1
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Taki S, Boron WF, Moss FJ. Novel RPTPγ and RPTPζ splice variants from mixed neuron-astrocyte hippocampal cultures as well as from the hippocampi of newborn and adult mice. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1406448. [PMID: 38952869 PMCID: PMC11215419 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1406448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases γ and ζ (RPTPγ and RPTPζ) are transmembrane signaling proteins with extracellular carbonic anhydrase-like domains that play vital roles in the development and functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) and are implicated in tumor suppression, neurodegeneration, and sensing of extracellular [CO2] and [HCO3 -]. RPTPγ expresses throughout the body, whereas RPTPζ preferentially expresses in the CNS. Here, we investigate differential RPTPγ-RPTPζ expression in three sources derived from a wild-type laboratory strain of C57BL/6 mice: (a) mixed neuron-astrocyte hippocampal (HC) cultures 14 days post isolation from P0-P2 pups; (b) P0-P2 pup hippocampi; and (c) 9- to 12-week-old adult hippocampi. Regarding RPTPγ, we detect the Ptprg variant-1 (V1) transcript, representing canonical exons 1-30. Moreover, we newly validate the hypothetical assembly [XM_006517956] (propose name, Ptprg-V3), which lacks exon 14. Both transcripts are in all three HC sources. Regarding RPTPζ, we confirm the expression of Ptprz1-V1, detecting it in pups and adults but not in cultures, and Ptprz1-V3 through Ptprz1-V7 in all three preparations. We newly validate hypothetical assemblies Ptprz1-X1 (in cultures and pups), Ptprz1-X2 (in all three), and Ptprz1-X5 (in pups and adults) and propose to re-designate them as Ptprz1-V0, Ptprz1-V2, and Ptprz1-V8, respectively. The diversity of RPTPγ and RPTPζ splice variants likely corresponds to distinct signaling functions, in different cellular compartments, during development vs later life. In contrast to previous studies that report divergent RPTPγ and RPTPζ protein expressions in neurons and sometimes in the glia, we observe that RPTPγ and RPTPζ co-express in the somata and processes of almost all HC neurons but not in astrocytes, in all three HC preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Taki
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Walter F. Boron
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Fraser J. Moss
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
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2
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Chatterjee A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its secreted tyrosine phosphatases. Biochimie 2023; 212:41-47. [PMID: 37059349 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the most common infectious diseases and has been a major burden for a long time now. Increasing drug resistance in TB is slowing down the process of disease treatment. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB is known to have a cascade of virulence factors to fight with host's immune system. The phosphatases (PTPs) of Mtb plays a critical role as these are secretory in nature and help the survival of bacteria in host. Researchers have been trying to synthesize inhibitors against a lot of virulence factors of Mtb but recently the phosphatases have gained a lot of interest due to their secretory nature. This review gives a concise overview of virulence factors of Mtb with emphasis on mPTPs. Here we discuss the current scenario of drug development against mPTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Chatterjee
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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3
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Overexpression of the miR-17-92 cluster in colorectal adenoma organoids causes a carcinoma-like gene expression signature. Neoplasia 2022; 32:100820. [PMID: 35872559 PMCID: PMC9307940 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gain of chromosome arm 13q is one of the most prevalent DNA copy number alterations associated with colorectal adenoma-to-carcinoma progression. The oncogenic miR-17-92 cluster, located at 13q, was found to be overexpressed in colorectal cancer and in adenomas harboring 13q gain. However, to what extent overexpression of this group of microRNAs actually drives progression to cancer remains to be resolved. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the role of miR-17-92 cluster in the progression from colorectal adenoma to carcinoma. The miR-17-92 cluster was overexpressed in human colorectal adenoma organoids without 13q gain and downstream effects on mRNA expression were investigated, along with functional consequences in vitro and in vivo. Comparison of mRNA sequencing results of organoids overexpressing miR-17-92 and cultures transduced with control vector revealed a miR-17-92 expression signature. This signature appeared to be enriched in an independent series of colorectal cancers and adenomas with 13q gain, confirming that miR-17-92 expression is associated with malignant progression. However, tumor-associated characteristics, such as increased proliferation rate, were not observed in miR-17-92 overexpressing adenoma organoids in vitro. In addition, subcutaneous injection of these organoids in immunodeficient mice was insufficient to cause tumor outgrowth. In conclusion, this study showed that miR-17-92 expression contributes to 13q gain-associated adenoma-to-carcinoma progression, however, this is insufficient to cause malignancy.
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4
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Sloth RA, Axelsen TV, Espejo MS, Toft NJ, Voss NCS, Burton M, Thomassen M, Vahl P, Boedtkjer E. Loss of RPTPγ primes breast tissue for acid extrusion, promotes malignant transformation and results in early tumour recurrence and shortened survival. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:1226-1238. [PMID: 35821297 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While cellular metabolism and acidic waste handling accelerate during breast carcinogenesis, temporal patterns of acid-base regulation and underlying molecular mechanisms responding to the tumour microenvironment remain unclear. METHODS We explore data from human cohorts and experimentally investigate transgenic mice to evaluate the putative extracellular HCO3--sensor Receptor Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (RPTP)γ during breast carcinogenesis. RESULTS RPTPγ expression declines during human breast carcinogenesis and particularly in high-malignancy grade breast cancer. Low RPTPγ expression associates with poor prognosis in women with Luminal A or Basal-like breast cancer. RPTPγ knockout in mice favours premalignant changes in macroscopically normal breast tissue, accelerates primary breast cancer development, promotes malignant breast cancer histopathologies, and shortens recurrence-free survival. In RPTPγ knockout mice, expression of Na+,HCO3--cotransporter NBCn1-a breast cancer susceptibility protein-is upregulated in normal breast tissue but, contrary to wild-type mice, shows no further increase during breast carcinogenesis. Associated augmentation of Na+,HCO3--cotransport in normal breast tissue from RPTPγ knockout mice elevates steady-state intracellular pH, which has known pro-proliferative effects. CONCLUSIONS Loss of RPTPγ accelerates cellular net acid extrusion and elevates NBCn1 expression in breast tissue. As these effects precede neoplastic manifestations in histopathology, we propose that RPTPγ-dependent enhancement of Na+,HCO3--cotransport primes breast tissue for cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus A Sloth
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Trine V Axelsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Nicolai J Toft
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ninna C S Voss
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mark Burton
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Clinical Genome Center, University and Region of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Clinical Genome Center, University and Region of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Pernille Vahl
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ebbe Boedtkjer
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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5
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Boni C, Sorio C. The Role of the Tumor Suppressor Gene Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Gamma in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:768969. [PMID: 35071225 PMCID: PMC8766859 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.768969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (PTPs) family are associated with growth regulation and cancer development. Acting as natural counterpart of tyrosine kinases (TKs), mainly involved in crucial signaling pathways such as regulation of cell cycle, proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis, they represent key parts of complex physiological homeostatic mechanisms. Protein tyrosine phosphatase gamma (PTPRG) is classified as a R5 of the receptor type (RPTPs) subfamily and is broadly expressed in various isoforms in different tissues. PTPRG is considered a tumor-suppressor gene (TSG) mapped on chromosome 3p14-21, a region frequently subject to loss of heterozygosity in various tumors. However, reported mechanisms of PTPRG downregulation include missense mutations, ncRNA gene regulation and epigenetic silencing by hypermethylation of CpG sites on promoter region causing loss of function of the gene product. Inactive forms or total loss of PTPRG protein have been described in sporadic and Lynch syndrome colorectal cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, ovarian, breast, and lung cancers, gastric cancer or diseases affecting the hematopoietic compartment as Lymphoma and Leukemia. Noteworthy, in Central Nervous System (CNS) PTPRZ/PTPRG appears to be crucial in maintaining glioblastoma cell-related neuronal stemness, carving out a pathological functional role also in this tissue. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the role of PTPRG in various human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Boni
- Department of Medicine, General Pathology Division, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Sorio
- Department of Medicine, General Pathology Division, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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6
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Boni C, Laudanna C, Sorio C. A Comprehensive Review of Receptor-Type Tyrosine-Protein Phosphatase Gamma (PTPRG) Role in Health and Non-Neoplastic Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:84. [PMID: 35053232 PMCID: PMC8773835 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor gamma (PTPRG) is known to interact with and regulate several tyrosine kinases, exerting a tumor suppressor role in several type of cancers. Its wide expression in human tissues compared to the other component of group 5 of receptor phosphatases, PTPRZ expressed as a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in the central nervous system, has raised interest in its role as a possible regulatory switch of cell signaling processes. Indeed, a carbonic anhydrase-like domain (CAH) and a fibronectin type III domain are present in the N-terminal portion and were found to be associated with its role as [HCO3-] sensor in vascular and renal tissues and a possible interaction domain for cell adhesion, respectively. Studies on PTPRG ligands revealed the contactins family (CNTN) as possible interactors. Furthermore, the correlation of PTPRG phosphatase with inflammatory processes in different normal tissues, including cancer, and the increasing amount of its soluble form (sPTPRG) in plasma, suggest a possible role as inflammatory marker. PTPRG has important roles in human diseases; for example, neuropsychiatric and behavioral disorders and various types of cancer such as colon, ovary, lung, breast, central nervous system, and inflammatory disorders. In this review, we sum up our knowledge regarding the latest discoveries in order to appreciate PTPRG function in the various tissues and diseases, along with an interactome map of its relationship with a group of validated molecular interactors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudio Sorio
- Department of Medicine, General Pathology Division, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (C.B.); (C.L.)
