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Zhang L, Woltering I, Holzner M, Brandhofer M, Schaefer CC, Bushati G, Ebert S, Yang B, Muenchhoff M, Hellmuth JC, Scherer C, Wichmann C, Effinger D, Hübner M, El Bounkari O, Scheiermann P, Bernhagen J, Hoffmann A. CD74 is a functional MIF receptor on activated CD4 + T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:296. [PMID: 38992165 PMCID: PMC11335222 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05338-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Next to its classical role in MHC II-mediated antigen presentation, CD74 was identified as a high-affinity receptor for macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pleiotropic cytokine and major determinant of various acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Recent evidence suggests that CD74 is expressed in T cells, but the functional relevance of this observation is poorly understood. Here, we characterized the regulation of CD74 expression and that of the MIF chemokine receptors during activation of human CD4+ T cells and studied links to MIF-induced T-cell migration, function, and COVID-19 disease stage. MIF receptor profiling of resting primary human CD4+ T cells via flow cytometry revealed high surface expression of CXCR4, while CD74, CXCR2 and ACKR3/CXCR7 were not measurably expressed. However, CD4+ T cells constitutively expressed CD74 intracellularly, which upon T-cell activation was significantly upregulated, post-translationally modified by chondroitin sulfate and could be detected on the cell surface, as determined by flow cytometry, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and re-analysis of available RNA-sequencing and proteomic data sets. Applying 3D-matrix-based live cell-imaging and receptor pathway-specific inhibitors, we determined a causal involvement of CD74 and CXCR4 in MIF-induced CD4+ T-cell migration. Mechanistically, proximity ligation assay visualized CD74/CXCR4 heterocomplexes on activated CD4+ T cells, which were significantly diminished after MIF treatment, pointing towards a MIF-mediated internalization process. Lastly, in a cohort of 30 COVID-19 patients, CD74 surface expression was found to be significantly upregulated on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in patients with severe compared to patients with only mild disease course. Together, our study characterizes the MIF receptor network in the course of T-cell activation and reveals CD74 as a novel functional MIF receptor and MHC II-independent activation marker of primary human CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Division of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital (LMU Klinikum), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Iris Woltering
- Division of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital (LMU Klinikum), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Holzner
- Division of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital (LMU Klinikum), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Brandhofer
- Division of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital (LMU Klinikum), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Carl-Christian Schaefer
- Division of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital (LMU Klinikum), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Genta Bushati
- Division of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital (LMU Klinikum), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Ebert
- Division of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital (LMU Klinikum), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Bishan Yang
- Division of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital (LMU Klinikum), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Muenchhoff
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- COVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes C Hellmuth
- COVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Clemens Scherer
- COVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Wichmann
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Haemostaseology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - David Effinger
- Department of Anaesthesiology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Max Hübner
- Department of Anaesthesiology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Omar El Bounkari
- Division of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital (LMU Klinikum), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheiermann
- Department of Anaesthesiology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Division of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital (LMU Klinikum), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
| | - Adrian Hoffmann
- Division of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital (LMU Klinikum), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Anaesthesiology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
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Mann JFS, Pankrac J, Klein K, McKay PF, King DFL, Gibson R, Wijewardhana CN, Pawa R, Meyerowitz J, Gao Y, Canaday DH, Avino M, Poon AFY, Foster C, Fidler S, Shattock RJ, Arts EJ. A targeted reactivation of latent HIV-1 using an activator vector in patient samples from acute infection. EBioMedicine 2020; 59:102853. [PMID: 32654992 PMCID: PMC7502668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During combined anti-retroviral treatment, a latent HIV reservoir persists within resting memory CD4 T cells that initiates viral recrudescence upon treatment interruption. Strategies for HIV-1 cure have largely focused on latency reversing agents (LRAs) capable of reactivating and eliminating this viral reservoir. Previously investigated LRAs have largely failed to achieve a robust latency reversal sufficient for reduction of latent HIV pool or the potential of virus-free remission in the absence of treatment. METHODS We utilize a polyvalent virus-like particle (VLP) formulation called Activator Vector (ACT-VEC) to 'shock' provirus into transcriptional activity. Ex vivo co-culture experiments were used to evaluate the efficacy of ACT-VEC in relation to other LRAs in individuals diagnosed and treated during the acute stage of infection. IFN-γ ELISpot, qRT-PCR and Illumina MiSeq were used to evaluate antigenicity, latency reversal, and diversity of induced virus respectively. FINDINGS Using samples from HIV+ patients diagnosed and treated at acute/early infection, we demonstrate that ACT-VEC can reverse latency in HIV infected CD4 T cells to a greater extent than other major recall antigens as stimuli or even mitogens such as PMA/Iono. Furthermore, ACT-VEC activates more latent HIV-1 than clinically tested HDAC inhibitors or protein kinase C agonists. INTERPRETATION Taken together, these results show that ACT-VEC can induce HIV reactivation from latently infected CD4 T cells collected from participants on first line combined antiretroviral therapy for at least two years after being diagnosed and treated at acute/early stage of infection. These findings could provide guidance to possible targeted cure strategies and treatments. FUNDING NIH and CIHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie F S Mann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Joshua Pankrac
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Katja Klein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Paul F McKay
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Deborah F L King
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Richard Gibson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Chanuka N Wijewardhana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Rahul Pawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Jodi Meyerowitz
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - David H Canaday
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Mariano Avino
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Art F Y Poon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Caroline Foster
- The 900 Clinic, Jefferies Wing, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Eric J Arts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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Freund C, Höfer T. A Missing Switch in Peptide Exchange for MHC Class II Molecules. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2513. [PMID: 31708929 PMCID: PMC6820466 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Freund
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Höfer
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
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Pérez L, McLetchie S, Gardiner GJ, Deffit SN, Zhou D, Blum JS. LAMP-2C Inhibits MHC Class II Presentation of Cytoplasmic Antigens by Disrupting Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2457-65. [PMID: 26856698 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cells use multiple autophagy pathways to sequester macromolecules, senescent organelles, and pathogens. Several conserved isoforms of the lysosome-associated membrane protein-2 (LAMP-2) regulate these pathways influencing immune recognition and responses. LAMP-2A is required for chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), which promotes Ag capture and MHC class II (MHCII) presentation in B cells and signaling in T cells. LAMP-2B regulates lysosome maturation to impact macroautophagy and phagocytosis. Yet, far less is known about LAMP-2C function. Whereas LAMP2A and LAMP2B mRNA were broadly detected in human tissues, LAMP2C expression was more limited. Transcripts for the three LAMP2 isoforms increased with B cell activation, although specific gene induction varied depending on TLR versus BCR engagement. To examine LAMP-2C function in human B cells and specifically its role in Ag presentation, we used ectopic gene expression. Increased LAMP-2C expression in B cells did not alter MHCII expression or invariant chain processing, but did perturb cytoplasmic Ag presentation via CMA. MHCII presentation of epitopes from exogenous and membrane Ags was not affected by LAMP-2C expression in B cells. Similarly, changes in B cell LAMP-2C expression did not impact macroautophagy. The gene expression of other LAMP2 isoforms and proteasome and lysosomal proteases activities were unperturbed by LAMP-2C ectopic expression. LAMP-2C levels modulated the steady-state expression of several cytoplasmic proteins that are targeted for degradation by CMA and diminished peptide translocation via this pathway. Thus, LAMP-2C serves as a natural inhibitor of CMA that can selectively skew MHCII presentation of cytoplasmic Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Pérez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Shawna McLetchie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Gail J Gardiner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Sarah N Deffit
