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Baberwal P, Sonavane S, Vimalnath KV, Chakravarty R, Chakraborty S, Basu S. Normal physiological distribution and tumor localization of 64 CuCl 2 in different human malignancies along with semiquantitative scoring: a comparative evaluation with 18 Fluorodeoxyglucose ( 18 FDG) PET-CT. Nucl Med Commun 2024; 45:211-220. [PMID: 38165163 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore 64-Copper-Chloride ( 64 CuCl 2 ) PET-CT in various malignancies and demonstrate a head-to-head comparison of uptake on 64 CuCl 2 PET/computed tomography (CT) and 18 fluorodeoxyglucose ( 18 FDG)-PET/CT scans for different malignancies, with an emphasis on 18 FDG nonavid malignancies. METHODS Fifty-three patients diagnosed with various biopsy-proven malignancies (except prostate cancer) were recruited in this prospective study. All the patients underwent both 64 CuCl 2 PET/CT and 18 FDG-PET/CT. 64 CuCl 2 PET/CT was acquired at 1, 3 and 24 h time points. We studied the physiological biodistribution of 64 CuCl 2 in the various organs, corroborated the uptake of 64 CuCl 2 with various types of malignancies and comparison of their uptake with 18 FDG-PET/CT and their correlation with each other in various lesions. RESULTS The biodistribution study showed that the liver concentrated 64 CuCl 2 the most out of all the organs, followed by the pancreas and large intestine. Liver and intestinal activity increased subsequently with delayed imaging, and the washout of 64 CuCl 2 was noted in the pancreas in delayed images and followed a hepatobiliary excretion of tracer over a period of time. In lesion-wise analysis, it was noted that the primary neuroendocrine tumor, melanoma and renal/urothelial malignancy group showed more uptake of 64 CuCl 2 , than that in metastasis and vice-versa was noted in lung and soft tissue malignancies. Comparing it with 18 FDG, it was seen that FDG showed more uptake in lesions and showed no significant correlation (Kappa value: 0.089) with the uptake of 64 CuCl 2 in the lesion-wise comparison. CONCLUSION 64 CuCl 2 PET/CT did not show any added advantage over 18 FDG-PET/CT in the evaluation of the studied malignancies, both primary and their metastasis. Biodistribution studies showed the liver as the organ with maximum uptake, which implies it may hinder the detection of abdominal or hepatic involvement of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Baberwal
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Tata Memorial Centre Annexe, Mumbai
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Sunita Sonavane
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Tata Memorial Centre Annexe, Mumbai
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - K V Vimalnath
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
- Radiopharmaceutical Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rubel Chakravarty
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
- Radiopharmaceutical Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sudipta Chakraborty
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
- Radiopharmaceutical Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sandip Basu
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Tata Memorial Centre Annexe, Mumbai
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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Morgan KA, Rudd SE, Noor A, Donnelly PS. Theranostic Nuclear Medicine with Gallium-68, Lutetium-177, Copper-64/67, Actinium-225, and Lead-212/203 Radionuclides. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12004-12035. [PMID: 37796539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular changes in malignant tissue can lead to an increase in the expression levels of various proteins or receptors that can be used to target the disease. In oncology, diagnostic imaging and radiotherapy of tumors is possible by attaching an appropriate radionuclide to molecules that selectively bind to these target proteins. The term "theranostics" describes the use of a diagnostic tool to predict the efficacy of a therapeutic option. Molecules radiolabeled with γ-emitting or β+-emitting radionuclides can be used for diagnostic imaging using single photon emission computed tomography or positron emission tomography. Radionuclide therapy of disease sites is possible with either α-, β-, or Auger-emitting radionuclides that induce irreversible damage to DNA. This Focus Review centers on the chemistry of theranostic approaches using metal radionuclides for imaging and therapy. The use of tracers that contain β+-emitting gallium-68 and β-emitting lutetium-177 will be discussed in the context of agents in clinical use for the diagnostic imaging and therapy of neuroendocrine tumors and prostate cancer. A particular emphasis is then placed on the chemistry involved in the development of theranostic approaches that use copper-64 for imaging and copper-67 for therapy with functionalized sarcophagine cage amine ligands. Targeted therapy with radionuclides that emit α particles has potential to be of particular use in late-stage disease where there are limited options, and the role of actinium-225 and lead-212 in this area is also discussed. Finally, we highlight the challenges that impede further adoption of radiotheranostic concepts while highlighting exciting opportunities and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Morgan
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Stacey E Rudd
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Asif Noor
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia
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3
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Wen X, Zeng X, Liu J, Zhang Y, Shi C, Wu X, Zhuang R, Chen X, Zhang X, Guo Z. Synergism of 64Cu-Labeled RGD with Anti-PD-L1 Immunotherapy for the Long-Acting Antitumor Effect. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:2170-2179. [PMID: 36256849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We put forward a novel targeting-triggering-therapy (TTT) scheme that combines 64Cu-based targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-based immunotherapy for enhancing therapeutic efficacy. The αvβ3 integrin-targeted 64Cu-DOTA-EB-cRGDfK (64Cu-DER) was synthesized. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, and RT-qPCR were performed to verify PD-L1 upregulation after irradiation with 64Cu-DER. Positron emission tomography imaging was performed to investigate the prominent tumor retention property of 64Cu-DER. In the MC38 tumor model, anti-PD-L1 antibody (αPD-L1 mAb) was delivered in a concurrent or sequential manner after 64Cu-DER was injected, followed by the testing of changes in tumor microenvironment (TME). PD-L1 was upregulated in a time- and dose-dependent manner after being induced by 64Cu-DER. The combination of 64Cu-DER TRT (925 MBq/kg) and αPD-L1 mAb (10 mg/kg) resulted in significant delay in tumor growth and protected against tumor rechallenge. Blockade of PD-L1 at 4 h after 64Cu-DER TRT (64Cu-DER + αPD-L1 mAb @ 4 h combination group) was able to achieve 100% survival rate, prevent tumor relapse, and evidently prolong the survival of mice. In summary, the combination of 64Cu-DER and αPD-L1 mAb in a time-dependent manner could be a promising approach to improve therapeutic efficacy. Understandably, this strategy has the potential to extend the scope of 64Cu-based TTT and merits translation into clinical practice for the better management of immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 4221-116 Xiang'An South Rd, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xinying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 4221-116 Xiang'An South Rd, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 4221-116 Xiang'An South Rd, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yiren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 4221-116 Xiang'An South Rd, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Changrong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 4221-116 Xiang'An South Rd, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- Yantai Dongcheng Biochemicals Co., Ltd., Yantai 264006, China