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7
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Shen R, Crean RM, Johnson SJ, Kamerlin SCL, Hengge AC. Single Residue on the WPD-Loop Affects the pH Dependency of Catalysis in Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases. JACS AU 2021; 1:646-659. [PMID: 34308419 PMCID: PMC8297725 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Catalysis by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) relies on the motion of a flexible protein loop (the WPD-loop) that carries a residue acting as a general acid/base catalyst during the PTP-catalyzed reaction. The orthogonal substitutions of a noncatalytic residue in the WPD-loops of YopH and PTP1B result in shifted pH-rate profiles from an altered kinetic pK a of the nucleophilic cysteine. Compared to wild type, the G352T YopH variant has a broadened pH-rate profile, similar activity at optimal pH, but significantly higher activity at low pH. Changes in the corresponding PTP1B T177G variant are more modest and in the opposite direction, with a narrowed pH profile and less activity in the most acidic range. Crystal structures of the variants show no structural perturbations but suggest an increased preference for the WPD-loop-closed conformation. Computational analysis confirms a shift in loop conformational equilibrium in favor of the closed conformation, arising from a combination of increased stability of the closed state and destabilization of the loop-open state. Simulations identify the origins of this population shift, revealing differences in the flexibility of the WPD-loop and neighboring regions. Our results demonstrate that changes to the pH dependency of catalysis by PTPs can result from small changes in amino acid composition in their WPD-loops affecting only loop dynamics and conformational equilibrium. The perturbation of kinetic pK a values of catalytic residues by nonchemical processes affords a means for nature to alter an enzyme's pH dependency by a less disruptive path than altering electrostatic networks around catalytic residues themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruidan Shen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State
University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
| | - Rory M. Crean
- Science
for Life Laboratory, Department of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sean J. Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State
University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
| | - Shina C. L. Kamerlin
- Science
for Life Laboratory, Department of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alvan C. Hengge
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State
University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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8
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DDIAS promotes STAT3 activation by preventing STAT3 recruitment to PTPRM in lung cancer cells. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:1. [PMID: 31900385 PMCID: PMC6949220 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-019-0187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage-induced apoptosis suppressor (DDIAS) regulates cancer cell survival. Here we investigated the involvement of DDIAS in IL-6-mediated signaling to understand the mechanism underlying the role of DDIAS in lung cancer malignancy. We showed that DDIAS promotes tyrosine phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), which is constitutively activated in malignant cancers. Interestingly, siRNA protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) library screening revealed protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor mu (PTPRM) as a novel STAT3 PTP. PTPRM knockdown rescued the DDIAS-knockdown-mediated decrease in STAT3 Y705 phosphorylation in the presence of IL-6. However, PTPRM overexpression decreased STAT3 Y705 phosphorylation. Moreover, endogenous PTPRM interacted with endogenous STAT3 for dephosphorylation at Y705 following IL-6 treatment. As expected, PTPRM bound to wild-type STAT3 but not the STAT3 Y705F mutant. PTPRM dephosphorylated STAT3 in the absence of DDIAS, suggesting that DDIAS hampers PTPRM/STAT3 interaction. In fact, DDIAS bound to the STAT3 transactivation domain (TAD), which competes with PTPRM to recruit STAT3 for dephosphorylation. Thus we show that DDIAS prevents PTPRM/STAT3 binding and blocks STAT3 Y705 dephosphorylation, thereby sustaining STAT3 activation in lung cancer. DDIAS expression strongly correlates with STAT3 phosphorylation in human lung cancer cell lines and tissues. Thus DDIAS may be considered as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in malignant lung cancer cells with aberrant STAT3 activation.
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9
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Wang Y, Yin P, Chen YH, Yu YS, Ye WX, Huang HY, Ji ZC, Shen ZY. A functional variant of SMAD4 enhances macrophage recruitment and inflammatory response via TGF-β signal activation in Thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:3683-3701. [PMID: 30530919 PMCID: PMC6326647 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD) is the most fatal macro vascular disease. The mortality of 48h after diagnosis of dissection is up to approximately 50-68%. However, the genetic factors and potential mechanism underlying sporadic TAAD remain largely unknown. Our previous study suggested rs12455792 variant of SMAD4 gene significantly contributed to the increased risk and might participated the pathological progression of TAAD. This investigation aims to test (1) the associations between rs12455792 and MØ recruitment, inflammatory response in aggressiveness of TAAD, and (2) the molecular mechanism accounting for their effects. In TGF-β signaling molecular detection, rs12455792 C>T variant activated the canonical and non-canonical TGF-β mediators. It also increased the secretion of chemotactic factors of HASMCs. To confirm the impact of this change, we detected MØ recruitment and infiltration in HASMCs and aortic tissues of TAAD patients. We found that MØ recruitment in cells and tissues with rs12455792 variant genotypes was increased than that in wild type groups. Moreover, rs12455792 variant increased M1 type inflammatory response, which might contribute much to TAAD progression. To mimic the SMAD4 suppression effect of rs12455792 in vivo, we constructed the SMAD4 KD mouse. After induction with Ang II for 4w, the thoracic aorta dilatation and vascular remodeling were more serious than that of wild type group. In conclusion, rs12455792 increased MØ recruitment, M1 type inflammatory response via activated TGF-β signaling, and further promoted vascular remodeling and pathological progress of TAAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pei Yin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Huan Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun-Sheng Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Xue Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao-Yue Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen-Chun Ji
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen-Ya Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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10
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Chromatin conformation analysis of primary patient tissue using a low input Hi-C method. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4938. [PMID: 30498195 PMCID: PMC6265268 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06961-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin conformation constitutes a fundamental level of eukaryotic genome regulation. However, our ability to examine its biological function and role in disease is limited by the large amounts of starting material required to perform current experimental approaches. Here, we present Low-C, a Hi-C method for low amounts of input material. By systematically comparing Hi-C libraries made with decreasing amounts of starting material we show that Low-C is highly reproducible and robust to experimental noise. To demonstrate the suitability of Low-C to analyse rare cell populations, we produce Low-C maps from primary B-cells of a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patient. We detect a common reciprocal translocation t(3;14)(q27;q32) affecting the BCL6 and IGH loci and abundant local structural variation between the patient and healthy B-cells. The ability to study chromatin conformation in primary tissue will be fundamental to fully understand the molecular pathogenesis of diseases and to eventually guide personalised therapeutic strategies. Chromatin conformation studies are limited by the large amounts of starting material required to perform current protocols. Here the authors present Low-C, a Hi-C method for low amounts of input material and produce Low-C maps from primary B-cells of a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patient, demonstrating the suitability of Low-C to analyse rare cell populations.
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11
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Abstract
Inhibition of the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL, a key molecular driver of ovarian cancer, has recently been highlighted as promising therapeutic strategy. In this issue of EMBO Reports , Antony et al 1 have identified a novel mechanism of inhibition of AXL, wherein the GPI‐anchored tumour suppressor OPCML sequesters AXL into specialised plasma membrane domains where the phosphatase PTPRG is located, therefore facilitating AXL dephosphorylation. This attenuation of AXL signalling has translational implications for the design of synergistic therapies, to target the kinase for this aggressive malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zurzolo
- Unité de Traffic Membranaire et PathogénèseInstitut PasteurParisFrance
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12
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Powis G. Recent Advances in the Development of Anticancer Drugs that Act against Signalling Pathways. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 80:69-87. [PMID: 8016910 DOI: 10.1177/030089169408000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer can be considered a disease of deranged intracellular signalling. The intracellular signalling pathways that mediate the effects of oncogenes on cell growth and transformation present attractive targets for the development of new classes of drugs for the prevention and treatment of cancer. This is a new approach to developing anticancer drugs and the potential, as well as some of the problems, inherent in the approach are discussed. Anticancer drugs that produce their effects by disrupting signalling pathways are already in clinical trial. Some properties of these drugs, as well as other inhibitors of signalling pathways under development as potential anticancer drugs, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Powis
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson 85724
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13
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Targeting Receptor-Type Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases with Biotherapeutics: Is Outside-in Better than Inside-Out? Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030569. [PMID: 29498714 PMCID: PMC6017057 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), of the receptor and non-receptor classes, are key signaling molecules that play critical roles in cellular regulation underlying diverse physiological events. Aberrant signaling as a result of genetic mutation or altered expression levels has been associated with several diseases and treatment via pharmacological intervention at the level of PTPs has been widely explored; however, the challenges associated with development of small molecule phosphatase inhibitors targeting the intracellular phosphatase domain (the “inside-out” approach) have been well documented and as yet there are no clinically approved drugs targeting these enzymes. The alternative approach of targeting receptor PTPs with biotherapeutic agents (such as monoclonal antibodies or engineered fusion proteins; the “outside-in” approach) that interact with the extracellular ectodomain offers many advantages, and there have been a number of exciting recent developments in this field. Here we provide a brief overview of the receptor PTP family and an update on the emerging area of receptor PTP-targeted biotherapeutics for CD148, vascular endothelial-protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP), receptor-type PTPs σ, γ, ζ (RPTPσ, RPTPγ, RPTPζ) and CD45, and discussion of future potential in this area.
