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Kocsis D, Varga PR, Keshwan R, Nader M, Lengyel M, Szabó P, Antal I, Kánai K, Keglevich G, Erdő F. Transdermal Delivery of α-Aminophosphonates as Semisolid Formulations-An In Vitro-Ex Vivo Study. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051464. [PMID: 37242706 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Aminophosphonates are organophosphorus compounds with an obvious similarity with α-amino acids. Owing to their biological and pharmacological characteristics, they have attracted the attention of many medicinal chemists. α-Aminophosphonates are known to exhibit antiviral, antitumor, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antibacterial activities, which can all be important in pathological dermatological conditions. However, their ADMET properties are not well studied. The aim of the current study was to provide preliminary information about the skin penetration of three preselected α-aminophosphonates when applying them as topical cream formulations in static and dynamic diffusion chambers. The results indicate that aminophosphonate 1a, without any substituent in the para position, shows the best release from the formulation and the highest absorption through the excised skin. However, based on our previous study, the in vitro pharmacological potency was higher in the case of para-substituted molecules 1b and 1c. The particle size and rheological studies revealed that the 2% cream of aminophosphonate 1a was the most homogenous formulation. In conclusion, the most promising molecule was 1a, but further experiments are proposed to uncover the possible transporter interactions in the skin, optimize the topical formulations and improve PK/PD profiles in case of transdermal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorottya Kocsis
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter u. 50a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petra Regina Varga
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rusul Keshwan
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter u. 50a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mina Nader
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter u. 50a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miléna Lengyel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Szabó
- Centre for Structural Study, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Antal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Kánai
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Keglevich
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Franciska Erdő
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter u. 50a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
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Yellapu NK, Kilaru RB, Chamarthi N, PVGK S, Matcha B. Structure based design, synthesis and biological evaluation of amino phosphonate derivatives as human glucokinase activators. Comput Biol Chem 2017; 68:118-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wormit A, Trentmann O, Feifer I, Lohr C, Tjaden J, Meyer S, Schmidt U, Martinoia E, Neuhaus HE. Molecular identification and physiological characterization of a novel monosaccharide transporter from Arabidopsis involved in vacuolar sugar transport. THE PLANT CELL 2006; 18:3476-90. [PMID: 17158605 PMCID: PMC1785410 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.047290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Revised: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The tonoplast monosaccharide transporter (TMT) family comprises three isoforms in Arabidopsis thaliana, and TMT-green fluorescent protein fusion proteins are targeted to the vacuolar membrane. TMT promoter-beta-glucuronidase plants revealed that the TONOPLAST MONOSACCHARIDE TRANSPORTER1 (TMT1) and TMT2 genes exhibit a tissue- and cell type-specific expression pattern, whereas TMT3 is only weakly expressed. TMT1 and TMT2 expression is induced by drought, salt, and cold treatments and by sugar. During cold adaptation, tmt knockout lines accumulated less glucose and fructose compared with wild-type plants, whereas no differences were observed for sucrose. Cold adaptation of wild-type plants substantially promoted glucose uptake into isolated leaf mesophyll vacuoles. Glucose uptake into isolated vacuoles was inhibited by NH(4)(+), fructose, and phlorizin, indicating that transport is energy-dependent and that both glucose and fructose were taken up by the same carrier. Glucose import into vacuoles from two cold-induced tmt1 knockout lines or from triple knockout plants was substantially lower than into corresponding wild-type vacuoles. Monosaccharide feeding into leaf discs revealed the strongest response to sugar in tmt1 knockout lines compared with wild-type plants, suggesting that TMT1 is required for cytosolic glucose homeostasis. Our results indicate that TMT1 is involved in vacuolar monosaccharide transport and plays a major role during stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wormit
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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Gabriely I, Shamoon H. Fructose normalizes specific counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2005; 54:609-16. [PMID: 15734834 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.3.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that specific counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia were augmented by an infusion of fructose in nondiabetic humans. We hypothesized that this effect was due to the interaction of a "catalytic" dose of fructose with the regulatory protein for glucokinase in glucose-sensing cells that drive counterregulation. To examine whether fructose could restore counterregulatory responses in type 1 diabetic patients with defective counterregulation, we performed stepped hypoglycemic clamp studies (5.0, 4.4, 3.9, and 3.3 mmol/l glucose steps, 50 min each) in eight intensively treated patients (HbA(1c) 6.4 +/- 0.7%) on two separate occasions: without (control) or with coinfusion of fructose (1.2 mg . kg(-1) . min(-1)). Fructose induced a resetting of the glycemic threshold for secretion of epinephrine to higher plasma glucose concentrations (from 3.3 +/- 0.1 to 3.9 +/- 0.1 mmol/l; P = 0.001) and markedly augmented the increment in epinephrine (by 56%; P < 0.001). The amplification of epinephrine responses was specific; plasma norepinephrine, glucagon, growth hormone, and cortisol were unaffected. Hypoglycemia-induced endogenous glucose production ([3-(3)H]-glucose) rose by 90% (P < 0.001) in the fructose studies, compared with -2.0% (NS) in control. In concert, the glucose infusion rates during the 3.9- and 3.3-mmol/l steps were significantly lower with fructose (2.3 +/- 0.6 and 0.0 +/- 0.0 vs. 5.9 +/- 1.15 and 3.9 +/- 1.0 micromol . kg(-1) . min(-1), respectively; P < 0.001 for both), indicating the more potent counterregulatory response during fructose infusion. We conclude that infusion of fructose nearly normalizes the epinephrine and endogenous glucose production responses to hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetic patients with impaired counterregulation, suggesting that defects in these responses may be dependent on glucokinase-mediated glucose sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Gabriely