| | - Rongqiang Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 4221-116 Xiang'An South Rd, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology and Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore.,Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.,Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.,Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Xianzhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 4221-116 Xiang'An South Rd, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhide Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 4221-116 Xiang'An South Rd, Xiamen 361102, China
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4
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Firth G, Blower JE, Bartnicka JJ, Mishra A, Michaels AM, Rigby A, Darwesh A, Al-Salemee F, Blower PJ. Non-invasive radionuclide imaging of trace metal trafficking in health and disease: "PET metallomics". RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:495-518. [PMID: 35656481 PMCID: PMC9092424 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00033d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Several specific metallic elements must be present in the human body to maintain health and function. Maintaining the correct quantity (from trace to bulk) and location at the cell and tissue level is essential. The study of the biological role of metals has become known as metallomics. While quantities of metals in cells and tissues can be readily measured in biopsy and autopsy samples by destructive analytical techniques, their trafficking and its role in health and disease are poorly understood. Molecular imaging with radionuclides - positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) - is emerging as a means to non-invasively study the acute trafficking of essential metals between organs, non-invasively and in real time, in health and disease. PET scanners are increasingly widely available in hospitals, and methods for producing radionuclides of some of the key essential metals are developing fast. This review summarises recent developments in radionuclide imaging technology that permit such investigations, describes the radiological and physicochemical properties of key radioisotopes of essential trace metals and useful analogues, and introduces current and potential future applications in preclinical and clinical investigations to study the biology of essential trace metals in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Firth
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Julia E Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Joanna J Bartnicka
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Aishwarya Mishra
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Aidan M Michaels
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Alex Rigby
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Afnan Darwesh
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Fahad Al-Salemee
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Philip J Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
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Fiorito S, Soni N, Silvestri N, Brescia R, Gavilán H, Conteh JS, Mai BT, Pellegrino T. Fe 3 O 4 @Au@Cu 2-x S Heterostructures Designed for Tri-Modal Therapy: Photo- Magnetic Hyperthermia and 64 Cu Radio-Insertion. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200174. [PMID: 35294104 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Here, the synthesis and proof of exploitation of three-material inorganic heterostructures made of iron oxide-gold-copper sulfide (Fe3 O4 @Au@Cu2-x S) are reported. Starting with Fe3 O4 -Au dumbbell heterostructure as seeds, a third Cu2-x S domain is selectively grown on the Au domain. The as-synthesized trimers are transferred to water by a two-step ligand exchange procedure exploiting thiol-polyethylene glycol to coordinate Au and Cu2-x S surfaces and polycatechol-polyethylene glycol to bind the Fe3 O4 surface. The saline stable trimers possess multi-functional properties: the Fe3 O4 domain, of appropriate size and crystallinity, guarantees optimal heating losses in magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) under magnetic field conditions of clinical use. These trimers have indeed record values of specific adsorption rate among the inorganic-heterostructures so far reported. The presence of Au and Cu2-x S domains ensures a large adsorption which falls in the first near-infrared (NIR) biological window and is here exploited, under laser excitation at 808 nm, to produce photo-thermal heat alone or in combination with MHT obtained from the Fe3 O4 domain. Finally, an intercalation protocol with radioactive 64 Cu ions is developed on the Cu2-x S domain, reaching high radiochemical yield and specific activity making the Fe3 O4 @Au@Cu2-x S trimers suitable as carriers for 64 Cu in internal radiotherapy (iRT) and traceable by positron emission tomography (PET).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Fiorito
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Nisarg Soni
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Niccolo' Silvestri
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Rosaria Brescia
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Helena Gavilán
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - John S Conteh
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Binh T Mai
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Teresa Pellegrino
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
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6
