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Xu J, Guo Y, Tan Z, Ban W, Tian J, Chen K, Xu H. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of rad51 gene associated with gametogenesis in Chinese soft-shell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). Gene 2023; 887:147729. [PMID: 37619650 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Rad51 is a recA-like recombinase that plays a crucial role in repairing DNA double-strand breaks through homologous recombination during mitosis and meiosis in mammals and other organisms. However, its role in reptiles remains largely unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the physiological role of the rad51 gene in reptiles, particularly in Pelodiscus sinensis. Firstly, the cDNA of rad51 gene was cloned and analyzed in P. sinensis. The cloned cDNA contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 1020 bp and encodeed a peptide of 339 amino acids. The multiple alignments and phylogenetic tree analysis of Rad51 showed that P. sinensis shares the high identity with Chelonia mydas (97.95%) and Mus musculus (95.89%). Secondly, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis showed that rad51 mRNA was highly expressed in both ovary and testis, while being weak in the somatic tissues examined in this study. Furthermore, chemical in situ hybridization (CISH) was performed to examine the expression profile of rad51 mRNA in germ cells at different stages. In the testis, rad51 mRNA expression was found to be stronger in the germ cells at early stages, specifically in spermatogonia and spermatocytes, but it was undetectable in spermatids. In the ovary, rad51 mRNA exhibited a uniform distribution in the cytoplasm of oocytes at early stages. The signal intensity of rad51 mRNA was highest in primary oocytes and gradually declined during oogenesis as the oocytes developed. These results suggest that rad51 plays a vital role in the development of germ cells, particularly during the early stages of gametogenesis in P. sinensis. The dynamic expression pattern of rad51 mRNA provides insights into the mechanisms underlying germ cell development and differentiation into gametes in turtles, even in reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Sciences of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Yonglin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Sciences of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Zhimin Tan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Sciences of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Wenzhuo Ban
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Sciences of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Jiaming Tian
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Sciences of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Kaili Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Sciences of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Hongyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Sciences of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China.
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Triple gene expressions in yeast, Escherichia coli, and mammalian cells by transferring DNA fragments amplified from a mother yeast expression plasmid. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 133:587-595. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mack EA, Tagliamonte MS, Xiao YP, Quesada S, Allred DR. Babesia bovis Rad51 ortholog influences switching of ves genes but is not essential for segmental gene conversion in antigenic variation. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008772. [PMID: 32866214 PMCID: PMC7485966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The tick-borne apicomplexan parasite, Babesia bovis, a highly persistent bovine pathogen, expresses VESA1 proteins on the infected erythrocyte surface to mediate cytoadhesion. The cytoadhesion ligand, VESA1, which protects the parasite from splenic passage, is itself protected from a host immune response by rapid antigenic variation. B. bovis relies upon segmental gene conversion (SGC) as a major mechanism to vary VESA1 structure. Gene conversion has been considered a form of homologous recombination (HR), a process for which Rad51 proteins are considered pivotal components. This could make BbRad51 a choice target for development of inhibitors that both interfere with parasite genome integrity and disrupt HR-dependent antigenic variation. Previously, we knocked out the Bbrad51 gene from the B. bovis haploid genome, resulting in a phenotype of sensitivity to methylmethane sulfonate (MMS) and apparent loss of HR-dependent integration of exogenous DNA. In a further characterization of BbRad51, we demonstrate here that ΔBbrad51 parasites are not more sensitive than wild-type to DNA damage induced by γ-irradiation, and repair their genome with similar kinetics. To assess the need for BbRad51 in SGC, RT-PCR was used to observe alterations to a highly variant region of ves1α transcripts over time. Mapping of these amplicons to the genome revealed a significant reduction of in situ transcriptional switching (isTS) among ves loci, but not cessation. By combining existing pipelines for analysis of the amplicons, we demonstrate that SGC continues unabated in ΔBbrad51 parasites, albeit at an overall reduced rate, and a reduction in SGC tract lengths was observed. By contrast, no differences were observed in the lengths of homologous sequences at which recombination occurred. These results indicate that, whereas BbRad51 is not essential to babesial antigenic variation, it influences epigenetic control of ves loci, and its absence significantly reduces successful variation. These results necessitate a reconsideration of the likely enzymatic mechanism(s) underlying SGC and suggest the existence of additional targets for development of small molecule inhibitors. B. bovis establishes highly persistent infections in cattle, in part by using cytoadhesion to avoid passage through the spleen. While protective, a host antibody response targeting the cytoadhesion ligand is quickly rendered ineffective by antigenic variation. In B. bovis, antigenic variation relies heavily upon segmental gene conversion (SGC), presumed to be a form of homologous recombination (HR), to generate variants. As Rad51 is generally considered essential to HR, we investigated its contribution to SGC. While diminishing the parasite’s capacity for HR-dependent integration of exogenous DNA, the loss of BbRad51 did not affect the parasite’s sensitivity to ionizing radiation, overall genome stability, or competence for SGC. Instead, loss of BbRad51 diminished the extent of in situ transcriptional switching (isTS) among ves gene loci, the accumulation of SGC recombinants, and the mean lengths of SGC sequence tracts. Given the overall reductions in VESA1 variability, compromise of the parasite’s capacity for in vivo persistence is predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Mack
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Massimiliano S. Tagliamonte
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yu-Ping Xiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Samantha Quesada
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - David R. Allred
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Albert E, Laimins L. Regulation of the Human Papillomavirus Life Cycle by DNA Damage Repair Pathways and Epigenetic Factors. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070744. [PMID: 32664381 PMCID: PMC7412114 DOI: 10.3390/v12070744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses are the causative agents of cervical and other anogenital cancers along with approximately 60% of oropharyngeal cancers. These small double-stranded DNA viruses infect stratified epithelia and link their productive life cycles to differentiation. HPV proteins target cellular factors, such as those involved in DNA damage repair, as well as epigenetic control of host and viral transcription to regulate the productive life cycle. HPVs constitutively activate the ATM and ATR DNA repair pathways and preferentially recruit these proteins to viral genomes to facilitate productive viral replication. In addition, the sirtuin deacetylases along with histone acetyltransferases, including Tip60, are targeted in HPV infections to regulate viral transcription and replication. These pathways provide potential targets for drug therapy to treat HPV-induced disease.
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Increased error-free DNA repair gene expression through reprogramming in human iPS cells. Regen Ther 2019; 11:101-105. [PMID: 31304203 PMCID: PMC6606834 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Many studies have reported that human-induced pluripotent stem (hiPS)/embryonic stem (hES) cells have an exceptional ability to repair damaged DNA. Moreover, unlike differentiated cells, hES cells have features and mechanisms such as apoptosis-prone mitochondria, which prevent any changes in genetic information caused by DNA damage to be transmitted to their descendants. Type-A (dark) spermatogonia and cancer stem cells are thought to be dormant. However, hiPS/hES cells, the so-called stem cells used in regenerative medicine, generally have a high proliferative capacity. This suggests that in these cells, oxidative DNA damage associated with vigorous proliferation and DNA scission associated with replication occur frequently. Although pluripotency according to change of genomic structure is well studied, the change of DNA repair through reprogramming has not been well studied. Methods We analyzed the expression of DNA repair-related genes in hiPS cells using microarray and western blotting analyses and assessed changes in PARP activity through reprogramming. Results Through reprogramming, hiPS cells were found to upregulate poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity and genes regulating homologous recombination (HR). Simultaneously, the expression level of genes involved in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) was not high, suggesting that at least at the gene expression level, frequently occurring DNA scission is preferentially dealt with via HR instead of NHEJ. Also, reflecting the high proliferative activity, genes related to mismatch repair (MMR) were upregulated through reprogramming. Conversely, error-prone polymerase was downregulated through reprogramming. These are also likely to be the mechanisms preventing changes in genetic information. Conclusions High PARP activity and HR-related gene expression in hiPS cells were achieved through reprogramming and likely facilitate precise genome editing in these cells in exchange for a high possibility of cell death.