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14
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Behzad MM, Shahrabi S, Jaseb K, Bertacchini J, Ketabchi N, Saki N. Aberrant DNA Methylation in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Cell Fate Control, Prognosis, and Therapeutic Response. Biochem Genet 2018; 56:149-175. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-018-9841-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Kostas M, Haugsten EM, Zhen Y, Sørensen V, Szybowska P, Fiorito E, Lorenz S, Jones N, de Souza GA, Wiedlocha A, Wesche J. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type G (PTPRG) Controls Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) 1 Activity and Influences Sensitivity to FGFR Kinase Inhibitors. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:850-870. [PMID: 29371290 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, FGFR1 was found to be overexpressed in osteosarcoma and represents an important target for precision medicine. However, because targeted cancer therapy based on FGFR inhibitors has so far been less efficient than expected, a detailed understanding of the target is important. We have here applied proximity-dependent biotin labeling combined with label-free quantitative mass spectrometry to identify determinants of FGFR1 activity in an osteosarcoma cell line. Many known FGFR interactors were identified (e.g. FRS2, PLCG1, RSK2, SRC), but the data also suggested novel determinants. A strong hit in our screen was the tyrosine phosphatase PTPRG. We show that PTPRG and FGFR1 interact and colocalize at the plasma membrane where PTPRG directly dephosphorylates activated FGFR1. We further show that osteosarcoma cell lines depleted for PTPRG display increased FGFR activity and are hypersensitive to stimulation by FGF1. In addition, PTPRG depletion elevated cell growth and negatively affected the efficacy of FGFR kinase inhibitors. Thus, PTPRG may have future clinical relevance by being a predictor of outcome after FGFR inhibitor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kostas
- From the ‡Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway.,§Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Margrethe Haugsten
- §Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway.,¶Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Yan Zhen
- From the ‡Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway.,§Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vigdis Sørensen
- From the ‡Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway.,§Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway.,‖Department of Core Facilities, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo
| | - Patrycja Szybowska
- From the ‡Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway.,§Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisa Fiorito
- §Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway.,¶Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Susanne Lorenz
- §Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway.,¶Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway.,‖Department of Core Facilities, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo
| | - Nina Jones
- **Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Gustavo Antonio de Souza
- ‡‡The Brain Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN 59078, Brazil.,§§Department of Immunology and Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital HF Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0424, Norway
| | - Antoni Wiedlocha
- From the ‡Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway.,§Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Wesche
- §Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; .,¶Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
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16
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Vezzalini M, Mafficini A, Tomasello L, Lorenzetto E, Moratti E, Fiorini Z, Holyoake TL, Pellicano F, Krampera M, Tecchio C, Yassin M, Al-Dewik N, Ismail MA, Al Sayab A, Monne M, Sorio C. A new monoclonal antibody detects downregulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type γ in chronic myeloid leukemia patients. J Hematol Oncol 2017. [PMID: 28637510 PMCID: PMC5479035 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0494-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor gamma (PTPRG) is a ubiquitously expressed member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family known to act as a tumor suppressor gene in many different neoplasms with mechanisms of inactivation including mutations and methylation of CpG islands in the promoter region. Although a critical role in human hematopoiesis and an oncosuppressor role in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) have been reported, only one polyclonal antibody (named chPTPRG) has been described as capable of recognizing the native antigen of this phosphatase by flow cytometry. Protein biomarkers of CML have not yet found applications in the clinic, and in this study, we have analyzed a group of newly diagnosed CML patients before and after treatment. The aim of this work was to characterize and exploit a newly developed murine monoclonal antibody specific for the PTPRG extracellular domain (named TPγ B9-2) to better define PTPRG protein downregulation in CML patients. METHODS TPγ B9-2 specifically recognizes PTPRG (both human and murine) by flow cytometry, western blotting, immunoprecipitation, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Co-localization experiments performed with both anti-PTPRG antibodies identified the presence of isoforms and confirmed protein downregulation at diagnosis in the Philadelphia-positive myeloid lineage (including CD34+/CD38bright/dim cells). After effective tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment, its expression recovered in tandem with the return of Philadelphia-negative hematopoiesis. Of note, PTPRG mRNA levels remain unchanged in tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) non-responder patients, confirming that downregulation selectively occurs in primary CML cells. CONCLUSIONS The availability of this unique antibody permits its evaluation for clinical application including the support for diagnosis and follow-up of these disorders. Evaluation of PTPRG as a potential therapeutic target is also facilitated by the availability of a specific reagent capable to specifically detect its target in various experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Vezzalini
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Mafficini
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy.,ARC-Net Research Centre, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Luisa Tomasello
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy.,Present address: The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center Biomedical Research Tower, 460W 12th Avenue, room 1070, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Erika Lorenzetto
- Section of Physiology, Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Motor Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Moratti
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Zeno Fiorini
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Tessa L Holyoake
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Francesca Pellicano
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Mauro Krampera
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristina Tecchio
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mohamed Yassin
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research (NCCCR), Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Nader Al-Dewik
- Qatar Medical Genetics Center, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed A Ismail
- Interim Translational Research Institute (iTRI), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali Al Sayab
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research (NCCCR), Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Maria Monne
- Centro di Diagnostica Biomolecolare e Citogenetica Emato-Oncologica, "San Francesco" Hospital, ASL3, Nuoro, 08100, Italy
| | - Claudio Sorio
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy.
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17
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Galvan A, Colombo F, Frullanti E, Dassano A, Noci S, Wang Y, Eisen T, Matakidou A, Tomasello L, Vezzalini M, Sorio C, Dugo M, Ambrogi F, Iacobucci I, Martinelli G, Incarbone M, Alloisio M, Nosotti M, Tosi D, Santambrogio L, Pelosi G, Pastorino U, Houlston RS, Dragani TA. Germline polymorphisms and survival of lung adenocarcinoma patients: a genome-wide study in two European patient series. Int J Cancer 2015; 136:E262-71. [PMID: 25196286 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In lung cancer, the survival of patients with the same clinical stage varies widely for unknown reasons. In this two-phase study, we examined the hypothesis that germline variations influence the survival of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. First, we analyzed existing genotype and clinical data from 289 UK-resident patients with lung adenocarcinoma, identifying 86 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that associated with survival (p < 0.01). We then genotyped these candidate SNPs in a validation series of 748 patients from Italy that resulted genetically compatible with the UK series based on principal component analysis. In a Cox proportional hazard model adjusted for age, sex and clinical stage, four SNPs were confirmed on the basis of their having a hazard ratio (HR) indicating the same direction of effect in the two series and p < 0.05. The strongest association was provided by rs2107561, an intronic SNP of PTPRG, protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, G; the C allele was associated with poorer survival in both patient series (pooled analysis loge HR = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.15-0.46, p = 8.5 × 10(-5) ). PTPRG mRNA levels in 43 samples of lung adenocarcinoma were 40% of those observed in noninvolved lung tissue from the same patients. PTPRG overexpression significantly inhibited the clonogenicity of A549 lung carcinoma cells and the anchorage-independent growth of the NCI-H460 large cell lung cancer line. These four germline variants represent promising candidates that, with further study, may help predict clinical outcome. In addition, the PTPRG locus may have a role in tumor progression.