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De Nardo L, Pupillo G, Mou L, Esposito J, Rosato A, Meléndez‐Alafort L. A feasibility study of the therapeutic application of a mixture of 67/64 Cu radioisotopes produced by cyclotrons with proton irradiation. Med Phys 2022; 49:2709-2724. [PMID: 35134261 PMCID: PMC9305914 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE 64 Cu and 67 Cu radioisotopes have nuclear characteristics suitable for nuclear medicine applications. The production of 64 Cu is already well established. However, the production of 67 Cu in quantities suitable to conduct clinical trials is more challenging as it leads to the coproduction of other Cu isotopes, in particular 64 Cu. The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of using a CuCl2 solution with a mixture of 67/64 Cu radioisotopes for therapeutic purposes, providing an alternative solution for the cyclotron production problem. METHODS Copper radioisotopes activities were calculated by considering proton beam irradiation of the following targets: (i) 70 Zn in the energy range 70-45 MeV; (ii) 68 Zn in the energy range 70-35 MeV; (iii) a combination of 70 Zn (70-55 MeV) and 68 Zn (55-35 MeV). The contribution of each copper radioisotope to the human-absorbed dose was estimated with OLINDA/EXM software using the biokinetic model for CuCl2 published by ICRP 53. The total absorbed dose generated by the 67/64 CuCl2 mixture, obtained through different production routes, was calculated at different times after the end of the bombardment (EOB). A simple spherical model was used to simulate tumors of different sizes containing uniformly distributed 67/64 Cu mixture and to calculate the absorbed dose of self-irradiation. The biological damage produced by 67 Cu and 64 Cu was also evaluated through cellular dosimetry and cell surviving fraction assessment using the MIRDcell code, considering two prostate cancer cell lines with different radiosensitivity. RESULTS The absorbed dose to healthy organs and the effective dose (ED) per unit of administered activity of 67 CuCl2 are higher than those of 64 CuCl2 . Absorbed dose values per unit of administered activity of 67/64 CuCl2 mixture increase with time after the EOB because the amount of 67 Cu in the mixture increases. Survival data showed that the biological damage caused per each decay of 67 Cu is greater than that of 64 Cu, assuming that radionuclides remain accumulated in the cell cytoplasm. Sphere model calculations demonstrated that 64 Cu administered activity must be about five times higher than that of 67 Cu to obtain the same absorbed dose for tumor mass between 0.01 and 10 g and about 10 times higher for very small spheres. Consequently, the 64 CuCl2 -absorbed dose to healthy organs will reach higher values than those of 67 CuCl2 . The supplemental activity of the 67/64 CuCl2 mixture, required to get the same tumor-absorbed dose produced by 67 CuCl2 , triggers a dose increment (DI) in healthy organs. The waiting time post-EOB necessary to keep this DI below 10% (t10% ) depends on the irradiation methods employed for the production of the 67/64 CuCl2 mixture. CONCLUSIONS A mixture of cyclotron produced 67/64 Cu radioisotopes proved to be an alternative solution for the therapeutic use of CuCl2 with minimal DI to healthy organs compared with pure 67 Cu. Irradiation of a 70 Zn+68 Zn target in the 70-35 MeV proton energy range for 185 h appears to be the best option from among all the production routes investigated, as it gives the maximum amount of activity, the shortest t10% (10 h), and less than 1% of 61 Cu and 60 Cu impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura De Nardo
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of PaduaVia Marzolo 8Padova35131Italy
- INFN‐PadovaNational Institute of Nuclear PhysicsVia Marzolo 8Padova35131Italy
| | - Gaia Pupillo
- INFN‐Legnaro National LaboratoriesNational Institute of Nuclear PhysicsViale dell'Università 2Legnaro35020Italy
| | - Liliana Mou
- INFN‐Legnaro National LaboratoriesNational Institute of Nuclear PhysicsViale dell'Università 2Legnaro35020Italy
| | - Juan Esposito
- INFN‐Legnaro National LaboratoriesNational Institute of Nuclear PhysicsViale dell'Università 2Legnaro35020Italy
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Department of SurgeryOncology and GastroenterologyUniversity of PaduaPadovaItaly
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV‐IRCCSVia Gattamelata 64Padova35138Italy
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7
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Mou L, Martini P, Pupillo G, Cieszykowska I, Cutler CS, Mikołajczak R. 67Cu Production Capabilities: A Mini Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051501. [PMID: 35268600 PMCID: PMC8912090 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Is the 67Cu production worldwide feasible for expanding preclinical and clinical studies? How can we face the ingrowing demands of this emerging and promising theranostic radionuclide for personalized therapies? This review looks at the different production routes, including the accelerator- and reactor-based ones, providing a comprehensive overview of the actual 67Cu supply, with brief insight into its use in non-clinical and clinical studies. In addition to the most often explored nuclear reactions, this work focuses on the 67Cu separation and purification techniques, as well as the target material recovery procedures that are mandatory for the economic sustainability of the production cycle. The quality aspects, such as radiochemical, chemical, and radionuclidic purity, with particular attention to the coproduction of the counterpart 64Cu, are also taken into account, with detailed comparisons among the different production routes. Future possibilities related to new infrastructures are included in this work, as well as new developments on the radiopharmaceuticals aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Mou
- Legnaro National Laboratories, National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (L.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Petra Martini
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; or
| | - Gaia Pupillo
- Legnaro National Laboratories, National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (L.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Izabela Cieszykowska
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, 05-400 Otwock, Poland;
| | - Cathy S. Cutler
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Collider Accelerator Department, Upton, NY 11973, USA;
| | - Renata Mikołajczak
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, 05-400 Otwock, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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8
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Earley DF, Esteban Flores J, Guillou A, Holland JP. Photoactivatable bis(thiosemicarbazone) derivatives for copper-64 radiotracer synthesis. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5041-5052. [PMID: 35285835 PMCID: PMC8962981 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00209d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, copper-64 and copper-67 have been considered as a useful theranostic pair in nuclear medicine, due to their favourable and complementary decay properties. As 67Cu and 64Cu are chemically identical, development of both existing and new bifunctional chelators for 64Cu imaging agents can be readily adapted for the 67Cu-radionuclide. In this study, we explored the use of photoactivatable copper chelators based on the asymmetric bis(thiosemicarbazone) scaffold, H2ATSM/en, for the photoradiolabelling of protein. Photoactivatable 64CuATSM-derivatives were prepared by both direct synthesis and transmetallation from the corresponding natZn complex. Then, irradiation with UV light in the presence of a protein of interest in a pH buffered aqueous solution afforded the 64Cu-labelled protein conjugates in decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 86.9 ± 1.0% via the transmetallation method and 35.3 ± 1.7% from the direct radiolabelling method. This study successfully demonstrates the viability of photochemically induced conjugation methods for the development of copper-based radiotracers for potential applications in diagnostic positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy. In recent years, copper-64 and copper-67 have been considered as a useful theranostic pair in nuclear medicine. Here, we report a photochemically-mediated approach for radiolabelling biologically relevant protein with copper radionuclides.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Earley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jose Esteban Flores