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Manthey GM, Clear AD, Liddell LC, Negritto MC, Bailis AM. Homologous recombination in budding yeast expressing the human RAD52 gene reveals a Rad51-independent mechanism of conservative double-strand break repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:1879-1888. [PMID: 27923995 PMCID: PMC5389729 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RAD52 is a homologous recombination (HR) protein that is conserved from bacteriophage to humans. Simultaneously attenuating expression of both the RAD52 gene, and the HR and tumor suppressor gene, BRCA2, in human cells synergistically reduces HR – indicating that RAD52 and BRCA2 control independent mechanisms of HR. We have expressed the human RAD52 gene (HsRAD52) in budding yeast strains lacking the endogenous RAD52 gene and found that HsRAD52 supports repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) by a mechanism of HR that conserves genome structure. Importantly, this mechanism of HR is independent of RAD51, which encodes the central strand exchange protein in yeast required for conservative HR. In contrast, BRCA2 exerts its effect on HR in human cells together with HsRAD51, potentially explaining the synergistic effect of attenuating the expression of both HsRAD52 and BRCA2. This suggests that multiple mechanisms of conservative DSB repair may contribute to tumor suppression in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn M Manthey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Alissa D Clear
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Lauren C Liddell
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Adam M Bailis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Kobayashi W, Takaku M, Machida S, Tachiwana H, Maehara K, Ohkawa Y, Kurumizaka H. Chromatin architecture may dictate the target site for DMC1, but not for RAD51, during homologous pairing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24228. [PMID: 27052786 PMCID: PMC4823753 DOI: 10.1038/srep24228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is compacted as chromatin, in which histones and DNA form the nucleosome as the basic unit. DMC1 and RAD51 are essential eukaryotic recombinases that mediate homologous chromosome pairing during homologous recombination. However, the means by which these two recombinases distinctly function in chromatin have remained elusive. Here we found that, in chromatin, the human DMC1-single-stranded DNA complex bypasses binding to the nucleosome, and preferentially promotes homologous pairing at the nucleosome-depleted regions. Consistently, DMC1 forms ternary complex recombination intermediates with the nucleosome-free DNA or the nucleosome-depleted DNA region. Surprisingly, removal of the histone tails improperly enhances the nucleosome binding by DMC1. In contrast, RAD51 does not specifically target the nucleosome-depleted region in chromatin. These are the first demonstrations that the chromatin architecture specifies the sites to promote the homologous recombination reaction by DMC1, but not by RAD51.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science &Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Motoki Takaku
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science &Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Shinichi Machida
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science &Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tachiwana
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science &Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Maehara
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurumizaka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science &Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan.,Institute for Medical-oriented Structural Biology, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
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Yan W, Zhou H, Luo Y, Hu J, Hickford JGH. Identification of more than two paternal haplotypes of the ovine fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) gene in half-sib families: evidence of intragenic meiotic recombination. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88691. [PMID: 24523930 PMCID: PMC3921221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) plays an important role in the regulation of lipid metabolism in mammals. In this study, two regions of ovine FABP4 spanning exon 2-intron 2 and exon 3-intron 3 were investigated in four hundred and twenty lambs derived from seven sires that were previously typed as having heterozygous genotypes in both these regions of the gene. These regions have been shown to be variable, with three SNPs plus one indel and four SNPs respectively constituting five and four allele variants in the two regions. Across these regions, fourteen haplotypes have been identified. The lambs were typed using a Polymerase Chain Reaction Single-Stranded Conformational Polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) method to identify the haplotypes inherited from the sires. Between three and four paternally-derived haplotypes were identified in the progeny of six of the seven sires, suggesting that meiotic recombination occurs within ovine FABP4. A number of sequence motifs associated with recombination “hotspots” were detected in the two regions of the gene that were analyzed and these may facilitate the recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huitong Zhou
- Gene-Marker Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Yuzhu Luo
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (JGH)
| | - Jiang Hu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jon G. H. Hickford
- Gene-Marker Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
- * E-mail: (YL); (JGH)
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Suyal G, Mukherjee SK, Choudhury NR. The host factor RAD51 is involved in mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) DNA replication. Arch Virol 2013; 158:1931-41. [PMID: 23575883 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1675-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Geminiviruses replicate their single-stranded genomes with the help of only a few viral factors and various host cellular proteins primarily by rolling-circle replication (RCR) and/or recombination-dependent replication. AtRAD51 has been identified, using the phage display technique, as a host factor that potentially interacts with the Rep protein of mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV), a member of the genus Begomovirus. In this study, we demonstrate the interaction between MYMIV Rep and a host factor, AtRAD51, using yeast two-hybrid and β-galactosidase assays, and this interaction was confirmed using a co-immunoprecipitation assay. The AtRAD51 protein complemented the rad51∆ mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in an ex vivo yeast-based geminivirus DNA replication restoration assay. The semiquantitative RT-PCR and northern hybridization data revealed a higher level of expression of the Rad51 transcript in MYMIV-infected mungbean than in uninfected, healthy plants. Our findings provide evidence for a possible cross-talk between RAD51 and MYMIV Rep, which essentially controls viral DNA replication in plants, presumably in conjunction with other host factors. The present study demonstrates for the first time the involvement of a eukaryotic RAD51 protein in MYMIV replication, and this is expected to shed light on the machinery involved in begomovirus DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Suyal
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology ICGEB, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Abstract
RAD51 is important for restarting stalled replication forks and for repairing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through a pathway called homology-directed repair (HDR). However, analysis of the consequences of specific RAD51 mutants has been difficult since they are toxic. Here we report on the dominant effects of two human RAD51 mutants defective for ATP binding (K133A) or ATP hydrolysis (K133R) expressed in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells that also expressed normal mouse RAD51 from the other chromosome. These cells were defective for restarting stalled replication forks and repairing breaks. They were also hypersensitive to camptothecin, a genotoxin that generates breaks specifically at the replication fork. In addition, these cells exhibited a wide range of structural chromosomal changes that included multiple breakpoints within the same chromosome. Thus, ATP binding and hydrolysis are essential for chromosomal maintenance. Fusion of RAD51 to a fluorescent tag (enhanced green fluorescent protein [eGFP]) allowed visualization of these proteins at sites of replication and repair. We found very low levels of mutant protein present at these sites compared to normal protein, suggesting that low levels of mutant protein were sufficient for disruption of RAD51 activity and generation of chromosomal rearrangements.
