway. IKKβ exerts a protumorigenic role in several animal models of lung, hepatic, intestinal, and oral cancer. In addition, genomic and proteomic studies of human tumors also indicate that IKBKB gene is amplified or overexpressed in multiple tumor types. Here, the relevance of IKKβ in skin cancer was determined by performing carcinogenesis studies in animal models overexpressing IKKβ in the basal skin layer. IKKβ overexpression resulted in a striking resistance to skin cancer development and an increased expression of several tumor suppressor proteins, such as p53, p16, and p19. Mechanistically, this skin tumor-protective role of IKKβ is independent of p53, but dependent on the activity of the Ink4a/Arf locus. Interestingly, in the absence of p16 and p19, IKKβ-increased expression favors the appearance of cutaneous spindle cell-like squamous cell carcinomas, which are highly aggressive tumors. These results reveal that IKKβ activity prevents skin tumor development, and shed light on the complex nature of IKKβ effects on cancer progression, as IKKβ can both promote and prevent carcinogenesis depending on the cell type or molecular context.Implications: The ability of IKKβ to promote or prevent carcinogenesis suggests the need for further evaluation when targeting this protein. Mol Cancer Res; 15(9); 1255-64. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angustias Page
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Cell and Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universitary Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Ana Bravo
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Cristian Suarez-Cabrera
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Cell and Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universitary Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Josefa P Alameda
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Cell and Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universitary Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - M Llanos Casanova
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Cell and Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universitary Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Corina Lorz
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Cell and Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universitary Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Carmen Segrelles
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Cell and Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universitary Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - José C Segovia
- Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain
- Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Cell and Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universitary Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Manuel Navarro
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Cell and Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universitary Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Angel Ramirez
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain.
- Cell and Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universitary Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
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17
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Suguro M, Numano T, Kawabe M, Doi Y, Imai N, Mera Y, Tamano S. Lung Tumor Induction by 26-week Dermal Application of 1,2-Dichloroethane in CB6F1-Tg rasH2 Mice. Toxicol Pathol 2017; 45:427-434. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623317701003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Short-term alternatives to traditional 2-year carcinogenic studies in rodents are being actively pursued. Recently, a 26-week short-term carcinogenicity study using CB6F1-Tg rasH2@Jcl (rasH2) mice has become a worldwide standard for the evaluation of chemical carcinogenesis. However, an acceptable short-term carcinogenic study model for dermally applied products is still lacking. To investigate the suitability of using the rasH2 mouse to test carcinogenic potential, 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) was dermally applied to rasH2 mice: 1,2-DCE is a known carcinogen that causes lung bronchiolo-alveolar adenomas and adenocarcinomas when administered topically, orally, or by inhalation exposure; 1,2-DCE at a dose level of 126 mg/mouse in 200 μl acetone or acetone alone (vehicle control) was applied to the dorsal skin of 10 mice of each sex 3 times a week for 26 weeks. As a positive control, 10 mice of each sex received a single intraperitoneal injection of 75 mg/kg of N-methyl- N-nitrosourea. Bronchiolo-alveolar adenomas and adenocarcinomas were significantly increased in 1,2-DCE-treated rasH2 mice of both sexes, and bronchiolo-alveolar hyperplasias were significantly increased in female mice. Overall, almost all mice of each sex developed adenomas and/or adenocarcinomas with 100% of female rasH2 mice developing bronchiolo-alveolar adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Suguro
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., Ichinomiya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takamasa Numano
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., Ichinomiya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kawabe
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., Ichinomiya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuko Doi
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., Ichinomiya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Norio Imai
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., Ichinomiya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yukinori Mera
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., Ichinomiya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Seiko Tamano
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., Ichinomiya, Aichi, Japan
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18
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McCormick DL, Kavet R. Animal Models for the Study of Childhood Leukemia: Considerations for Model Identification and Optimization to Identify Potential Risk Factors. Int J Toxicol 2016; 23:149-61. [PMID: 15204718 DOI: 10.1080/10915810490471325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Leukemias are the most common pediatric malignancies diagnosed in western industrialized societies. In spite of the substantial incidence of childhood leukemia in the United States and other countries, neither epidemiology studies conducted in human populations nor hazard identification studies conducted using traditional animal models have identified environmental or other factors that are directly linked to increased risk of disease. Molecular biology data and mathematical modeling of incidence patterns suggest that pediatric leukemogenesis may occur through a multistage or “multihit” mechanism that involves both in utero and postnatal events. The authors propose that pediatric leukemias can be modeled experimentally using a “multihit” paradigm analogous to the “initiation-promotion” and “complete carcinogenesis” models developed for tumor induction in mouse skin and rat liver. In this model for childhood leukemia, an initial genetic alteration occurs during in utero or early postnatal development, but clinical disease develops only upon additional genetic or nongenetic events that occur during the postnatal period. Application of this multistage or “multihit” model to hazard assessment studies conducted in transgenic or knockout mice carrying relevant molecular lesions may provide a sensitive approach to the identification of environmental agents that are important risk factors for childhood leukemia.
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19
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Jacobson-Kram D, Sistare FD, Jacobs AC. Use of Transgenic Mice in Carcinogenicity Hazard Assessment. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 32 Suppl 1:49-52. [PMID: 15209403 DOI: 10.1080/01926230490424761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Determining the carcinogenic potential of materials to which humans have significant exposure is an important, complex and imperfect exercise. Not only are the methods for such determinations protracted, expensive and utilize large numbers of animals, extrapolation of data from such studies to human risk is imprecise. Toxicologists have long recognized these shortcomings but the 2-year chronic rodent study has remained the gold standard. Recent developments in the field of molecular oncology and development of methods to insert or inactivate specific genes in animals have provided the tools with which to develop the next generation of carcinogenicity assays. With improved understanding of oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene inactivation a number of animal models have been developed to dramatically reduce latency for chemically induced cancers. This has led to the development of shorter carcinogenicity assays. Also, because the spontaneous tumor frequencies in these animals are low during the in-life portion of the study, and studies are terminated well before the health complications of advanced aging are observed, it has been possible to reduce the group sizes and reduce animal usage. FDA's adoption of ICH S1B in 1997, (ICH, 1997) “Testing for the Carcinogenicity of Pharmaceuticals,” opened the door for the use of such transgenic models in regulatory toxicology. This presentation reviews the current state of the science and its application to regulatory issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jacobson-Kram
- Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.