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405; and
| | - Delu Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Janice S Blum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202;
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Li Q, Ao J, Mu Y, Yang Z, Li T, Zhang X, Chen X. Cathepsin S, but not cathepsin L, participates in the MHC class II-associated invariant chain processing in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:743-50. [PMID: 26475363 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Two cysteine proteases, cathepsin S (CatS) and cathepsin L (CatL), have been identified as the key enzymes involved in the processing of invariant chain (Ii chain) in mammals. However, little is known about the roles of fish cathepsins in the Ii chain processing. In this study, large yellow croaker cathepsin S (LycCatS) and L (LycCatL) were identified and characterized. Based on the sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis, both LycCatS and LycCatL are highly conserved to their counterparts in teleost. These two cathepsins were constitutively expressed in all tissues and immune-related cells tested, although at different levels. Both recombinant LycCatS (rLycCatS) and LycCatL (rLycCatL) possess the typical cysteine protease activity. Like other mammalian endopeptidase cathepsins, rLycCatS and rLycCatL could be autocatalytically activated to remove propeptides and release active mature peptides. On the other hand, the autocatalytic activation of rLycCatL could be inhibited by recombinant large yellow croaker Ii chain (rLyc-TR-Ii), but the autocatalytic activation of rLycCatS was not affected by rLyc-TR-Ii. Furthermore, the activated rLycCatS can efficiently process rLyc-TR-Ii in a stepwise manner in vitro, while the activated rLycCatL can not. These data indicate that cathepsin S may be the main cathepsin involved in the Ii chain processing in bony fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhua Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploration and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jingqun Ao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploration and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yinnan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploration and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhijun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploration and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploration and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploration and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploration and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, China
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Hermann C, Trowsdale J, Boyle LH. TAPBPR: a new player in the MHC class I presentation pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 85:155-66. [PMID: 25720504 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to provide specificity for T cell responses against pathogens and tumours, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules present high-affinity peptides at the cell surface to T cells. A key player for peptide loading is the MHC class I-dedicated chaperone tapasin. Recently we discovered a second MHC class I-dedicated chaperone, the tapasin-related protein TAPBPR. Here, we review the major steps in the MHC class I pathway and the TAPBPR data. We discuss the potential function of TAPBPR in the MHC class I pathway and the involvement of this previously uncharacterised protein in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hermann
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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7
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Pulse-chase analysis for studies of MHC class II biosynthesis, maturation, and peptide loading. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 960:411-432. [PMID: 23329504 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-218-6_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pulse-chase analysis is a commonly used technique for studying the synthesis, processing and transport of proteins. Cultured cells expressing proteins of interest are allowed to take up radioactively labeled amino acids for a brief interval ("pulse"), during which all newly synthesized proteins incorporate the label. The cells are then returned to nonradioactive culture medium for various times ("chase"), during which proteins may undergo conformational changes, trafficking, or degradation. Proteins of interest are isolated (usually by immunoprecipitation) and resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and the fate of radiolabeled molecules is examined by autoradiography. This chapter describes a pulse-chase protocol suitable for studies of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II biosynthesis and maturation. We discuss how results are affected by the recognition by certain anti-class II antibodies of distinct class II conformations associated with particular biosynthetic states. Our protocol can be adapted to follow the fate of many other endogenously synthesized proteins, including viral or transfected gene products, in cultured cells.
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8
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Phipps-Yonas H, Semik V, Hastings KT. GILT expression in B cells diminishes cathepsin S steady-state protein expression and activity. Eur J Immunol 2012; 43:65-74. [PMID: 23012103 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II-restricted Ag processing requires protein degradation in the endocytic pathway for the activation of CD4(+) T cells. Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) facilitates Ag processing by reducing protein disulfide bonds in this compartment. Lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin S (CatS) contains disulfide bonds and mediates essential steps in MHC class II-restricted processing, including proteolysis of large polypeptides and cleavage of the invariant chain. We sought to determine whether GILT's reductase activity regulates CatS expression and function. Confocal microscopy confirmed that GILT and CatS colocalized within lysosomes of B cells. GILT expression posttranscriptionally decreased the steady-state protein expression of CatS in primary B cells and B-cell lines. GILT did not substantially alter the expression of other lysosomal proteins, including H2-M, H2-O, or CatL. GILT's reductase active site was necessary for diminished CatS protein levels, and GILT expression decreased the half-life of CatS, suggesting that GILT-mediated reduction of protein disulfide bonds enhances CatS degradation. GILT expression decreased the proteolysis of a CatS selective substrate. This study illustrates a physiologic mechanism that regulates CatS and has implications for fine tuning MHC class II-restricted Ag processing and for the development of CatS inhibitors, which are under investigation for the treatment of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Phipps-Yonas
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Isolation, affinity purification and biochemical characterization of a lysosomal cathepsin D from the deuterostome Asterias rubens. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 161:240-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Müller S, Dennemärker J, Reinheckel T. Specific functions of lysosomal proteases in endocytic and autophagic pathways. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1824:34-43. [PMID: 21767668 PMCID: PMC7105187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endolysosomal vesicles form a highly dynamic multifunctional cellular compartment that contains multiple highly potent proteolytic enzymes. Originally these proteases have been assigned to cooperate solely in executing the unselective ‘bulk proteolysis’ within the acidic milieu of the lysosome. Although to some degree this notion still holds true, evidence is accumulating for specific and regulatory functions of individual ‘acidic’ proteases in many cellular processes linked to the endosomal/lysosomal compartment. Here we summarize and discuss the functions of individual endolysosomal proteases in such diverse processes as the termination of growth factor signaling, lipoprotein particle degradation, infection, antigen presentation, and autophagy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis 50 years after the discovery of lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Müller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, D-79104, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Dennemärker
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, D-79104, Germany
- Dept. of Visceral Surgery, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, D-79104, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Corresponding author at: Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität-Freiburg, Stefan Meier Str. 17, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany. Tel.: + 49 761 203 9606; fax: + 49 761 203 9634.