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Amaury Guillou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jason P Holland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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9
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Herrero Álvarez N, Bauer D, Hernández-Gil J, Lewis JS. Recent Advances in Radiometals for Combined Imaging and Therapy in Cancer. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2909-2941. [PMID: 33792195 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear medicine is defined as the use of radionuclides for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The imaging modalities positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are based on γ-emissions of specific energies. The therapeutic technologies are based on β- -particle-, α-particle-, and Auger electron emitters. In oncology, PET and SPECT are used to detect cancer lesions, to determine dosimetry, and to monitor therapy effectiveness. In contrast, radiotherapy is designed to irreparably damage tumor cells in order to eradicate or control the disease's progression. Radiometals are being explored for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. Strategies that combine both modalities (diagnostic and therapeutic), referred to as theranostics, are promising candidates for clinical applications. This review provides an overview of the basic concepts behind therapeutic and diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals and their significance in contemporary oncology. Select radiometals that significantly impact current and upcoming cancer treatment strategies are grouped as clinically suitable theranostics pairs. The most important physical and chemical properties are discussed. Standard production methods and current radionuclide availability are provided to indicate whether a cost-efficient use in a clinical routine is feasible. Recent preclinical and clinical developments and outline perspectives for the radiometals are highlighted in each section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Herrero Álvarez
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - David Bauer
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Javier Hernández-Gil
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Biomedical MRI/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Katholieke Universiteit, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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10
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Hao G, Mastren T, Silvers W, Hassan G, Öz OK, Sun X. Copper-67 radioimmunotheranostics for simultaneous immunotherapy and immuno-SPECT. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3622. [PMID: 33574346 PMCID: PMC7878802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper-67 (t1/2 = 2.58 days) decays by β- ([Formula: see text]: 562 keV) and γ-rays (93 keV and 185 keV) rendering it with potential for both radionuclide therapy and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. Prompted by the recent breakthrough of 67Cu production with high specific activity, high radionuclidic purity, and sufficient quantities, the interest in the theranostic potential of 67Cu has been rekindled. This work addresses the practicability of developing 67Cu-labeled antibodies with substantially improved quality for cancer radioimmunotheranostics. Proof of concept is demonstrated with pertuzumab, a US-FDA-approved monoclonal antibody for combination therapies of HER2-positive breast cancer. With an average number of 1.9 chelators coupled to each antibody, we achieved a two-order of magnitude increase in radiolabeling efficiency compared to literature reports. In a preclinical therapeutic study, mice (n = 4-7/group) bearing HER2+ xenografts exhibited a 67Cu-dose dependent tumor-growth inhibition from 67Cu-labeled-Pertuzumab co-administered with trastuzumab. Furthermore, greater tumor size reduction was observed with 67Cu-labeled-pertuzumab formulations of higher specific activity. The potential of SPECT imaging with 67Cu radiopharmaceuticals was tested after 67Cu-labeled-Pertuzumab administration. Impressively, all tumors were clearly visualized by SPECT imaging with 67Cu-labeled-Pertuzumab even at day 5 post injection. This work demonstrates it is practical to use 67Cu radioimmunoconjugates for cancer radioimmunotheranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyang Hao
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Tara Mastren
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - William Silvers
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Gedaa Hassan
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Orhan K Öz
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Xiankai Sun
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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11
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Hioki T, Gholami YH, McKelvey KJ, Aslani A, Marquis H, Eslick EM, Willowson KP, Howell VM, Bailey DL. Overlooked potential of positrons in cancer therapy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2475. [PMID: 33510222 PMCID: PMC7843622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81910-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron (β+) emitting radionuclides have been used for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in diagnostic medicine since its development in the 1950s. Development of a fluorinated glucose analog, fluorodeoxyglucose, labelled with a β+ emitter fluorine-18 (18F-FDG), made it possible to image cellular targets with high glycolytic metabolism. These targets include cancer cells based on increased aerobic metabolism due to the Warburg effect, and thus, 18F-FDG is a staple in nuclear medicine clinics globally. However, due to its attention in the diagnostic setting, the therapeutic potential of β+ emitters have been overlooked in cancer medicine. Here we show the first in vitro evidence of β+ emitter cytotoxicity on prostate cancer cell line LNCaP C4-2B when treated with 20 Gy of 18F. Monte Carlo simulation revealed thermalized positrons (sub-keV) traversing DNA can be lethal due to highly localized energy deposition during the thermalization and annihilation processes. The computed single and double strand breakages were ~ 55% and 117% respectively, when compared to electrons at 400 eV. Our in vitro and in silico data imply an unexplored therapeutic potential for β+ emitters. These results may also have implications for emerging cancer theranostic strategies, where β+ emitting radionuclides could be utilized as a therapeutic as well as a diagnostic agent once the challenges in radiation safety and protection after patient administration of a radioactive compound are overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Hioki
