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Getsy PM, Coffee GA, May WJ, Baby SM, Bates JN, Lewis SJ. The Reducing Agent Dithiothreitol Modulates the Ventilatory Responses That Occur in Freely Moving Rats during and following a Hypoxic-Hypercapnic Challenge. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:498. [PMID: 38671945 PMCID: PMC11047747 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the hypothesis that changes in the oxidation-reduction state of thiol residues in functional proteins play a major role in the expression of the ventilatory responses in conscious rats that occur during a hypoxic-hypercapnic (HH) gas challenge and upon return to room air. A HH gas challenge in vehicle-treated rats elicited robust and sustained increases in minute volume (via increases in frequency of breathing and tidal volume), peak inspiratory and expiratory flows, and inspiratory and expiratory drives while minimally affecting the non-eupneic breathing index (NEBI). The HH-induced increases in these parameters, except for frequency of breathing, were substantially diminished in rats pre-treated with the potent and lipophilic disulfide-reducing agent, L,D-dithiothreitol (100 µmol/kg, IV). The ventilatory responses that occurred upon return to room air were also substantially different in dithiothreitol-treated rats. In contrast, pre-treatment with a substantially higher dose (500 µmol/kg, IV) of the lipophilic congener of the monosulfide, N-acetyl-L-cysteine methyl ester (L-NACme), only minimally affected the expression of the above-mentioned ventilatory responses that occurred during the HH gas challenge or upon return to room air. The effectiveness of dithiothreitol suggests that the oxidation of thiol residues occurs during exposure to a HH gas challenge and that this process plays an essential role in allowing for the expression of the post-HH excitatory phase in breathing. However, this interpretation is contradicted by the lack of effects of L-NACme. This apparent conundrum may be explained by the disulfide structure affording unique functional properties to dithiothreitol in comparison to monosulfides. More specifically, the disulfide structure may give dithiothreitol the ability to alter the conformational state of functional proteins while transferring electrons. It is also possible that dithiothreitol is simply a more efficient reducing agent following systemic injection, although one interpretation of the data is that the effects of dithiothreitol are not due to its reducing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina M. Getsy
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (P.M.G.); (G.A.C.)
| | - Gregory A. Coffee
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (P.M.G.); (G.A.C.)
| | - Walter J. May
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
| | - Santhosh M. Baby
- Galleon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 213 Witmer Road, Horsham, PA 19044, USA;
| | - James N. Bates
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Stephen J. Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (P.M.G.); (G.A.C.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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2
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Association between Selenium Intake and Optimal Sleep Duration: A National Longitudinal Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020397. [PMID: 36678268 PMCID: PMC9867097 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inconsistent findings have been discovered in studies examining the link between dietary selenium (Se) and sleep. Data were obtained from 17,176 people aged 20 and over who participated in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 2004 to 2011. Face-to-face interviews were used to measure sleep duration in 2004, 2006, 2009, and 2011. To track dietary Se consumption, a 3-day, 24-h recall was undertaken. In the analysis, multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression was employed. The odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of optimal sleep duration (7-9 h/day) in the regression of Model 4 were 1.00, 1.01 (0.89-1.15) and 1.19 (1.02-1.38) for the three tertiles of selenium consumption, respectively. Only overweight patients displayed a substantial positive connection between Se intake and the optimal sleep duration in the subgroup analysis. In summary, Se intake was significantly associated with optimal sleep duration.
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Naderi M, Puar P, Zonouzi-Marand M, Chivers DP, Niyogi S, Kwong RWM. A comprehensive review on the neuropathophysiology of selenium. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:144329. [PMID: 33445002 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
As an essential micronutrient, selenium (Se) exerts its biological function as a catalytic entity in a variety of enzymes. From a toxicological perspective, however, Se can become extremely toxic at concentrations slightly above its nutritional levels. Over the last few decades, there has been a growing level of concern worldwide regarding the adverse effects of both inorganic and organic Se compounds on a broad spectrum of neurological functions. A wealth of evidence has shown that exposure to excess Se may compromise the normal functioning of various key proteins, neurotransmitter systems (the glutamatergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic systems), and signaling molecules involved in the control and regulation of cognitive, behavioral, and neuroendocrine functions. Elevated Se exposure has also been suspected to be a risk factor for the development of several neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Nonetheless, despite the various deleterious effects of excess Se on the central nervous system (CNS), Se neurotoxicity and negative behavioral outcomes are still disregarded at the expense of its beneficial health effects. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding the neurobehavioral effects of Se and discusses its potential mode of action on different aspects of the central and peripheral nervous systems. This review also provides a brief history of Se discovery and uses, its physicochemical properties, biological roles in the CNS, environmental occurrence, and toxicity. We also review potential links between exposure to different forms of Se compounds and aberrant neurobehavioral functions in humans and animals, and identify key knowledge gaps and hypotheses for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Naderi
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Pankaj Puar
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | | | - Douglas P Chivers
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Som Niyogi
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
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4
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Wang P, Li Q, Dong X, An H, Li J, Zhao L, Yan H, Aritake K, Huang Z, Strohl KP, Urade Y, Zhang J, Han F. Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase levels increase in patients with narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia. Sleep 2021; 44:zsaa234. [PMID: 33175978 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a frequent cause for consultation and a defining symptom of narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia (IH). The associated mechanisms remain unclear. Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (LPGDS) is a plausible sleep-inducing candidate. This study is to compare cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and serum LPGDS levels in patients group with hypersomnia of central origin, including those with narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) and type 2 (NT2) and IH, to those in healthy controls (Con). METHODS Serum LPGDS, CSF LPGDS, and CSF hypocretin-1(Hcrt-1) levels were measured by ELISA in 122 narcolepsy patients (106 NT1 and 16 NT2), 27 IH, and 51Con. RESULTS LPGDS levels in CSF (p = 0.02) and serum (p < 0.001) were 22%-25% lower in control subjects than in patients with EDS complaints, including NT1, NT2, and IH. In contrast to significant differences in CSF Hcrt-1 levels, CSF L-PGDS levels and serum L-PGDS were comparable among NT1, NT2, and IH (p > 0.05), except for slightly lower serum LPGDS in IH than in NT1 (p = 0.01). Serum L-PGDS correlated modestly and negatively to sleep latency on MSLT (r = -0.227, p = 0.007) in hypersomnia subjects. CONCLUSIONS As a somnogen-producing enzyme, CSF/serum LPGDS may serve as a new biomarker for EDS of central origin and imply a common pathogenetic association, but would complement rather than replaces orexin markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Sleep and Psychosomatic Medicine Center, The Third People's Hospital of Hainan Province, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Qinghua Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaosong Dong
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan An
- Department of Anesthesia, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Han Yan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kosuke Aritake
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Zhili Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kingman P Strohl
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, and Cleveland Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Yoshihiro Urade
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Han
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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Ahmad AS, Ottallah H, Maciel CB, Strickland M, Doré S. Role of the L-PGDS-PGD2-DP1 receptor axis in sleep regulation and neurologic outcomes. Sleep 2019; 42:zsz073. [PMID: 30893431 PMCID: PMC6559173 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To meet the new challenges of modern lifestyles, we often compromise a good night's sleep. In preclinical models as well as in humans, a chronic lack of sleep is reported to be among the leading causes of various physiologic, psychologic, and neurocognitive deficits. Thus far, various endogenous mediators have been implicated in inter-regulatory networks that collectively influence the sleep-wake cycle. One such mediator is the lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase (L-PGDS)-Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2)-DP1 receptor (L-PGDS-PGD2-DP1R) axis. Findings in preclinical models confirm that DP1R are predominantly expressed in the sleep-regulating centers. This finding led to the discovery that the L-PGDS-PGD2-DP1R axis is involved in sleep regulation. Furthermore, we showed that the L-PGDS-PGD2-DP1R axis is beneficial in protecting the brain from ischemic stroke. Protein sequence homology was also performed, and it was found that L-PGDS and DP1R share a high degree of homology between humans and rodents. Based on the preclinical and clinical data thus far pertaining to the role of the L-PGDS-PGD2-DP1R axis in sleep regulation and neurologic conditions, there is optimism that this axis may have a high translational potential in human therapeutics. Therefore, here the focus is to review the regulation of the homeostatic component of the sleep process with a special focus on the L-PGDS-PGD2-DP1R axis and the consequences of sleep deprivation on health outcomes. Furthermore, we discuss whether the pharmacological regulation of this axis could represent a tool to prevent sleep disturbances and potentially improve outcomes, especially in patients with acute brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Shafique Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Haneen Ottallah