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20
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Trump BF. Mechanisms of Toxicity and Carcinogenesis. Toxicol Pathol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/019262339502300616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Nowinski SM, Solmonson A, Mills EM. Chewing the fat for Akt1 inhibition and oncosuppression. Mol Cell Oncol 2016; 3:e1102795. [PMID: 27308618 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1102795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The catabolic and energy-dissipating actions of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs) conflict with many of the bioenergetic hallmarks of malignancy. We have recently demonstrated that overexpression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3 (Ucp3) in the basal epidermis impedes skin tumorigenesis through a novel pathway of thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1 (Akt1) inhibition via increased mitochondrial lipid catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Nowinski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ashley Solmonson
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Edward M Mills
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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22
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Elbediwy A, Vincent-Mistiaen ZI, Spencer-Dene B, Stone RK, Boeing S, Wculek SK, Cordero J, Tan EH, Ridgway R, Brunton VG, Sahai E, Gerhardt H, Behrens A, Malanchi I, Sansom OJ, Thompson BJ. Integrin signalling regulates YAP and TAZ to control skin homeostasis. Development 2016; 143:1674-87. [PMID: 26989177 PMCID: PMC4874484 DOI: 10.1242/dev.133728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The skin is a squamous epithelium that is continuously renewed by a population of basal layer stem/progenitor cells and can heal wounds. Here, we show that the transcription regulators YAP and TAZ localise to the nucleus in the basal layer of skin and are elevated upon wound healing. Skin-specific deletion of both YAP and TAZ in adult mice slows proliferation of basal layer cells, leads to hair loss and impairs regeneration after wounding. Contact with the basal extracellular matrix and consequent integrin-Src signalling is a key determinant of the nuclear localisation of YAP/TAZ in basal layer cells and in skin tumours. Contact with the basement membrane is lost in differentiating daughter cells, where YAP and TAZ become mostly cytoplasmic. In other types of squamous epithelia and squamous cell carcinomas, a similar control mechanism is present. By contrast, columnar epithelia differentiate an apical domain that recruits CRB3, Merlin (also known as NF2), KIBRA (also known as WWC1) and SAV1 to induce Hippo signalling and retain YAP/TAZ in the cytoplasm despite contact with the basal layer extracellular matrix. When columnar epithelial tumours lose their apical domain and become invasive, YAP/TAZ becomes nuclear and tumour growth becomes sensitive to the Src inhibitor Dasatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elbediwy
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | | | | | - Richard K Stone
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Stefan Boeing
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Stefanie K Wculek
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Julia Cordero
- The Beatson Institute, Switchback Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ee H Tan
- The Beatson Institute, Switchback Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Rachel Ridgway
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Val G Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Erik Sahai
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Axel Behrens
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Ilaria Malanchi
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- The Beatson Institute, Switchback Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Barry J Thompson
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
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23
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Antonio N, Bønnelykke-Behrndtz ML, Ward LC, Collin J, Christensen IJ, Steiniche T, Schmidt H, Feng Y, Martin P. The wound inflammatory response exacerbates growth of pre-neoplastic cells and progression to cancer. EMBO J 2015; 34:2219-36. [PMID: 26136213 PMCID: PMC4585460 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a long-standing association between wound healing and cancer, with cancer often described as a "wound that does not heal". However, little is known about how wounding, such as following surgery, biopsy collection or ulceration, might impact on cancer progression. Here, we use a translucent zebrafish larval model of Ras(G12V)-driven neoplasia to image the interactions between inflammatory cells drawn to a wound, and to adjacent pre-neoplastic cells. We show that neutrophils are rapidly diverted from a wound to pre-neoplastic cells and these interactions lead to increased proliferation of the pre-neoplastic cells. One of the wound-inflammation-induced trophic signals is prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In an adult model of chronic wounding in zebrafish, we show that repeated wounding with subsequent inflammation leads to a greater incidence of local melanoma formation. Our zebrafish studies led us to investigate the innate immune cell associations in ulcerated melanomas in human patients. We find a strong correlation between neutrophil presence at sites of melanoma ulceration and cell proliferation at these sites, which is associated with poor prognostic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Antonio
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marie Louise Bønnelykke-Behrndtz
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Laura Chloe Ward
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - John Collin
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Torben Steiniche
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Department of Oncology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yi Feng
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul Martin
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK School of Medicine, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
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24
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Mitochondrial uncoupling links lipid catabolism to Akt inhibition and resistance to tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8137. [PMID: 26310111 PMCID: PMC4552083 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To support growth, tumour cells reprogramme their metabolism to simultaneously upregulate macromolecular biosynthesis while maintaining energy production. Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) oppose this phenotype by inducing futile mitochondrial respiration that is uncoupled from ATP synthesis, resulting in nutrient wasting. Here using a UCP3 transgene targeted to the basal epidermis, we show that forced mitochondrial uncoupling inhibits skin carcinogenesis by blocking Akt activation. Similarly, Akt activation is markedly inhibited in UCP3 overexpressing primary human keratinocytes. Mechanistic studies reveal that uncoupling increases fatty acid oxidation and membrane phospholipid catabolism, and impairs recruitment of Akt to the plasma membrane. Overexpression of Akt overcomes metabolic regulation by UCP3, rescuing carcinogenesis. These findings demonstrate that mitochondrial uncoupling is an effective strategy to limit proliferation and tumorigenesis through inhibition of Akt, and illuminate a novel mechanism of crosstalk between mitochondrial metabolism and growth signalling.