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Yamamoto K, Kawakubo T, Yasukochi A, Tsukuba T. Emerging roles of cathepsin E in host defense mechanisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1824:105-12. [PMID: 21664991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin E is an intracellular aspartic proteinase of the pepsin superfamily, which is predominantly expressed in certain cell types, including the immune system cells and rapidly regenerating gastric mucosal and epidermal keratinocytes. The intracellular localization of this protein varies with different cell types. The endosomal localization is primarily found in antigen-presenting cells and gastric cells. The membrane association is observed with certain cell types such as erythrocytes, osteoclasts, gastric parietal cells and renal proximal tubule cells. This enzyme is also found in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and cytosolic compartments in various cell types. In addition to its intracellular localization, cathepsin E occurs in the culture medium of activated phagocytes and cancer cells as the catalytically active enzyme. Its strategic expression and localization thus suggests the association of this enzyme with specific biological functions of the individual cell types. Recent genetic and pharmacological studies have particularly suggested that cathepsin E plays an important role in host defense against cancer cells and invading microorganisms. This review focuses emerging roles of cathepsin E in immune system cells and skin keratinocytes, and in host defense against cancer cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis 50 years after the discovery of lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yamamoto
- Proteolysis Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Crotzer VL, Glosson N, Zhou D, Nishino I, Blum JS. LAMP-2-deficient human B cells exhibit altered MHC class II presentation of exogenous antigens. Immunology 2011; 131:318-30. [PMID: 20518820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules present antigenic peptides derived from engulfed exogenous proteins to CD4(+) T cells. Exogenous antigens are processed in mature endosomes and lysosomes where acidic proteases reside and peptide-binding to class II alleles is favoured. Hence, maintenance of the microenvironment within these organelles is probably central to efficient MHC class II-mediated antigen presentation. Lysosome-associated membrane proteins such as LAMP-2 reside in mature endosomes and lysosomes, yet their role in exogenous antigen presentation pathways remains untested. In this study, human B cells lacking LAMP-2 were examined for changes in MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation. MHC class II presentation of exogenous antigen and peptides to CD4(+) T cells was impaired in the LAMP-2-deficient B cells. Peptide-binding to MHC class II on LAMP-2-deficient B cells was reduced at physiological pH compared with wild-type cells. However, peptide-binding and class II-restricted antigen presentation were restored by incubation of LAMP-2-negative B cells at acidic pH, suggesting that efficient loading of exogenous epitopes by MHC class II molecules is dependent upon LAMP-2 expression in B cells. Interestingly, class II presentation of an epitope derived from an endogenous transmembrane protein was detected using LAMP-2-deficient B cells. Consequently, LAMP-2 may control the repertoire of peptides displayed by MHC class II molecules on B cells and influence the balance between endogenous and exogenous antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Crotzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5120, USA
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13
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Van Breedam W, Delputte PL, Van Gorp H, Misinzo G, Vanderheijden N, Duan X, Nauwynck HJ. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus entry into the porcine macrophage. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:1659-67. [PMID: 20410315 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.020503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) emerged in the late 1980s and rapidly became one of the most significant viral pathogens in the swine industry. In vivo, the virus shows a very narrow cell tropism and targets specific subsets of porcine macrophages. The entry of PRRSV into its host cell is the first crucial step in infection and has been the focus of many fundamental studies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on PRRSV entry into the porcine macrophage, covering virus binding, internalization and genome release, and integrates these findings into a general model of the entry process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wander Van Breedam
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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14
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Kwan JC, Eksioglu EA, Liu C, Paul VJ, Luesch H. Grassystatins A-C from marine cyanobacteria, potent cathepsin E inhibitors that reduce antigen presentation. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5732-47. [PMID: 19715320 DOI: 10.1021/jm9009394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In our efforts to explore marine cyanobacteria as a source of novel bioactive compounds, we discovered a statine unit-containing linear decadepsipeptide, grassystatin A (1), which we screened against a diverse set of 59 proteases. We describe the structure determination of 1 and two natural analogues, grassystatins B (2) and C (3), using NMR, MS, and chiral HPLC techniques. Compound 1 selectively inhibited cathepsins D and E with IC(50)s of 26.5 nM and 886 pM, respectively. Compound 2 showed similar potency and selectivity against cathepsins D and E (IC(50)s of 7.27 nM and 354 pM, respectively), whereas the truncated peptide analogue grassystatin C (3), which consists of two fewer residues than 1 and 2, was less potent against both but still selective for cathepsin E. The selectivity of compounds 1-3 for cathepsin E over D (20-38-fold) suggests that these natural products may be useful tools to probe cathepsin E function. We investigated the structural basis of this selectivity using molecular docking. We also show that 1 can reduce antigen presentation by dendritic cells, a process thought to rely on cathepsin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Kwan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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15
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Wang N, Weber E, Blum JS. Diminished intracellular invariant chain expression after vaccinia virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1542-50. [PMID: 19592662 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VV) has been used as a vaccine to eradicate smallpox and as a vaccine for HIV and tumors. However, the immunoevasive properties of VV have raised safety concerns. VV infection of APCs perturbs MHC class II-mediated Ag presentation. Exposure of human B cell lines to VV induced a substantial reduction in cellular expression of the class II chaperone, invariant chain (Ii), during the late stages (i.e., 8-10 h) of infection. Yet, cell viability and surface expression of MHC class II molecules were maintained up to 24 h after exposure to virus. Reductions in Ii and class II mRNA levels were detected as early as 6 h after VV infection of APCs. To examine whether VV was acting solely to disrupt host protein synthesis, B cells were treated with an inhibitor of translation, cycloheximide (CHX). Within 1 h of B cell CHX treatment, Ii protein expression decreased coupled with a loss of class II presentation. Analysis of Ii degradation in VV- or CHX-treated cells, revealed ongoing Ii proteolysis contributing to reduced steady-state Ii levels in these APC. Yet in contrast with CHX, VV infection of APCs altered lysosomal protease expression and Ii degradation. Virus infection induced cellular cathepsin L expression while reducing the levels of other lysosomal proteases. These results demonstrate that at late stages of VV infection, reductions in cellular Ii levels coupled with changes in lysosomal protease activity, contribute in part to defects in class II presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunobiology, and Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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16
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Crotzer VL, Blum JS. Autophagy and its role in MHC-mediated antigen presentation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:3335-41. [PMID: 19265109 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular degradation by autophagy plays a role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis under normal conditions and during periods of cellular stress. Autophagy has also been implicated in several other cellular processes including immune recognition and responsiveness. More specifically, autophagy has been identified as a route by which cytoplasmic and nuclear Ag are delivered to MHC class II molecules for presentation to CD4(+) T cells. Autophagy has also recently been implicated in MHC class I cross-presentation of tumor Ag and the activation of CD8(+) T cells. This review discusses the role of autophagy in modulating MHC class I and class II Ag presentation as well as its implication in regulating autoimmunity and tolerance, tumor immunity, and host defense against intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Crotzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine and the Walther Cancer Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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17
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Jia A, Zhang XH. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of cathepsin D gene from turbot Scophthalmus maximus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 26:606-613. [PMID: 18948209 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin D is a lysosomal endoproteolytic aspartic proteinase which also has been found in endosomes of macrophage. It is thought to play key roles in the developmental and physiological process of animals. The EST sequence of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) cathepsin D was obtained from a subtractive cDNA library. In the present study, 5'-RACE and 3'-RACE were carried out to obtain the complete cDNA sequence of turbot cathepsin D, which contained a 91 bp 5'-UTR, a 1191 bp open reading frame encoding 396 amino acids, and a 329 bp 3'-UTR. The deduced amino acid sequence of the cathepsin D consisted of a signal peptide of 18 aa, a leader peptide extending 43 aa, and a mature peptide of 335 aa. BLAST analysis revealed that turbot cathepsin D shared high similarity with other known cathepsin D, and it showed significant homology with that of Barramundi (Lates calcarifer B., 89% aa similarity). Quantitative real-time PCR (q PCR) demonstrated that the highest expression level of the turbot cathepsin D was in liver. After turbot were challenged with Vibrio harveyi, the lowest expression levels of cathepsin D in liver, spleen and head kidney were detected at 8 h. This result was different from the expression of MHCII of which the expression lever was increased upon challenge. The expression levels of cathepsin D in liver and head kidney increased gradually after 8 h and exceeded the background level after 24 h. In spleen, the expression level was reinforced after 8 h and kept at level that was higher than the original level after 12 h. The results suggested that cathepsin D might process antigens for presentation to the immune system and have synergetic effect with apoptosis pathway until 12 h after injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airong Jia
- Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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18
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Misinzo GM, Delputte PL, Nauwynck HJ. Involvement of proteases in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus uncoating upon internalization in primary macrophages. Vet Res 2008; 39:55. [PMID: 18651989 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2008031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) replicates in differentiated macrophages. In macrophages, heparan sulphate glycosaminoglycans mediate the initial PRRSV attachment and the receptor sialoadhesin mediates both PRRSV attachment and internalization into endosomes. Upon a pH drop, PRRSV is uncoated and its genome is released from the endosomes into the cytoplasm, which allows virus replication. However, expression of heparan sulphate and sialoadhesin in non-susceptible cells only allows virus internalization, but no virus uncoating and infection, indicating that other factors are involved. In the present study, it is shown that treatment of macrophages with serum (mainly the alpha-globulin fraction) inhibited PRRSV infection without affecting attachment and internalization. Because alpha-globulins contain several protease inhibitors, macrophages were treated with different protease inhibitors to investigate the involvement of proteases in PRRSV uncoating. Treatment of macrophages with broadly active inhibitors of serine or aspartic proteases, but not cysteine- or metallo-proteases, inhibited PRRSV uncoating and infection. Further investigation using specific inhibitors indicated that the aspartic protease cathepsin E is involved during PRRSV uncoating, but did not allow identification of the serine protease involved. The involvement of cathepsin E during PRRSV uncoating was confirmed by partial co-localization of internalized PRRSV with cathepsin E. Furthermore, cathepsin E expression increased with macrophage cultivation, which was positively correlated with an increased susceptibility to PRRSV infection. Together, these data show that, in macrophages, both the aspartic protease cathepsin E and an unidentified trypsin-like serine protease are involved in uncoating of internalized PRRSV and subsequent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald M Misinzo
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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19
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Irache JM, Salman HH, Gamazo C, Espuelas S. Mannose-targeted systems for the delivery of therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:703-24. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.6.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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Costantino CM, Hang HC, Kent SC, Hafler DA, Ploegh HL. Lysosomal Cysteine and Aspartic Proteases Are Heterogeneously Expressed and Act Redundantly to Initiate Human Invariant Chain Degradation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2876-85. [PMID: 18292509 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Costantino
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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21
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Zaidi N, Kalbacher H. Cathepsin E: a mini review. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 367:517-22. [PMID: 18178150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.12.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin E is a major intracellular aspartic protease which is predominantly present in the cells of immune system and is frequently implicated in antigen processing via the MHC class II pathway. In the present review some of the known features of cathepsin E such as tissue distribution, subcellular localization, enzymatic properties, intracellular trafficking, gene regulation and associated physiological conditions are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nousheen Zaidi
- Medical and Natural Sciences Research Centre, University of Tübingen, Ob dem Himmelreich 7, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
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22
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Zaidi N, Burster T, Sommandas V, Herrmann T, Boehm BO, Driessen C, Voelter W, Kalbacher H. A novel cell penetrating aspartic protease inhibitor blocks processing and presentation of tetanus toxoid more efficiently than pepstatin A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 364:243-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.09.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Haque A, Das A, Hajiaghamohseni LM, Younger A, Banik NL, Ray SK. Induction of apoptosis and immune response by all-trans retinoic acid plus interferon-gamma in human malignant glioblastoma T98G and U87MG cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:615-25. [PMID: 16947022 PMCID: PMC11030588 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and highly malignant brain tumor. It is also one among the most therapy-resistant human neoplasias. Patients die within a year of diagnosis despite the use of available treatment strategies such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Thus, there is a critical need to find a novel therapeutic strategy for treating this disease. Here, we have investigated the molecular mechanisms for induction of apoptosis as well as for activation of immune components in human malignant glioblastoma T98G and U87MG cells following treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) plus interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Treatment of glioblastoma cells with ATRA alone prevented cell proliferation and induced astrocytic differentiation, while IFN-gamma alone induced apoptosis and modulated expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules such as HLA-DRalpha, HLA-DR complex, invariant chain (Ii), HLA-DM (an important catalyst of the class II-peptide loading), and gamma interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol-reductase (GILT). Interestingly, both T98G and U87MG cells showed more increase in apoptosis with expression of the HLA class II components for an effective immune response following treatment with ATRA plus IFN-gamma than with IFN-gamma alone. Apoptotic mode of cell death was confirmed morphologically by Wright staining and biochemically by measuring an increase in caspase-3 activity. While conversion of tumor cells into HLA class II+/Ii- cells by stimulation with the helper CD4+ T cells is thought to be challenging, this study reports for the first time that treatment of glioblastoma cells with ATRA plus IFN-gamma can simultaneously enhance apoptosis and expression of the HLA class II immune components with a marked suppression of Ii expression. Taken together, this study suggests that induction of apoptosis and immune components of the HLA class II pathway by ATRA plus IFN-gamma may be a promising chemoimmunotherapeutic strategy for treatment of human malignant glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
| | - Arabinda Das
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 323K, P.O. Box 250606, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
| | - Laela M. Hajiaghamohseni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
| | - Austin Younger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
| | - Naren L. Banik
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 323K, P.O. Box 250606, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
| | - Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 323K, P.O. Box 250606, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
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24
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Cathepsin D from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) liver. Isolation and comparative studies. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 147:504-11. [PMID: 17428719 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The isolated cathepsin D-like enzyme from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) liver was shown to be a monomer with a molecular mass of approximately 40 kDa. It was inhibited by Pepstatin A and had an optimum for degradation of haemoglobin at pH 3.0. The purified enzyme had lower temperature stability than bovine cathepsin D. Antibodies raised against the purified enzyme and against two C-terminal peptides of cod cathepsin D recognized a 40 kDa protein in immunoblotting of the samples from the purification process. Both antisera showed cross reactivity with a similar sized protein in liver from cod, saithe (Pollachius virens L.), Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). A protein of same size was detected in wolffish (Anarhichas lupus L.) liver with the antibody directed against the purified enzyme. This antibody also recognized the native enzyme and detected the presence of cathepsin D in muscle of cod, saithe, herring and salmon. These antibodies may be useful in understanding the mechanisms of post mortem muscle degradation in fish by comparing immunohistochemical localization and enzyme activity, in particular in cod with different rate of muscle degradation. They may also be used for comparing muscle degradation in different fish species.
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25
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Richter R, Forssmann U, Henschler R, Escher S, Frimpong-Boateng A, Forssmann WG. Increase of expression and activation of chemokine CCL15 in chronic renal failure. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 345:1504-12. [PMID: 16737685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic renal failure (CRF). In CRF, significantly increased CCL15-IR plasma concentrations were detected. Whereas in plasma of healthy individuals one predominant CCL15-IR molecule with a M(w) of 15kDa [high molecular weight (HMW-CCL15-IR)] was identified, CRF plasma contains increased concentrations of truncated CCL15-IR molecules [intermediate molecular weight (IMW-CCL15-IR)]. HMW-CCL15-IR isolated from hemofiltrate revealed an M(w) of 10141.3, corresponding to deglycosylated CCL15(1-92) carrying a N-terminal pyrrolidone carboxylic acid. CCL15(12-92) was identified as a major component of IMW-CCL15-IR in CRF plasma. Compared to CCL15(1-92), in monocytes CCL15(12-92) causes stronger induction of intracellular calcium flux, chemotactic activity, and adhesion to fibronectin. Intracellular calcium flux assays revealed that, in comparison to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy donors, PBMCs of CRF patients demonstrated an increased sensitivity to CCL15. Our results point to an involvement of the CCL15-CCR1 axis in the pathophysiology of CRF.