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Carolina B Maciel
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Michael Strickland
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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6
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Cherasse Y, Aritake K, Oishi Y, Kaushik MK, Korkutata M, Urade Y. The Leptomeninges Produce Prostaglandin D 2 Involved in Sleep Regulation in Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:357. [PMID: 30364224 PMCID: PMC6193105 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Injection of nanomolar amounts of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) into the rat brain has dose and time-dependent somnogenic effects, and the PGD2-induced sleep is indistinguishable from physiologic sleep. Sleep-inducing PGD2 is produced in the brain by lipocalin-type PGD2 synthase (LPGDS). Three potential intracranial sources of LPGDS have been identified: oligodendrocytes, choroid plexus, and leptomeninges. We aimed at the identification of the site of synthesis of somnogenic PGD2 and therefore, generated a transgenic mouse line with the LPGDS gene amenable to conditional deletion using Cre recombinase (flox-LPGDS mouse). To identify the cell type responsible for producing somnogenic PGD2, we engineered animals lacking LPGDS expression specifically in oligodendrocytes (OD-LPGDS KO), choroid plexus (CP-LPGDS KO), or leptomeninges (LM-LPGDS KO). We measured prostaglandins and LPGDS concentrations together with PGD synthase activity in the brain of these mice. While the LPGDS amount and PGD synthase activity were drastically reduced in the OD- and LM-LPGDS KO mice, they were unchanged in the CP-LPGDS KO mice compared with control animals. We then recorded electroencephalograms, electromyograms, and locomotor activity to measure sleep in 10-week-old mice with specific knockdown of LPGDS in each of the three targets. Using selenium tetrachloride, a specific PGDS inhibitor, we demonstrated that sleep is inhibited in OD-LPGDS and CP-LPGDS KO mice, but not in the LM-LPGDS KO mice. We concluded that somnogenic PGD2 is produced primarily by the leptomeninges, and not by oligodendrocytes or choroid plexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoan Cherasse
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kosuke Aritake
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yo Oishi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mahesh K Kaushik
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mustafa Korkutata
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Urade
- The University of Tokyo Hospital, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Abstract
Cortical electroencephalographic activity arises from corticothalamocortical interactions, modulated by wake-promoting monoaminergic and cholinergic input. These wake-promoting systems are regulated by hypothalamic hypocretin/orexins, while GABAergic sleep-promoting nuclei are found in the preoptic area, brainstem and lateral hypothalamus. Although pontine acetylcholine is critical for REM sleep, hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone/GABAergic cells may "gate" REM sleep. Daily sleep-wake rhythms arise from interactions between a hypothalamic circadian pacemaker and a sleep homeostat whose anatomical locus has yet to be conclusively defined. Control of sleep and wakefulness involves multiple systems, each of which presents vulnerability to sleep/wake dysfunction that may predispose to physical and/or neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Schwartz
- Biosciences Division, Center for Neuroscience, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Thomas S Kilduff
- Biosciences Division, Center for Neuroscience, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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Huang ZL, Zhang Z, Qu WM. Roles of adenosine and its receptors in sleep-wake regulation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 119:349-71. [PMID: 25175972 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801022-8.00014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This chapter summarizes the current knowledge about the role of adenosine in the sleep-wake regulation with a focus on adenosine in the brain, regulation of adenosine levels, adenosine receptors, and manipulations of the adenosine system by the use of pharmacological and molecular biological tools. Adenosine is neither stored nor released as a classical neurotransmitter and is thought to be formed inside cells or on their surface, mostly by breakdown of adenine nucleotides. The extracellular level of adenosine increases in the cortex and basal forebrain (BF) during prolonged wakefulness and decreases during the sleep-recovery period. Therefore, adenosine is proposed to act as a homeostatic regulator of sleep. The endogenous somnogen prostaglandin (PG) D2 increases the extracellular level of adenosine under the subarachnoid space of the BF and promotes physiological sleep. There are four adenosine receptor subtypes: adenosine A1 receptor (R, A1R), A2AR, A2BR, and A3R. Both the A1R and the A2AR have been reported to be involved in sleep induction. The A2AR plays an important role in the somnogenic effects of PGD2. Activation of A2AR by its agonist infused into the brain potently increases sleep and the arousal effect of caffeine, an A1R and A2AR antagonist, was shown to be dependent on the A2AR. On the other hand, inhibition of wake-promoting neurons via the A1R also mediates the sleep-inducing effects of adenosine, whereas activation of A1R in the lateral preoptic area induces wakefulness. These findings indicate that A2AR plays a predominant role in sleep induction, whereas A1R regulates the sleep-wake cycle in a site-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Vinceti M, Mandrioli J, Borella P, Michalke B, Tsatsakis A, Finkelstein Y. Selenium neurotoxicity in humans: bridging laboratory and epidemiologic studies. Toxicol Lett 2013; 230:295-303. [PMID: 24269718 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Selenium is a metalloid of considerable interest in the human from both a toxicological and a nutritional perspective, with a very narrow safe range of intake. Acute selenium intoxication is followed by adverse effects on the nervous system with special clinical relevance, while the neurotoxicity of long-term overexposure is less characterized and recognized. We aimed to address this issue from a public health perspective, focusing on both laboratory studies and the few epidemiologic human studies available, with emphasis on their methodological strengths and limitations. The frequently overlooked differences in toxicity and biological activity of selenium compounds are also outlined. In addition to lethargy, dizziness, motor weakness and paresthesias, an excess risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is the effect on the nervous system which has been more consistently associated with chronic low-level selenium overexposure, particularly to its inorganic compounds. Additional research efforts are needed to better elucidate the neurotoxic effects exerted by selenium overexposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vinceti
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Trace Element Institute for Unesco Satellite Center, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Jessica Mandrioli
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia and Local Health Unit of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Paola Borella
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Trace Element Institute for Unesco Satellite Center, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Yoram Finkelstein
- Neurology and Toxicology Service and Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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11
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Trojsi F, Monsurrò MR, Tedeschi G. Exposure to environmental toxicants and pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: state of the art and research perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15286-311. [PMID: 23887652 PMCID: PMC3759860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140815286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a broad scientific consensus that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neuromuscular disease, is caused by gene--environment interactions. In fact, given that only about 10% of all ALS diagnosis has a genetic basis, gene-environmental interaction may give account for the remaining percentage of cases. However, relatively little attention has been paid to environmental and lifestyle factors that may trigger the cascade of motor neuron degeneration leading to ALS, although exposure to chemicals--including lead and pesticides-agricultural environments, smoking, intense physical activity, trauma and electromagnetic fields have been associated with an increased risk of ALS. This review provides an overview of our current knowledge of potential toxic etiologies of ALS with emphasis on the role of cyanobacteria, heavy metals and pesticides as potential risk factors for developing ALS. We will summarize the most recent evidence from epidemiological studies and experimental findings from animal and cellular models, revealing that potential causal links between environmental toxicants and ALS pathogenesis have not been fully ascertained, thus justifying the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Trojsi
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences, Second University of Naples, Piazza Miraglia 2, Naples 80138, Italy; E-Mails: (M.R.M.); (G.T.)
- Neurological Institute for Diagnosis and Care “Hermitage Capodimonte”, Via Cupa delle Tozzole 2, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Monsurrò
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences, Second University of Naples, Piazza Miraglia 2, Naples 80138, Italy; E-Mails: (M.R.M.); (G.T.)
- Neurological Institute for Diagnosis and Care “Hermitage Capodimonte”, Via Cupa delle Tozzole 2, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Tedeschi
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences, Second University of Naples, Piazza Miraglia 2, Naples 80138, Italy; E-Mails: (M.R.M.); (G.T.)