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25
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Ortiz ML, Kumar V, Martner A, Mony S, Donthireddy L, Condamine T, Seykora J, Knight SC, Malietzis G, Lee GH, Moorghen M, Lenox B, Luetteke N, Celis E, Gabrilovich D. Immature myeloid cells directly contribute to skin tumor development by recruiting IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:351-67. [PMID: 25667306 PMCID: PMC4354367 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ortiz et al. report the accumulation of immature myeloid cells in skin tissue of patients with inflammatory conditions, which predisposes to the development of cancer. Evidence links chronic inflammation with cancer, but cellular mechanisms involved in this process remain unclear. We have demonstrated that in humans, inflammatory conditions that predispose to development of skin and colon tumors are associated with accumulation in tissues of CD33+S100A9+ cells, the phenotype typical for myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer or immature myeloid cells (IMCs) in tumor-free hosts. To identify the direct role of these cells in tumor development, we used S100A9 transgenic mice to create the conditions for topical accumulation of these cells in the skin in the absence of infection or tissue damage. These mice demonstrated accumulation of granulocytic IMCs in the skin upon topical application of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), resulting in a dramatic increase in the formation of papillomas during epidermal carcinogenesis. The effect of IMCs on tumorigenesis was not associated with immune suppression, but with CCL4 (chemokine [C-C motif] ligand 4)-mediated recruitment of IL-17–producing CD4+ T cells. This chemokine was released by activated IMCs. Elimination of CD4+ T cells or blockade of CCL4 or IL-17 abrogated the increase in tumor formation caused by myeloid cells. Thus, this study implicates accumulation of IMCs as an initial step in facilitation of tumor formation, followed by the recruitment of CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna L Ortiz
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Vinit Kumar
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Anna Martner
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612 Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - John Seykora
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Stella C Knight
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, London HA1 3UJ, England, UK
| | - George Malietzis
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, London HA1 3UJ, England, UK St. Mark's Hospital, Harrow HA1 3UJ, England, UK
| | - Gui Han Lee
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, London HA1 3UJ, England, UK St. Mark's Hospital, Harrow HA1 3UJ, England, UK
| | | | - Brianna Lenox
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612 Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Noreen Luetteke
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Esteban Celis
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA 30912
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26
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Carcinogen-Induced Skin Tumor Development Requires Leukocytic Expression of the Transcription Factor Runx3. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:913-26. [DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0098-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Eastmond DA, Vulimiri SV, French JE, Sonawane B. The use of genetically modified mice in cancer risk assessment: challenges and limitations. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 43:611-31. [PMID: 23985072 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.822844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The use of genetically modified (GM) mice to assess carcinogenicity is playing an increasingly important role in the safety evaluation of chemicals. While progress has been made in developing and evaluating mouse models such as the Trp53⁺/⁻, Tg.AC and the rasH2, the suitability of these models as replacements for the conventional rodent cancer bioassay and for assessing human health risks remains uncertain. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of accelerated cancer bioassays with GM mice for assessing the potential health risks associated with exposure to carcinogenic agents. We compared the published results from the GM bioassays to those obtained in the National Toxicology Program's conventional chronic mouse bioassay for their potential use in risk assessment. Our analysis indicates that the GM models are less efficient in detecting carcinogenic agents but more consistent in identifying non-carcinogenic agents. We identified several issues of concern related to the design of the accelerated bioassays (e.g., sample size, study duration, genetic stability and reproducibility) as well as pathway-dependency of effects, and different carcinogenic mechanisms operable in GM and non-GM mice. The use of the GM models for dose-response assessment is particularly problematic as these models are, at times, much more or less sensitive than the conventional rodent cancer bioassays. Thus, the existing GM mouse models may be useful for hazard identification, but will be of limited use for dose-response assessment. Hence, caution should be exercised when using GM mouse models to assess the carcinogenic risks of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Eastmond
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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28
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Surh I, Rao DB, Cesta MF, Hébert CD, Mann JF, Cunny H, Kissling GE, Malarkey D, Chhabra RS. Species and gender differences in the carcinogenic activity of trimethylolpropane triacrylate in rats and mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 66:254-61. [PMID: 24503412 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) is a multifunctional monomer with industrial applications. To determine the carcinogenic potential, male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1/N mice were administered TMPTA (0, 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0mg/kg) in acetone dermally for 2 years. There were no differences in the body weights and survival in the treated animals compared to controls. Nonneoplastic skin lesions at the site of application included epidermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis in both rats and mice. There were no incidences of tumors at the site of application in rats and mice. Rare malignant liver neoplasms were observed in female mice that included hepatoblastoma in the 0.3 and 3.0mg/kg groups, and hepatocholangiocarcinoma in the 1.0 and 3.0mg/kg groups. The incidences of uterine stromal polyp and stromal polyp or stromal sarcoma (combined) in female mice occurred with positive trends and the incidences were significantly increased in the 3.0mg/kg group. A marginal increase in the incidences of malignant mesothelioma in male rats may have been related to TMPTA treatment. In conclusion, our studies show that TMPTA is a dermal irritant in both rats and mice of either sex. Increased incidences of tumor formation were observed in female mice and male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inok Surh
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Deepa B Rao
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Mark F Cesta
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Jill F Mann
- Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35255, USA
| | - Helen Cunny
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Grace E Kissling
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - David Malarkey
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Rajendra S Chhabra
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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29