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Genetics of Meiosis and Recombination in Mice. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY VOLUME 298 2012; 298:179-227. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394309-5.00005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Takaku M, Ueno H, Kurumizaka H. Biochemical analysis of the human ENA/VASP-family proteins, MENA, VASP and EVL, in homologous recombination. J Biochem 2011; 149:721-9. [PMID: 21398369 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MENA, VASP and EVL are members of the ENA/VASP family of proteins and are involved in cytoplasmic actin remodeling. Previously, we found that EVL directly interacts with RAD51, an essential protein in the homologous recombinational repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs) and stimulates the RAD51-mediated recombination reactions in vitro. The EVL-knockdown MCF7 cells exhibited a clear reduction in RAD51-foci formation, suggesting that EVL may function in the DSB repair pathway through RAD51-mediated homologous recombination. However, the DSB repair defects were less significant in the EVL-knockdown cells, implying that two EVL paralogues, MENA and VASP, may complement the EVL function in human cells. Therefore, in the present study, we purified human MENA, VASP and EVL as recombinant proteins, and compared their biochemical activities in vitro. We found that all three proteins commonly exhibited the RAD51 binding, DNA binding and DNA-annealing activities. Stimulation of the RAD51-mediated homologous pairing was also observed with all three proteins. In addition, surface plasmon resonance analyses revealed that MENA, VASP and EVL mutually interacted. These results support the ideas that the ENA/VASP-family proteins are functionally redundant in homologous recombination, and that all three may be involved in the DSB repair pathway in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Takaku
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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The importance of XRCC2 in RAD51-related DNA damage repair. DNA Repair (Amst) 2010; 9:517-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2010.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chittela RK, Sainis JK. Plant DNA recombinases: a long way to go. J Nucleic Acids 2009; 2010. [PMID: 20798837 PMCID: PMC2925088 DOI: 10.4061/2010/646109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA homologous recombination is fundamental process by which two homologous DNA molecules exchange the genetic information for the generation of genetic diversity and maintain the genomic integrity. DNA recombinases, a special group of proteins bind to single stranded DNA (ssDNA) nonspecifically and search the double stranded DNA (dsDNA) molecule for a stretch of DNA that is homologous with the bound ssDNA. Recombinase A (RecA) has been well characterized at genetic, biochemical, as well as structural level from prokaryotes. Two homologues of RecA called Rad51 and Dmc1 have been detected in yeast and higher eukaryotes and are known to mediate the homologous recombination in eukaryotes. The biochemistry and mechanism of action of recombinase is important in understanding the process of homologous recombination. Even though considerable progress has been made in yeast and human recombinases, understanding of the plant recombination and recombinases is at nascent stage. Since crop plants are subjected to different breeding techniques, it is important to know the homologous recombination process. This paper focuses on the properties of eukaryotes recombinases and recent developments in the field of plant recombinases Dmc1 and Rad51.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Kant Chittela
- Plant Biochemistry Section, Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
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Hikiba J, Takizawa Y, Ikawa S, Shibata T, Kurumizaka H. Biochemical analysis of the human DMC1-I37N polymorphism. FEBS J 2008; 276:457-65. [PMID: 19076215 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The DMC1 protein, a meiosis-specific DNA recombinase, promotes homologous pairing and strand exchange. The I37N single nucleotide polymorphism of the human DMC1 protein was reported as a result of human genome sequencing projects. In this study, we purified the human DMC1-I37N variant, as a recombinant protein. The DMC1 protein is known to require DNA for efficient ATP hydrolysis. By contrast, the DMC1-I37N variant efficiently hydrolyzed ATP in the absence of DNA. Like the conventional DMC1 protein, the DMC1-I37N variant promoted strand exchange, but it required a high Ca2+ concentration (4-8 mm), a condition that inactivates the strand-exchange activity of the conventional DMC1 protein. These biochemical differences between the DMC1 and DMC1-I37N proteins suggest that the DMC1-I37N polymorphism may be a source of improper meiotic recombination, causing meiotic defects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Hikiba
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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Rajanikant C, Melzer M, Rao BJ, Sainis JK. Homologous recombination properties of OsRad51, a recombinase from rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 68:479-491. [PMID: 18695945 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-008-9385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
cDNA corresponding to OsRad51 protein was isolated from cDNA library of rice flowers (Oryza sativa, Indica cultivar group) and cloned in to pET28a expression vector. The protein was over expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and purified. Purified OsRad51 could bind single and double stranded DNA, however it showed higher affinity for single stranded DNA. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) studies of OsRad51-DNA complexes showed that this protein formed ring like structures and bound DNA forming filaments. OsRad51 protein promoted renaturation of complementary single strands in to duplex DNA molecules and also showed ATPase activity, which was stimulated by single strand DNA. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays revealed that OsRad51 promoted homology dependent renaturation as well as strand exchange reactions. Renaturation activity was ATP dependent; however strand exchange activity was ATP independent. This is the first report on in vitro characterization of Rad51 protein from crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chittela Rajanikant
- Plant Biochemistry Section, Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai 400085, India
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NAKADA K, SATO A, HAYASHI JI. Reverse genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA-based diseases using a mouse model. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2008; 84:155-65. [PMID: 18941295 PMCID: PMC2858368 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.84.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the situation that it would not be able to produce model animals for mitochondrial diseases caused by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with pathogenic mutations, we succeeded in generating mice with pathogenic deletion mutant mtDNA (DeltamtDNA), named "mito-mice", by direct introduction of mitochondria with DeltamtDNA into mouse zygotes. In the mito-mice, accumulation of DeltamtDNA induced mitochondrial respiration defects in various tissues, resulting in mitochondrial disease phenotypes, such as low body weight, lactic acidosis, ischemia, myopathy, heart block, deafness, male infertility, and renal failure. Thus, mito-mice are the first model animal for mtDNA-based diseases, and the mice could be valuable for understanding precise pathogeneses and testing therapies of mitochondrial diseases. In the present review, we summarized reverse genetic studies using the mito-mice.(Communicated by Takao SEKIYA, M.J.A.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto NAKADA
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akitsugu SATO
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi HAYASHI
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Temporal and spatial distribution of Rad51 protein in spermatocytes of the common shrew Sorex araneus L. (Soricidae, Eulipotyphla). RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF THERIOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.15298/rusjtheriol.06.1.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ishida T, Takizawa Y, Sakane I, Kurumizaka H. The Lys313 residue of the human Rad51 protein negatively regulates the strand-exchange activity. Genes Cells 2007; 13:91-103. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2007.01143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Heinicke S, Livstone MS, Lu C, Oughtred R, Kang F, Angiuoli SV, White O, Botstein D, Dolinski K. The Princeton Protein Orthology Database (P-POD): a comparative genomics analysis tool for biologists. PLoS One 2007; 2:e766. [PMID: 17712414 PMCID: PMC1942082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many biological databases that provide comparative genomics information and tools are now available on the internet. While certainly quite useful, to our knowledge none of the existing databases combine results from multiple comparative genomics methods with manually curated information from the literature. Here we describe the Princeton Protein Orthology Database (P-POD, http://ortholog.princeton.edu), a user-friendly database system that allows users to find and visualize the phylogenetic relationships among predicted orthologs (based on the OrthoMCL method) to a query gene from any of eight eukaryotic organisms, and to see the orthologs in a wider evolutionary context (based on the Jaccard clustering method). In addition to the phylogenetic information, the database contains experimental results manually collected from the literature that can be compared to the computational analyses, as well as links to relevant human disease and gene information via the OMIM, model organism, and sequence databases. Our aim is for the P-POD resource to be extremely useful to typical experimental biologists wanting to learn more about the evolutionary context of their favorite genes. P-POD is based on the commonly used Generic Model Organism Database (GMOD) schema and can be downloaded in its entirety for installation on one's own system. Thus, bioinformaticians and software developers may also find P-POD useful because they can use the P-POD database infrastructure when developing their own comparative genomics resources and database tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Heinicke
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Livstone
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Charles Lu
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Rose Oughtred
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Fan Kang
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Samuel V. Angiuoli
- The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Owen White
- The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Botstein
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Kara Dolinski