- Neurological Institute for Diagnosis and Care “Hermitage Capodimonte”, Via Cupa delle Tozzole 2, Naples 80131, Italy
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12
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Abstract
This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness. Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Multiple interacting neurotransmitter systems in the brain stem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain converge onto common effector systems in the thalamus and cortex. Sleep results from the inhibition of wake-promoting systems by homeostatic sleep factors such as adenosine and nitric oxide and GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, resulting in large-amplitude, slow EEG oscillations. Local, activity-dependent factors modulate the amplitude and frequency of cortical slow oscillations. Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep results in conservation of brain energy and facilitates memory consolidation through the modulation of synaptic weights. Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep results from the interaction of brain stem cholinergic, aminergic, and GABAergic neurons which control the activity of glutamatergic reticular formation neurons leading to REM sleep phenomena such as muscle atonia, REMs, dreaming, and cortical activation. Strong activation of limbic regions during REM sleep suggests a role in regulation of emotion. Genetic studies suggest that brain mechanisms controlling waking and NREM sleep are strongly conserved throughout evolution, underscoring their enormous importance for brain function. Sleep disruption interferes with the normal restorative functions of NREM and REM sleep, resulting in disruptions of breathing and cardiovascular function, changes in emotional reactivity, and cognitive impairments in attention, memory, and decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritchie E Brown
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Brockton, Massachusetts 02301, USA
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13
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Gerstner JR, Vanderheyden WM, Shaw PJ, Landry CF, Yin JCP. Fatty-acid binding proteins modulate sleep and enhance long-term memory consolidation in Drosophila. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15890. [PMID: 21298037 PMCID: PMC3029266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is thought to be important for memory consolidation, since sleep deprivation has been shown to interfere with memory processing. However, the effects of augmenting sleep on memory formation are not well known, and testing the role of sleep in memory enhancement has been limited to pharmacological and behavioral approaches. Here we test the effect of overexpressing the brain-type fatty acid binding protein (Fabp7) on sleep and long-term memory (LTM) formation in Drosophila melanogaster. Transgenic flies carrying the murine Fabp7 or the Drosophila homologue dFabp had reduced baseline sleep but normal LTM, while Fabp induction produced increases in both net sleep and LTM. We also define a post-training consolidation “window” that is sufficient for the observed Fabp-mediated memory enhancement. Since Fabp overexpression increases consolidated daytime sleep bouts, these data support a role for longer naps in improving memory and provide a novel role for lipid-binding proteins in regulating memory consolidation concurrently with changes in behavioral state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Gerstner
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JRG); (JCPY)
| | - William M. Vanderheyden
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Shaw
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Jerry C. P. Yin
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JRG); (JCPY)
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Mathurin K, Gallant MA, Germain P, Allard-Chamard H, Brisson J, Iorio-Morin C, de Brum Fernandes A, Caron MG, Laporte SA, Parent JL. An interaction between L-prostaglandin D synthase and arrestin increases PGD2 production. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:2696-706. [PMID: 21112970 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.178277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
L-type prostaglandin synthase (L-PGDS) produces PGD(2), a lipid mediator involved in neuromodulation and inflammation. Here, we show that L-PGDS and arrestin-3 (Arr3) interact directly and can be co-immunoprecipitated endogenously from MG-63 osteoblasts. Perinuclear L-PGDS/Arr3 co-localization is observed in PGD(2)-producing MG-63 cells and is induced by the addition of the L-PGDS substrate or co-expression of COX-2 in HEK293 cells. Inhibition of L-PGDS activity in MG-63 cells triggers redistribution of Arr3 and L-PGDS to the cytoplasm. Perinuclear localization of L-PGDS is detected in wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) but is more diffused in MEFs-arr-2(-/-)-arr-3(-/-). Arrestin-3 promotes PGD(2) production by L-PGDS in vitro. IL-1β-induced PGD(2) production is significantly lower in MEFs-arr-2(-/-)-arr-3(-/-) than in wild-type MEFs but can be rescued by expressing Arr2 or Arr3. A peptide corresponding to amino acids 86-100 of arrestin-3 derived from its L-PGDS binding domain stimulates L-PGDS-mediated PGD(2) production in vitro and in MG-63 cells. We report the first characterization of an interactor/modulator of a PGD(2) synthase and the identification of a new function for arrestin, which may open new opportunities for improving therapies for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Mathurin
- Service de Rhumatologie, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
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15
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16
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Revel FG, Gottowik J, Gatti S, Wettstein JG, Moreau JL. Rodent models of insomnia: A review of experimental procedures that induce sleep disturbances. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 33:874-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Irikura D, Aritake K, Nagata N, Maruyama T, Shimamoto S, Urade Y. Biochemical, functional, and pharmacological characterization of AT-56, an orally active and selective inhibitor of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:7623-30. [PMID: 19131342 PMCID: PMC2658056 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808593200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here that
4-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-ylidene-1-[4-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-butyl]-piperidine
(AT-56) is an orally active and selective inhibitor of lipocalin-type
prostaglandin (PG) D synthase (L-PGDS). AT-56 inhibited human and mouse
L-PGDSs in a concentration (3–250 μm)-dependent manner but
did not affect the activities of hematopoietic PGD synthase (H-PGDS),
cyclooxygenase-1 and -2, and microsomal PGE synthase-1. AT-56 inhibited the
L-PGDS activity in a competitive manner against the substrate PGH2
(Km = 14 μm) with a Ki
value of 75 μm but did not inhibit the binding of
13-cis-retinoic acid, a nonsubstrate lipophilic ligand, to L-PGDS.
NMR titration analysis revealed that AT-56 occupied the catalytic pocket, but
not the retinoid-binding pocket, of L-PGDS. AT-56 inhibited the production of
PGD2 by L-PGDS-expressing human TE-671 cells after stimulation with
Ca2+ ionophore (5 μm A23187) with an IC50
value of about 3 μm without affecting their production of
PGE2 and PGF2α but had no effect on the
PGD2 production by H-PGDS-expressing human megakaryocytes. Orally
administered AT-56 (<30 mg/kg body weight) decreased the PGD2
production to 40% in the brain of H-PGDS-deficient mice after a stab wound
injury in a dose-dependent manner without affecting the production of
PGE2 and PGF2α and also suppressed the
accumulation of eosinophils and monocytes in the bronco-alveolar lavage fluid
from the antigen-induced lung inflammation model of human L-PGDS-transgenic
mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Irikura
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, 6-2-4 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
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18
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Oishi Y, Huang ZL, Fredholm BB, Urade Y, Hayaishi O. Adenosine in the tuberomammillary nucleus inhibits the histaminergic system via A1 receptors and promotes non-rapid eye movement sleep. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:19992-7. [PMID: 19066225 PMCID: PMC2604968 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810926105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine has been proposed to promote sleep through A(1) receptors (A(1)R's) and/or A(2A) receptors in the brain. We previously reported that A(2A) receptors mediate the sleep-promoting effect of prostaglandin D(2), an endogenous sleep-inducing substance, and that activation of these receptors induces sleep and blockade of them by caffeine results in wakefulness. On the other hand, A(1)R has been suggested to increase sleep by inhibition of the cholinergic region of the basal forebrain. However, the role and target sites of A(1)R in sleep-wake regulation remained controversial. In this study, immunohistochemistry revealed that A(1)R was expressed in histaminergic neurons of the rat tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN). In vivo microdialysis showed that the histamine release in the frontal cortex was decreased by microinjection into the TMN of N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), an A(1)R agonist, adenosine or coformycin, an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, which catabolizes adenosine to inosine. Bilateral injection of CPA into the rat TMN significantly increased the amount and the delta power density of non-rapid eye movement (non-REM; NREM) sleep but did not affect REM sleep. CPA-promoted sleep was observed in WT mice but not in KO mice for A(1)R or histamine H(1) receptor, indicating that the NREM sleep promoted by A(1)R-specific agonist depended on the histaminergic system. Furthermore, the bilateral injection of adenosine or coformycin into the rat TMN increased NREM sleep, which was completely abolished by coadministration of 1,3-dimethyl-8-cyclopenthylxanthine, a selective A(1)R antagonist. These results indicate that endogenous adenosine in the TMN suppresses the histaminergic system via A(1)R to promote NREM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Oishi
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
- Department of Aging Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; and
| | - Bertil B. Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yoshihiro Urade
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
- Department of Aging Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Osamu Hayaishi
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Hayaishi
- Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan.