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Drosten M, Lechuga CG, Barbacid M. Genetic analysis of Ras genes in epidermal development and tumorigenesis. Small GTPases 2013; 4:236-41. [PMID: 24150175 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.26905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferation and differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes are tightly controlled to ensure proper development and homeostasis of the epidermis. The Ras family of small GTPases has emerged as a central node in the coordination of cell proliferation in the epidermis. Recent genetic evidence from mouse models has revealed that the intensity of Ras signaling modulates the proliferative capacity of epidermal keratinocytes. Interfering with Ras signaling either by combined elimination of the 3 Ras genes from the basal layer of the epidermis or by overexpression of dominant-negative Ras isoforms caused epidermal thinning due to hypoproliferation of keratinocytes. In contrast, overexpression of oncogenic Ras mutants in different epidermal cell layers led to hyperproliferative phenotypes including the development of papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas. Here, we discuss the value of loss- and gain-of-function studies in mouse models to assess the role of Ras signaling in the control of epidermal proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Drosten
- Molecular Oncology Programme; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO); Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen G Lechuga
- Molecular Oncology Programme; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO); Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Barbacid
- Molecular Oncology Programme; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO); Madrid, Spain
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30
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Ortiz ML, Lu L, Ramachandran I, Gabrilovich DI. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the development of lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2013; 2:50-8. [PMID: 24778162 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are widely implicated in immune suppression associated with tumor progression and chronic inflammation. However, very little is known about their possible role in tumor development. Here, we evaluated the role of MDSC in two experimental models of lung cancer: inflammation-associated lung cancer caused by chemical carcinogen urethane in combination with exposure to cigarette smoke; and a transgenic CC10Tg model not associated with inflammation. Exposure of mice to cigarette smoke alone resulted in significant accumulation in various organs of cells with typical MDSC phenotype (Gr-1(+)CD11b(+)). However, these cells lacked immunosuppressive activity and could not be defined as MDSC. When cigarette smoke was combined with a single dose of urethane, it led to the development of tumor lesions in lungs within 4 months. By that time, Gr-1(+)CD11b(+) cells accumulated in the spleen and lung and had potent immunosuppressive activity, and thus could be defined as MDSC. In the CC10Tg model, accumulation of immunosuppressive MDSC was observed only at 4 months of age, after the appearance of tumor lesions in the lungs. Accumulation of MDSC in both models was abrogated in S100A9 knockout mice. This resulted in a dramatic improvement in survival of mice in both models. Thus, cigarette smoke results in the expansion of immature myeloid cells lacking suppressive activity. Accumulation of bona fide MDSC in both models was observed only after the development of tumor lesions. However, MDSC played a major role in tumor progression and survival, which suggests that their targeting may provide clinical benefits in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna L Ortiz
- Authors' Affiliations: The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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31
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Kawabe M, Urano K, Suguro M, Numano T, Taguchi F, Tsutsumi H, Furukawa F. Tumor Promotion by 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-Acetate in an Ultra-Short-Term Skin Carcinogenesis Bioassay Using rasH2 Mice. Vet Pathol 2013; 50:903-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813486811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of the skin tumor–promoting potential of 12- O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) after initiation with 7,12-dimethylbenz[ a]anthracene (DMBA) was conducted using rasH2 transgenic (Tg) mice and their nontransgenic (non-Tg) littermates. Mice were treated with DMBA (50 μg/100 μL acetone) on clipped back skin at the commencement of the study, and 1 week thereafter, TPA was applied at 8 μg/200 μL or 4 μg/200 μL acetone, once or twice weekly, for 7 weeks. Skin nodules were observed in the rasH2 Tg mice from week 4, and the incidence reached 100% at weeks 5 and 6. The number of skin nodules (multiplicity) in the 8-μg twice-weekly, 8-μg once-weekly, 4-μg twice-weekly, and 4-μg once-weekly groups was 62.4, 46.2, 62.6, and 36.9, respectively. The non-Tg mice also developed skin nodules, but the sensitivity to induction in the rasH2 Tg mice was higher. No nodules were observed in the acetone groups, but single nodules were apparent in the no-treatment rasH2 Tg and non-Tg groups. In conclusion, skin promotion effects could be detected within only 8 weeks in the rasH2 mice, and the concentration of 4 μg TPA once weekly was sufficient as a positive control. This short-term skin carcinogenesis bioassay using rasH2 mice could represent a useful tool for the assessment of drug and chemical safety with cutaneous treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kawabe
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., Azai-cho, Ichinomiya, Japan
| | - K. Urano
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - M. Suguro
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., Azai-cho, Ichinomiya, Japan
| | - T. Numano
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., Azai-cho, Ichinomiya, Japan
| | - F. Taguchi
- CLEA Japan, Inc., Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H. Tsutsumi
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - F. Furukawa
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., Azai-cho, Ichinomiya, Japan
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32
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Role of stat3 in skin carcinogenesis: insights gained from relevant mouse models. J Skin Cancer 2013; 2013:684050. [PMID: 23577258 PMCID: PMC3618941 DOI: 10.1155/2013/684050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is a cytoplasmic protein that is activated in response to cytokines and growth factors and acts as a transcription factor. Stat3 plays critical roles in various biological activities including cell proliferation, migration, and survival. Studies using keratinocyte-specific Stat3-deficient mice have revealed that Stat3 plays an important role in skin homeostasis including keratinocyte migration, wound healing, and hair follicle growth. Use of both constitutive and inducible keratinocyte-specific Stat3-deficient mouse models has demonstrated that Stat3 is required for both the initiation and promotion stages of multistage skin carcinogenesis. Further studies using a transgenic mouse model with a gain of function mutant of Stat3 (Stat3C) expressed in the basal layer of the epidermis revealed a novel role for Stat3 in skin tumor progression. Studies using similar Stat3-deficient and gain-of-function mouse models have indicated its similar roles in ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation-mediated skin carcinogenesis. This paper summarizes the use of these various mouse models for studying the role and underlying mechanisms for the function of Stat3 in skin carcinogenesis. Given its significant role throughout the skin carcinogenesis process, Stat3 is an attractive target for skin cancer prevention and treatment.