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Nakada K, Sato A, Yoshida K, Morita T, Tanaka H, Inoue SI, Yonekawa H, Hayashi JI. Mitochondria-related male infertility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:15148-53. [PMID: 17005726 PMCID: PMC1622791 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604641103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 15% of human couples are affected by infertility, and about half of these cases of infertility can be attributed to men, through low sperm motility (asthenozoospermia) or/and numbers (oligospermia). Because mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) mutations are identified in patients with fertility problems, there is a possibility that mitochondrial respiration defects contribute to male infertility. To address this possibility, we used a transmitochondrial mouse model (mito-mice) carrying wild-type mtDNA and mutant mtDNA with a pathogenic 4,696-bp deletion (DeltamtDNA). Here we show that mitochondrial respiration defects caused by the accumulation of DeltamtDNA induced oligospermia and asthenozoospermia in the mito-mice. Most sperm from the infertile mito-mice had abnormalities in the middle piece and nucleus. Testes of the infertile mito-mice showed meiotic arrest at the zygotene stage as well as enhanced apoptosis. Thus, our in vivo study using mito-mice directly demonstrates that normal mitochondrial respiration is required for mammalian spermatogenesis, and its defects resulting from accumulated mutant mtDNAs cause male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Nakada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
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22
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Yoo S, McKee BD. Functional analysis of the Drosophila Rad51 gene (spn-A) in repair of DNA damage and meiotic chromosome segregation. DNA Repair (Amst) 2005; 4:231-42. [PMID: 15590331 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2004.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2004] [Revised: 09/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rad51 is a crucial enzyme in DNA repair, mediating the strand invasion and strand exchange steps of homologous recombination (HR). Mutations in the Drosophila Rad51 gene (spn-A) disrupt somatic as well as meiotic double-strand break (DSB) repair, similar to fungal Rad51 genes. However, the sterility of spn-A mutant females prevented a thorough analysis of the role of Rad51 in meiosis. In this study, we generated transgenic animals that express spn-A dsRNA under control of an inducible promoter, and examined the effects of inhibiting expression of spn-A on DNA repair, meiotic recombination and meiotic chromosome pairing and segregation. We found that depletion of spn-A mRNA had no effect on the viability of non-mutagen-treated transgenic animals but greatly reduced the survival of larvae that were exposed to the radiomimetic drug MMS, in agreement with the MMS and X-ray sensitivity of spn-A mutant animals. We also found that increases in dose of spn-A gene enhanced larval resistance to MMS exposure, suggesting that at high damage levels, Rad51 protein levels may be limiting for DNA repair. spn-A RNAi strongly stimulated X-X nondisjunction and decreased recombination along the X in female meiosis, consistent with a requirement of Rad51 in meiotic recombination. However, neither RNAi directed against the spn-A mRNA nor homozygosity for a spn-A null mutation had any effect on male fertility or on X-Y segregation in male meiosis, indicating that Rad51 likely plays no role in male meiotic chromosome pairing. Our results support a central role for Rad51 in HR in both somatic and meiotic DSB repair, but indicate that Rad51 in Drosophila is dispensable for meiotic chromosome pairing. Our results also provide the first demonstration that RNAi can be used to inhibit the functions of meiotic genes in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siuk Yoo
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Yoshida K, Morita T. Control of radiosensitivity of F9 mouse teratocarcinoma cells by regulation of histone H2AX gene expression using a tetracycline turn-off system. Cancer Res 2004; 64:4131-6. [PMID: 15205323 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mouse histone H2AX has unique COOH-terminal serine residues that are phosphorylated in response to double-strand DNA breaks introduced by ionizing radiation. This suggests that H2AX acts to maintain genomic stability. We constructed a tetracycline (tet)-directed turn-off vector and integrated it into F9 mouse teratocarcinoma cells by homologous recombination. In homozygously recombined cells, expression of the histone H2AX gene was repressed to 0.02% of the expression observed in wild-type cells by the addition of doxycycline, an analog of tet. Sensitivity of cells with repressed H2AX expression to X-irradiation was increased 1.95x, indicating that DNA repair was impaired by repression of H2AX. When we s.c. injected tet-regulated F9 cells into the flanks of mice, tumor growth was slightly suppressed by X-irradiation in H2AX-repressed tumors, whereas without X-irradiation, tumor growth did not differ by H2AX status. Thus, H2AX might be a potential molecular target for sensitizing cancer cells to radiotherapy to minimize required irradiation doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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Kawabata M, Akiyama K, Kawabata T. Genomic structure and multiple alternative transcripts of the mouse TRAD/RAD51L3/RAD51D gene, a member of the recA/RAD51 gene family. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 1679:107-16. [PMID: 15297144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2004.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2003] [Revised: 04/14/2004] [Accepted: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The RecA/RAD51 family plays a central role in DNA recombinational repair. The targeted disruption of mouse RAD51L3/TRAD is lethal during embryogenesis, suggesting that this protein is essential for development. Recently, we reported multiple alternative splice variants of human RAD51L3/TRAD transcripts. In this study, we have identified multiple mouse transcript variants. Complete sequence analysis of the genomic and cDNA clones has confirmed that the exon-intron structures obey the GT/AG splicing rule, and that the multiplicity of the transcripts is due to alternative splicing. In addition, we have determined the transcription initiation site by rapid amplification of cDNA 5'-end (5'-RACE). These results show that the mouse gene structure is very similar to that of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kawabata
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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25
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Dudás A, Chovanec M. DNA double-strand break repair by homologous recombination. Mutat Res 2004; 566:131-67. [PMID: 15164978 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2003.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2003] [Revised: 07/29/2003] [Accepted: 07/30/2003] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) are presumed to be the most deleterious DNA lesions as they disrupt both DNA strands. Homologous recombination (HR), single-strand annealing, and non-homologous end-joining are considered to be the pathways for repairing DSB. In this review, we focus on DSB repair by HR. The proteins involved in this process as well as the interactions among them are summarized and characterized. The main emphasis is on eukaryotic cells, particularly the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammals. Only the RAD52 epistasis group proteins are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Dudás
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlárska 7, 833 91 Bratislava 37, Slovak Republic
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Tsai-Morris CH, Sheng Y, Lee E, Lei KJ, Dufau ML. Gonadotropin-regulated testicular RNA helicase (GRTH/Ddx25) is essential for spermatid development and completion of spermatogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:6373-8. [PMID: 15096601 PMCID: PMC404052 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0401855101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-regulated testicular RNA helicase (GRTH/Ddx25), a member of the DEAD-box protein family, is a testis-specific gonadotropin-regulated RNA helicase that is present in Leydig cells and germ cells (meiotic spermatocytes and spermatids). In this study, we observed that GRTH is present in the nucleus, cytoplasm and chromatoid body of germ cells, and is an integral component of messenger ribonuclear protein particles. Male mice with a null mutation in the GRTH gene displayed normal gonadotropin and androgen profiles. However, they were sterile, with azoospermia caused by a complete arrest of spermiogenesis at step 8 of round spermatids and failure to elongate. Round spermatids of the null mice showed marked diminution in the size of chromatoid bodies. The transcription of relevant messages was not altered, but their translation was abrogated in a selective manner. Protein expression of transition proteins 1 and 2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme was completely absent, whereas that of the transcriptional activator cAMP responsive element modulator was intact. These findings indicate that GRTH participates in translational-associated events during germ cell development. Although significant apoptosis was present at the metaphase of meiosis in the GRTH-null mice, spermatogenesis proceeded to step 8 of spermiogenesis when complete arrest occurred. This progression may relate to compensatory gene function(s) and/or the observed up-regulation of DNA repair proteins Rad51 and Dmc1. This study (i) demonstrates that GRTH is essential for completion of spermatogenesis, (ii) provides insights into intrinsic requirements for spermiogenesis, and (iii) establishes a model for studies of male infertility and contraception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chon-Hwa Tsai-Morris
- Section of Molecular Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Reproduction Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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AKABOSHI E, INOUE Y, RYO H. Cloning of the cDNA and genomic DNA that correspond to the rarA-like gene of Drosophila melanogaster. Genes Genet Syst 2004. [DOI: 10.1266/ggs.69.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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28
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Bertrand P, Lambert S, Joubert C, Lopez BS. Overexpression of mammalian Rad51 does not stimulate tumorigenesis while a dominant-negative Rad51 affects centrosome fragmentation, ploidy and stimulates tumorigenesis, in p53-defective CHO cells. Oncogene 2003; 22:7587-92. [PMID: 14576820 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rad51 protein plays a pivotal role in homologous recombination (HR), which is involved in double-strand break repair and in genome maintenance. Despite interactions with tumor suppressor proteins, the role of mammalian Rad51 and more generally of HR in tumor prevention is not clearly established. Indeed, both high and low frequencies of HR as well as high and low levels of RAD51 expression have been reported in tumors and in precancerous conditions. To address the question of the impact of HR on tumorigenesis, we used Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) p53-defective cell lines overexpressing the mouse MmRAD51, which stimulates HR (we name these lines: Hyper-rec lines). In parallel, we used CHO cell lines expressing a RAD51 dominant-negative form that specifically inhibits gene conversion without affecting cell viability (Hypo-rec lines). These different lines were injected into nude mice to measure their tumorigenicity. Hypo-rec lines generated a higher frequency of tumors, which also exhibited faster growth, compared to control and Hyper-rec lines. Consistent with tumorigenicity, Hypo-rec cells exhibit spontaneous centrosome duplication defects and aneuploidy. These results are the first direct evidence of involvement of RAD51 in tumor repression.