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18
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Aspatwar A, Tolvanen MEE, Ortutay C, Parkkila S. Carbonic anhydrase related proteins: molecular biology and evolution. Subcell Biochem 2014; 75:135-156. [PMID: 24146378 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7359-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The catalytically inactive isoforms of α-carbonic anhydrases are known as carbonic anhydrase related proteins (CARPs). The CARPs occur independently or as domains of other proteins in animals (both vertebrates and invertebrates) and viruses. The catalytic inactivity of CARPs is due to the lack of histidine residues required for the coordination of the zinc atom. The phylogenetic analysis shows that these proteins are highly conserved across the species. The three CARPs in vertebrates are known as CARP VIII, X and XI. CARPs orthologous to CARP VIII are found in deuterostome invertebrates, whereas protostomes only possess orthologs of CARP X. The CA-like domains of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPR) are found only in PTPRG and PTPRZ. Most of these CARPs are predominantly expressed in central nervous system. Among the three vertebrate CA isoforms, CARP VIII is functionally associated with motor coordination in human, mouse and zebrafish and certain types of cancers in humans. Vertebrate expression studies show that CARP X is exclusively expressed in the brain. CARP XI is only found in tetrapods and is highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) of humans and mice and is also associated with several cancers. CARP VIII, PTPRZ and PTPRG have been shown to coordinate the function of other proteins by protein-protein interaction, and viral CARPs participate in attachment to host cells, but the precise biological function of CARPs X and XI is still unknown. The findings so far suggest many novel functions for the CARP subfamily, most likely related to binding to other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- Institute of Biomedical Technology and School of Medicine, University of Tampere and BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland,
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19
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Sun PH, Ye L, Mason MD, Jiang WG. Protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa (PTPRK) is a negative regulator of adhesion and invasion of breast cancer cells, and associates with poor prognosis of breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 139:1129-39. [PMID: 23552869 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-013-1421-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa (PTPRK) has been shown to exhibit homophilic binding. It is a putative tumour suppressor in primary central nervous system lymphomas and colorectal cancer. The present study investigated the expression of PTPRK in breast cancer and the biological impact of PTPRK on breast cancer cells. METHODS Expression of PTPRK protein and gene transcript was examined in a cohort of breast cancer patients. The association of PTPRK transcript level and pathological and clinical aspects was then analysed. Knockdown of PTPRK in breast cancer cells was performed using a specific anti-PTPRK transgene. The impact of PTPRK knockdown on breast cancer cells was investigated using in vitro cell function assays. RESULTS Lower levels of PTPRK transcripts were seen in the advanced breast cancer. The reduced PTPRK transcript levels were associated with poor prognosis of the disease. PTPRK transcript levels were decreased in the primary tumours of patients who died from breast cancer or had metastases. Patients with lower expression of PTPRK had shorter survival compared with those higher expression levels of PTPRK. Knockdown of PTPRK resulted in increased proliferation, adhesion, invasion, and migration of breast cancer cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Decreased expression of PTPRK in breast cancer is correlated with poor prognosis. PTPRK is a negative regulator of adhesion, invasion, migration, and proliferation of breast cancer cells. This suggests that PTPRK is a potential tumour suppressor in breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Breast Neoplasms/enzymology
- Breast Neoplasms/mortality
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/mortality
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/secondary
- Carcinoma, Lobular/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/mortality
- Carcinoma, Lobular/secondary
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- MCF-7 Cells
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 2/genetics
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hui Sun
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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20
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He R, Zeng LF, He Y, Zhang S, Zhang ZY. Small molecule tools for functional interrogation of protein tyrosine phosphatases. FEBS J 2012; 280:731-50. [PMID: 22816879 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The importance of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in the regulation of cellular signalling is well established. Malfunction of PTP activity is also known to be associated with cancer, metabolic syndromes and autoimmune disorders, as well as neurodegenerative and infectious diseases. However, a detailed understanding of the roles played by the PTPs in normal physiology and in pathogenic conditions has been hampered by the absence of PTP-specific small molecule agents. In addition, the therapeutic benefits of modulating this target class are underexplored as a result of a lack of suitable chemical probes. Potent and specific PTP inhibitors could significantly facilitate functional analysis of the PTPs in complex cellular signal transduction pathways and may constitute valuable therapeutics in the treatment of several human diseases. We highlight the current challenges to and opportunities for developing PTP-specific small molecule agents. We also review available selective small molecule inhibitors developed for a number of PTPs, including PTP1B, TC-PTP, SHP2, lymphoid-specific tyrosine phosphatase, haematopoietic protein tyrosine phosphatase, CD45, PTPβ, PTPγ, PTPRO, Vaccinia H1-related phosphatase, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-3, Cdc25, YopH, mPTPA and mPTPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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21
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Nikolaienko RM, Agyekum B, Bouyain S. Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases and cancer: new insights from structural biology. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 6:356-64. [PMID: 22796942 DOI: 10.4161/cam.21242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is general agreement that many cancers are associated with aberrant phosphotyrosine signaling, which can be caused by the inappropriate activities of tyrosine kinases or tyrosine phosphatases. Furthermore, incorrect activation of signaling pathways has been often linked to changes in adhesion events mediated by cell surface receptors. Among these receptors, receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) both antagonize tyrosine kinases as well as engage extracellular ligands. A recent wealth of data on this intriguing family indicates that its members can fulfill either tumor suppressing or oncogenic roles. The interpretation of these results at a molecular level has been greatly facilitated by the recent availability of structural information on the extra- and intracellular regions of RPTPs. These structures provide a molecular framework to understand how alterations in extracellular interactions can inactivate RPTPs in cancers or why the overexpression of certain RPTPs may also participate in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman M Nikolaienko
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
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22
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Rodriguez-Martinez A, Alarmo EL, Saarinen L, Ketolainen J, Nousiainen K, Hautaniemi S, Kallioniemi A. Analysis of BMP4 and BMP7 signaling in breast cancer cells unveils time-dependent transcription patterns and highlights a common synexpression group of genes. BMC Med Genomics 2011; 4:80. [PMID: 22118688 PMCID: PMC3229454 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-4-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGF-beta superfamily of growth factors. They are known for their roles in regulation of osteogenesis and developmental processes and, in recent years, evidence has accumulated of their crucial functions in tumor biology. BMP4 and BMP7, in particular, have been implicated in breast cancer. However, little is known about BMP target genes in the context of tumor. We explored the effects of BMP4 and BMP7 treatment on global gene transcription in seven breast cancer cell lines during a 6-point time series, using a whole-genome oligo microarray. Data analysis included hierarchical clustering of differentially expressed genes, gene ontology enrichment analyses and model based clustering of temporal data. Results Both ligands had a strong effect on gene expression, although the response to BMP4 treatment was more pronounced. The cellular functions most strongly affected by BMP signaling were regulation of transcription and development. The observed transcriptional response, as well as its functional outcome, followed a temporal sequence, with regulation of gene expression and signal transduction leading to changes in metabolism and cell proliferation. Hierarchical clustering revealed distinct differences in the response of individual cell lines to BMPs, but also highlighted a synexpression group of genes for both ligands. Interestingly, the majority of the genes within these synexpression groups were shared by the two ligands, probably representing the core molecular responses common to BMP4 and BMP7 signaling pathways. Conclusions All in all, we show that BMP signaling has a remarkable effect on gene transcription in breast cancer cells and that the functions affected follow a logical temporal pattern. Our results also uncover components of the common cellular transcriptional response to BMP4 and BMP7. Most importantly, this study provides a list of potential novel BMP target genes relevant in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Rodriguez-Martinez
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Finland
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23
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Sheriff S, Beno BR, Zhai W, Kostich WA, McDonnell PA, Kish K, Goldfarb V, Gao M, Kiefer SE, Yanchunas J, Huang Y, Shi S, Zhu S, Dzierba C, Bronson J, Macor JE, Appiah KK, Westphal RS, O’Connell J, Gerritz SW. Small Molecule Receptor Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase γ (RPTPγ) Ligands That Inhibit Phosphatase Activity via Perturbation of the Tryptophan–Proline–Aspartate (WPD) Loop. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6548-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2003766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Sheriff
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Brett R. Beno
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Weixu Zhai
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Walter A. Kostich
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Patricia A. McDonnell
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Kevin Kish
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Valentina Goldfarb
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Mian Gao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Susan E. Kiefer
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Joseph Yanchunas
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Yanling Huang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Shuhao Shi
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Shirong Zhu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Carolyn Dzierba
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Joanne Bronson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - John E. Macor
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Kingsley K. Appiah
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Ryan S. Westphal
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jonathan O’Connell
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Samuel W. Gerritz
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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24