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20
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Terao A, Huang ZL, Wisor JP, Mochizuki T, Gerashchenko D, Urade Y, Kilduff TS. Gene expression in the rat brain during prostaglandin D2 and adenosinergically-induced sleep. J Neurochem 2008; 105:1480-98. [PMID: 18331290 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have supported the hypothesis that macromolecular synthesis occurs in the brain during sleep as a response to prior waking activities and that prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is an endogenous sleep substance whose effects are dependent on adenosine A2a receptor-mediated signaling. We compared gene expression in the cerebral cortex, basal forebrain, and hypothalamus during PGD2-induced and adenosinergically-induced sleep to results from our previously published study of recovery sleep (RS) after sleep deprivation (SD). Immediate early gene expression in the cortex during sleep induced by PGD2- or by the selective adenosine A2a agonist CGS21680 showed limited similarity to that observed during RS while, in the basal forebrain and hypothalamus, widespread activation of immediate early genes not seen during RS occurred. In all three brain regions, PGD2 and CGS21680 reduced the expression of arc, a transcript whose expression is elevated during SD. Using GeneChips, the majority of genes induced by either PGD2 or CGS21680 were induced by both, suggesting activation of the same pathways. However, gene expression induced in the brain after PGD2 or CGS21680 treatment was distinct from that described during RS after SD and apparently involves glial cell gene activation and signaling pathways in neural-immune interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Terao
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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21
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Ruano D, Macedo A, Soares MJ, Valente J, Azevedo MH, Pato C, Hutz MH, Gama CS, Lobato MI, Belmonte-de-Abreu P, Heutink P, Palha JA. Family-based and case-control studies reveal no association of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase with schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:642-6. [PMID: 17230501 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Several observations point to the involvement of disturbed lipid biology in schizophrenia. Reduced response to niacin flushing test, which involves vasodilatation induced by prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), is among the evidences, together with decreased CSF levels of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS), the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of PGD2 in the brain. Since PTGDS is also a carrier for lipophilic molecules such as retinoids and thyroid hormones, altered PTGDS levels might influence both PGD2-mediated signaling, and vitamin A and thyroid hormone availability. To test whether genetic variants of PTGDS are involved in the etiology of schizophrenia, we searched for variants in the coding and regulatory regions of the gene. We identified four previously described polymorphisms. Using two case-control samples from Portugal and Brazil, none of the polymorphisms tested was associated with the disease. In addition, no transmission distortion was observed in an independent parents-offspring sample from the Azorean Islands. Our data do not support the involvement of the PTGDS gene in the etiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Ruano
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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22
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Datta S, Maclean RR. Neurobiological mechanisms for the regulation of mammalian sleep-wake behavior: reinterpretation of historical evidence and inclusion of contemporary cellular and molecular evidence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 31:775-824. [PMID: 17445891 PMCID: PMC1955686 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
At its most basic level, the function of mammalian sleep can be described as a restorative process of the brain and body; recently, however, progressive research has revealed a host of vital functions to which sleep is essential. Although many excellent reviews on sleep behavior have been published, none have incorporated contemporary studies examining the molecular mechanisms that govern the various stages of sleep. Utilizing a holistic approach, this review is focused on the basic mechanisms involved in the transition from wakefulness, initiation of sleep and the subsequent generation of slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Additionally, using recent molecular studies and experimental evidence that provides a direct link to sleep as a behavior, we have developed a new model, the cellular-molecular-network model, explaining the mechanisms responsible for regulating REM sleep. By analyzing the fundamental neurobiological mechanisms responsible for the generation and maintenance of sleep-wake behavior in mammals, we intend to provide a broader understanding of our present knowledge in the field of sleep research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subimal Datta
- Sleep and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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23
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Huang ZL, Urade Y, Hayaishi O. Prostaglandins and adenosine in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2006; 7:33-8. [PMID: 17129762 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) D2 and adenosine are potent humoral sleep-inducing factors that accumulate in the brain during prolonged wakefulness. PGD2 is produced in the brain by lipocalin-type PGD synthase, which is localized mainly in the leptomeninges, choroid plexus and oligodendrocytes, and circulates in the cerebrospinal fluid as a sleep hormone. It stimulates DP1 receptors on leptomeningeal cells of the basal forebrain to release adenosine as a paracrine signaling molecule to promote sleep. Adenosine activates adenosine A2A receptor-expressing sleep-active neurons in the basal forebrain and the ventrolateral preoptic area. Sleep-promoting neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area send inhibitory signals to suppress the histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus, which contribute to arousal through histamine H1 receptors. Increased knowledge of the molecular mechanisms by which PGD2 induces sleep through activation of adenosine A2A receptors and inhibition of the histaminergic arousal system will be useful both for a better understanding of sleep/wake regulation and for the development of novel types of sleeping pills or anti-doze drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
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24
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Qu WM, Huang ZL, Xu XH, Aritake K, Eguchi N, Nambu F, Narumiya S, Urade Y, Hayaishi O. Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase produces prostaglandin D2 involved in regulation of physiological sleep. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:17949-54. [PMID: 17093043 PMCID: PMC1693853 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608581103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) D2 has been proposed to be essential for the initiation and maintenance of the physiological sleep of rats because intracerebroventricular administration of selenium tetrachloride (SeCl4), a selective inhibitor of PGD synthase (PGDS), was shown to reduce promptly and effectively the amounts of sleep during the period of infusion. However, gene knockout (KO) mice of PGDS and prostaglandin D receptor (DP1R) showed essentially the same circadian profiles and daily amounts of sleep as wild-type (WT) mice, raising questions about the involvement of PGD2 in regulating physiological sleep. Here we examined the effect of SeCl4 on the sleep of WT and KO mice for PGDS and DP1R and that of a DP1R antagonist, ONO-4127Na, on the sleep of rats. The i.p. injection of SeCl4 into WT mice decreased the PGD2 content in the brain without affecting the amounts of PGE2 and PGF(2alpha). It inhibited sleep dose-dependently and immediately after the administration during the light period when mice normally sleep, increasing the wake time; and the treatment with this compound resulted in a distinct sleep rebound during the following dark period. The SeCl4-induced insomnia was observed in hematopoietic PGDS KO mice but not at all in lipocalin-type PGDS KO, hematopoietic and lipocalin-type PGDS double KO or DP1R KO mice. Furthermore, the DP1R antagonist ONO-4127Na reduced sleep of rats by 30% during infusion into the subarachnoid space under the rostral basal forebrain at 200 pmol/min. These results clearly show that the lipocalin-type PGDS/PGD2/DP1R system plays pivotal roles in the regulation of physiological sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Min Qu
- *Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- *Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin-Hong Xu
- *Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kosuke Aritake
- *Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Naomi Eguchi
- *Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Fumio Nambu
- Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka 618-8585, Japan; and
| | - Shu Narumiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Urade
- *Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Osamu Hayaishi
- *Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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25
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Hayaishi O. Molecular Mechanisms of Sleep-Wake Regulation. Sleep 2004. [DOI: 10.1201/9780203496732.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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26
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Eguchi N, Pinzar E, Kuwahata Y, Inui T, Mochizuki T, Urade Y, Hayaishi O. Sleep in transgenic and gene-knockout mice for lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5131(02)00529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Irikura D, Kumasaka T, Yamamoto M, Hayaishi O, Urade Y. Crystal structure of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5131(02)00527-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Prostaglandin D synthase in the prenatal ovine brain and effects of its inhibition with selenium chloride on fetal sleep/wake activity in utero. J Neurosci 2002. [PMID: 12097519 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.22-13-05679.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that prostaglandin (PG) D(2) induces physiological sleep in mammals by acting on sleep centers located in the anterior hypothalamus. In fetal sheep, definitive rapid-eye-movement and non-rapid-eye-movement sleep states appear at approximately 125 d gestation (term is approximately 147 d). In adult animals, PGD synthase (PGDS) (functionally and structurally homologous to beta-trace protein) is secreted into CSF with a circadian pattern, with the highest concentrations present during sleep. In this study we show that PGDS/beta-trace protein is present in fetal sheep CSF at 125 and 135 d gestation but not at 90 d gestation. SeCl(4), a specific inhibitor of PGDS, was given to unanesthetized fetal sheep (130-140 d gestation) by intracerebroventricular infusion at a dose of 25, 100, 500, or 1000 pmol/min for 4 hr. Artificial CSF was infused in control experiments. Arousal behavior, defined as the presence of nuchal muscle electromyogram activity, electro-ocular activity, and breathing movements during low-amplitude electrocortical activity, increased from 3.8 +/- 1 min/hr to 6.6 +/- 0.5 and 7.0 +/- 0.3 min/hr at doses of 100 and 500 pmol/min, respectively (p < 0.05). SeCl(4) at 25 and 1000 pmol/min had no significant effect on arousal activity. Infusion of PGD(2) at 500 pmol/min intracerebroventricularly for 4 hr decreased the incidence of arousal from 3.8 +/- 0.5 min/hr to 0.7 +/- 0.3 min/hr (p < 0.05). When 500 pmol/min PGD(2) was infused immediately after a 4 hr infusion of SeCl(4) (500 pmol/min), the SeCl(4)-induced increase in arousal behavior was abolished. Together, the presence of PGDS/beta-trace protein in fetal CSF in late gestation and the effects of SeCl(4) in increasing the incidence of arousal-like behavior suggest that PGD(2) has a role in the induction and maintenance of prenatal sleep.