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26
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Cannon MJ, Davis JS, Pate JL. Presence and regulation of messenger ribonucleic acids encoding components of the class II major histocompatibility complex-associated antigen processing pathway in the bovine corpus luteum. Reproduction 2006; 131:689-98. [PMID: 16595720 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Luteal cells express class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and can stimulate T lymphocyte proliferationin vitro. However, it is unknown whether luteal cells express the intracellular components necessary to process the peptides presented by class II MHC molecules. The objective of the present study was to examine the expression and regulation of three major class II-associated antigen processing components – class II MHC-associated invariant chain (Ii), DMα and DMβ – in luteal tissue. Corpora lutea were collected early in the estrous cycle, during midcycle and late in the estrous cycle, and at various times following administration of a luteolytic dose of prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α) to the cow. Northern analysis revealed the presence of mRNA encoding each of the class II MHC-associated antigen processing proteins in luteal tissue. Ii mRNA concentrations did not change during the estrous cycle, whereas DMα and DMβ mRNA concentrations were highest in midcycle luteal tissue compared with either early or late luteal tissue. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) reduced DMα mRNA concentrations in cultured luteal cells in the presence of LH or PGF2α. DMα and DMβ mRNA were also present in highly enriched cultures of luteal endothelial (CLENDO) cells, and DMα mRNA concentrations were greater in CLENDO cultures compared with mixed luteal cell cultures. Expression of invariant chain, DMα and DMβ genes indicates that cells within the corpus luteum express the minimal requirements to act as functional antigen-presenting cells, and the observation that CLENDO cells are a source of DMα and DMβ mRNA indicates that non-immune cells within the corpus luteum may function as antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Cannon
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
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27
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Malik A, Rudolph R, Söhling B. A novel fusion protein system for the production of native human pepsinogen in the bacterial periplasm. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 47:662-71. [PMID: 16600627 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Revised: 02/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Human pepsinogen is the secreted inactive precursor of pepsin. Under the acidic conditions present in the stomach it is autocatalytically cleaved into the active protease. Pepsinogen contains three consecutive disulfides, and was used here as a model protein to investigate the production of aspartic proteases in the Escherichia coli periplasm. Various N-terminal translocation signals were applied and several different expression vectors were tested. After fusion to pelB, dsbA or ompT signal peptides no recombinant product could be obtained in the periplasm using the T7 promoter. As a new approach, human pepsinogen was fused to E. coli ecotin (E. coli trypsin inhibitor), which is a periplasmic homodimeric protein of 142 amino acids per monomer containing one disulfide bridge. The fusion protein was expressed in pTrc99a. After induction, the ecotin-pepsinogen fusion protein was translocated into the periplasm and the ecotin signal peptide was cleaved. Upon acid treatment, the fusion protein was converted into pepsin, indicating that pepsinogen was produced in its native form. In shake flasks experiments, the amount of active fusion protein present in the periplasm was 100 microg per litre OD 1, corresponding to 70 microg pepsinogen. After large scale cultivation, the fusion protein was isolated from the periplasmic extract. It was purified to homogeneity with a yield of 20%. The purified protein was native. Acid-induced activation of the fusion protein proceeded very fast. As soon as pepsin was present, the ecotin part of the fusion protein was rapidly digested, followed by a further activation of pepsinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajamaluddin Malik
- Institut für Biotechnologie, Martin-Luther Universität Halle, Germany
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28
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Goldfarb NE, Lam MT MT, Bose AK, Patel AM, Duckworth AJ, Dunn BM. Electrostatic switches that mediate the pH-dependent conformational change of "short" recombinant human pseudocathepsin D. Biochemistry 2006; 44:15725-33. [PMID: 16313175 PMCID: PMC2569848 DOI: 10.1021/bi0511686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human cathepsin D (hCatD) is an aspartic peptidase with a low pH optimum. X-ray crystal structures have been solved for an active, low pH (pH 5.1) form (CatD(lo)) [Baldwin, E. T., Bhat, T. N., Gulnik, S., Hosur, M. V., Sowder, R. C., Cachau, R. E., Collins, J., Silva, A. M., and Erickson, J. W. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 6796-6800] and an inactive, high pH (pH 7.5) form (CatD(hi)) [Lee, A. Y., Gulnik, S. V., and Erickson, J. W. (1998) Nat. Struct. Biol. 5, 866-871]. It has been suggested that ionizable switches involving the carboxylate side chains of E5, E180, and D187 may mediate the reversible interconversion between CatD(hi) and CatD(lo) and that Y10 stabilizes CatD(hi) [Lee, A. Y., Gulnik, S. V., and Erickson, J. W. (1998) Nat. Struct. Biol. 5, 866-871]. To test these hypotheses, we generated single point mutants in "short" recombinant human pseudocathepsin D (srCatD), a model kinetically similar to hCatD [Beyer, B. M., and Dunn, B. M. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 15590-15596]. E180Q, Y10F, and D187N exhibit significantly higher kcat/Km values (2-, 3-, and 6-fold, respectively) at pH 3.7 and 4.75 compared to srCatD, indicating that these residues are important in stabilizing the CatD(hi). E5Q exhibits a 2-fold lower kcat/Km compared to srCatD at both pH values, indicating the importance of E5 in stabilizing the CatD(lo). Accordingly, full time-course "pH-jump" (pH 5.5-4.75) studies of substrate hydrolysis indicate that E180Q, D187N, and Y10F have shorter kinetic lag phases that represent the change from CatD(hi) to CatD(lo) compared to srCatD and E5Q. Intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence reveals that the variants have a native-like structure over the pH range of our assays. The results indicate that E180 and D187 participate as an electrostatic switch that initiates the conformational change of CatD(lo) to CatD(hi) and Y10 stabilizes CatD(hi) by hydrogen bonding to the catalytic Asp 33. E5 appears to play a less significant role as an ionic switch that stabilizes CatD(lo).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ben M. Dunn
- Corresponding author: phone (352) 392-3362, fax (352) 846-0412,
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29
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Li P, Wang N, Zhou D, Yee CSK, Chang CH, Brutkiewicz RR, Blum JS. Disruption of MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation by vaccinia virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:6481-8. [PMID: 16272302 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.10.6481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VV), currently used in humans as a live vaccine for smallpox, can interfere with host immunity via several discrete mechanisms. In this study, the effect of VV on MHC class II-mediated Ag presentation was investigated. Following VV infection, the ability of professional and nonprofessional APC to present Ag and peptides to CD4+ T cells was impaired. Viral inhibition of class II Ag presentation could be detected within 1 h, with diminished T cell responses dependent upon the duration of APC infection and virus titer. Exposure of APC to replication-deficient virus also diminished class II Ag presentation. Virus infection of APC perturbed Ag presentation by newly synthesized and recycling class II molecules, with disruptions in both exogenous and cytoplasmic Ag presentation. Virus-driven expression of an endogenous Ag, failed to restore T cell responsiveness specific for this Ag in the context of MHC class II molecules. Yet, both class II protein steady-state and cell surface expression were not altered by VV. Biochemical and functional analysis revealed that VV infection directly interfered with ligand binding to class II molecules. Together, these observations suggest that disruption of MHC class II-mediated Ag presentation may be one of multiple strategies VV has evolved to escape host immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunobiology, and Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, and Walther Cancer Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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30
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Rudensky A, Beers C. Lysosomal cysteine proteases and antigen presentation. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2006:81-95. [PMID: 16329647 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-37673-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal proteinases are involved in two critical stages of MHC class II-mediated antigen presentation, i.e., degradation of invariant chain, a chaperone molecule critical for MHC class II assembly and transport, and generation of class II-binding peptides in the endocytic compartment. We found that two lysosomal cysteine proteinases, cathepsins S and L, were found to be differentially expressed in different types of "professional" and "nonprofessional" antigen presenting cells, including B cells, macrophages, specialized thymic epithelium, intestinal epithelium, and dendritic cells. In this chapter, our recent studies on the role of cathepsin S and L in MHC class II-mediated antigen processing and presentation in these cells types are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98195, USA.
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31
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Abstract
The endosomal pathway of antigen presentation leads to the display of peptides on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules at the cell surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The pathway involves two major steps, invariant chain degradation and antigen processing, which take place in the late endosomes/lysosomes. So far, of the known lysosomal proteases, only cathepsin L and cathepsin S have been shown to have a non-redundant role in endosomal presentation in vivo. Besides being engaged in the degradation of invariant chain, these enzymes also mediate the processing of antigens in distinct cell types. Surprisingly, these enzymes are active in different types of APCs, and this defined expression pattern seems to be enforced by regulatory mechanisms acting on multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne C Hsing
- Department of Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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32
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Abstract
Peptide loading of major histocompatibility class II molecules is catalyzed in late endosomal and lysosomal compartments of cells by the catalytic action of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DM (H-2M in mice). In B cells, dendritic cells and thymic epithelial cells, the peptide loading of class II molecules is modified by the expression of the non-classical class II molecule, HLA-DO (H-2O in mice). Collectively, studies to date support that DO/H-2O expression inhibits the presentation of antigens acquired by cells via fluid phase endocytosis. However, in B cells, the expression of H-2O promotes the presentation of antigens internalized by the B-cell receptor. In this review, we summarize the literature pertaining to DO assembly, transport, and function, with an emphasis on the function of DO/H-2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Denzin
- Sloan-Kettering Institute, Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY 10021, USA.