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Lin G, Aranda V, Muthuswamy SK, Tonks NK. Identification of PTPN23 as a novel regulator of cell invasion in mammary epithelial cells from a loss-of-function screen of the 'PTP-ome'. Genes Dev 2011; 25:1412-25. [PMID: 21724833 DOI: 10.1101/gad.2018911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We used an RNAi-mediated loss-of-function screen to study systematically the role of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) superfamily of enzymes in mammary epithelial cell motility in the absence or presence of the oncoprotein tyrosine kinase ERBB2. We report that although shRNAs directed against most of the PTP family were without effect, suppression of three PTPs-PRPN23, PTPRG, and PTPRR-enhanced cell motility. Furthermore, we found that suppression of PTPN23, but not PTPRG or PTPRR, induced cell invasion. Suppression of PTPN23 increased E-cadherin internalization, impaired early endosome trafficking of E-cadherin, induced the expression of mesenchymal proteins, and caused cell scattering. The activity of SRC and β-catenin was elevated when PTPN23 was suppressed. Moreover, we identified SRC, E-cadherin, and β-catenin as direct substrates of PTPN23. Inhibition of SRC with the small molecular inhibitor SU6656 blocked the effects of PTPN23 depletion. These findings suggest that loss of PTPN23 may increase the activity of SRC and the phosphorylation status of the E-cadherin/β-catenin signaling complex to promote tumor growth and invasive behavior in breast cancer. In addition, our studies highlight functional specificity among PTPs and reveal new roles for PTPs in mammary epithelial cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Lin
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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25
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Ismail HMS, Medhat AM, Karim AM, Zakhary NI. FHIT gene and flanking region on chromosome 3p are subjected to extensive allelic loss in Egyptian breast cancer patients. Mol Carcinog 2011; 50:625-34. [PMID: 21557333 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The fragile histidine triad gene (FHIT) is a candidate tumor suppressor gene at chromosome 3p14.2. Deletions in FHIT gene were reported in different types of cancer including breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) incidence that target FHIT genomic structure and chromosome 3p in cancerous and pre-neoplastic lesions of Egyptian breast patients. Genomic DNA was isolated from tumor tissues and their normal counterparts of 55 Egyptian patients diagnosed with breast cancer and 11 patients diagnosed with preneoplastic breast lesions. LOH was detected in 51% of breast cancer cases in at least one microsatellite marker of the four investigated markers. While, none of the markers showed LOH among the pre-neoplastic breast lesions. We also observed a significant association between LOH and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) histopathological type while no association observed between LOH and patients' age, tumor grade, or lymph node involvement. We also investigated FHIT gene expression profiles in breast cancer using Oncomine database. We found that FHIT is significantly reduced in all investigated studies. We conclude that, FHIT is underexpressed in breast cancer tissues compared to their normal counterparts due to the extensive allelic loss that is observed in its gene structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M S Ismail
- Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
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26
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van Roon EHJ, de Miranda NFCC, van Nieuwenhuizen MP, de Meijer EJ, van Puijenbroek M, Yan PS, Huang THM, van Wezel T, Morreau H, Boer JM. Tumour-specific methylation of PTPRG intron 1 locus in sporadic and Lynch syndrome colorectal cancer. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 19:307-12. [PMID: 21150880 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a hallmark in a subset of right-sided colorectal cancers. Methylation-based screening may improve prevention and survival rate for this type of cancer, which is often clinically asymptomatic in the early stages. We aimed to discover prognostic or diagnostic biomarkers for colon cancer by comparing DNA methylation profiles of right-sided colon tumours and paired normal colon mucosa using an 8.5 k CpG island microarray. We identified a diagnostic CpG-rich region, located in the first intron of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase gamma gene (PTPRG) gene, with altered methylation already in the adenoma stage, that is, before the carcinoma transition. Validation of this region in an additional cohort of 103 sporadic colorectal tumours and 58 paired normal mucosa tissue samples showed 94% sensitivity and 96% specificity. Interestingly, comparable results were obtained when screening a cohort of Lynch syndrome-associated cancers. Functional studies showed that PTPRG intron 1 methylation did not directly affect PTPRG expression, however, the methylated region overlapped with a binding site of the insulator protein CTCF. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) showed that methylation of the locus was associated with absence of CTCF binding. Methylation-associated changes in CTCF binding to PTPRG intron 1 could have implications on tumour gene expression by enhancer blocking, chromosome loop formation or abrogation of its insulator function. The high sensitivity and specificity for the PTPRG intron 1 methylation in both sporadic and hereditary colon cancers support biomarker potential for early detection of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy H J van Roon
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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27
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Targeting histone deacetyalses in the treatment of B- and T-cell malignancies. Invest New Drugs 2010; 28 Suppl 1:S58-78. [PMID: 21132350 PMCID: PMC3003796 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9591-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HDAC inhibitors (HDACI) are now emerging as one of the most promising new classes of drugs for the treatment of select forms of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). They are particularly active in T-cell lymphomas, possibly hodgkin’s lymphoma and indolent B cell lymphomas. Presently, two of these agents, vorinostat and romidepsin, have been approved in the US for the treatment of relapsed and refractory cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCL). Initially, these agents were developed with the idea that they affected transcriptional activation and thus gene expression, by modulating chromatin condensation and decondensation. It is now clear that their effects go beyond chromatin and by affecting the acetylation status of histones and other intra-cellular proteins, they modify gene expression and cellular function via multiple pathways. Gene expression profiles and functional genetic analysis has led to further understanding of the various molecular pathways that are affected by these agents including cell cycle regulation, pathways of cellular proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis all important in lymphomagenesis. There is also increasing data to support the effects of these agents on T cell receptor and immune function which may explain the high level of activity of these agents in T cell lymphomas and hodgkin’s lymphoma. There is ample evidence of epigenetic dysregulation in lymphomas which may underlie the mechanisms of action of these agents but how these agents work is still not clear. Current HDAC inhibitors can be divided into at least four classes based on their chemical structure. At present several of these HDAC inhibitors are in clinical trials both as single agents and in combination with chemotherapy or other biological agents. They are easy to administer and are generally well tolerated with minimal side effects. Different dosing levels and schedules and the use of isospecific HDAC inhibitors are some of the strategies that are being employed to increase the therapeutic effect of these agents in the treatment of lymphomas. There may also be class differences that translate into specific activity against different lymphoma. HDAC inhibitors will likely be incorporated into combinations of targeted therapies both in the upfront and relapsed setting for lymphomas.
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Della Peruta M, Martinelli G, Moratti E, Pintani D, Vezzalini M, Mafficini A, Grafone T, Iacobucci I, Soverini S, Murineddu M, Vinante F, Tecchio C, Piras G, Gabbas A, Monne M, Sorio C. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type γ Is a Functional Tumor Suppressor Gene Specifically Downregulated in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer Res 2010; 70:8896-906. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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van Eekelen M, Overvoorde J, van Rooijen C, den Hertog J. Identification and expression of the family of classical protein-tyrosine phosphatases in zebrafish. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12573. [PMID: 20838449 PMCID: PMC2933243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) have an important role in cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, migration and other cellular processes in conjunction with protein-tyrosine kinases. Still relatively little is known about the function of PTPs in vivo. We set out to systematically identify all classical PTPs in the zebrafish genome and characterize their expression patterns during zebrafish development. We identified 48 PTP genes in the zebrafish genome by BLASTing of human PTP sequences. We verified all in silico hits by sequencing and established the spatio-temporal expression patterns of all PTPs by in situ hybridization of zebrafish embryos at six distinct developmental stages. The zebrafish genome encodes 48 PTP genes. 14 human orthologs are duplicated in the zebrafish genome and 3 human orthologs were not identified. Based on sequence conservation, most zebrafish orthologues of human PTP genes were readily assigned. Interestingly, the duplicated form of ptpn23, a catalytically inactive PTP, has lost its PTP domain, indicating that PTP activity is not required for its function, or that ptpn23b has lost its PTP domain in the course of evolution. All 48 PTPs are expressed in zebrafish embryos. Most PTPs are maternally provided and are broadly expressed early on. PTP expression becomes progressively restricted during development. Interestingly, some duplicated genes retained their expression pattern, whereas expression of other duplicated genes was distinct or even mutually exclusive, suggesting that the function of the latter PTPs has diverged. In conclusion, we have identified all members of the family of classical PTPs in the zebrafish genome and established their expression patterns. This is the first time the expression patterns of all members of the large family of PTP genes have been established in a vertebrate. Our results provide the first step towards elucidation of the function of the family of classical PTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark van Eekelen
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John Overvoorde
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carina van Rooijen
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Epigenetics is the study of differences in phenotype, in the absence of variation in the genetic code. Epigenetics is relevant in the pathogenesis of many skin diseases. In the case of the common skin cancers, aberrant methylation of tumor suppressor gene promoters is associated with their transcriptional inactivation. Environmental carcinogens such as ultraviolet radiation and arsenic may act through epigenetic mechanisms. Hypomethylation is associated with activation of systemic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and scleroderma. This may be through a mechanism of immunological cross-reactivity with hypomethylated DNA from pathogenic bacteria. Epigenetic factors may also be relevant in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and other inflammatory skin diseases, as well as in the pathogenesis of the disorders of genomic imprinting with cutaneous features.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W M Millington
- Dermatology Department, Norfolk & Norwich University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UZ, UK.