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Abstract
Similar to other tissues selenium from selenomethionine is deposited in the brain at higher concentrations than selenium in other forms. Vitamin E has a greater effect than selenium in reducing lipid peroxidation in various brain regions. Selenium does not have as great effect on glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity in the brain as in most other organs. Prolonged selenium and iodine deficiencies will compromise thyroid hormone homeostatus in the brain and this is due to changes in deiodinases activities and lipid peroxidation. Even though selenium deficiency results in reduced GPX activity and selenium content in the brain, there is no reduction in thioredoxin reductase activity or selenoprotein W levels. Selenoprotein P is taken up in greater amounts by the brain but not by other organs in selenium deficient animals, suggesting a critical function of this selenoprotein in this organ. Selenium will influence compounds with hormonal activity (and neurotransmitters) in the brain, and this is postulated to be the reason selenium affects moods in humans and behavior in animals. Even though selenium counteracts the neurotoxicity of mercury, cadmium, lead and vanadium, it causes them to accumulate in the brain, presumably in a nontoxic complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Whanger
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331, USA.
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30
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Ikeda M, Sagara M, Sekino Y, Shirao T, Honda K, Yoshioka T, Allen CN, Inoué S. The sulphydryl reagent, N-ethylmaleimide, disrupts sleep and blocks A1 adenosine receptor-mediated inhibition of intracellular calcium signaling in the in vitro ventromedial preoptic nucleus. Neuroscience 2002; 106:733-43. [PMID: 11682159 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To explore the neuronal signaling mechanisms underlying sleep regulation in the rat, the present study examined continuous intra-third ventricle infusion of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), a sulphydryl reagent that inhibits G(i/o) protein-coupled receptor-mediated signaling pathways. The diurnal infusion of NEM (0.01-10 micromol/10 h) dose-dependently inhibited both non-rapid eye movement sleep and rapid eye movement sleep. A maximal dose of NEM (10 micromol/10 h) dramatically inhibited day-time sleep (-57% for non-rapid eye movement sleep and -89% for rapid eye movement sleep) with a compensatory increase of sleep during the subsequent night-time (+33% for non-rapid eye movement sleep and +259% for rapid eye movement sleep). The day-time brain temperature was also increased by NEM, demonstrating effects of NEM on both sleep and body temperature levels. Immunostaining of the rat hypothalamus with a monoclonal antibody against the A1 adenosine receptor (A1R) was used to explore the distribution of a sleep-related G(i/o) protein-coupled receptor. Robust A1R-like immunoreactivity was found in the ventromedial preoptic nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus. Fura-2-based Ca(2+) imaging analysis of acute hypothalamic slices further demonstrated that the A1R agonist N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA; 200 nM) inhibited spontaneous Ca(2+) oscillations and high potassium (80 mM)-induced Ca(2+) flux in the ventromedial preoptic nucleus, while NEM (100-300 microM) and an A1R antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-dipropylxanthine (300 nM) blocked the CPA actions and increased the high potassium-induced Ca(2+) flux. From these results we suggest that NEM-sensitive G protein-coupled receptor(s) may play an important role in the regulation of sleep and body temperature in the rat and one possible mechanism is an A1R-mediated regulation of intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations in the ventromedial preoptic nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ikeda
- Advanced research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
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31
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Pinzar E, Kanaoka Y, Inui T, Eguchi N, Urade Y, Hayaishi O. Prostaglandin D synthase gene is involved in the regulation of non-rapid eye movement sleep. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:4903-7. [PMID: 10781097 PMCID: PMC18330 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.090093997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the function of prostaglandin (PG) D synthase (PGDS) gene, as well as endogenously produced PGD(2) in sleep regulation in vivo, we generated transgenic (TG) mice that overexpress human PGDS gene to study their sleep behavior. Although no difference was observed in the sleep/wake patterns between wild-type and TG mice, a striking time-dependent increase in non-rapid eye movement (NREM), but not in rapid eye movement (REM), sleep was observed in two independent lines of TG mice after stimulation by tail clipping. Concomitantly, the spontaneous locomotor activity of TG animals was drastically decreased in response to the tail clip. Induction of NREM sleep in TG mice was positively correlated with the PGD(2) production in the brain. Sleep, locomotion, and PGD(2) content were essentially unchanged in wild-type mice after tail clipping. The results with TG mice demonstrate the involvement of the PGDS gene in the regulation of NREM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pinzar
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 6-2-4 Furuedai, Suita, 565-0874 Osaka, Japan
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32
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Park HS, Huh SH, Kim Y, Shim J, Lee SH, Park IS, Jung YK, Kim IY, Choi EJ. Selenite negatively regulates caspase-3 through a redox mechanism. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:8487-91. [PMID: 10722685 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.12.8487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium, an essential biological trace element, exerts its modulatory effects in a variety of cellular events including cell survival and death. In our study we observed that selenite protects HEK293 cells from cell death induced by ultraviolet B radiation (UVB). Exposure of HEK293 cells to UVB radiation resulted in the activation of caspase-3-like protease activity, and pretreatment of the cells with z-DEVD-fmk (N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-fluoromethylketone), a caspase-3 inhibitor, prevented UVB-induced cell death. Interestingly, enzymatic activity of caspase-3-like protease in cell lysates of UVB-exposed cells was repressed in vitro by the presence of selenite. Selenite also inhibited the in vitro activity of purified recombinant caspase-3 in cleaving Ac-DEVD-pNA (N-acetyl-Asp-Glu-Asp-p-nitroanilide) or ICAD(L) (inhibitor of a caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease) and in the induction of DNA fragmentation. The inhibitory action of selenite on a recombinant active caspase-3 could be reversed by sulfhydryl reducing agents, such as dithiothreitol and beta-mercaptoethanol. Furthermore, pretreatment of cells with selenite suppressed the stimulation of the caspase-3-like protease activity in UVB-exposed cells, whereas dithiothreitol and beta-mercaptoethanol reversed this suppression of the enzymatic activity. Taken together, our data suggest that selenite inhibits caspase-3-like protease activity through a redox mechanism and that inhibition of caspase-3-like protease activity may be the mechanism by which selenite exerts its protective effect against UVB-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Park
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Cell Death, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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Hayaishi O. Molecular mechanisms of sleep-wake regulation: a role of prostaglandin D2. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2000; 355:275-80. [PMID: 10724461 PMCID: PMC1692734 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2000.0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) D2 is a major prostanoid in the brains of rats and other mammals, including humans. When PGD synthase (PGDS), the enzyme that produces PGD2 in the brain, was inhibited by the intracerebroventricular infusion of its selective inhibitors, i.e. tetravalent selenium compounds, the amount of sleep decreased both time and dose dependently. The amount of sleep of transgenic mice, in which the human PGDS gene had been incorporated, increased several fold under appropriate conditions. These data indicate that PGDS is a key enzyme in sleep regulation. In situ hybridization, immunoperoxidase staining and direct enzyme activity determination of tissue samples revealed that PGDS is hardly detectable in the brain parenchyma but is localized in the membrane systems surrounding the brain, namely, the arachnoid membrane and choroid plexus, from which it is secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to become beta-trace, a major protein component of the CSF. PGD2 exerts its somnogenic activity by binding to PGD2 receptors exclusively localized at the ventrorostral surface of the basal forebrain. When PGD2 was infused into the subarachnoid space below the rostral basal forebrain, striking expression of proto-oncogene Fos immunoreactivity (FosIR) was observed in the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO), a putative sleep centre, concurrent with sleep induction. Fos expression in the VLPO was positively correlated with the preceding amount of sleep and negatively correlated with Fos expression in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN), a putative wake centre. These observations suggest that PGD2 may induce sleep via leptomeningeal PGD2 receptors with subsequent activation of the VLPO neurons and downregulation of the wake neurons in the TMN area. Adenosine may be involved in the signal transduction associated with PGD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Hayaishi
- Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Japan.