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29
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Yoshida K, Yoshida SH, Shimoda C, Morita T. Expression and radiation-induced phosphorylation of histone H2AX in mammalian cells. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2003; 44:47-51. [PMID: 12841599 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.44.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The mouse histone H2AX (H2AX) has unique C-terminal Ser residues, which are phosphorylated in response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by ionizing radiation, suggesting that it plays a role in the maintenance of genomic stability. Here, we show that the H2AX protein was detected in most cells in various tissues, and was abundant in the S phase of the cell cycle. Following X-ray irradiation, H2AX was phosphorylated (gamma-H2AX) in the thymus, small intestine and testis. However, H2AX in epithelial cells in the villi of the small intestine were not strongly phosphorylated, even after X-irradiation. Thus, H2AX was expressed in almost all cells. However, the cells that expressed H2AX were not always phosphorylated by X-irradiation, suggesting a different mechanism of kination in those cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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30
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Ohinata Y, Sutou S, Mitsui Y. A novel testis-specific RAG2-like protein, Peas: its expression in pachytene spermatocyte cytoplasm and meiotic chromatin. FEBS Lett 2003; 537:1-5. [PMID: 12606021 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel gene Peas that constitutes an overlapping gene complex in mammalian genome. We have cloned human and mouse Peas cDNAs (hPEAS/mPeas) and analyzed their tissue and stage-specific expressions. Peas protein contains six repeated kelch motifs, structurally similar to RAG2, a V(D)J recombination activator, and is evolutionarily conserved among mammals, birds, insects, and nematodes. Northern, RNA in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analyses showed that mPeas is specifically transcribed in testis, particularly in pachytene spermatocytes in which it is localized to the cytoplasm and meiotic chromatin. It is suggested that Peas may be involved in meiotic recombination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhide Ohinata
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
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31
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Caryl AP, Jones GH, Franklin FCH. Dissecting plant meiosis using Arabidopsis thaliana mutants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2003; 54:25-38. [PMID: 12456752 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erg041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Meiosis is a key stage in the life cycle of all sexually reproducing eukaryotes. In plants, specialized reproductive cells differentiate from somatic tissue. These cells then undergo a single round of DNA replication followed by two rounds of chromosome division to produce haploid cells that then undergo further rounds of mitotic division to produce the pollen grain and embryo sac. A detailed cytological description of meiosis has been built up over many years, based on studies in a wide range of plants. Until recently, comparable molecular studies have proved too challenging, however, a number of groups are beginning to use Arabidopsis thaliana to overcome this problem. A range of meiotic mutants affecting key stages in meiosis have been identified using a combination of screening for plants exhibiting reduced fertility and, more recently, using a reverse genetics approach. These are now providing the means to identify and characterize the activity of key meiotic genes in flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Caryl
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Symington LS. Role of RAD52 epistasis group genes in homologous recombination and double-strand break repair. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2002; 66:630-70, table of contents. [PMID: 12456786 PMCID: PMC134659 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.66.4.630-670.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 790] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of homologous recombination is a major DNA repair pathway that operates on DNA double-strand breaks, and possibly other kinds of DNA lesions, to promote error-free repair. Central to the process of homologous recombination are the RAD52 group genes (RAD50, RAD51, RAD52, RAD54, RDH54/TID1, RAD55, RAD57, RAD59, MRE11, and XRS2), most of which were identified by their requirement for the repair of ionizing-radiation-induced DNA damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Rad52 group proteins are highly conserved among eukaryotes, and Rad51, Mre11, and Rad50 are also conserved in prokaryotes and archaea. Recent studies showing defects in homologous recombination and double-strand break repair in several human cancer-prone syndromes have emphasized the importance of this repair pathway in maintaining genome integrity. Although sensitivity to ionizing radiation is a universal feature of rad52 group mutants, the mutants show considerable heterogeneity in different assays for recombinational repair of double-strand breaks and spontaneous mitotic recombination. Herein, I provide an overview of recent biochemical and structural analyses of the Rad52 group proteins and discuss how this information can be incorporated into genetic studies of recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine S Symington
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Cancer Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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Daboussi F, Dumay A, Delacôte F, Lopez BS. DNA double-strand break repair signalling: the case of RAD51 post-translational regulation. Cell Signal 2002; 14:969-75. [PMID: 12359302 DOI: 10.1016/s0898-6568(02)00052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the major lethal lesion induced by ionizing radiation or by replication block. However, cells can take advantage of DSB-induced recombination in order to generate genetic diversity in physiological processes such as meiosis and V(D)J recombination. Two main alternative pathways compete for DSB repair: homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). This review will briefly present the mechanisms and the enzymatic complex for HR and NHEJ. The signalling of the DSB through the ATM pathway will be presented. Then, we will focus on the case of the RAD51 protein, which plays a pivotal role in HR and is conserved from bacteria to humans. Post-translational regulation of RAD51 is presented. Two contrasting situations are discussed: one with up-regulation (expression of the oncogene BCR/ABL) and one with a down-regulation (expression of the oncogene BCL-2) of RAD51, associated with apoptosis inhibition and tumour predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayza Daboussi
- UMR CEA/CNRS 217, CEA, Div des Sciences du Vivant, DRR, 60-68 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, Cedex, France
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LAMERS ANNEE, HEINEY JAKEP, RAM JEFFREYL. cDNA sequence analysis of proteins involved in reproduction and cell cycle of the zebra mussel,Dreissena polymorpha. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2002.9652734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Stark JM, Hu P, Pierce AJ, Moynahan ME, Ellis N, Jasin M. ATP hydrolysis by mammalian RAD51 has a key role during homology-directed DNA repair. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:20185-94. [PMID: 11923292 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112132200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the gene encoding RAD51, the protein that catalyzes strand exchange during homologous recombination, leads to the accumulation of chromosome breaks and lethality in vertebrate cells. As RAD51 is implicated in BRCA1- and BRCA2-mediated tumor suppression as well as cellular viability, we have begun a functional analysis of a defined RAD51 mutation in mammalian cells. By using a dominant negative approach, we generated a mouse embryonic stem cell line that expresses an ATP hydrolysis-defective RAD51 protein, hRAD51-K133R, at comparable levels to the endogenous wild-type RAD51 protein, whose expression is retained in these cells. We found that these cells have increased sensitivity to the DNA-damaging agents mitomycin C and ionizing radiation and also exhibit a decreased rate of spontaneous sister-chromatid exchange. By using a reporter for the repair of a single chromosomal double-strand break, we also found that expression of the hRAD51-K133R protein specifically inhibits homology-directed double-strand break repair. Furthermore, expression of a BRC repeat from BRCA2, a peptide inhibitor of an early step necessary for strand exchange, exacerbates the inhibition of homology-directed repair in the hRAD51-K133R expressing cell line. Thus, ATP hydrolysis by RAD51 has a key role in various types of DNA repair in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Stark