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31
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Ammendola ML, Pietropolli A, Lista F, Saccucci P, Piccione E, Bottini E, Gloria-Bottini F. Is there an association between uterine leiomyomas and acid phosphatase locus 1 polymorphism? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 200:110.e1-5. [PMID: 18992867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) is involved in the development of leiomyomas. The low-molecular-weight phosphoprotein-tyrosine-phosphatase (LMWPTP), controlled by the highly polymorphic acid phosphatase locus 1 (ACP1), is able to dephosphorylate the PDGF receptor. Therefore, we searched for a possible association between ACP1 and leiomyomas. STUDY DESIGN We studied 172 women hospitalized for symptomatic leiomyomas requiring surgical intervention and 164 healthy women without clinical evidence of leiomyomas from the same white population. The chi(2) test of independence, Pearson correlation, analysis of variance, and post hoc test for difference between means were performed. RESULTS The distribution of ACP1 genotypes among patients does not differ significantly from that of healthy women. However, leiomyoma size was negatively correlated with ACP1 F isoform concentrations. Leiomyoma size was smaller among carriers of the *B/*B genotype, which has the highest concentration of the F isoform, than among carriers of *A/*A, *C/*B, and *C/*C genotypes, which have the lowest concentration of the F isoform. CONCLUSION High ACP1 F isoform concentration, through dephosphorylation of the PDGF receptor, may negatively regulate cell proliferation and growth of leiomyomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Ammendola
- Department of Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
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Révillion F, Puech C, Rabenoelina F, Chalbos D, Peyrat JP, Freiss G. Expression of the putative tumor suppressor gene PTPN13/PTPL1 is an independent prognostic marker for overall survival in breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2008; 124:638-43. [PMID: 19004008 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well established that some protein tyrosine kinases have a prognostic value in breast cancer, the involvement of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) is poorly substantiated for breast tumors. Three of these enzymes (PTP-gamma, LAR, and PTPL1) are already known to be regulated by estrogens or their antagonists in human breast cancer cells. We used a real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction method to test the expression levels of PTP-gamma, LAR and its neuronal isoform, and PTPL1 in a training set of RNA from 59 breast tumors. We sought correlations between levels of these molecular markers, current tumor markers, and survival. We then quantified the expression level of the selected phosphatase in 232 additional samples, resulting in a testing set of 291 breast tumor RNAs from patients with a median follow-up of 6.4 years. The Spearman nonparametric test revealed correlations between PTPL1 expression and differentiation markers. Cox univariate analysis of the overall survival studies demonstrated that PTPL1 is a prognostic factor [risk ratio (RR)=0.45], together with the progesterone receptor (PR) (RR=0.52) and node involvement (RR=1.58). In multivariate analyses, PTPL1 and PR retained their prognostic value (RRs of 0.48 and 0.55, respectively). This study demonstrates for the first time that PTPL1 expression level is an independent prognostic indicator of favorable outcome for patients with breast cancer. In conjunction with our mechanistic studies, this finding identifies PTPL1 as an important regulatory element of human breast tumor aggressiveness and sensitivity to treatments such as antiestrogens and antiaromatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Révillion
- Contrôle de la progression des cancers hormono-dépendants, Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire Humaine, Centre Régional de Lutte contre le Cancer Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
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Cheung AKL, Lung HL, Hung SC, Law EWL, Cheng Y, Yau WL, Bangarusamy DK, Miller LD, Liu ETB, Shao JY, Kou CW, Chua D, Zabarovsky ER, Tsao SW, Stanbridge EJ, Lung ML. Functional analysis of a cell cycle-associated, tumor-suppressive gene, protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type G, in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Res 2008; 68:8137-45. [PMID: 18829573 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Functional studies to identify the potential role of a chromosome 3p14-21 gene, protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type G (PTPRG), were performed. PTPRG was identified as a candidate tumor suppressor gene (TSG) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) by differential gene profiling of tumorigenic and nontumorigenic NPC chromosome 3 microcell hybrids (MCH). Down-regulation of this gene was found in tumor segregants when compared with their corresponding tumor-suppressive MCHs, as well as in NPC cell lines and tumor biopsies. Promoter hypermethylation and loss of heterozygosity were found to be important mechanisms contributing to PTPRG silencing. PTPRG overexpression in NPC cell lines induces growth suppression and reduced anchorage-independent growth in vitro. This is the first study to use a tetracycline-responsive vector expression system to study PTPRG stable transfectants. Results indicate its ability to induce significant tumor growth suppression in nude mice under conditions activating transgene expression. These studies now provide functional evidence indicating critical interactions of PTPRG in the extracellular matrix milieu induce cell arrest and changes in cell cycle status. This is associated with inhibition of pRB phosphorylation through down-regulation of cyclin D1. These novel findings enhance our current understanding of how PTPRG may contribute to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Kwok Leung Cheung
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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Gayrard N, Cacheux V, Iborra F, Mourad G, Argilés A. Cytogenetic studies of 24 renal epithelial tumors with von Hippel-Lindau and fragile histidine triad protein expression correlation. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008; 132:965-73. [PMID: 18517280 DOI: 10.5858/2008-132-965-csoret] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Deletion of the short arm of chromosome 3 (3p deletion) is a cytogenetic abnormality generally associated with clear cell renal cell carcinoma, the most aggressive form of renal epithelial tumor. OBJECTIVE To cytogenetically characterize 24 renal tumors in order to check the incidence and the type of 3p deletions, as well as to identify new genes putatively participating in renal tumorigenesis and test the protein products of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) and fragile histidine triad (FHIT) genes. DESIGN We analyzed 24 renal tumors by conventional cytogenetics, comparative genomic hybridization, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. We then performed a comparative expression study of the proteins pVHL and Fhit. RESULTS In our series of 24 renal tumors, the 3p deletion was the most frequent genetic alteration (15/24); the other features were partial trisomy 5q, 8p deletion, and monosomy 9 and 14. The 3p deletion was long and terminal, and no interstitial deletion was identified. By immunohistochemistry, we found that for the 2 genes of interest, VHL and FHIT, loss or decrease in protein expression were very frequently observed in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and not always associated with a 3p deletion (14/20 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma). CONCLUSIONS Our studies characterize the 3p deletion as long and terminal and identify no interstitial deletion in that chromosome. Fhit and pVHL protein expression loss appear to be independent, as they can be dissociated. Our data are supportive of a role for FHIT (in addition to VHL) in renal tumorigenesis. No other gene with particular potential interest in renal tumorigenesis could be identified among the selected genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Gayrard
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale et Chromosomique, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France.
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Abstract
AIM: To screen out the differentially methylated DNA sequences between gastric primary tumor and metastatic lymph nodes, test the methylation difference of gene PTPRG between primary gastric tumor and metastatic lymph nodes, and test the regulatory function of 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine which is an agent with suppression on methylation and the level of methylation in gastric cancer cell line.
METHODS: Methylated DNA sequences in genome were enriched with methylated CpG islands amplification (MCA) to undergo representational difference analysis (RDA), with MCA production of metastatic lymph nodes as tester and that of primary tumor as driver. The obtained differentially methylated fragments were cloned and sequenced to acquire the base sequence, which was analyzed with bioinformatics. With methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and RT-PCR, methylation difference of gene PTPRG was detected between primary tumor and metastatic lymph nodes in 36 cases of gastric cancer. Methylation of gene PTPRG and its regulated expression were observed in gastric cancer cell line before and after being treated with methylation-suppressive agent.
RESULTS: Nineteen differentially methylated sequences were obtained and located at 5’ end, exons, introns and 3’ end, in which KL59 was observed to be located at 9p21 as the first exon of gene p16 and KL22 to be located at promoter region of PRPRG. KL22, as the probes, was hybridized with driver, tester and 3-round RDA products respectively with all positive signals except with the driver. Significant difference was observed in both methylation rate of gene PTPRG and PTPRG mRNA expression rate between primary tumor and metastatic lymph nodes. Demethylation of gene PTPRG, with recovered expression of PTPRG mRNA, was observed after gastric cancer cell line being treated with methylation-suppressive agent.
CONCLUSION: Difference exists in DNA methylation between primary tumor and metastatic lymph nodes of gastric cancer, with MCA-RDA as one of the good analytical methods. Significant difference exists in methylation of gene PTPRG between primary tumor and metastatic lymph nodes of gastric cancer. Methylation level in gastric cancer cell line can be decreased by 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine, which is the methylation-suppressive agent, with PTPRG expression being recovered.