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Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) D2 is the major prostanoid in the mammalian brain, and is the endogenous sleep-promoting substance in mice, rats, and monkeys, and probably in humans as well. When PGD synthase (PGDS), the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of PGD2 in the brain, was inhibited in vivo by its selective inhibitors, tetravalent selenium compounds, both slow-wave sleep and rapid-eye-movement sleep were reduced almost completely but reversibly, indicating that PGDS is a key enzyme in sleep regulation. Experiments with transgenic mice also support this contention. In situ hybridization, immunoperoxidase staining, and direct enzyme assay of tissue samples revealed that PGDS is mainly, if not exclusively, localized in the arachnoid membrane and choroid plexus, from which it is secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid to become beta-trace protein. PGD2 exerts its somnogenic activity by binding with PGD2 receptors, exclusively localized at the ventro-rostral surface of the basal forebrain. CGS21680, an adenosine A2a agonist, mimicked the somnogenic activity of PGD2 when applied to the PGD2-sensitive zone. This effect was dose-dependently and selectively abolished by the prior i.p. application of the adenosine A2a antagonist KF17837. Furthermore, the somnogenic activity of PGD2 was also dose-dependently and selectively attenuated by KF17837, indicating the possibility that the sleep induction by PGD2 may be mediated by adenosine through A2a receptors under these conditions. When PGD2 was infused into the subarachnoid space below the rostral basal forebrain, concurrent with sleep induction, striking expression of Fos immunoreactivity was observed in the ventrolateral preoptic area. Fos expression in the ventrolateral preoptic area was positively correlated with the preceding amount of sleep and negatively correlated with Fos expression in the tuberomammillary nucleus. PGD2 also increased Fos IR in the basal leptomeninges and several regions implicated in autonomic regulation. These observations suggest that PGD2 may induce sleep via leptomeningeal PGD2 receptors with subsequent activation of the ventrolateral preoptic area neurons.
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Abstract
Glutamate receptor induced changes in the activity of different phosphorylation systems were measured in hippocampal slices from 12- and 56-day-old rats, by determining the endogenous phosphorylation of 2.5% perchloric acid (PCA) soluble proteins. We identified among these proteins an 85, 80 kDa and the tau protein as specific substrates for protein kinase A (PKA), MARCKS, and neurogranin as specific substrates for protein kinase C (PKC), and prostaglandin-D-synthase as substrate for casein kinase II (CKII). In addition, a 35 kDa protein was phosphorylated by calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase II and protein kinase C and a 21 kDa protein was a substrate for all investigated kinases. The basal endogenous phosphorylation of 2.5% PCA soluble proteins changed during development qualitatively and quantitatively. Thus, the phosphorylation degree of nearly all proteins declines during maturation. Activation of mGluR induced an increased phosphorylation of PKA, PKC, and CKII substrates in hippocampal slices from 12-day-old rats, but in slices of 56-day-old rats only PKA and to a lower extent PKC substrates were affected. In contrast, stimulation of NMDA receptors led to an enhancement of CKII and PKA dependent phosphorylation only in slices of young animals, whereas the endogenous phosphorylation of some proteins in adult slices was actually decreased. These data showing developmental changes in the coupling of metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors to different phosphorylation systems are discussed in the light of altered physiological properties of the mature hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Angenstein
- Federal Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Germany.
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36
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Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) D2 is recognized as the most potent endogenous sleep-promoting substance whose action mechanism is the best characterized among the various sleep-substances thus far reported. The PGD2 concentration in rat cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shows a circadian change coupled to the sleep-wake cycle and elevates with an increase in sleep propensity during sleep deprivation. Lipocalin-type PGD synthase is dominantly produced in the arachnoid membrane and choroid plexus of the brain, and is secreted into the CSF to become beta-trace, a major protein component of the CSF. The PGD synthase as well as the PGD2 thus produced circulates in the ventricular system, subarachnoidal space, and extracellular space in the brain system. PGD2 then interacts with DP receptors in the chemosensory region of the ventro-medial surface of the rostral basal forebrain to initiate the signal to promote sleep probably via the activation of adenosine A2A receptive neurons. The activation of DP receptors in the PGD2-sensitive chemosensory region results in activation of a cluster of neurons within the ventrolateral preoptic area, which may promote sleep by inhibiting tuberomammillary nucleus, the source of the ascending histaminergic arousal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Urade
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Japan.
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Interleukin-1 induces slow-wave sleep at the prostaglandin D2-sensitive sleep-promoting zone in the rat brain. J Neurosci 1998. [PMID: 9698346 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.18-16-06599.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the site of action of the sleep-promoting effect of interleukin-1 (IL-1), we continuously infused (between 11 P.M. and 5 A.M.) murine recombinant IL-1beta into seven different locations in the ventricular and subarachnoid systems of the brain in freely moving rats. When IL-1 was infused at 10 ng/6 hr into the subarachnoid space underlying the ventral surface of the rostral basal forebrain, which previously was defined as the "prostaglandin (PG) D2-sensitive sleep-promoting zone" (PGD2-SZ), the total amount of slow-wave sleep (SWS) increased by 110.7 min (IL-1 was 208.1 +/- 14.3 min vs control at 97.4 +/- 9.3 min; n = 8; p < 0.01 by paired Student's t test) from the baseline control level obtained under continuous infusion of saline vehicle. The hourly SWS during the infusion period reached the level of daytime SWS, the physiological maximum, whereas paradoxical sleep (PS) was decreased transiently. This site of action for the SWS promotion was dissociated from the site in the third ventricle sensitive to the IL-1-mediated PS suppression, fever, and anorexia. The SWS increase caused by IL-1 infusion into the PGD2-SZ was blocked completely by coadministered diclofenac, a nonselective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. Pretreatment of rats with NS-398 or piroxicam (3 mg/kg of body weight, i.p.), which are said, respectively, to possess high and relative specificity for the COX-2 enzyme, also blocked the SWS-promoting effect of IL-1. We present a hypothesis that IL-1 induces SWS, at least in part, via COX-2-mediated PG production in the PGD2-SZ.