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Cornell University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York 10021
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36
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Saintigny Y, Delacôte F, Varès G, Petitot F, Lambert S, Averbeck D, Lopez BS. Characterization of homologous recombination induced by replication inhibition in mammalian cells. EMBO J 2001; 20:3861-70. [PMID: 11447127 PMCID: PMC125539 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.14.3861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze relationships between replication and homologous recombination in mammalian cells, we used replication inhibitors to treat mouse and hamster cell lines containing tandem repeat recombination substrates. In the first step, few double-strand breaks (DSBs) are produced, recombination is slightly increased, but cell lines defective in non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) affected in ku86 (xrs6) or xrcc4 (XR-1) genes show enhanced sensitivity to replication inhibitors. In the second step, replication inhibition leads to coordinated kinetics of DSB accumulation, Rad51 foci formation and RAD51-dependent gene conversion stimulation. In xrs6 as well as XR-1 cell lines, Rad51 foci accumulate more rapidly compared with their respective controls. We propose that replication inhibition produces DSBs, which are first processed by the NHEJ; then, following DSB accumulation, RAD51 recombination can act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Saintigny
- UMR217 CNRS-CEA and CEA, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Département de Radiobiologie et Radiopathologie, 60–68 avenue du Général Leclerc, 92 265 Fontenay aux Roses cedex, and UMR 2027 CNRS-Institut Curie, Section de recherche, Centre Universitaire Bat. 110, 91 405, Orsay cedex, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Fabien Delacôte
- UMR217 CNRS-CEA and CEA, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Département de Radiobiologie et Radiopathologie, 60–68 avenue du Général Leclerc, 92 265 Fontenay aux Roses cedex, and UMR 2027 CNRS-Institut Curie, Section de recherche, Centre Universitaire Bat. 110, 91 405, Orsay cedex, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Guillaume Varès
- UMR217 CNRS-CEA and CEA, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Département de Radiobiologie et Radiopathologie, 60–68 avenue du Général Leclerc, 92 265 Fontenay aux Roses cedex, and UMR 2027 CNRS-Institut Curie, Section de recherche, Centre Universitaire Bat. 110, 91 405, Orsay cedex, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Fabrice Petitot
- UMR217 CNRS-CEA and CEA, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Département de Radiobiologie et Radiopathologie, 60–68 avenue du Général Leclerc, 92 265 Fontenay aux Roses cedex, and UMR 2027 CNRS-Institut Curie, Section de recherche, Centre Universitaire Bat. 110, 91 405, Orsay cedex, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Sarah Lambert
- UMR217 CNRS-CEA and CEA, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Département de Radiobiologie et Radiopathologie, 60–68 avenue du Général Leclerc, 92 265 Fontenay aux Roses cedex, and UMR 2027 CNRS-Institut Curie, Section de recherche, Centre Universitaire Bat. 110, 91 405, Orsay cedex, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Dietrich Averbeck
- UMR217 CNRS-CEA and CEA, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Département de Radiobiologie et Radiopathologie, 60–68 avenue du Général Leclerc, 92 265 Fontenay aux Roses cedex, and UMR 2027 CNRS-Institut Curie, Section de recherche, Centre Universitaire Bat. 110, 91 405, Orsay cedex, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Bernard S. Lopez
- UMR217 CNRS-CEA and CEA, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Département de Radiobiologie et Radiopathologie, 60–68 avenue du Général Leclerc, 92 265 Fontenay aux Roses cedex, and UMR 2027 CNRS-Institut Curie, Section de recherche, Centre Universitaire Bat. 110, 91 405, Orsay cedex, France Corresponding author e-mail:
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37
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Arnaudeau C, Rozier L, Cazaux C, Defais M, Jenssen D, Helleday T. RAD51 supports spontaneous non-homologous recombination in mammalian cells, but not the corresponding process induced by topoisomerase inhibitors. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:662-7. [PMID: 11160887 PMCID: PMC30407 DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.3.662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAD51 protein has been shown to participate in homologous recombination by promoting ATP-dependent homologous pairing and strand transfer reactions. In the present study, we have investigated the possible involvement of RAD51 in non-homologous recombination. We demonstrate that overexpression of CgRAD51 enhances the frequency of spontaneous non-homologous recombination in the hprt gene of Chinese hamster cells. However, the rate of non-homologous recombination induced by the topoisomerase inhibitors campothecin and etoposide was not altered by overexpression of RAD51. These results indicate that the RAD51 protein may perform a function in connection with spontaneous non-homologous recombination that is not essential to or not rate-limiting for non-homologous recombination induced by camptothecin or etoposide. We discuss the possibility that the role played by RAD51 in non-homologous recombination observed here may not be linked to non-homologous end-joining.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arnaudeau
- Department of Genetic and Cellular Toxicology, Wallenberg Laboratory, Stockholm University, Lilla Frescativ. 7, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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38
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Tokuyama H, Tokuyama Y. Mouse homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae spo11 is induced in normal mu(+)B-cells by stimuli that cause germline C(H) transcription and subsequent class switch recombination. Cell Immunol 2000; 202:1-5. [PMID: 10873300 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2000.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The first step of Ig heavy chain class switch recombination (CSR) is considered to be DNA double strand break (DSB) formation in the two switch (S) regions (S(mu) and downstream S(H)), although the underlying mechanism is unknown. Recently, it has been demonstrated that at least Spo11, a homolog of the novel type II topoisomerase (topo VI) that catalyzes DSB formation, is involved in the initiation of meiotic recombination of Saccaromyces cerevisiae. In the present study, we examined whether the mouse homolog of Spo11 is induced in normal mouse mu(+)B-cells by stimuli that cause an early step of CSR, germline C(H) transcription, and subsequent CSR. Two CSR systems were used: IgA CSR induced by all-trans retinoic acid, IL-5, and LPS, and IgG1 CSR induced by IL-4 and LPS. Germline transcript and mouse Spo11 expression were analyzed by RT-PCR. In both systems, first germline transcripts were clearly detected on day 2 and then Spo11 was detected on day 3, increasing thereafter with time. The time course of changes in Spo11 expression coincided with that of CSR. Spo11 seems to be induced by CSR-inducing stimuli, regardless of the direction of CSR. These results suggested that mouse Spo11 might participate in the initiation step of CSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tokuyama
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa-ken, 920-0934, Japan
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39
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Taylor RM, Moore DJ, Whitehouse J, Johnson P, Caldecott KW. A cell cycle-specific requirement for the XRCC1 BRCT II domain during mammalian DNA strand break repair. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:735-40. [PMID: 10611252 PMCID: PMC85188 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.2.735-740.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