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Vezzalini M, Mombello A, Menestrina F, Mafficini A, Della Peruta M, van Niekerk C, Barbareschi M, Scarpa A, Sorio C. Expression of transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase gamma (PTPgamma) in normal and neoplastic human tissues. Histopathology 2007; 50:615-28. [PMID: 17394498 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To establish the conditions for protein tyrosine phosphatase gamma (PTPgamma) detection in paraffin tissues using two antibodies raised against its NH(2)- (anti-P4) and COOH-termini (gammaTL1); to analyse its expression in normal tissues and to perform an initial screening of neoplastic tissues. METHODS AND RESULTS Membranous and/or cytoplasmic PTPgamma expression was detected in the majority of epithelial cell types and in endocrine cells, with the highest expression in adrenal medulla, endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreatic islets. Both antibodies stained the thyroid follicular epithelium, but only anti-P4 antibody stained the colloid matrix, suggesting shedding/secretion of the PTPgamma extracellular domain. Marked loss of PTPgamma immunoreactivity was detected in subsets of ovarian (21%), breast (56%) and lung (80%) neoplasms. Conversely, cytoplasmic positivity was found in 37% of lymphomas, mainly of high-grade histotypes, while normal lymphocytes were negative. Brain tissue showed PTPgamma expression in a few neuronal and glial elements and PTPgamma was overexpressed in the majority of high-grade astrocytomas. CONCLUSIONS We have analysed PTPgamma expression in archival paraffin-embedded tissues for the first time, demonstrating particularly high expression in endocrine cells and both down- and up-regulation in neoplasia, the latter possibly reflecting the undifferentiated state of the neoplastic cells, suggesting a complex role for this phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vezzalini
- Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem Motiwala
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Lamprianou S, Vacaresse N, Suzuki Y, Meziane H, Buxbaum JD, Schlessinger J, Harroch S. Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase gamma is a marker for pyramidal cells and sensory neurons in the nervous system and is not necessary for normal development. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:5106-19. [PMID: 16782895 PMCID: PMC1489161 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00101-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2006] [Accepted: 04/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to gain insight into the biological role of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase gamma (RPTPgamma), we have generated RPTPgamma-null mice. RPTPgamma was disrupted by insertion of the beta-galactosidase gene under the control of the RPTPgamma promoter. As the RPTPgamma-null mice did not exhibit any obvious phenotype, we made use of these mice to study RPTPgamma expression and thus shed light on potential biological functions of this phosphatase. Inspection of mouse embryos shows that RPTPgamma is expressed in a variety of tissues during embryogenesis. RPTPgamma is expressed in both embryonic and adult brains. Specifically, we detected RPTPgamma expression in cortical layers II and V and in the stratum pyramidale of the hippocampus, indicating that RPTPgamma is a marker for pyramidal neurons. Mixed primary culture of glial cells showed a lack of expression of RPTPgamma in astrocytes and a low expression of RPTPgamma in oligodendrocytes and in microglia. Interestingly, RPTPgamma expression was detected in all sensory organs, including the ear, nose, tongue, eye, and vibrissa follicles, suggesting a potential role of RPTPgamma in sensory neurons. An initial behavioral analysis showed minor changes in the RPTPgamma-null mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smaragda Lamprianou
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Neuroscience, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, France
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Philbey AW, Cousens C, Bishop JV, Gill CA, DeMartini JC, Sharp JM. Multiclonal pattern of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus integration sites in ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Virus Res 2005; 117:254-63. [PMID: 16310879 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Revised: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Insertional mutagenesis and envelope (Env)-mediated oncogenesis are hypothesized mechanisms by which Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) causes ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA). Twenty-eight JSRV integration sites in lung tumors (LTs) from four sheep with OPA were cloned and sequenced by a multiple step gene walking technique. Using nested PCR, clonal expansion of these integration sites could be detected, if at all, only in the localized regions of LT from which the integration sites were derived. One sheep had a viral integration site in a sequence with 85 and 81% identity, respectively, over 100 bp to exon 2 of the human and mouse receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase gamma genes. Clonal integration of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus in this gene was demonstrated by nested PCR and Southern blot hybridization in the DNA sample from which the integration site was cloned, but not in other LT or kidney DNA samples from the same sheep. OPA may develop from multiple independent oncogenic events and a role for insertional mutagenesis cannot be ruled out.
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van Doorn R, Zoutman WH, Dijkman R, de Menezes RX, Commandeur S, Mulder AA, van der Velden PA, Vermeer MH, Willemze R, Yan PS, Huang TH, Tensen CP. Epigenetic profiling of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: promoter hypermethylation of multiple tumor suppressor genes including BCL7a, PTPRG, and p73. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:3886-96. [PMID: 15897551 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.11.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the occurrence of promoter hypermethylation in primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) on a genome-wide scale, focusing on epigenetic alterations with pathogenetic significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNA isolated from biopsy specimens of 28 patients with CTCL, including aggressive CTCL entities (transformed mycosis fungoides and CD30-negative large T-cell lymphoma) and an indolent entity (CD30-positive large T-cell lymphoma), were investigated. For genome-wide DNA methylation screening, differential methylation hybridization using CpG island microarrays was applied, which allows simultaneous detection of the methylation status of 8640 CpG islands. Bisulfite sequence analysis was applied for confirmation and detection of hypermethylation of eight selected tumor suppressor genes. RESULTS The DNA methylation patterns of CTCLs emerging from differential methylation hybridization analysis included 35 CpG islands hypermethylated in at least four of the 28 studied CTCL samples when compared with benign T-cell samples. Hypermethylation of the putative tumor suppressor genes BCL7a (in 48% of CTCL samples), PTPRG (27%), and thrombospondin 4 (52%) was confirmed and demonstrated to be associated with transcriptional downregulation. BCL7a was hypermethylated at a higher frequency in aggressive (64%) than in indolent (14%) CTCL entities. In addition, the promoters of the selected tumor suppressor genes p73 (48%), p16 (33%), CHFR (19%), p15 (10%), and TMS1 (10%) were hypermethylated in CTCL. CONCLUSION Malignant T cells of patients with CTCL display widespread promoter hypermethylation associated with inactivation of several tumor suppressor genes involved in DNA repair, cell cycle, and apoptosis signaling pathways. In view of this, CTCL may be amenable to treatment with demethylating agents.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Base Sequence
- CpG Islands
- DNA Methylation
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Silencing
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor/physiology
- Genome, Human
- Humans
- Ki-1 Antigen/metabolism
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/genetics
- Male
- Microarray Analysis
- Microfilament Proteins/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 5
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Thrombospondins/genetics
- Tumor Protein p73
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco van Doorn
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) consist of a large family of related enzymes, including the group of classical PTPs with its two main subgroups, the transmembrane receptor-type (RPTPs) and the intracellular or non-transmembrane PTPs. Published data on the expression and function of a panel of these enzymes in normal and cancerous breast tissues are discussed in this review. While most studies, albeit on different enzymes, have tended to agree on the evidence for an increased PTP expression in breast cancer, any connection between PTP expression and the enzymes' role in cancer development and progression remains largely open to interpretation. Concomitant increases of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) and PTP activities in many cancers further indicate that a complex dysregulation in the balance of tyrosine phosphorylation could be responsible for major alterations in various cellular processes controlling tissue homeostasis. In particular, any relationship between the expression of PTPs and their specific diverse roles in the regulation of cell growth and apoptosis in breast cancer needs to be addressed in major fundamental, preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Freiss
- Inserm Unit 540 on Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology of Cancers, 60, rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France
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Wang Z, Shen D, Parsons DW, Bardelli A, Sager J, Szabo S, Ptak J, Silliman N, Peters BA, van der Heijden MS, Parmigiani G, Yan H, Wang TL, Riggins G, Powell SM, Willson JKV, Markowitz S, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Velculescu VE. Mutational analysis of the tyrosine phosphatome in colorectal cancers. Science 2004; 304:1164-6. [PMID: 15155950 DOI: 10.1126/science.1096096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation, regulated by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) and kinases (PTKs), is important in signaling pathways underlying tumorigenesis. A mutational analysis of the tyrosine phosphatase gene superfamily in human cancers identified 83 somatic mutations in six PTPs (PTPRF, PTPRG, PTPRT, PTPN3, PTPN13, PTPN14), affecting 26% of colorectal cancers and a smaller fraction of lung, breast, and gastric cancers. Fifteen mutations were nonsense, frameshift, or splice-site alterations predicted to result in truncated proteins lacking phosphatase activity. Five missense mutations in the most commonly altered PTP (PTPRT) were biochemically examined and found to reduce phosphatase activity. Expression of wild-type but not a mutant PTPRT in human cancer cells inhibited cell growth. These observations suggest that the mutated tyrosine phosphatases are tumor suppressor genes, regulating cellular pathways that may be amenable to therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghe Wang