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33
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Healy S, Khan P, Davie JR. Immediate early response genes and cell transformation. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 137:64-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Bajpayee M, Pandey AK, Parmar D, Dhawan A. Current Status of Short-Term Tests for Evaluation of Genotoxicity, Mutagenicity, and Carcinogenicity of Environmental Chemicals and NCEs. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 15:155-80. [PMID: 20021080 DOI: 10.1080/15376520590945667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of the industrial revolution has seen a significant increase in the number of new chemical entities (NCEs) released in the environment. It becomes imperative to check the toxic potential of NCEs to nontarget species before they are released for commercial purposes because some of these may exert genotoxicity, mutagenicity, or carcinogenicity. Exposure to such compounds produces chemical changes in DNA, which are generally repaired by the DNA repair enzymes. However, DNA damage and its fixation may occur in the form of gene mutations, chromosomal damage, and numerical chromosomal changes and recombination. This may affect the incidence of heritable mutations in man and may be transferred to the progeny or lead to the development of cancer. Hence, adequate tests on NCEs have to be undertaken for the risk assessment and hazard prediction. Compounds that are positive in tests that detect such damages have the potential to be human mutagens/carcinogens. Only long-term animal bioassays, involving lifetime studies on animals, were used earlier to classify substances as mutagens/carcinogens. These tests were cumbersome and time consuming and required a lot of facilities and personnel. Short-term tests, therefore, were brought into practice. A "battery" of three to four of these short-term tests has been proposed now by a number of regulatory authorities for the classification of compounds as mutagenic or carcinogenic. This review deals with the current status of these short-term tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Bajpayee
- Developmental Toxicology Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Center, M.G. Marg, LucknowIndia
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35
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Prenatal exposure to TCDD triggers significant modulation of microRNA expression profile in the thymus that affects consequent gene expression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45054. [PMID: 23024791 PMCID: PMC3443208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRs) are a class of small RNAs that regulate gene expression. There are over 700 miRs encoded in the mouse genome and modulate most of the cellular pathways and functions by controlling gene expression. However, there is not much known about the pathophysiological role of miRs. TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin), an environmental contaminant is well known to induce severe toxicity (acute and chronic) with long-term effects. Also, in utero exposure of fetus to TCDD has been shown to cause thymic atrophy and alterations in T cell differentiation. It is also relevant to understand “the fetal basis of adult disease” hypothesis, which proposes that prenatal exposure to certain forms of nutritional and environmental stress can cause increased susceptibility to clinical disorders later in life. In the current study, therefore, we investigated the effects of prenatal exposure to TCDD on miR profile in fetal thymocytes and searched for their possible role in causing thymic atrophy and alterations in the expression of apoptotic genes. Methodology/Principal Findings miR arrays of fetal thymocytes post exposure to TCDD and vehicle were performed. Of the 608 mouse miRs screened, 78 miRs were altered more than 1.5 fold and 28 miRs were changed more than 2 fold in fetal thymocytes post-TCDD exposure when compared to vehicle controls. We validated the expression of several of the miRs using RT-PCR. Furthermore, several of the miRs that were downregulated contained highly complementary sequence to the 3′-UTR region of AhR, CYP1A1, Fas and FasL. Also, the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software and database was used to analyze the 78 miRs that exhibited significant expression changes and revealed that as many as 15 pathways may be affected. Conclusions/Significance These studies revealed that TCDD-mediated alterations in miR expression may be involved in the regulation of its toxicity including cancer, hepatic injury, apoptosis, and cellular development.
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Yanagida J, Hammiller B, Al-Matouq J, Behrens M, Trempus CS, Repertinger SK, Hansen LA. Accelerated elimination of ultraviolet-induced DNA damage through apoptosis in CDC25A-deficient skin. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1754-61. [PMID: 22764135 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell division cycle 25A (CDC25A) is a dual-specificity phosphatase that removes inhibitory phosphates from cyclin-dependent kinases, allowing cell-cycle progression. Activation of cell-cycle checkpoints following DNA damage results in the degradation of CDC25A, leading to cell-cycle arrest. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, which causes most skin cancer, results in both DNA damage and CDC25A degradation. We hypothesized that ablation of CDC25A in the skin would increase cell-cycle arrest following UV irradiation, allowing for improved repair of DNA damage and decreased tumorigenesis. Cdc25a(fl/fl) /Krt14-Cre recombinase mice, with decreased CDC25A in the epithelium of the skin, were generated and exposed to UV. UV-induced DNA damage, in the form of cyclopyrimidine dimers and 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine adducts, was eliminated earlier from CDC25A-deficient epidermis. Surprisingly, loss of CDC25A did not alter epidermal proliferation or cell cycle after UV exposure. However, the UV-induced apoptotic response was prolonged in CDC25A-deficient skin. Double labeling of cleaved caspase-3 and the DNA damage marker γH2A.X revealed many of the apoptotic cells in UV-exposed Cdc25a mutant skin had high levels of DNA damage. Induction of skin tumors by UV irradiation of Cdc25a mutant and control mice on a skin tumor susceptible to v-ras(Ha) Tg.AC mouse background revealed UV-induced papillomas in Cdc25a mutants were significantly smaller than in controls in the first 6 weeks following UV exposure, although there was no difference in tumor multiplicity or incidence. Thus, deletion of Cdc25a increased apoptosis and accelerated the elimination of DNA damage following UV but did not substantially alter cell-cycle regulation or tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Yanagida
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, 2500 California Plaza Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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Ramya D, Siddikuzzaman, Grace VMB. Effect of all-transretinoic acid (ATRA) on syndecan-1 expression and its chemoprotective effect in benzo(α)pyrene-induced lung cancer mice model. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 34:1020-7. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2012.693086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Surh I, Behl M, Elmore SA, Chhabra RS. Comparative dermal toxicity of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and diisopropylcarbodiimide in rodents. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2011; 31:177-87. [PMID: 22060820 DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2011.629384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and Diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) are two representative chemicals in the carbodiimide class of chemicals used in industry as stabilizing agents. There is a potential of dermal exposure to these agents in chemical, pharmaceutical and recombinant DNA industries. The National Toxicology Program conducted a number of animal studies to characterize toxicity and carcinogenicity of DIC and DCC. Dermal administration of DCC and DIC in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice for 90-days induced skin irritation at the site of application in a dose-dependent manner. Microscopically, dose-dependent increases in epidermal hyperplasia and chronic inflammation were observed. We further evaluated the effects of dermal exposure of DCC and DIC in p53 haploinsufficient and Tg.AC mouse models. Results revealed the skin as the primary target of DCC and DIC exposure as indicated by dose - dependent skin lesions (hyperplasia, inflammation and necrosis). DCC induced squamous cell papillomas in Tg.AC mice but did not induce any neoplastic lesions in p53 haploinsufficient mice. Dermal application of DIC did not induce any neoplastic lesions in Tg.AC mice and p53 haploinsufficient mice. Based on these studies, it was predicted that DIC would be negative and DCC positive for carcinogenic activity in the traditional two-year bioassay. In the subsequent studies, the carcinogenic potential of DIC only in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice in a traditional 2-year chronic carcinogenicity bioassay was evaluated by the dermal route. Findings revealed the skin as the major target organ of toxicity in both sexes in rats and in male mice. There were no neoplastic lesions observed in rats or mice with the administration of DIC. In rats, there were clinical signs of toxicity in the highest dose-group which included ataxia, excitability, impaired gait, low muscle tone, abnormal breathing, lethargy, and seizures. This was accompanied by non-neoplastic lesions in the brain and lung only at the highest dose level. In conclusion, both DIC and DCC are dermal toxicants. DIC did not have any carcinogenic activity in transgenic mouse models or in the traditional NTP two-year carcinogenicity studies in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. DCC was positive in the Tg.AC mouse model and likely to be carcinogenic in the 2-year bioassay as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inok Surh
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 22709, USA
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Henderson CJ, Ritchie KJ, McLaren A, Chakravarty P, Wolf CR. Increased skin papilloma formation in mice lacking glutathione transferase GSTP. Cancer Res 2011; 71:7048-60. [PMID: 21975931 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-0882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferase GSTP is overexpressed in many human cancers and chemotherapy-resistant cancer cells, where there is evidence that GSTP may have additional functions beyond its known catalytic role. On the basis of evidence that Gstp-deficient mice have a comparatively higher susceptibility to skin carcinogenesis, we investigated whether this phenotype reflected an alteration in carcinogen detoxification or not. For this study, Gstp(-/-) mice were interbred with Tg.AC mice that harbor initiating H-ras mutations in the skin. Gstp(-/-)/Tg.AC mice exposed to the proinflammatory phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) exhibited higher tumor incidence and multiplicity with a significant thickening of skin after treatment, illustrating hyperproliferative growth. Unexpectedly, we observed no difference in cellular proliferation or apoptosis or in markers of oxidative stress, although higher levels of the inflammatory marker nitrotyrosine were found in Gstp(-/-)/Tg.AC mice. Instead, gene set enrichment analysis of microarray expression data obtained from skin revealed a more proapoptotic and proinflammatory environment shortly after TPA treatment. Within 4 weeks of TPA treatment, Gstp(-/-)/Tg.AC mice displayed altered lipid/sterol metabolism and Wnt signaling along with aberrant processes of cytoskeletal control and epidermal morphogenesis at both early and late times. In extending the evidence that GSTP has a vital role in normal homeostatic control and cancer prevention, they also strongly encourage the emerging concept that GSTP is a major determinant of the proinflammatory character of the tumor microenvironment. This study shows that the GSTP plays a major role in carcinogenesis distinct from its role in detoxification and provides evidence that the enzyme is a key determinant of the proinflammatory tumor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Henderson
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Page A, Cascallana JL, Casanova ML, Navarro M, Alameda JP, Pérez P, Bravo A, Ramírez A. IKKβ Overexpression Leads to Pathologic Lesions in Stratified Epithelia and Exocrine Glands and to Tumoral Transformation of Oral Epithelia. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:1329-38. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Alameda JP, Moreno-Maldonado R, Fernández-Aceñero MJ, Navarro M, Page A, Jorcano JL, Bravo A, Ramírez Á, Casanova ML. Increased IKKα expression in the basal layer of the epidermis of transgenic mice enhances the malignant potential of skin tumors. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21984. [PMID: 21755017 PMCID: PMC3130791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most frequent type of cancer in humans. In this study we demonstrate that elevated IKKα expression in murine epidermis increases the malignancy potential of skin tumors. We describe the generation of transgenic mice overexpressing IKKα in the basal, proliferative layer of the epidermis and in the outer root sheath of hair follicles. The epidermis of K5-IKKα transgenic animals shows several alterations such as hyperproliferation, mislocalized expression of integrin-α6 and downregulation of the tumor suppressor maspin. Treatment of the back skin of mice with the mitogenic agent 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate causes in transgenic mice the appearance of different preneoplastic changes such as epidermal atypia with loss of cell polarity and altered epidermal tissue architecture, while in wild type littermates this treatment only leads to the development of benign epidermal hyperplasia. Moreover, in skin carcinogenesis assays, transgenic mice carrying active Ha-ras (K5-IKKα-Tg.AC mice) develop invasive tumors, instead of the benign papillomas arising in wild type-Tg-AC mice also bearing an active Ha-ras. Therefore we provide evidence for a tumor promoter role of IKKα in skin cancer, similarly to what occurs in other neoplasias, including hepatocarcinomas and breast, prostate and colorectal cancer. The altered expression of cyclin D1, maspin and integrin-α6 in skin of transgenic mice provides, at least in part, the molecular bases for the increased malignant potential found in the K5-IKKα skin tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manuel Navarro
- Division of Epithelial Biomedicine, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angustias Page
- Division of Epithelial Biomedicine, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Bravo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ángel Ramírez
- Division of Epithelial Biomedicine, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