XRCC1 protein is essential for viability in mammals and is required for efficient DNA single-strand break repair and genetic stability following DNA base damage. We report here that XRCC1-dependent strand break repair in G(1) phase of the cell cycle is abolished by mutations created within the XRCC1 BRCT domain that interact with DNA ligase III. In contrast, XRCC1-dependent DNA strand break repair in S phase is largely unaffected by these mutations. These data describe a cell cycle-specific role for a BRCT domain, and we conclude that the XRCC1-DNA ligase III complex is required for DNA strand break repair in G(1) phase of the cell cycle but is dispensable for this process in S phase. The S-phase DNA repair process can remove both strand breaks induced in S phase and those that persist from G(1) and can in part compensate for lack of repair in G(1). This process correlates with the appearance of XRCC1 nuclear foci that colocalize with Rad51 and may thus function in concert with homologous recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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40
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Bernstein C, Bernstein H, Payne C. Cell immortality: maintenance of cell division potential. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 24:23-50. [PMID: 10547857 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-06227-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Bernstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724, USA
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41
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Tarsounas M, Morita T, Pearlman RE, Moens PB. RAD51 and DMC1 form mixed complexes associated with mouse meiotic chromosome cores and synaptonemal complexes. J Cell Biol 1999; 147:207-20. [PMID: 10525529 PMCID: PMC2174216 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.147.2.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic RecA homologues RAD51 and DMC1 function in homology recognition and formation of joint-molecule recombination intermediates during yeast meiosis. The precise immunolocalization of these two proteins on the meiotic chromosomes of plants and animals has been complicated by their high degree of identity at the amino acid level. With antibodies that have been immunodepleted of cross-reactive epitopes, we demonstrate that RAD51 and DMC1 have identical distribution patterns in extracts of mouse spermatocytes in successive prophase I stages, suggesting coordinate functionality. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy with these antibodies demonstrate colocalization of the two proteins on the meiotic chromosome cores at early prophase I. We also show that mouse RAD51 and DMC1 establish protein-protein interactions with each other and with the chromosome core component COR1(SCP3) in a two-hybrid system and in vitro binding analyses. These results suggest that the formation of a multiprotein recombination complex associated with the meiotic chromosome cores is essential for the development and fulfillment of the meiotic recombination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Tarsounas
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Takashi Morita
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Osaka City University Medical School, 1-4-3, Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Ronald E. Pearlman
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Peter B. Moens
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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42
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Kurumizaka H, Aihara H, Kagawa W, Shibata T, Yokoyama S. Human Rad51 amino acid residues required for Rad52 binding. J Mol Biol 1999; 291:537-48. [PMID: 10448035 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1999.2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Rad51 protein, a homologue of the bacterial RecA protein, is an essential factor for both meiotic and mitotic recombination. The N-terminal domain of the human Rad51 protein (HsRad51) directly interacts with DNA. Based on a yeast two-hybrid analysis, it has been reported that the N-terminal region of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad51 protein binds Rad52;S. cerevisiae Rad51 and Rad52 both activate the homologous pairing and strand exchange reactions. Here, we show that the HsRad51 N-terminal region, which corresponds to the Rad52-binding region of ScRad51, does not exhibit strong binding to the human Rad52 protein (HsRad52). To investigate its function, the C-terminal region of HsRad51 was randomly mutagenized. Although this region includes the two segments corresponding to the putative DNA-binding sites of RecA, all seven of the mutants did not decrease, but instead slightly increased, the DNA binding. In contrast, we found that some of these HsRad51 mutations significantly decreased the HsRad52 binding. Therefore, we conclude that these amino acid residues are required for the HsRad51.HsRad52 binding. HsRad52, as well as S. cerevisiae Rad52, promoted homologous pairing between ssDNA and dsDNA, and higher homologous pairing activity was observed in the presence of both HsRad51 and HsRad52 than with either HsRad51 or HsRad52 alone. The HsRad51 F259V mutation, which strongly impaired the HsRad52 binding, decreased the homologous pairing in the presence of both HsRad51 and HsRad52, without affecting the homologous pairing by HsRad51 alone. This result suggests the importance of the HsRad51.HsRad52 interaction in homologous pairing.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kurumizaka
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, The RIKEN Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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43
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Yamamoto T, Hikino T, Nakayama Y, Abé S. Newt RAD51: cloning of cDNA and analysis of gene expression during spermatogenesis. Dev Growth Differ 1999; 41:401-6. [PMID: 10466927 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-169x.1999.00441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding a newt homolog of Escherichia coli RecA and yeast RAD51 from a testis cDNA library was isolated. The newt RAD51 (nRAD51) cDNA predicted a 337 amino acid protein with a 95-96% amino acid identity to Xenopus and mammalian RAD51. Northern blot analysis showed that nRAD51 mRNA, 1.7 kb in length, was expressed strongly in the testis and ovary, but weakly in the liver, kidney and brain. In situ hybridization revealed that expression of nRAD51 mRNA was barely observed in primary spermatogonia (one cell in a cyst) and early secondary spermatogonia (two to four cells in a cyst), but increased in late secondary spermatogonia (> or =eight cells in a cyst), reaching a maximum level in leptotene-zygotene spermatocytes, and thereafter declined. These results suggest that nRAD51 is involved in mitotic recombination in spermatogonia as well as in meiotic recombination in spermatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Kumamoto University, Japan.
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44
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Kim KK, Shin BA, Seo KH, Kim PN, Koh JT, Kim JH, Park BR. Molecular cloning and characterization of splice variants of human RAD50 gene. Gene 1999; 235:59-67. [PMID: 10415333 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(99)00215-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this report, splice variants of human RAD50 (hRAD50) were cloned and characterized. A Northern blot survey identified two transcripts that hybridized to a hRAD50 cDNA clone, an upper faint band (5.9kb) and lower dense band (4.6kb). cDNA clones (hRAD50-2, 4.6kb) encompassing the entire hRAD50 transcript but having a shorter 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) than the previously reported hRAD50-1 cDNA (5.9kb; Dolganov, G.M., Maser, R.S., Novikov, A., Tosto, L., Chong, S., Bressan, D.A., Petrini, J.H.J., 1996. Human Rad50 is physically associated with human Mre11: Identification of a conserved multiprotein complex implicated in recombinational DNA repair. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 4832-4841.) were isolated. The presence of AU-rich sequences in the 3'UTR of hRAD50-1, which define mRNA instability and Northern results, suggest that hRAD50-2 is the major transcript of hRAD50. A third alternative splice variant that lacks the ATP-binding domain was also identified (hRAD50-3, approximately 4.5kb). Expression of hRAD50-3 transcript was detected in all tissues examined by RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction) and nested DNA-PCR analyses. Expression of hRAD50 partially rescued the MMS (methyl methanesulfonate)-sensitive phenotype in rad50 mutant yeast, whereas hRAD50-3 did not show complementation. These data suggest that the hRAD50-3 does not repair DNA double-strand breaks most likely due to its inability to bind ATP, and to bind damaged DNA. The existence of these alternative splice forms is potentially important in regulation of the biological activity of the DNA recombinational repair gene, hRAD50.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Kim
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam University, 5 Hakdong Dongku, Kwangju 501-190, South Korea.