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33
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Li P, Gregg JL, Wang N, Zhou D, O'Donnell P, Blum JS, Crotzer VL. Compartmentalization of class II antigen presentation: contribution of cytoplasmic and endosomal processing. Immunol Rev 2005; 207:206-17. [PMID: 16181338 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During antigen processing, peptides are generated and displayed in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to modulate immune responses to foreign antigens and guide self-tolerance. Exogenous and cytoplasmic antigens are processed by distinct routes within APCs to yield class II ligands. Exogenous antigens are internalized, processed, and bound to class II molecules within endosomal and lysosomal compartments of APCs. Studies reviewed here demonstrate the importance of reduction in regulating exogenous antigen presentation. The differential expression of a gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase in professional APCs and melanomas is discussed in the context of tumor immune evasion. Cytoplasmic autoantigens, by contrast, are degraded by the proteasome and other enzymes in the cytosol, with the resulting peptides translocating to endosomal and lysosomal compartments for intersection with class II molecules. Processing and editing of these antigenic peptides within endosomes and lysosomes may be critical in regulating their display via class II proteins. Multiple pathways may regulate the transit of cytosolic peptides to class II molecules. The role of lysosome-associated membrane protein-2a and heat-shock cognate protein 70 in promoting cytoplasmic peptide presentation by MHC class II molecules is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunobiology, and Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Walther Cancer Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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34
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Zhang J, Li G, Bafica A, Pantelic M, Zhang P, Broxmeyer H, Liu Y, Wetzler L, He JJ, Chen T. Neisseria gonorrhoeae enhances infection of dendritic cells by HIV type 1. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2005; 174:7995-8002. [PMID: 15944306 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.12.7995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies indicate that Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococci (GC)) has the capacity to enhance HIV type 1 (HIV-1) infection. We studied whether GC enhances HIV infection of activated dendritic cells (DCs). The results show that GC can dramatically enhance HIV replication in human DCs during coinfection. The GC component responsible for HIV infection enhancement may be peptidoglycan, which activates TLR2. TLR2 involvement is suggested by bacterial lipoprotein, a TLR2-specific inducer, which stimulates a strong enhancement of HIV infection by human DCs. Moreover, participation of TLR2 is further implicated because GC is unable to stimulate expression of HIV in DCs of TLR2-deficient HIV-1-transgenic mice. These results provide one potential mechanism through which GC infection increases HIV replication in patients infected with both GC and HIV.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- CD4 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/biosynthesis
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/microbiology
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Female
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/microbiology
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- HIV-1/pathogenicity
- HeLa Cells
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/biosynthesis
- Lectins, C-Type/biosynthesis
- Lipoproteins/physiology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/microbiology
- Monocytes/virology
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae/immunology
- Peptidoglycan/pharmacology
- Receptors, CCR5/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CXCR4/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Toll-Like Receptor 2
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Up-Regulation/immunology
- CD83 Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Walther Oncology Center, Walther Oncology Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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35
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Maehr R, Hang HC, Mintern JD, Kim YM, Cuvillier A, Nishimura M, Yamada K, Shirahama-Noda K, Hara-Nishimura I, Ploegh HL. Asparagine Endopeptidase Is Not Essential for Class II MHC Antigen Presentation but Is Required for Processing of Cathepsin L in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:7066-74. [PMID: 15905550 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.7066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Class II MHC molecules survey the endocytic compartments of APCs and present antigenic peptides to CD4 T cells. In this context, lysosomal proteases are essential not only for the generation of antigenic peptides but also for proteolysis of the invariant chain to allow the maturation of class II MHC molecules. Recent studies with protease inhibitors have implicated the asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) in class II MHC-restricted Ag presentation. We now report that AEP-deficient mice show no differences in processing of the invariant chain or maturation of class II MHC products compared with wild-type mice. In the absence of AEP, presentation to primary T cells of OVA and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, two Ags that contain asparagine residues within or in proximity to the relevant epitopes was unimpaired. Cathepsin (Cat) L, a lysosomal cysteine protease essential for the development to CD4 and NK T cells, fails to be processed into its mature two-chain form in AEP-deficient cells. Despite this, the numbers of CD4 and NK T cells are normal, showing that the single-chain form of Cat L is sufficient for its function in vivo. We conclude that AEP is essential for processing of Cat L but not for class II MHC-restricted Ag presentation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/enzymology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- Cathepsin L
- Cathepsins/deficiency
- Cathepsins/genetics
- Cathepsins/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/deficiency
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/physiology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Isoenzymes/deficiency
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/enzymology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myelin Proteins
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/immunology
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/metabolism
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Ovalbumin/metabolism
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/genetics
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/enzymology
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Affiliation(s)
- René Maehr
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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36
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Zhou D, Li P, Lin Y, Lott JM, Hislop AD, Canaday DH, Brutkiewicz RR, Blum JS. Lamp-2a facilitates MHC class II presentation of cytoplasmic antigens. Immunity 2005; 22:571-81. [PMID: 15894275 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Revised: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular antigens are internalized and processed before binding MHC class II molecules within endosomal and lysosomal compartments of professional antigen presenting cells (APC) for subsequent presentation to T cells. Yet select cytoplasmic peptides derived from autoantigens also intersect and bind class II molecules via an unknown mechanism. In human B lymphoblasts, inhibition of the peptide transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) failed to alter class II-restricted cytoplasmic epitope presentation. By contrast, decreased display of cytoplasmic epitopes via class II molecules was observed in cells with diminished expression of the lysosome-associated membrane protein-2 (Lamp-2). Overexpression of Lamp-2 isoform A (Lamp-2a), an established component of chaperone-mediated autophagy, enhanced cytoplasmic autoantigen presentation. Manipulating APC expression of heat shock cognate protein 70 (hsc70), a cofactor for Lamp-2a, also altered cytoplasmic class II peptide presentation. These results demonstrate a novel role for the lysosomal Lamp-2a-hsc70 complex in promoting immunological recognition and antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delu Zhou
- Center for Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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37
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Chain BM, Free P, Medd P, Swetman C, Tabor AB, Terrazzini N. The expression and function of cathepsin E in dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:1791-800. [PMID: 15699105 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.4.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin E is an aspartic proteinase that has been implicated in Ag processing within the class II MHC pathway. In this study, we document the presence of cathepsin E message and protein in human myeloid dendritic cells, the preeminent APCs of the immune system. Cathepsin E is found in a perinuclear compartment, which is likely to form part of the endoplasmic reticulum, and also a peripheral compartment just beneath the cell membrane, with a similar distribution to that of Texas Red-dextran within 2 min of endocytosis. To investigate the function of cathepsin E in processing, a new soluble targeted inhibitor was synthesized by linking the microbial aspartic proteinase inhibitor pepstatin to mannosylated BSA via a cleavable disulfide linker. This inhibitor was shown to block cathepsin D/E activity in cell-free assays and within dendritic cells. The inhibitor blocked the ability of dendritic cells from wild-type as well as cathepsin D-deficient mice to present intact OVA, but not an OVA-derived peptide, to cognate T cells. The data therefore support the hypothesis that cathepsin E has an important nonredundant role in the class II MHC Ag processing pathway within dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Chain
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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38
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Wilson NS, Villadangos JA. Regulation of Antigen Presentation and Cross-Presentation in the Dendritic Cell Network: Facts, Hypothesis, and Immunological Implications. Adv Immunol 2005; 86:241-305. [PMID: 15705424 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(04)86007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are central to the maintenance of immunological tolerance and the initiation and control of immunity. The antigen-presenting properties of DCs enable them to present a sample of self and foreign proteins, contained within an organism at any given time, to the T-cell repertoire. DCs achieve this communication with T cells by displaying antigenic peptides bound to MHC I and MHC II molecules. Here we review the studies carried out over the past 15 years to characterize these antigen presentation mechanisms, emphasizing their significance in relation to DC function in vivo. The life cycles of different DC populations found in vivo are described. Furthermore, we provide a critical assessment of the studies that examine the mechanisms controlling DC MHC class II antigen presentation, which have often reached contradictory conclusions. Finally, we review findings pertaining to the biological mechanisms that enable DCs to present exogenous antigens on their MHC class I molecules, a process known as cross-presentation. Throughout, we highlight what we consider to be major knowledge gaps in the field and speculate on possible directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Wilson
- Immunology Division and The Cooperative Research Center for Vaccine Technology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
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39