- School of Physics, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. .,Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. .,Sydney Vital Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Yaser H Gholami
- School of Physics, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Vital Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kelly J McKelvey
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Vital Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alireza Aslani
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Harry Marquis
- School of Physics, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Vital Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Enid M Eslick
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathy P Willowson
- School of Physics, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Viive M Howell
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Vital Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dale L Bailey
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia. .,Sydney Vital Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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12
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Cullinane C, Jeffery CM, Roselt PD, van Dam EM, Jackson S, Kuan K, Jackson P, Binns D, van Zuylekom J, Harris MJ, Hicks RJ, Donnelly PS. Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy with 67Cu-CuSarTATE Is Highly Efficacious Against a Somatostatin-Positive Neuroendocrine Tumor Model. J Nucl Med 2020; 61:1800-1805. [PMID: 32414949 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.243543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) using radiolabeled octreotate is an effective treatment for somatostatin receptor 2-expressing neuroendocrine tumors. The diagnostic and therapeutic potential of 64Cu and 67Cu, respectively, offers the possibility of using a single somatostatin receptor-targeted peptide conjugate as a theranostic agent. A sarcophagine cage amine ligand, MeCOSar (5-(8-methyl-3,6,10,13,16,19-hexaaza-bicyclo[6.6.6]icosan-1-ylamino)-5-oxopentanoic acid), conjugated to (Tyr3)-octreotate, called 64Cu-CuSarTATE, was demonstrated to be an imaging agent and potential prospective dosimetry tool in 10 patients with neuroendocrine tumors. This study aimed to explore the antitumor efficacy of 67Cu-CuSarTATE in a preclinical model of neuroendocrine tumors and compare it with the standard PRRT agent, 177Lu-LuDOTA-Tyr3-octreotate (177Lu-LuTATE). Methods: The antitumor efficacy of various doses of 67Cu-CuSarTATE in AR42J (rat pancreatic exocrine) tumor-bearing mice was compared with 177Lu-LuTATE. Results: Seven days after a single administration of 67Cu-CuSarTATE (5 MBq), tumor growth was inhibited by 75% compared with vehicle control. Administration of 177Lu-LuTATE (5 MBq) inhibited tumor growth by 89%. Survival was extended from 12 d in the control group to 21 d after treatment with both 67Cu-CuSarTATE and 177Lu-LuTATE. In a second study, the efficacy of fractionated delivery of PRRT was assessed, comparing the efficacy of 30 MBq of 67Cu-CuSarTATE or 177Lu-LuTATE, either as a single intravenous injection or as two 15-MBq fractions 2 wk apart. Treatment of tumors with 2 fractions significantly improved survival over delivery as a single fraction (67Cu-CuSarTATE: 47 vs. 36 d [P = 0.036]; 177Lu-LuTATE: 46 vs. 29 d [P = 0.040]). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that 67Cu-CuSarTATE is well tolerated in BALB/c nude mice and highly efficacious against AR42J tumors in vivo. Administration of 67Cu-CuSarTATE and 177Lu-LuTATE divided into 2 fractions over 2 wk was more efficacious than administration of a single fraction. The antitumor activity of 67Cu-CuSarTATE in the AR42J tumor model demonstrated the suitability of this novel agent for clinical assessment in the treatment of somatostatin receptor 2-expressing neuroendocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carleen Cullinane
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Peter D Roselt
- Centre for Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ellen M van Dam
- Clarity Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Eveleigh, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan Jackson
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin Kuan
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, SAHMRI, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and
| | - Price Jackson
- Centre for Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Binns
- Centre for Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica van Zuylekom
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew J Harris
- Clarity Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Eveleigh, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rodney J Hicks
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Boyle AJ, Cao PJ, Cai Z, Chan C, Hedley DW, Reilly RM. Radioimmunotherapy of human pancreatic cancer xenografts in NOD-scid mice with [ 64Cu]Cu-NOTA-panitumumab F(ab') 2 alone or combined with radiosensitizing gemcitabine and the PARP inhibitor, rucaparib. Nucl Med Biol 2020; 84-85:46-54. [PMID: 32062317 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our objective was to determine the feasibility of extending our previously reported PET imaging study of pancreatic cancer (PnCa) with [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-panitumumab F(ab')2 to radioimmunotherapy (RIT) by exploiting the β-particle and Auger electron emissions of 64Cu (PET theranostic concept). To enhance the effectiveness of [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-panitumumab F(ab')2, we further combined RIT with radiosensitizing gemcitabine (GEM) and the poly(ADP)ribose polymerase inhibitor (PARPi), rucaparib. METHODS Normal tissue toxicity was assessed in non-tumor-bearing NOD-scid mice injected i.v. with [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-panitumumab F(ab')2 (1.85-9.25 MBq; 10 μg) or [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-anti-mouse EGFR Ab30 F(ab')2 (12.95 MBq). Body weight was monitored, and hematopoietic (CBC), liver (ALT) and kidney [creatinine (SCr)] toxicity were assessed. RIT studies were performed in NOD-scid mice with s.c. OCIP23 human PnCa patient-derived xenografts (PDX) administered [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-panitumumab F(ab')2 (3.7 MBq; 10 μg), unlabeled panitumumab F(ab')2 (10 μg) or normal saline every two weeks. Subsequent studies evaluated RIT with [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-panitumumab F(ab')2 (12.95 MBq; 10 μg) administered alone or combined with GEM and the PARPi, rucaparib administered on a 14-day treatment cycle for up to 6 cycles in NOD-scid mice with s.c. PANC-1 human PnCa xenografts. The radiation absorbed dose in PANC-1 tumors and normal organs in mice after a single i.v. injection of [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-panitumumab F(ab')2 (12.95 MBq; 10 μg) was estimated based on previously reported biodistribution studies of [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-panitumumab F(ab')2. RESULTS No normal tissue toxicity was observed in non-tumor-bearing NOD-scid mice administered up to 3.7 MBq (10 μg) of [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-panitumumab F(ab')2 but slightly increased ALT was noted at 9.25 MBq. Administration of [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-anti-mouse