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38
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Terao A, Matsumura H, Saito M. Interleukin-1 induces slow-wave sleep at the prostaglandin D2-sensitive sleep-promoting zone in the rat brain. J Neurosci 1998; 18:6599-607. [PMID: 9698346 PMCID: PMC6793214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the site of action of the sleep-promoting effect of interleukin-1 (IL-1), we continuously infused (between 11 P.M. and 5 A.M.) murine recombinant IL-1beta into seven different locations in the ventricular and subarachnoid systems of the brain in freely moving rats. When IL-1 was infused at 10 ng/6 hr into the subarachnoid space underlying the ventral surface of the rostral basal forebrain, which previously was defined as the "prostaglandin (PG) D2-sensitive sleep-promoting zone" (PGD2-SZ), the total amount of slow-wave sleep (SWS) increased by 110.7 min (IL-1 was 208.1 +/- 14.3 min vs control at 97.4 +/- 9.3 min; n = 8; p < 0.01 by paired Student's t test) from the baseline control level obtained under continuous infusion of saline vehicle. The hourly SWS during the infusion period reached the level of daytime SWS, the physiological maximum, whereas paradoxical sleep (PS) was decreased transiently. This site of action for the SWS promotion was dissociated from the site in the third ventricle sensitive to the IL-1-mediated PS suppression, fever, and anorexia. The SWS increase caused by IL-1 infusion into the PGD2-SZ was blocked completely by coadministered diclofenac, a nonselective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. Pretreatment of rats with NS-398 or piroxicam (3 mg/kg of body weight, i.p.), which are said, respectively, to possess high and relative specificity for the COX-2 enzyme, also blocked the SWS-promoting effect of IL-1. We present a hypothesis that IL-1 induces SWS, at least in part, via COX-2-mediated PG production in the PGD2-SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Terao
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita City, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
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39
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Scammell T, Gerashchenko D, Urade Y, Onoe H, Saper C, Hayaishi O. Activation of ventrolateral preoptic neurons by the somnogen prostaglandin D2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:7754-9. [PMID: 9636223 PMCID: PMC22747 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.13.7754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is an extensively studied sleep-promoting substance, but the neuroanatomical basis of PGD2-induced sleep is only partially understood. To determine potential regions involved in this response, we used Fos immunohistochemistry to identify neurons activated by infusion of PGD2 into the subarachnoid space below the rostral basal forebrain. PGD2 increased nonrapid eye movement sleep and induced striking expression of Fos in the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO), a cluster of neurons that may promote sleep by inhibiting the tuberomammillary nucleus, the source of the ascending histaminergic arousal system. Fos expression in the VLPO was positively correlated with the preceding amount of sleep and negatively correlated with Fos expression in the tuberomammillary nucleus. PGD2 also increased Fos immunoreactivity in the basal leptomeninges and several regions implicated in autonomic regulation. These observations suggest that PGD2 may induce sleep via leptomeningeal PGD2 receptors with subsequent activation of the VLPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Scammell
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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40
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Hayaishi O. Prostaglandin D synthase, beta-trace and sleep. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998; 433:347-50. [PMID: 9561167 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1810-9_74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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41
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Kabeya K, Ishikawa K, Katakai K, Watanabe M, Ohe Y, Wakabayashi K, Mori M. Prostaglandin-D-synthase (beta-trace protein) levels in rat cerebrospinal fluid. Neuroreport 1998; 9:915-9. [PMID: 9579690 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-199803300-00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The precise role of prostaglandin-D-synthase (beta-trace protein), the major constituent of cerebrospinal fluid, is unclear. In the present study, a sensitive and highly specific fluoroimmunoassay was developed. The measurement of the enzyme levels in rat CSF revealed a developmental change in the CSF levels with the highest value of 66 +/- 8 microg/ml at 7 days after birth. No significant difference in the levels was seen between different times of day. Subcutaneous injections of all-trans retinoic acid caused a dramatic decrease in the protein levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These findings may raise the possibility that prostaglandin-D-synthase in CSF is involved in retinoic acid action on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kabeya
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
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42
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Akarsu ES, Mamuk S, Comert A. Inhibition of pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in rats by prostaglandin D2. Epilepsy Res 1998; 30:63-8. [PMID: 9551845 DOI: 10.1016/s0920-1211(97)00092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of brain PGD2 activity during PTZ induced seizures in rats. Potentiation of endogenous PGD2 activity caused an anti-convulsant effect. Thus, after PGD2 injection (5 microg/icv) the latency of generalized tonic clonic convulsions was prolonged. ZK 118.182, a stable analogue of PGD2, dose-dependently inhibited the incidence and the intensity of seizures when injected at doses of 1-100 ng/icv. But on the other hand, inhibition of PGD2 activity either by a D-type PG receptor antagonist (AH 6809; 50 ng/icv) or by a PGD synthase inhibitor (sodium selenite; 0.2 microg/icv) produced a proconvulsant effect by increasing the incidence and the intensity of the seizures. These findings indicate that endogenous PGD2 activity in the brain may have a specific inhibitory role for the initiation and propagation of PTZ induced seizures in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Akarsu
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ankara, Turkey.
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43
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Ram A, Pandey HP, Matsumura H, Kasahara-Orita K, Nakajima T, Takahata R, Satoh S, Terao A, Hayaishi O. CSF levels of prostaglandins, especially the level of prostaglandin D2, are correlated with increasing propensity towards sleep in rats. Brain Res 1997; 751:81-9. [PMID: 9098570 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of PGD2, PGE2, and of PGF2 alpha was measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from the cisterna magna of conscious rats (n = 29), which, chronically implanted with a catheter for the CSF sampling, underwent deprivation of daytime sleep. Significant elevation of the CSF level of PGD2 was observed following 2.5-h sleep deprivation (SD), and the elevation became more marked following 5- and 10-h SD, apparently reaching the maximum at 5-h SD (703 +/- 140 pg/ml (mean +/- S.E.M.) for baseline vs. 1734 +/- 363 pg/ml for SD, n = 10). The levels of PGE2, and PGF2 alpha also significantly increased following 5- and 10-h SD, but not following 2.5-h SD. It is unlikely that these changes were simply caused by some responses of the animals to stress stimuli, because stress stimuli derived from restraint of the animal at the supine position to a board for 1 h did not produce any acute responses in the CSF levels of prostaglandins (n = 13). In a different group of animals (n = 11) implanted with electrodes for recording electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) in addition to the catheter, the levels of the prostaglandins in CSF were determined for slow-wave sleep (SWS) and wakefulness in the day and for SWS and wakefulness in the night. The highest PGD2 value was obtained at daytime SWS, whereas the lowest was at night wakefulness; furthermore, a significant difference was observed between SWS and wakefulness rather than between day and night. The CSF level of PGE2 also showed a similar tendency. In an additional group of animals (n = 6), not only PGD2 but also PGE2 and PGF2 alpha significantly increased the sleeping time of the animal when applied into the subarachnoid space underlying the ventral surface area of the rostral basal forebrain, the previously defined site of action for the sleep-promoting effect of PGD2. The promotion of sleep by PGE2 applied to the subarachnoid space was an effect completely opposite to the well-established awaking effect of the same prostaglandin demonstrated in the hypothalamic region in a series of previous studies. Based on these results, we conclude that increases in CSF levels of prostaglandins, especially that of PGD2, are correlated in rats with heightened propensity towards sleep and further with the depth of sleep under normal as well as SD conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ram
- Osaka Bioscience Institute, Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Japan
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44
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Satoh S, Matsumura H, Suzuki F, Hayaishi O. Promotion of sleep mediated by the A2a-adenosine receptor and possible involvement of this receptor in the sleep induced by prostaglandin D2 in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:5980-4. [PMID: 8650205 PMCID: PMC39174 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.12.5980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A 6-hr continuous infusion of 2-[p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenylethylamino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenos ine (CGS21680), a selective A2a-adenosine agonist, into the subarachnoid space underlying the ventral surface region of the rostral basal forebrain, which has been defined as the prostaglandin (PG) D2-sensitive sleep-promoting zone, at rates of 0.02, 0.2, 2.0, and 12 pmol/min increased slow-wave sleep (SWS) and paradoxical sleep (PS) in a dose-dependent manner up to 183% and 202% of their respective baseline levels. The increments produced by the infusion of CGS21680 at 0.2 and 2.0 pmol/min were totally diminished when the rats had been pretreated with an i.p. injection of (E)-1,3-dipropyl-7-methyl-8-(3,4-dimethoxystyryl)xanthine (KF17837; 30 mg/kg of body weight), a selective A2-adenosine antagonist. In contrast, the infusion of N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA), a selective A1-adenosine agonist, at 2 pmol/min significantly suppressed SWS before causing an increase in SWS, and a decrease in PS was also markedly visible. Essentially the same effects of CGS21680 and CHA were observed when these compounds were administered to the parenchymal region of the rostral basal forebrain through chronically implanted microdialysis probes. Thus, we clearly showed that stimulation of A2a-adenosine receptors in the rostral basal forebrain promotes SWS and PS. Furthermore, i.p. injections of KF17837 at 30 and 100 mg/kg of body weight dose-dependently attenuated the magnitude of the SWS increase produced by the infusion of PGD2 into the subarachnoid space of the sleep-promoting zone, thus indicating that the A2a-adenosine receptors are crucial in the sleep-promoting process triggered by PGD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Satoh
- Department of Molecular Behavorial Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Japan
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45
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Abstract
In summary, the, PGD2 and E2 are the major endogenous sleep-regulating substances, the former inducing physiological sleep and the latter, wakefulness, in rats, monkeys and probably in humans as well. Second, PGD synthase, the key enzyme in the regulation of sleep, is present mainly in the leptomeninges and choroid plexus, from which it is secreted into the CSF to become beta-trace protein. Third, PGD2 exerts its somnogenic activity at the ventro-rostral surface of the basal forebrain.