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Chen J, O'Shea C, Fitzpatrick JE, Koster MI, Koch PJ. Loss of Desmocollin 3 in skin tumor development and progression. Mol Carcinog 2011; 51:535-45. [PMID: 21681825 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Desmocollin 3 (DSC3) is a desmosomal cadherin that is required for maintaining cell adhesion in the epidermis as demonstrated by the intra-epidermal blistering observed in Dsc3 null skin. Recently, it has been suggested that deregulated expression of DSC3 occurs in certain human tumor types. It is not clear whether DSC3 plays a role in the development or progression of cancers arising in stratified epithelia such as the epidermis. To address this issue, we generated a mouse model in which Dsc3 expression is ablated in K-Ras oncogene-induced skin tumors. Our results demonstrate that loss of Dsc3 leads to an increase in K-Ras-induced skin tumors. We hypothesize that acantholysis-induced epidermal hyperplasia in the Dsc3 null epidermis facilitates Ras-induced tumor development. Further, we demonstrate that spontaneous loss of DSC3 expression is a common occurrence during human and mouse skin tumor progression. This loss occurs in tumor cells invading the dermis. Interestingly, other desmosomal proteins are still expressed in tumor cells that lack DSC3, suggesting a specific function of DSC3 loss in tumor progression. While loss of DSC3 on the skin surface leads to epidermal blistering, it does not appear to induce loss of cell-cell adhesion in tumor cells invading the dermis, most likely due to a protection of these cells within the dermis from mechanical stress. We thus hypothesize that DSC3 can contribute to the progression of tumors both by cell adhesion-dependent (skin surface) and likely by cell adhesion-independent (invading tumor cells) mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangli Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Kawakubo T, Yasukochi A, Okamoto K, Okamoto Y, Nakamura S, Yamamoto K. The role of cathepsin E in terminal differentiation of keratinocytes. Biol Chem 2011; 392:571-85. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cathepsin E (CatE) is predominantly expressed in the rapidly regenerating gastric mucosal cells and epidermal keratinocytes, in addition to the immune system cells. However, the role of CatE in these cells remains unclear. Here we report a crucial role of CatE in keratinocyte terminal differentiation. CatE deficiency in mice induces abnormal keratinocyte differentiation in the epidermis and hair follicle, characterized by the significant expansion of corium and the reduction of subcutaneous tissue and hair follicle. In a model of skin papillomas formed in three different genotypes of syngeneic mice, CatE deficiency results in significantly reduced expression and altered localization of the keratinocyte differentiation induced proteins, keratin 1 and loricrin. Involvement of CatE in the regulation of the expression of epidermal differentiation specific proteins was corroborated by in vitro studies with primary cultures of keratinocytes from the three different genotypes of mice. In wild-type keratinocytes after differentiation inducing stimuli, the CatE expression profile was compatible to those of the terminal differentiation marker genes tested. Overexpression of CatE in mice enhances the keratinocyte terminal differentiation process, whereas CatE deficiency results in delayed differentiation accompanying the reduced expression or the ectopic localization of the differentiation markers. Our findings suggest that in keratinocytes CatE is functionally linked to the expression of terminal differentiation markers, thereby regulating epidermis formation and homeostasis.
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Boverhof DR, Chamberlain MP, Elcombe CR, Gonzalez FJ, Heflich RH, Hernández LG, Jacobs AC, Jacobson-Kram D, Luijten M, Maggi A, Manjanatha MG, Benthem JV, Gollapudi BB. Transgenic animal models in toxicology: historical perspectives and future outlook. Toxicol Sci 2011; 121:207-33. [PMID: 21447610 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic animal models are powerful tools for developing a more detailed understanding on the roles of specific genes in biological pathways and systems. Applications of these models have been made within the field of toxicology, most notably for the screening of mutagenic and carcinogenic potential and for the characterization of toxic mechanisms of action. It has long been a goal of research toxicologists to use the data from these models to refine hazard identification and characterization to better inform human health risk assessments. This review provides an overview on the applications of transgenic animal models in the assessment of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, their use as reporter systems, and as tools for understanding the roles of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and biological receptors in the etiology of chemical toxicity. Perspectives are also shared on the future outlook for these models in toxicology and risk assessment and how transgenic technologies are likely to be an integral tool for toxicity testing in the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell R Boverhof
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, USA.
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Bushue N, Wan YJY. Retinoid pathway and cancer therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1285-98. [PMID: 20654663 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The retinoids are a class of compounds that are structurally related to vitamin A. Retinoic acid, which is the active metabolite of retinol, regulates a wide range of biological processes including development, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Retinoids exert their effects through a variety of binding proteins including cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP), retinol-binding proteins (RBP), cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP), and nuclear receptors i.e. retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid x receptor (RXR). Because of the pleiotropic effects of retinoids, understanding the function of these binding proteins and nuclear receptors assists us in developing compounds that have specific effects. This review summarizes our current understanding of how retinoids are processed and act with an emphasis on the application of retinoids in cancer treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Bushue
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Bugelski PJ, Volk A, Walker MR, Krayer JH, Martin P, Descotes J. Critical Review of Preclinical Approaches to Evaluate the Potential of Immunosuppressive Drugs to Influence Human Neoplasia. Int J Toxicol 2010; 29:435-66. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581810374654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many immunosuppressive drugs are associated with an increased risk of B-cell lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and Kaposi sarcoma. Thirteen immunosuppressive drugs have been tested in 2-year carcinogenicity studies (abatacept; azathioprine; busulfan; cyclophosphamide; cyclosporine; dexamethasone; everolimus; leflunomide; methotrexate; mycophenolate mofetil; prednisone; sirolimus; and tacrolimus) and in additional models including neonatal and genetically modified mice; chemical, viral, ultraviolet, and ionizing radiation co-carcinogenesis, and in models with transplanted tumor cells. The purpose of this review is to outline the mechanisms by which immunosuppressive drugs can influence neoplasia, to summarize the available preclinical data on the 13 drugs, and to critically review the performance of the models. A combination of primary tumor and metastasis assays conducted with transplanted cells may provide the highest value for hazard identification and can be applied on a case-by-case basis. However, for both small molecules and therapeutic proteins, determining the relative risk to patients from preclinical data remains problematic. Classifying immunosuppressive drugs based on their mechanism of action and hazard identification from preclinical studies and a prospective pharmacovigilance program to monitor carcinogenic risk may be a feasible way to manage patient safety during the clinical development program and postmarketing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Volk
- Biologics Toxicology, Centocor R&D, Radnor, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jacques Descotes
- Centre Antipoison–Centre de Pharmacovigilance, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