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Sinnathamby G, Maric M, Cresswell P, Eisenlohr LC. Differential requirements for endosomal reduction in the presentation of two H2-E(d)-restricted epitopes from influenza hemagglutinin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:6607-14. [PMID: 15153475 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.11.6607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We examined the role of reduction in the presentation of two H2-E(d)-restricted epitopes (site 1 epitope (S1) and site 3 epitope (S3)) occupying distinct domains of the influenza hemagglutinin major subunit that contains four intrachain disulfide bonds and is connected to the virion by one interchain bond. S3 is situated within the stalk region that unfolds in response to mild acidification, and loads onto recycling H2-E(d) in the early endosome, while S1, located in the structurally constrained globular domain, loads onto nascent H2-E(d) in the late endosome. Predicting dependence upon reduction for either epitope seemed plausible but the results from several approaches were clear: presentation of S1 but not S3 is reduction dependent. Surprisingly, IFN-gamma-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT), the only reductase thus far known to be involved in MHC class II-restricted processing, is not necessary for the generation of S1. However, GILT is necessary for presentation of either epitope when the virus is pretreated with a reducible cross-linker. The results suggest that unfolding of the Ag, perhaps a prerequisite for proteolytic processing in many cases, proceeds either spontaneously in the early endosome or via reduction in a later endosome. They further imply mechanisms for GILT-independent reduction in the late endosome, with GILT perhaps being reserved for more intractable Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gomathinayagam Sinnathamby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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40
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Lautwein A, Kraus M, Reich M, Burster T, Brandenburg J, Overkleeft HS, Schwarz G, Kammer W, Weber E, Kalbacher H, Nordheim A, Driessen C. Human B lymphoblastoid cells contain distinct patterns of cathepsin activity in endocytic compartments and regulate MHC class II transport in a cathepsin S-independent manner. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 75:844-55. [PMID: 14966190 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0803367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytic proteolysis represents a major functional component of the major histocompatibility complex class II antigen-presentation machinery. Although transport and assembly of class II molecules in the endocytic compartment are well characterized, we lack information about the pattern of endocytic protease activity along this pathway. Here, we used chemical tools that visualize endocytic proteases in an activity-dependent manner in combination with subcellular fractionation to dissect the subcellular distribution of the major cathepsins (Cat) CatS, CatB, CatH, CatD, CatC, and CatZ as well as the asparagine-specific endoprotease (AEP) in human B-lymphoblastoid cells (BLC). Endocytic proteases were distributed in two distinct patterns: CatB and CatZ were most prominent in early and late endosomes but absent from lysosomes, and CatH, CatS, CatD, CatC, and AEP distributed between late endosomes and lysosomes, suggesting that CatB and CatZ might be involved in the initial proteolytic attack on a given antigen. The entire spectrum of protease activity colocalized with human leukocyte antigen-DM and the C-terminal and N-terminal processing of invariant chain (Ii) in late endosomes. CatS was active in all endocytic compartments. Surprisingly and in contrast with results from dendritic cells, inhibition of CatS activity by leucine-homophenylalanine-vinylsulfone-phenol prevented N-terminal processing of Ii but did not alter the subcellular trafficking or surface delivery of class II complexes, as deferred from pulse-chase analysis in combination with subcellular fractionation and biotinylation of cell-surface protein. Thus, BLC contain distinct activity patterns of proteases in endocytic compartments and regulate the intracellular transport and surface-delivery of class II in a CatS-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Lautwein
- Department of Medicine II, Medical and Natural Sciences Research Centre, Germany
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41
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Dauvillée D, Stampacchia O, Girard-Bascou J, Rochaix JD. Tab2 is a novel conserved RNA binding protein required for translation of the chloroplast psaB mRNA. EMBO J 2004; 22:6378-88. [PMID: 14633996 PMCID: PMC291835 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The chloroplast psaB mRNA encodes one of the reaction centre polypeptides of photosystem I. Protein pulse-labelling profiles indicate that the mutant strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, F14, affected at the nuclear locus TAB2, is deficient in the translation of psaB mRNA and thus deficient in photosystem I activity. Genetic studies reveal that the target site for Tab2 is situated within the psaB 5'UTR. We have used genomic complementation to isolate the nuclear Tab2 gene. The deduced amino acid sequence of Tab2 (358 residues) displays 31-46% sequence identity with several orthologues found only in eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms performing oxygenic photosynthesis. Directed mutagenesis indicates the importance of a highly conserved C-terminal tripeptide in Tab2 for normal psaB translation. The Tab2 protein is localized in the chloroplast stroma where it is associated with a high molecular mass protein complex containing the psaB mRNA. Gel mobility shift assays reveal a direct and specific interaction between Tab2 and the psaB 5'UTR. We propose that Tab2 plays a key role in the initial steps of PsaB translation and photosystem I assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dauvillée
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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42
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Cannon MJ, Pate JL. The role of major histocompatibility complex molecules in luteal function. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2003; 1:93. [PMID: 14613531 PMCID: PMC293428 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-1-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2003] [Accepted: 11/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Cannon
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Joy L Pate
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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43
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Abstract
Antigen presentation by both classical MHC class II molecules and the non-classical MHC class I-like molecule CD1D requires their entry into the endosomal/lysosomal compartment. Lysosomal cysteine proteases constitute an important subset of the enzymes that are present in this compartment and, here, we discuss the role of these proteases in regulating antigen presentation by both MHC class II and CD1D molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Honey
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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44
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Zhang B, Li P, Wang E, Brahmi Z, Dunn KW, Blum JS, Roman A. The E5 protein of human papillomavirus type 16 perturbs MHC class II antigen maturation in human foreskin keratinocytes treated with interferon-gamma. Virology 2003; 310:100-8. [PMID: 12788634 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens are expressed on human foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs) following exposure to interferon gamma. The expression of MHC class II proteins on the cell surface may allow keratinocytes to function as antigen-presenting cells and induce a subsequent immune response to virus infection. Invariant chain (Ii) is a chaperone protein which plays an important role in the maturation of MHC class II molecules. The sequential degradation of Ii within acidic endocytic compartments is a key process required for the successful loading of antigenic peptide onto MHC class II molecules. Since human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 E5 can inhibit the acidification of late endosomes in HFKs, the E5 protein may be able to affect proper peptide loading onto the MHC class II molecule. To test this hypothesis, HFKs were infected with either control virus or a recombinant virus expressing HPV16 E5 and the infected cells were subsequently treated with interferon-gamma. ELISAs revealed a decrease of MHC class II expression on the surface of E5-expressing cells compared with control virus-infected cells after interferon treatment. Western blot analysis showed that, in cells treated with interferon gamma, E5 could prevent the breakdown of Ii and block the formation of peptide-loaded, SDS-stable mature MHC class II dimers, correlating with diminished surface MHC class II expression. These data suggest that HPV16 E5 may be able to decrease immune recognition of infected keratinocytes via disruption of MHC class II protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyue Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5120, USA
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45
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Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that intracellular and extracellular proteases of microglia contribute to various events in the central nervous system (CNS) through both nonspecific and limited proteolysis. Cathepsin E and cathepsin S, endosomal/lysosomal proteases, have been shown to play important roles in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-mediated antigen presentation of microglia by processing of exogenous antigens and degradation of the invariant chain associated with MHC class II molecules, respectively. Some members of cathepsins are also involved in neuronal death after secreted from microglia and clearance of phagocytosed amyloid- beta peptides. Tissue-type plasminogen activator, a serine protease, secreted from microglia participates in neuronal death, enhancement of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neuronal responses, and activation of microglia via either proteolytic or nonproteolytic activity. Calpain, a calcium-dependent cysteine protease, has been shown to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis by degrading myelin proteins extracellulary. Furthermore, matrix metalloproteases secreted from microglia also receive great attention as mediators of inflammation and tissue degradation through processing of pro-inflammatory cytokines and damage to the blood-brain barrier. The growing knowledge about proteolytic events mediated by microglial proteases will not only contribute to better understanding of microglial functions in the CNS but also may aid in the development of protease inhibitors as novel neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Oral Aging Science, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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46
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Manoury B, Mazzeo D, Li DN, Billson J, Loak K, Benaroch P, Watts C. Asparagine endopeptidase can initiate the removal of the MHC class II invariant chain chaperone. Immunity 2003; 18:489-98. [PMID: 12705852 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(03)00085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The invariant chain (Ii) chaperone for MHC class II molecules is crucial for their effective function. Equally important is its removal. Cathepsins S or L are known to be required for the final stages of Ii removal in different APCs, but the enzymes which initiate Ii processing have not been identified. Here we show that this step can be performed in B lymphocytes by asparagine endopeptidase (AEP), which targets different asparagine residues in the lumenal domain of human and mouse invariant chain. Inhibition of AEP activity slows invariant chain processing and hinders the expression of an antigenic peptide engineered to replace the groove binding region of Ii (CLIP). However, the initiation of Ii removal can also be performed by other proteases, reflecting the importance of this step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Manoury
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, United Kingdom.