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46
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Urade Y, Tanaka T, Eguchi N, Kikuchi M, Kimura H, Toh H, Hayaishi O. Structural and functional significance of cysteine residues of glutathione-independent prostaglandin D synthase. Identification of Cys65 as an essential thiol. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:1422-8. [PMID: 7836410 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.3.1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione-independent prostaglandin D synthase in rat brain is composed of 189 amino acid residues and catalyzes the isomerization of prostaglandin H2 to prostaglandin D2, an endogenous sleep-promoting substance. This enzyme is the only enzyme among members of the lipocalin superfamily composed of various secretory lipophilic ligand-carrier proteins and is recently identified to be a beta-trace protein, a major constituent of human cerebrospinal fluid. We expressed the active enzyme in Escherichia coli and then systematically substituted all cysteine residues of the delta 1-29 enzyme at positions of 65, 89, and 186 with alanine or serine. The parent and mutant enzymes were purified to apparent homogeneity with a recovery of approximately 30% by chromatography with Sephadex G-50 and S-Sepharose, by which all the enzymes showed identical elution profiles. The purified enzymes, irrespective of the mutation, showed almost the same circular dichroism spectral characteristics as displayed by a highly ordered beta-structure. The recombinant enzymes containing Cys65 showed the activity comparable with that of the enzyme purified from rat brain (approximately 3 mumol/min/mg of protein) in the presence, but not in the absence, of sulfhydryl compounds. However, all of the single, double, and triple mutants without Cys65 lost the enzyme activity. The purified delta 1-29 Ala89,186 enzyme was inactivated reversibly by conjugation with glutathione at Cys65 and irreversibly by the stoichiometric chemical modification with N-ethylmaleimide. These results indicate that Cys65 is an essential thiol of the enzyme and that both the intrinsic and extrinsic sulfhydryl groups are necessary for nonoxidative rearrangement of 9,11-endoperoxide of prostaglandin H2 to produce prostaglandin D2 catalyzed by the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Urade
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Japan
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47
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Matsumura H, Nakajima T, Osaka T, Satoh S, Kawase K, Kubo E, Kantha SS, Kasahara K, Hayaishi O. Prostaglandin D2-sensitive, sleep-promoting zone defined in the ventral surface of the rostral basal forebrain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:11998-2002. [PMID: 7991572 PMCID: PMC45363 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.25.11998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The site of action for the sleep-promoting effect of prostaglandin (PG) D2 was extensively examined in the brain of adult male rats (n = 231). PGD2 was administered at 100 pmol/0.2 microliter per min for 6 hr (2300-0500 hr) through chronically implanted microdialysis probes or infusion cannulae. Among the administrations of PDG2 by dialysis probes (n = 176), only those (n = 8) to a ventro-rostral part of the basal forebrain by the probes implanted on the midline consistently increased slow-wave sleep (SWS), by 51 +/- 6 min (mean +/- SEM) above the baseline value (111 +/- 11 min). Since this area is separated by a cleft into right and left regions, the results were interpreted to mean that, through this cleft, PGD2 diffused in the subarachnoid space over the adjacent ventral surface, where it had the effect of promoting sleep. When PGD2 was directly infused into the subarachnoid space (n = 55), extraordinary increases exceeding 90 min were consistently attained for the SWS at sites located between 0.5 and 2 mm rostral to the bregma and between 0 and 1.2 mm lateral to the midline defined according to the stereotaxic coordinates adopted from the brain atlas of Paxinos and Watson [Paxinos, G. & Watson, C. (1986) The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates (Academic, San Diego)]. Thus, we demarcated a "PGD2-sensitive, sleep-promoting zone" within this region in the ventral surface of the rostral basal forebrain. During the bilateral infusion of PGD2 into the subarachnoid space of this zone, the hourly mean SWS level of the nocturnal animals (n = 6) in the night reached the maximum at the second hour of the infusion period; this maximum hourly SWS level, corresponding to the daytime level of the same animals, lasted until the end of PGD2 infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Matsumura
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Japan
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48
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Urade Y, Kitahama K, Ohishi H, Kaneko T, Mizuno N, Hayaishi O. Dominant expression of mRNA for prostaglandin D synthase in leptomeninges, choroid plexus, and oligodendrocytes of the adult rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:9070-4. [PMID: 8415655 PMCID: PMC47503 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.19.9070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione-independent prostaglandin D synthase [prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase; (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9 alpha,11 alpha-epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate D-isomerase, EC 5.3.99.2] is an enzyme responsible for biosynthesis of prostaglandin D2 in the central nervous system. In situ hybridization with antisense RNA for the enzyme indicated that mRNA for the enzyme was predominantly expressed in the leptomeninges, choroid plexus, and oligodendrocytes of the adult rat brain. The findings agree with those obtained by immunohistochemical staining with antibodies against the enzyme. It was further revealed that prostaglandin D synthase activity was considerably greater in the isolated leptomeninges (14.2 nmol per min per mg of protein) and choroid plexus (7.0 nmol per min per mg of protein) than the activity in the whole brain (2.0 nmol per min per mg of protein). These results, taken together, indicate that the enzyme is mainly synthesized and located in the leptomeninges, choroid plexus, and oligodendrocytes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Urade
- International Research Laboratories, Ciba-Geigy Japan Ltd., Takarazuka, Japan
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Hsu SY, Goetz FW. Oxoanions stimulate in vitro ovulation and signal transduction pathways in goldfish (Carassius auratus) follicles. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 263:E943-9. [PMID: 1332498 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1992.263.5.e943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of a number of oxoanion compounds on in vitro ovulation of goldfish follicles and ovarian second messenger activities. Significant levels of ovulation were induced by 0.1 mM sodium chromate, 0.1 mM sodium metavanadate, 10 mM sodium molybdate, 0.1 mM sodium orthovanadate, 5 mM sodium selenate, 0.5 mM sodium tungstate, and 0.1 mM vanadyl sulfate. At levels that significantly stimulated ovulation, metavanadate, molybdate, orthovanadate, tungstate, and vanadyl sulfate also stimulated follicular phosphatidylinositol cycling and inhibited ovarian alkaline phosphatase activity. Moreover, the ovulation induced by these oxoanions was not inhibited by indomethacin (10 micrograms/ml), while ovulation induced by selenate and chromate was. In contrast, only vanadium-containing compounds significantly stimulated prostaglandin (PG) synthesis, and, in fact, selenate significantly inhibited PG production. Finally, only sodium molybdate- and vanadium-containing compounds appeared to increase follicular adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate content. While all oxoanions stimulated in vitro ovulation, they had differential effects on certain signal transduction pathways when tested at concentrations that stimulated in vitro ovulation. From the results, two basic groups could be delineated, one containing tungstate-, molybdate-, and vanadium-containing compounds and the other selenate and chromate. Thus the mechanism by which ovulation is induced by chromate and selenate may be different from that of vanadium-containing compounds, molybdate, and tungstate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Hsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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