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Klein A, Li N, Nicholson JM, McCormack AA, Graessmann A, Duesberg P. Transgenic oncogenes induce oncogene-independent cancers with individual karyotypes and phenotypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 200:79-99. [PMID: 20620590 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are clones of autonomous cells defined by individual karyotypes, much like species. Despite such karyotypic evidence for causality, three to six synergistic mutations, termed oncogenes, are generally thought to cause cancer. To test single oncogenes, they are artificially activated with heterologous promoters and spliced into the germ line of mice to initiate cancers with collaborating spontaneous oncogenes. Because such cancers are studied as models for the treatment of natural cancers with related oncogenes, the following must be answered: 1) which oncogenes collaborate with the transgenes in cancers; 2) how do single transgenic oncogenes induce diverse cancers and hyperplasias; 3) what maintains cancers that lose initiating transgenes; 4) why are cancers aneuploid, over- and underexpressing thousands of normal genes? Here we try to answer these questions with the theory that carcinogenesis is a form of speciation. We postulate that transgenic oncogenes initiate carcinogenesis by inducing aneuploidy. Aneuploidy destabilizes the karyotype by unbalancing teams of mitosis genes. This instability thus catalyzes the evolution of new cancer species with individual karyotypes. Depending on their degree of aneuploidy, these cancers then evolve new subspecies. To test this theory, we have analyzed the karyotypes and phenotypes of mammary carcinomas of mice with transgenic SV40 tumor virus- and hepatitis B virus-derived oncogenes. We found that (1) a given transgene induced diverse carcinomas with individual karyotypes and phenotypes; (2) these karyotypes coevolved with newly acquired phenotypes such as drug resistance; (3) 8 of 12 carcinomas were transgene negative. Having found one-to-one correlations between individual karyotypes and phenotypes and consistent coevolutions of karyotypes and phenotypes, we conclude that carcinogenesis is a form of speciation and that individual karyotypes maintain cancers as they maintain species. Because activated oncogenes destabilize karyotypes and are dispensable in cancers, we conclude that they function indirectly, like carcinogens. Such oncogenes would thus not be valid models for the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Klein
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Institut für Biochemie, Monbijoustrasse 2, Berlin, Germany
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Kim IY, Shin JH, Seong JK. Mouse phenogenomics, toolbox for functional annotation of human genome. BMB Rep 2010; 43:79-90. [PMID: 20193125 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2010.43.2.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models are crucial for the functional annotation of human genome. Gene modification techniques including gene targeting and gene trap in mouse have provided powerful tools in the form of genetically engineered mice (GEM) for understanding the molecular pathogenesis of human diseases. Several international consortium and programs are under way to deliver mutations in every gene in mouse genome. The information from studying these GEM can be shared through international collaboration. However, there are many limitations in utility because not all human genes are knocked out in mouse and they are not yet phenotypically characterized by standardized ways which is required for sharing and evaluating data from GEM. The recent improvement in mouse genetics has now moved the bottleneck in mouse functional genomics from the production of GEM to the systematic mouse phenotype analysis of GEM. Enhanced, reproducible and comprehensive mouse phenotype analysis has thus emerged as a prerequisite for effectively engaging the phenotyping bottleneck. In this review, current information on systematic mouse phenotype analysis and an issue-oriented perspective will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Storer RD, Sistare FD, Vijayaraj Reddy M, Degeorge JJ. An Industry Perspective on the Utility of Short-Term Carcinogenicity Testing in Transgenic Mice in Pharmaceutical Development. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 38:51-61. [PMID: 19893055 DOI: 10.1177/0192623309351718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
International guidelines allow for use of a short-term cancer bioassay (twenty-six weeks) in transgenic mice as a substitute for one of the two required long-term rodent bioassays in the preclinical safety evaluation of pharmaceuticals. The two models that have gained the widest acceptance by sponsors and regulatory authorities are the CB6F1-RasH2 mouse hemizygous for a human H-ras transgene and the B6.129N5-Trp53 mouse heterozygous for a p53 null allele. The p53+/- model is of particular value for compounds with residual concern that genotoxic activity may contribute to tumorigenesis. The rasH2 model is an appropriate alternative without regard to evidence of genotoxic potential. Since results from a short-term bioassay can be obtained relatively early in drug development, there is the potential for more timely assessment of cancer risk for individuals in long-term clinical trials. Use of these models in preclinical safety evaluation also significantly reduces animal use, time, and manpower. Preliminary findings indicate that prediction of two-year rat bioassay outcomes based on data from chronic rat toxicity studies, together with early assessment of carcinogenic potential in short-term transgenic models, may have the potential to increase the timeliness and efficiency of strategies for the identification of human carcinogenic hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D. Storer
- Dept. of Safety Assessment, Merck Research Laboratories,
West Point, Pennsylvania, USA,
| | - Frank D. Sistare
- Dept. of Safety Assessment, Merck Research Laboratories,
West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - M. Vijayaraj Reddy
- Dept. of Safety Assessment, Merck Research Laboratories,
West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph J. Degeorge
- Dept. of Safety Assessment, Merck Research Laboratories,
West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
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Diez FR, Garrido AA, Sharma A, Luke CT, Stone JC, Dower NA, Cline JM, Lorenzo PS. RasGRP1 transgenic mice develop cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas in response to skin wounding: potential role of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:392-9. [PMID: 19497993 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.090036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Models of epidermal carcinogenesis have demonstrated that Ras is a critical molecule involved in tumor initiation and progression. Previously, we have shown that RasGRP1 increases the susceptibility of mice to skin tumorigenesis when overexpressed in the epidermis by a transgenic approach, related to its ability to activate Ras. Moreover, RasGRP1 transgenic mice develop spontaneous papillomas and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas, some of which appear to originate in sites of injury, suggesting that RasGRP1 may be responding to signals generated during the wound-healing process. In this study, we examined the response of the RasGRP1 transgenic animals to full-thickness incision wounding of the skin, and demonstrated that they respond by developing tumors along the wounded site. The tumors did not present mutations in the H-ras gene, but Rasgrp1 transgene dosage correlated with tumor susceptibility and size. Analysis of serum cytokines showed increased levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in transgenic animals after wounding. Furthermore, in vitro experiments with primary keratinocytes showed that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor stimulated Ras activation, although RasGRP1 was dispensable for this effect. Since granulocyte colony-stimulating factor has been recently associated with proliferation of skin cancer cells, our results may help in the elucidation of pathways that activate Ras in the epidermis during tumorigenesis in the absence of oncogenic ras mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico R Diez
- Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
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