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Liu S, Sugimoto Y, Sorio C, Tecchio C, Lin YC. Function analysis of estrogenically regulated protein tyrosine phosphatase gamma (PTPgamma) in human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Oncogene 2004; 23:1256-62. [PMID: 14676845 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase gamma (PTPgamma) is a member of the receptor-like family of tyrosine phosphatases and has been implicated as a tumor suppressor gene in kidney and lung cancers. Based on our previous findings, we hypothesize that PTPgamma is a potential estrogen-regulated tumor suppressor gene in human breast cancer. To examine the effects of PTPgamma on growth of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and compare the estrogenic responses of human breast cells with different PTPgamma expression levels, we established several stably transfected MCF-7 cell lines expressing different levels of PTPgamma, which were confirmed by RT-PCR and immunostaining. In our work, we used the antisense construct to breakdown endogenous PTPgamma level in MCF-7 cells. The results from doubling time assay suggested that PTPgamma is capable of inhibiting MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth. We further demonstrated that PTPgamma is able to inhibit anchorage-independent growth of breast cancer cells in soft agar and reduce the estrogenic responses of MCF-7 cell proliferation to estradiol-17beta (E(2)) and zeranol (Z, a nonsteroidal growth promoter with estrogenic activity). Our data suggest that PTPgamma may function as an important modulator in regulating the process of tumorigenesis in human breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suling Liu
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Molecular Endocrinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Andersen JN, Jansen PG, Echwald SM, Mortensen OH, Fukada T, Del Vecchio R, Tonks NK, Møller NPH. A genomic perspective on protein tyrosine phosphatases: gene structure, pseudogenes, and genetic disease linkage. FASEB J 2004; 18:8-30. [PMID: 14718383 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-1212rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are now recognized as critical regulators of signal transduction under normal and pathophysiological conditions. In this analysis we have explored the sequence of the human genome to define the composition of the PTP family. Using public and proprietary sequence databases, we discovered one novel human PTP gene and defined chromosomal loci and exon structure of the additional 37 genes encoding known PTP transcripts. Direct orthologs were present in the mouse genome for all 38 human PTP genes. In addition, we identified 12 PTP pseudogenes unique to humans that have probably contaminated previous bioinformatics analysis of this gene family. PCR amplification and transcript sequencing indicate that some PTP pseudogenes are expressed, but their function (if any) is unknown. Furthermore, we analyzed the enhanced diversity generated by alternative splicing and provide predicted amino acid sequences for four human PTPs that are currently defined by fragments only. Finally, we correlated each PTP locus with genetic disease markers and identified 4 PTPs that map to known susceptibility loci for type 2 diabetes and 19 PTPs that map to regions frequently deleted in human cancers. We have made our analysis available at http://ptp.cshl.edu or http://science.novonordisk.com/ptp and we hope this resource will facilitate the functional characterization of these key enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik N Andersen
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724-2208, USA
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Matsuyama A, Shiraishi T, Trapasso F, Kuroki T, Alder H, Mori M, Huebner K, Croce CM. Fragile site orthologs FHIT/FRA3B and Fhit/Fra14A2: evolutionarily conserved but highly recombinogenic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:14988-93. [PMID: 14630947 PMCID: PMC299872 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2336256100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Common fragile sites are regions that show elevated susceptibility to DNA damage, leading to alterations that can contribute to cancer development. FRA3B, located at chromosome region 3p14.2, is the most frequently expressed human common fragile site, and allelic losses at FRA3B have been observed in many types of cancer. The FHIT gene, encompassing the FRA3B region, is a tumor-suppressor gene. To identify the features of FHIT/FRA3B that might contribute to fragility, sequences of the human FHIT and the flanking PTPRG gene were compared with those of murine Fhit and Ptprg. Human and mouse orthologous genes, FHIT and Fhit, are more highly conserved through evolution than PTPRG/Ptprg and yet contain more sequence elements that are exquisitely sensitive to genomic rearrangements, such as high-flexibility regions and long interspersed nuclear element 1s, suggesting that common fragile sites serve a function. The conserved AT-rich high-flexibility regions are the most characteristic of common fragile sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Matsuyama
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Nagano H, Noguchi T, Inagaki K, Yoon S, Matozaki T, Itoh H, Kasuga M, Hayashi Y. Downregulation of stomach cancer-associated protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SAP-1) in advanced human hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 2003; 22:4656-63. [PMID: 12879010 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
SAP-1 (stomach cancer-associated protein tyrosine phosphatase-1) is a transmembrane-type protein tyrosine phosphatase that has been implicated as a negative regulator of integrin-mediated signaling. The potential role of this enzyme in hepatocarcinogenesis has now been investigated by examining its expression in 32 surgically excised human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) specimens. Both immunohistochemical and immunoblot analyses revealed that normal liver tissue, as well as tissue affected by chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis, contained substantial amounts of SAP-1. The expression level of SAP-1 in 75% of well-differentiated HCCs was similar to or higher than that observed in the surrounding noncancerous tissue. In contrast, the abundance of SAP-1 in 85.7% of moderately differentiated HCCs and in all poorly differentiated HCCs was greatly reduced compared with that in the adjacent tissue. Indeed, SAP-1 was almost undetectable in 83.3% of poorly differentiated HCCs. Furthermore, expression of recombinant SAP-1 in two highly motile human HCC cell lines resulted in a change in morphology and a marked reduction in both migratory activity and growth rate. In conclusion, these results indicate that SAP-1 expression is downregulated during the dedifferentiation of human HCC, and that this downregulation may play a causal role in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Nagano
- Division of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Department of Clinical Molecular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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Umezawa K, Kawakami M, Watanabe T. Molecular design and biological activities of protein-tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther 2003; 99:15-24. [PMID: 12804696 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(03)00050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine kinase (PTKase) and protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) regulate the intracellular signal transduction in various biological processes. PTPase often negatively regulates the intracellular protein-tyrosine phosphorylation. PTPases are considered to be involved in the etiology of diabetes mellitus and neural diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Therefore, PTPase inhibitors should be useful tools to study the role of PTPases in these diseases and other biological phenomena, and they hopefully may be developed into chemotherapeutic agents. We first discovered a naturally occurring PTPase inhibitor, dephostatin, in 1993. Later, we developed stable and safe dephostatin analogues by a molecular design approach employing the concept of CH/pi interaction. We prepared Et-3,4-dephostatin as a stable analogue and found it to inhibit PTP-1B and SHPTP-1 PTPases selectively. Et-3,4-dephostatin increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), with or without insulin, in differentiated 3T3-L1 mouse adipocytes. It also increased the phosphorylation and activation of Akt. The analogue also enhanced translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) from the cytoplasm to the membrane and 2-deoxyglucose transport. It also showed an in vivo antidiabetic effect in terms of reducing the high blood glucose level in KK-Ay mice after oral administration. Since Et-3,4-dephostatin contains a nitrosamine moiety, we designed nitrosamine-free dephostatin analogues employing the concept of CH/pi interaction. Then, we synthesized methoxime- and hexyl-methoxime-3,4-dephostatin as nitrosamine-free analogues. These analogues also showed antidiabetic activity in vivo and illustrate the utility of the CH/pi interaction molecular design approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Umezawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-0061, Japan.
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Mitsuuchi Y, Testa JR. Cytogenetics and molecular genetics of lung cancer. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 115:183-8. [PMID: 12407699 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The development and progression of lung cancer is a multistep process characterized by the accumulation of numerous genetic and epigenetic alterations, some of which occur early in the course of disease. In this review, we summarize cytogenetic imbalances and molecular genetic/epigenetic changes seen in human small-cell and non-small-cell lung cancer. Alterations of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes leading to perturbations of key cell-regulatory and growth-control pathways are highlighted. The translational implications of molecular biomarkers for risk assessment, early detection, and monitoring of chemoprevention trials are discussed.
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Liu S, Kulp SK, Sugimoto Y, Jiang J, Chang HL, Lin YC. Involvement of breast epithelial-stromal interactions in the regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase-gamma (PTPgamma) mRNA expression by estrogenically active agents. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2002; 71:21-35. [PMID: 11859871 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013343718942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein tyrosine phosphatase gamma (PTPgamma) has been implicated as a tumor suppressor gene in kidney and lung cancers. Our previous results indicate that estradiol-17beta (E2)-induced suppression of PTPgamma may play a role in mammary tumorigenesis. Zeranol (Z), a nonsteroidal growth promoter with estrogenic activity that is used by the US meat industry, induces estrogenic responses in primary cultured breast cells and breast cancer cell lines. METHODS PTPgamma mRNA expression in human breast tissues and cells isolated from surgical specimens of mammoplasty and breast cancer patients were detected and quantified by RT-PCR. Immunohistochemical staining was used to localize PTPgamma in human breast tissues. Breast epithelial and stromal cells were isolated and co-cultured to determine the involvement of cell-cell interaction in the regulation of PTPgamma mRNA expression by E2 and Z. RESULTS PTPgamma mRNA expression was lower in cancerous than in normal breast tissues. Both E2 and Z suppressed PTPgamma mRNA levels in cultured normal breast tissues by approximately 80%, but had a lesser effect in cultured epithelial cells isolated from normal breast tissues. In the co-culture system, both E2 and Z suppressed PTPgamma mRNA to a greater degree in epithelial cells than in stromal cells. In whole breast tissues, PTPgamma was immunolocalized to the epithelium. Treatment with E2 or Z diminished PTPgamma staining indicating reductions in PTPgamma at the protein level. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that both E2 and Z regulate PTPgamma expression in human breast and that epithelial-stromal cells interaction is important in the regulation of PTPgamma expression by estrogenically active agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suling Liu
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Molecular Endocrinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1092, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sozzi
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Divison of Experimental Oncology A, Milan, Italy
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