EGFR Ab30 F(ab')2 (12.95 MBq; 10 μg) caused some hematopoietic toxicity but no increase in ALT or SCr or decreased body weight. A slight tumor growth delay and increased survival was noted in NOD-scid mice with s.c. OCIP23 PDX treated with [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-panitumumab F(ab')2 (3.7 MBq; 10 μg) or unlabeled panitumumab F(ab')2 (10 μg) compared to normal saline treated mice. RIT with [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-panitumumab F(ab')2 (12.95 MBq; 10 μg) combined with GEM + PARPi for up to 6 cycles was most effective for the treatment of PANC-1 tumors. Tumor doubling time increased to 13.3 ± 0.9 days vs. 7.8 ± 3.7 days for RIT alone and 9.3 ± 2.2 days for normal saline treatment. Median survival was significantly longer (P < 0.05) than in mice treated with normal saline (35 days) for RIT + GEM + PARPi (71 days), GEM + PARPi (44 days) and RIT + GEM (43 days) but not for RIT alone (25 days). RIT + GEM + PARPi provided a longer median survival than RIT (P < 0.01), GEM + PARPi (P = 0.01) but not RIT + GEM (P = 0.23). Nonetheless, PANC-1 tumors grew exponentially in all treatment groups. The absorbed dose in PANC-1 tumors after a single i.v. injection of [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-panitumumab F(ab')2 (12.85 MBq; 10 μg) was 0.8 Gy, while the dose in normal organs ranged from 0.6-1.2 Gy. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that RIT with [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-panitumumab F(ab')2 did not cause significant normal tissue toxicity but was not effective when administered alone for treatment of PnCa xenografts in NOD-scid mice. Combining RIT with GEM and the PARPi, rucaparib enhanced its effectiveness but tumors continued to grow exponentially. Our results suggest that 64Cu is not feasible for RIT of PnCa due to low tumor absorbed doses. 177Lu which has a higher abundance of moderate energy β-particle emissions may be more effective than 64Cu. The hematopoietic toxicity of [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-anti-mouse EGFR Ab30 F(ab')2 may be mediated by binding to mouse EGFR expressed on some hematopoietic stem cells. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE Direct extension of PET with 64Cu(Cu)-NOTA-panitumumab F(ab')2 to RIT exploiting the β-particle and Auger electron emissions of 64Cu is not feasible. Theranostic approaches that combine PET with RIT employing 177Lu may be more promising and should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Boyle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ping-Jiang Cao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhongli Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Conrad Chan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David W Hedley
- Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond M Reilly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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14
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Zia NA, Cullinane C, Van Zuylekom JK, Waldeck K, McInnes LE, Buncic G, Haskali MB, Roselt PD, Hicks RJ, Donnelly PS. A Bivalent Inhibitor of Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen Radiolabeled with Copper‐64 with High Tumor Uptake and Retention. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Zia
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute University of Melbourne Melbourne 3010 Vic. Australia
| | - Carleen Cullinane
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne Melbourne 3010 Vic. Australia
- Research Division Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne Victoria 3000 Australia
| | | | - Kelly Waldeck
- Research Division Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne Victoria 3000 Australia
| | - Lachlan E. McInnes
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute University of Melbourne Melbourne 3010 Vic. Australia
| | - Gojko Buncic
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute University of Melbourne Melbourne 3010 Vic. Australia
| | - Mohammad B. Haskali
- Centre for Cancer Imaging Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne Victoria 3000 Australia
| | - Peter D. Roselt
- Centre for Cancer Imaging Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne Victoria 3000 Australia
| | - Rodney J. Hicks
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne Melbourne 3010 Vic. Australia
- Research Division Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne Victoria 3000 Australia
- Centre for Cancer Imaging Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne Victoria 3000 Australia
| | - Paul S. Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute University of Melbourne Melbourne 3010 Vic. Australia
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15
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Zia NA, Cullinane C, Van Zuylekom JK, Waldeck K, McInnes LE, Buncic G, Haskali MB, Roselt PD, Hicks RJ, Donnelly PS. A Bivalent Inhibitor of Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen Radiolabeled with Copper‐64 with High Tumor Uptake and Retention. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14991-14994. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Zia
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute University of Melbourne Melbourne 3010 Vic. Australia
| | - Carleen Cullinane
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne Melbourne 3010 Vic. Australia
- Research Division Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne Victoria 3000 Australia
| | | | - Kelly Waldeck
- Research Division Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne Victoria 3000 Australia
| | - Lachlan E. McInnes
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute University of Melbourne Melbourne 3010 Vic. Australia
| | - Gojko Buncic
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute University of Melbourne Melbourne 3010 Vic. Australia
| | - Mohammad B. Haskali
- Centre for Cancer Imaging Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne Victoria 3000 Australia
| | - Peter D. Roselt
- Centre for Cancer Imaging Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne Victoria 3000 Australia
| | - Rodney J. Hicks
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne Melbourne 3010 Vic. Australia
- Research Division Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne Victoria 3000 Australia
- Centre for Cancer Imaging Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne Victoria 3000 Australia
| | - Paul S. Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute University of Melbourne Melbourne 3010 Vic. Australia
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16
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Aguilar-Ortíz E, Jalilian AR, Ávila-Rodríguez MA. Porphyrins as ligands for 64copper: background and trends. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1577-1588. [PMID: 30429966 PMCID: PMC6194497 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00263k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins and 64Cu have emerged as a novel synergic option for applications in PET molecular imaging. Both the characteristics and photophysical properties of macrocyclic porphyrins and the relatively long half-life of the copper isotope, in addition to the increased tumor-specific uptake of porphyrins compared to normal cells, make this complex an attractive option not only for diagnosis but also for therapeutic applications. Herein, we present an overview of the latest results on the development of PET agents based on porphyrins and 64Cu, including methods used to improve the selectivity of these macrocycles when conjugated with biological units such as monoclonal antibodies, peptides or proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Aguilar-Ortíz