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45
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Arnaudeau C, Helleday T, Jenssen D. The RAD51 protein supports homologous recombination by an exchange mechanism in mammalian cells. J Mol Biol 1999; 289:1231-8. [PMID: 10373364 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1999.2856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Information concerning the function of recombination proteins in mammalian cells has been obtained from biochemical studies, but little is known about their mechanisms of action in growing cells. The eukaryotic recombination protein RAD51, a homologue of the Escherichia coli RecA protein, has been shown to interact with various proteins, including the p53 protein, the guardian of genomic stability maintenance. Here, the hamster RAD51 protein, CgRAD51, has been overexpressed in the SPD8 cell line, derived from Chinese hamster V79 cells. This cell line offers unique possibilities for studying different mechanisms for homologous recombination on endogenous substrates. We report that the SPD8 cell line contains a mutated p53 gene, which provides new insights into the recombination process in these cells. The present study demonstrates that overexpression of CgRAD51 in these cells results in a two- to threefold increase in endogenous recombination. In addition, sequence analysis indicated that RAD51 promotes homologous recombination by a chromatid exchange mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arnaudeau
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden.
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46
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Marty MS, Singh NP, Holsapple MP, Gollapudi BB. Influence of p53 zygosity on select sperm parameters of the mouse. Mutat Res 1999; 427:39-45. [PMID: 10354500 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(99)00083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The influence of p53 gene zygosity on select parameters of mouse sperm was investigated by employing knock-out animal models. The background incidence of sperm shape abnormalities, total sperm count, and DNA double strand breaks were determined in p53 nullizygous (-/-) and heterozygous (+/-) mice and these estimates were compared to the corresponding measures in p53 wild-type (+/+) and the inbred C57Bl6 mouse strains. There were no qualitative differences in the incidence of sperm shape abnormalities and sperm counts regardless of p53 zygosity. However, the number of DNA double strand breaks, as measured by the comet assay, were significantly lower in the p53 knock-out mice. This apparent decrease was interpreted to be the result of a possible change in DNA-protein and/or DNA-DNA cross-linking in the germ cells of the knock-out mice. These data show that there is no evidence of increased incidence of gross alterations in spermatogenesis (no significant loss in sperm production nor any increase in the proportion of abnormal sperm produced) in knock-out mice deficient or absent in p53 protein; however, there appear to be changes at the genomic level where the degree of cross-linking was apparently elevated in DNA from p53 nullizygous and heterozygous mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Marty
- Health and Environmental Research Laboratories, The Dow Chemical Company, 1803 Building, Midland, MI 48674, USA
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47
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Franklin AE, McElver J, Sunjevaric I, Rothstein R, Bowen B, Cande WZ. Three-dimensional microscopy of the Rad51 recombination protein during meiotic prophase. THE PLANT CELL 1999; 11:809-24. [PMID: 10330467 PMCID: PMC144225 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.11.5.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
An open question in meiosis is whether the Rad51 recombination protein functions solely in meiotic recombination or whether it is also involved in the chromosome homology search. To address this question, we have performed three-dimensional high-resolution immunofluorescence microscopy to visualize native Rad51 structures in maize male meiocytes. Maize has two closely related RAD51 genes that are expressed at low levels in differentiated tissues and at higher levels in mitotic and meiotic tissues. Cells and nuclei were specially fixed and embedded in polyacrylamide to maintain both native chromosome structure and the three dimensionality of the specimens. Analysis of Rad51 in maize meiocytes revealed that when chromosomes condense during leptotene, Rad51 is diffuse within the nucleus. Rad51 foci form on the chromosomes at the beginning of zygotene and rise to approximately 500 per nucleus by mid-zygotene when chromosomes are pairing and synapsing. During chromosome pairing, we consistently found two contiguous Rad51 foci on paired chromosomes. These paired foci may identify the sites where DNA sequence homology is being compared. During pachytene, the number of Rad51 foci drops to seven to 22 per nucleus. This higher number corresponds approximately to the number of chiasmata in maize meiosis. These observations are consistent with a role for Rad51 in the homology search phase of chromosome pairing in addition to its known role in meiotic recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Franklin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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48
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Kawabata M, Saeki K. Multiple alternative transcripts of the human homologue of the mouse TRAD/R51H3/RAD51D gene, a member of the rec A/RAD51 gene family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 257:156-62. [PMID: 10092526 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Yeast RAD51, a homologue of Escherichia coli recA, plays a crucial role in mitotic and/or meiotic recombination and in the repair of double-strand DNA breaks. We have identified unique multiple alternative transcripts of a human TRAD/R51H3/RAD51D gene, a member of the recA/RAD51 gene family. One of the transcripts encoded a 328-amino-acid protein with 83.0% overall amino acid identity and 98. 2% similarity with the mouse TRAD gene and had two nucleotide binding consensus sequences, motif A and motif B, conserved among members of this family. Other transcripts encoded truncated proteins with a partial N-terminal region of the orthologue or short proteins lacking internal sequences which contain nucleotide binding motifs. Northern blot analysis revealed that multiple transcripts of the human TRAD gene were expressed in various tissues and their distribution was not ubiquitous.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kawabata
- Department of Pharmacology, Okayama University Medical School, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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49
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Barrington RA, Fasullo M, Knight KL. A Role for RAD51 in the Generation of Immunoglobulin Gene Diversity in Rabbits. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.2.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Ig VDJ genes in rabbit somatically diversify by both hyperpointmutation and gene conversion. To elucidate the mechanism of gene conversion of IgH genes, we cloned a rabbit homologue of RAD51, a gene involved in gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), and tested whether it could complement a yeast rad51 mutant deficient in recombination repair. We found that rabbit RAD51 partially complemented the defect in switching mating types by gene conversion as well as in DNA double-strand break repair after γ-irradiation. Further, by Western blot analysis, we found that levels of Rad51 were higher in appendix-derived B lymphocytes of 6-wk-old rabbits, a time at which IgH genes diversify by somatic gene conversion. We suggest that Rad51 is involved in somatic gene conversion of rabbit Ig genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Fasullo
- †Radiotherapy, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153
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50
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Biet E, Sun J, Dutreix M. Conserved sequence preference in DNA binding among recombination proteins: an effect of ssDNA secondary structure. Nucleic Acids Res 1999; 27:596-600. [PMID: 9862985 PMCID: PMC148220 DOI: 10.1093/nar/27.2.596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive sequences have been proposed to be recombinogenic elements in eukaryotic chromosomes. We tested whether dinucleotide repeats sequences are preferential sites for recombination because of their high affinity for recombination enzymes. We compared the kinetics of the binding of the scRad51, hsRad51 and ecRecA proteins to oligonucleotides with repeats of dinucleotides GT, CA, CT, GA, GC or AT. Since secondary structures in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) act as a barrier to complete binding we measured whether these oligonucleotides are able to form stable secondary structures. We show that the preferential binding of recombination proteins is conserved among the three proteins and is influenced mainly by secondary structures in ssDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Biet
- Institut Curie, Section de Recherche UMR144-CNRS, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75248-Paris Cedex 05, France
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