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47
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Sinnathamby G, Eisenlohr LC. Presentation by recycling MHC class II molecules of an influenza hemagglutinin-derived epitope that is revealed in the early endosome by acidification. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:3504-13. [PMID: 12646611 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.7.3504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the roles of nascent and recycling MHC class II molecules (MHC II) in the presentation of two well-defined I-E(d)-restricted epitopes that are within distinct regions of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) protein. The site 3 epitope (S3; residues 302-313) lies in the stalk region that unfolds in response to mild acidification, while the site 1 epitope (S1; residues 107-119) is situated in the stable globular domain. In a murine B lymphoma cell line and an I-E(d)-transfected fibroblast cell line, presentation from inactivated virus of S3 is inhibited by primaquine, a compound that prevents recycling of cell surface proteins, including MHC II, while S1 presentation is unaffected. In contrast, brefeldin A, an agent that inhibits exit of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, selectively inhibited S1 presentation without affecting S3 presentation, suggesting that S1 presentation requires nascent MHC II. The use of agents that perturb endosomal function revealed a requirement for acidification of internalized viral particles for presentation of both epitopes. Notably, all compounds tested had similar effects on presentation of the two epitopes derived from endogenously synthesized HA. Thus, recycling I-E(d) molecules appear to be crucial for capturing and presenting an epitope that is revealed in mild acidic conditions following the uptake of virions or the synthesis of Ag, while nascent I-E(d) molecules are required for presentation of a second epitope located in a structurally constrained region of the same polypeptide. Viral glycoproteins, such as HA, may have been a major impetus for the evolutionary establishment of this recycling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gomathinayagam Sinnathamby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5541, USA
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48
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Beers C, Honey K, Fink S, Forbush K, Rudensky A. Differential regulation of cathepsin S and cathepsin L in interferon gamma-treated macrophages. J Exp Med 2003; 197:169-79. [PMID: 12538657 PMCID: PMC2193812 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin S (catS) and cathepsin L (catL) mediate late stages of invariant chain (Ii) degradation in discrete antigen-presenting cell types. Macrophages (Mphis) are unique in that they express both proteases and here we sought to determine the relative contribution of each enzyme. We observe that catL plays no significant role in Ii cleavage in interferon (IFN)-gamma-stimulated Mphis. In addition, our studies show that the level of catL activity is significantly decreased in Mphis cultured in the presence of IFN-gamma whereas catS activity increases. The decrease in catL activity upon cytokine treatment occurs despite the persistence of high levels of mature catL protein, suggesting that a specific inhibitor of the enzyme is up-regulated in IFN-gamma-stimulated peritoneal Mphis. Similar inhibition of activity is observed in dendritic cells engineered to overexpress catL. Such enzymatic inhibition in Mphis exhibits only partial dependence upon Ii and therefore, other mechanisms of catL inhibition are regulated by IFN-gamma. Thus, during a T helper cell type 1 immune response catL inhibition in Mphis results in preferential usage of catS, such that major histocompatibility complex class II presentation by all bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cell is regulated by catS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Cathepsin L
- Cathepsins/deficiency
- Cathepsins/genetics
- Cathepsins/metabolism
- Cysteine Endopeptidases
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/enzymology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins
- Th1 Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Beers
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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49
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Muntasell A, Carrascal M, Serradell L, Veelen Pv PV, Verreck F, Koning F, Raposo G, Abián J, Jaraquemada D. HLA-DR4 molecules in neuroendocrine epithelial cells associate to a heterogeneous repertoire of cytoplasmic and surface self peptides. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:5052-60. [PMID: 12391221 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.9.5052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Expression of MHC class II genes by epithelial cells is induced in inflammatory conditions such as autoimmunity and organ transplantation. Class II ligands generated by the epithelial cell processing mechanisms are unknown, although some unique epitopes have been described in epithelial cells that B cells could not generate. Epithelial cells are the targets of autoreactive T cell responses in autoimmune diseases and of transplant rejection processes, which may involve recognition of cell type-specific epitopes. In the present report, we have compared the DR4-associated repertoire and the intracellular distribution of class II, invariant chain (Ii), and DM molecules between a human DR4-, Ii-, and DM-transfected rat neuroendocrine epithelial cell line and a homozygous DR4 (DRB1*0401) lymphoblastoid B cell line, by mass spectrometry sequencing techniques, and immunoelectron microscopy. The epithelial cells chosen for transfection, RINm5F, are rat insular cells widely used for human studies of autoimmune diabetes. The results revealed a remarkably heterogeneous pool of self protein-derived peptides from the cell surface and various intracellular compartments, including the cytosol and secretory vesicles in epithelial cells, compared with a very restricted homogeneous repertoire in lymphoblastoid B cell lines, where few epitopes from surface molecules were predominant. The generation of distinct DR4-associated peptide repertoires in these two cell types could be due to the effect of several factors including differences in subcellular location of Ii and DM molecules, differential DO expression, and cell type-specific mechanisms of class II ligand generation. This is specially relevant to processes involving epithelial T cell interactions such as organ-specific autoimmunity and transplant rejection.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoantigens/isolation & purification
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cattle
- Cell Line, Transformed/immunology
- Cell Line, Transformed/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/genetics
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cytoplasm/genetics
- Cytoplasm/immunology
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- HLA-D Antigens/biosynthesis
- HLA-D Antigens/genetics
- HLA-D Antigens/metabolism
- HLA-DR Antigens/biosynthesis
- HLA-DR Antigens/isolation & purification
- HLA-DR4 Antigen/biosynthesis
- HLA-DR4 Antigen/genetics
- HLA-DR4 Antigen/metabolism
- HLA-DRB1 Chains
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Humans
- Insulinoma/immunology
- Insulinoma/metabolism
- Ligands
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/isolation & purification
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Rats
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura Muntasell
- Immunology Unit and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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50
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Kampa D, Burnside J. Jak3-regulated genes: DNA array analysis of concanavalin a-interleukin-2-activated chicken T cells treated with a specific jak3 inhibitor. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2002; 22:975-80. [PMID: 12396719 DOI: 10.1089/10799900260286687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Janus kinase 3 (Jak3) is important in the activation and proliferation of lymphoid cells and binds to the common gamma subunit of several cytokine receptors, including the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor (IL-2R). DNA arrays were used to measure mRNA levels of a large number of genes regulated by signaling through the Jak3 tyrosine kinase pathway by blocking concanavalin A (ConA)-IL-2-activated chicken splenic T cells with a specific Jak3 inhibitor (WHI-P154). Of the 635 genes detected by arrays containing about 1200 cDNAs, 12 were upregulated in control cells compared with inhibitor-treated cells, and 6 were expressed at higher levels in the inhibitor-treated group. By identifying genes that are directly or indirectly regulated by Jak3, we can gain insight into the roles of this key intermediate in avian T cell activation and further our understanding of intracellular signaling networks in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dione Kampa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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