- Unidad Radiofarmacia-Ciclotrón , División de Investigación , Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , 04510 Cd. Mx. , Mexico . ;
| | - Amir R Jalilian
- Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications , International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) , Vienna , Austria
| | - Miguel A Ávila-Rodríguez
- Unidad Radiofarmacia-Ciclotrón , División de Investigación , Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , 04510 Cd. Mx. , Mexico . ;
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17
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Kurihara H. Integrated 64Cu therapy for the peritoneal dissemination of gastrointestinal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:31165-31166. [PMID: 30131842 PMCID: PMC6101283 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kurihara
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Boros E, Holland JP. Chemical aspects of metal ion chelation in the synthesis and application antibody-based radiotracers. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:652-671. [PMID: 29230857 PMCID: PMC5997514 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Radiometals are becoming increasingly accessible and are utilized frequently in the design of radiotracers for imaging and therapy. Nuclear properties ranging from the emission of γ-rays and β+ -particles (imaging) to Auger electron and β- and α-particles (therapy) in combination with long half-lives are ideally matched with the relatively long biological half-life of monoclonal antibodies in vivo. Radiometal labeling of antibodies requires the incorporation of a metal chelate onto the monoclonal antibody. This chelate must coordinate the metal under mild conditions required for the handling of antibodies, as well as provide high kinetic, thermodynamic, and metabolic stability once the metal ion is coordinated to prevent release of the radionuclide before the target site is reached in vivo. Herein, we review the role of different radiometals that have found applications of the design of radiolabeled antibodies for imaging and radioimmunotherapy. Each radionuclide is described regarding its nuclear synthesis, coordinative preference, and radiolabeling properties with commonly used and novel chelates, as well as examples of their preclinical and clinical applications. An overview of recent trends in antibody-based radiopharmaceuticals is provided to spur continued development of the chemistry and application of radiometals for imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Boros
- Stony Brook University, Department of Chemistry, 100 Nicolls road, 11790 Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Jason P. Holland
- University of Zurich, Department of Chemistry, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Leung KN, Leung JK, Melville G. Feasibility study on medical isotope production using a compact neutron generator. Appl Radiat Isot 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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20
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Yoshii Y, Yoshimoto M, Matsumoto H, Tashima H, Iwao Y, Takuwa H, Yoshida E, Wakizaka H, Yamaya T, Zhang MR, Sugyo A, Hanadate S, Tsuji AB, Higashi T. Integrated treatment using intraperitoneal radioimmunotherapy and positron emission tomography-guided surgery with 64Cu-labeled cetuximab to treat early- and late-phase peritoneal dissemination in human gastrointestinal cancer xenografts. Oncotarget 2018; 9:28935-28950. [PMID: 29989003 PMCID: PMC6034757 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dissemination is a common cause of death from gastrointestinal cancers and is difficult to treat using current therapeutic options, particularly late-phase disease. Here, we investigated the feasibility of integrated therapy using 64Cu-intraperitoneal radioimmunotherapy (ipRIT), alone or in combination with positron emission tomography (PET)-guided surgery using a theranostic agent (64Cu-labeled anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody cetuximab) to treat early- and late-phase peritoneal dissemination in mouse models. In this study, we utilized the OpenPET system, which has open space for conducting surgery while monitoring objects at high resolution in real time, as a novel approach to make PET-guided surgery feasible. 64Cu-ipRIT with cetuximab inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival with little toxicity in mice with early-phase peritoneal dissemination of small lesions. For late-phase peritoneal dissemination, a combination of 64Cu-ipRIT for down-staging and subsequent OpenPET-guided surgery for resecting large tumor masses effectively prolonged survival. OpenPET clearly detected tumors (≥3 mm in size) behind other organs in the peritoneal cavity and was useful for confirming the presence or absence of residual tumors during an operation. These findings suggest that integrated 64Cu therapy can serve as a novel treatment strategy for peritoneal dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Yoshii
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Yoshimoto
- Division of Functional Imaging, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Hideaki Tashima
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuma Iwao
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takuwa
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eiji Yoshida
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidekatsu Wakizaka
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taiga Yamaya
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Aya Sugyo
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sayaka Hanadate
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi B Tsuji
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Higashi