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Jang JC, León P, Zhou L, Sheen J. Hexokinase as a sugar sensor in higher plants. THE PLANT CELL 1997; 9:5-19. [PMID: 9014361 PMCID: PMC156897 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.9.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which higher plants recognize and respond to sugars are largely unknown. Here, we present evidence that the first enzyme in the hexose assimilation pathway, hexokinase (HXK), acts as a sensor for plant sugar responses. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing antisense hexokinase (AtHXK) genes are sugar hyposensitive, whereas plants overexpressing AtHXK are sugar hypersensitive. The transgenic plants exhibited a wide spectrum of altered sugar responses in seedling development and in gene activation and repression. Furthermore, overexpressing the yeast sugar sensor YHXK2 caused a dominant negative effect by elevating HXK catalytic activity but reducing sugar sensitivity in transgenic plants. The result suggests that HXK is a dual-function enzyme with a distinct regulatory function not interchangeable between plants and yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Jang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA
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Jang JC, León P, Zhou L, Sheen J. Hexokinase as a sugar sensor in higher plants. THE PLANT CELL 1997. [PMID: 9014361 DOI: 10.2307/3870367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which higher plants recognize and respond to sugars are largely unknown. Here, we present evidence that the first enzyme in the hexose assimilation pathway, hexokinase (HXK), acts as a sensor for plant sugar responses. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing antisense hexokinase (AtHXK) genes are sugar hyposensitive, whereas plants overexpressing AtHXK are sugar hypersensitive. The transgenic plants exhibited a wide spectrum of altered sugar responses in seedling development and in gene activation and repression. Furthermore, overexpressing the yeast sugar sensor YHXK2 caused a dominant negative effect by elevating HXK catalytic activity but reducing sugar sensitivity in transgenic plants. The result suggests that HXK is a dual-function enzyme with a distinct regulatory function not interchangeable between plants and yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Jang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA
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Van Oosten JJ, Besford RT. Acclimation of photosynthesis to elevated CO2 through feedback regulation of gene expression: Climate of opinion. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1996; 48:353-65. [PMID: 24271476 DOI: 10.1007/bf00029468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/1995] [Accepted: 03/28/1996] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although down-regulation of photosynthesis in higher C3 plants exposed to long-term elevated CO2 has been recognized in plants with low sink activity or poor nutrient status, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This review covers aspects of rising CO2 on plant productivity in general, and then focuses on photosynthesis, biochemistry (stroma and thylakoid proteins, Rubisco activities and metabolites), and gene expression in tomato plants grown under ambient or elevated CO2. Taking into account these data and the recent discovery that glucose triggers repression of photosynthetic gene transcription, a molecular mechanism is proposed for feedback regulation of photosynthesis under high CO2. Different living organisms such as bacteria, yeast, and mammals have been investigated for the sensing mechanisms of the carbohydrate status of their cells, and this information is used together with some recent data obtained for plants to propose how hexose levels might be sensed in higher plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Van Oosten
- Environmental Physiology, IGER, Plus Goggenddan, SY23 3EB, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, UK
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Schnedl WJ, Hohmeier HE, Newgard CB. [Insulin producing cells as therapy in diabetes mellitus]. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1996; 83:1-5. [PMID: 8637602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Even with intensive insulin therapy it is impossible to reach physiological blood glucose levels in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Because of the high costs and technical problems involved in islet cell transplantation broad applicability of this therapy seems uncertain. An alternative approach is the development of molecular-engineered insulin-producing clonal cell lines. The main interest is in rodent insulinoma cell lines and neuroendocrine AtT-20ins cells. This paper reviews the current knowledge about glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and the problems that have to be solved before these cells can be used for therapy in diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Schnedl
- Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Karl Franzens Universität, Graz
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Schnedl WJ, Hohmeier HE, Newgard CB. Insulinsezernierende Zellen zur Therapie des Diabetes mellitus. Naturwissenschaften 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01139303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Sheen J. Feedback control of gene expression. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1994; 39:427-38. [PMID: 24311134 DOI: 10.1007/bf00014596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/1993] [Accepted: 09/08/1993] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although feedback regulation of photosynthesis by carbon metabolites has long been recognized and investigated, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The recent discovery that glucose and acetate trigger global repression of maize photosynthetic gene transcription provides the first direct evidence that a fundamental mechanism is used for feedback regulation of photosynthesis in higher plants. The metabolic repression of photosynthetic genes has now been found in many higher plants and is likely universal. It overrides other regulation by light, tissue type and developmental stage, and serves potentially as the molecular basis of interactions between sink and source tissues. Using simplified and convenient cellular systems and transgenic plants, the study of metabolic regulation of gene expression offers an excellent opportunity for the understanding of global and coordinate gene control and metabolite-mediated signal transduction in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sheen
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 02114, Boston, MA, USA
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