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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Righi S, Ugolini M, Bottoni G, Puntoni M, Iacozzi M, Paparo F, Cabria M, Ceriani L, Gambaro M, Giovanella L, Piccardo A. Biokinetic and dosimetric aspects of 64CuCl 2 in human prostate cancer: possible theranostic implications. EJNMMI Res 2018; 8:18. [PMID: 29492782 PMCID: PMC5833894 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-018-0373-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study is to evaluate the kinetics and dosimetry of 64CuCl2 in human prostate cancer (PCa) lesions. We prospectively evaluated 50 PCa patients with biochemical relapse after surgery or external beam radiation therapy. All patients underwent 64CuCl2-PET/CT to detect PCa recurrence/metastases. Volumes of interest were manually drawn for each 64CuCl2 avid PCa lesion with a diameter > 1 cm on mpMRI in each patient. Time-activity curves for all lesions were obtained. The effective and biological half-life and the standard uptake values (SUVs) were calculated. Tumour/background ratio (TBR) curves as a function of time were considered. Finally, the absorbed dose per lesion was estimated. RESULTS The mean effective half-life of 64CuCl2 calculated in the lymph nodes (10.2 ± 1.7 h) was significantly higher than in local relapses (8.8 ± 1.1 h) and similar to that seen in bone metastases (9.0 ± 0.4 h). The mean 64CuCl2 SUVmax calculated 1 h after tracer injection was significantly higher in the lymph nodes (6.8 ± 4.3) and bone metastases (6.8 ± 2.9) than in local relapses (4.7 ± 2.4). TBR mean curve of 64CuCl2 revealed that the calculated TBRmax value was 5.0, 7.0, and 6.2 in local relapse and lymph node and bone metastases, respectively, and it was achieved about 1 h after 64CuCl2 injection. The mean absorbed dose of the PCa lesions per administrated activity was 6.00E-2 ± 4.74E-2mGy/MBq. Indeed, for an administered activity of 3.7 GBq, the mean dose absorbed by the lesion would be 0.22 Gy. CONCLUSIONS Dosimetry showed that the dose absorbed by PCa recurrences/metastases per administrated activity was low. The dosimetric study performed does not take into account the possible therapeutic effect of the Auger electrons. Clinical trials are needed to evaluate 64Cu internalization in the cell nucleus that seems related to the therapeutic effectiveness reported in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Righi
- Medical Physics Department, E.O. Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Martina Ugolini
- Medical Physics Department, E.O. Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Bottoni
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Galliera Hospital, Mura delle Cappuccine 14, 16128, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Puntoni
- Clinical Trial Unit, Office of the Scientific Director, Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Iacozzi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Galliera Hospital, Mura delle Cappuccine 14, 16128, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Manlio Cabria
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Galliera Hospital, Mura delle Cappuccine 14, 16128, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Ceriani
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Monica Gambaro
- Medical Physics Department, E.O. Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Giovanella
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Arnoldo Piccardo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Galliera Hospital, Mura delle Cappuccine 14, 16128, Genoa, Italy.
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Huang T, Hu P, Banizs AB, He J. Initial evaluation of Cu-64 labeled PARPi-DOTA PET imaging in mice with mesothelioma. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3472-3476. [PMID: 28587822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) has emerged as an important molecular target for the treatment of several oncological diseases. A couple of molecular probes based on Olaparib scaffold have been developed by incorporation of F-18 or fluorophore for positron emission tomography (PET) or optical imaging in several types of tumor. PARP has been reported overexpressed in mesothelioma. We hereby synthesized an analogue of Olaparib containing DOTA moiety and radiolabeled it with Cu-64 to evaluate its utility of PET tracer for mesothelioma. The Cu-64 labeling was conveniently achieved at 90% yield with final compound at >99% radiochemistry purity. The biodistribution and PET imaging were performed at 0.5, 1, 2 and 18h to confirm the in vivo tumor targeting. The tumor uptake in study group was significant higher than that in control group (3.45±0.47% ID/g vs 2.26±0.30% ID/g) and tumor were clearly detected by PET imaging. These results suggest the feasibility to develop an Olaparib-based theranostic agent for mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Pengcheng Hu
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Anna B Banizs
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States.
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Pirisedigh A, Blais V, Ait-Mohand S, Abdallah K, Holleran BJ, Leduc R, Dory YL, Gendron L, Guérin B. Synthesis and Evaluation of a 64Cu-Conjugate, a Selective δ-Opioid Receptor Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Agent. Org Lett 2017; 19:2018-2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Pirisedigh
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Véronique Blais
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Samia Ait-Mohand
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Khaled Abdallah
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Brian J. Holleran
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Richard Leduc
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Yves L. Dory
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Louis Gendron
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
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Lu Y, Boyle AJ, Cao PJ, Hedley D, Reilly RM, Winnik MA. EGFR-Targeted Metal Chelating Polymers (MCPs) Harboring Multiple Pendant PEG2K Chains for MicroPET/CT Imaging of Patient-Derived Pancreatic Cancer Xenografts. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:279-290. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Lu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Amanda J. Boyle
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | | | | | - Raymond M. Reilly
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Toronto
General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Mitchell A. Winnik
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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Cai Z, Kwon YL, Reilly RM. Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) Modeling of the Cellular Dosimetry of 64Cu: Comparison with MIRDcell S Values and Implications for Studies of Its Cytotoxic Effects. J Nucl Med 2016; 58:339-345. [PMID: 27660146 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.175695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
64Cu emits positrons as well as β- particles and Auger and internal conversion electrons useful for radiotherapy. Our objective was to model the cellular dosimetry of 64Cu under different geometries commonly used to study the cytotoxic effects of 64Cu. METHODS Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) was used to simulate the transport of all particles emitted by 64Cu from the cell surface (CS), cytoplasm (Cy), or nucleus (N) of a single cell; monolayer in a well (radius = 0.32-1.74 cm); or a sphere (radius = 50-6,000 μm) of cells to calculate S values. The radius of the cell and N ranged from 5 to 12 μm and 2 to 11 μm, respectively. S values were obtained by MIRDcell for comparison. MCF7/HER2-18 cells were exposed in vitro to 64Cu-labeled trastuzumab. The subcellular distribution of 64Cu was measured by cell fractionation. The surviving fraction was determined in a clonogenic assay. RESULTS The relative differences of MCNP versus MIRDcell self-dose S values (Sself) for 64Cu ranged from -0.2% to 3.6% for N to N (SN←N), 2.3% to 8.6% for Cy to N (SN←Cy), and -12.0% to 7.3% for CS to N (SN←CS). The relative differences of MCNP versus MIRDcell cross-dose S values were 25.8%-30.6% for a monolayer and 30%-34% for a sphere, respectively. The ratios of SN←N versus SN←Cy and SN←Cy versus SN←CS decreased with increasing ratio of the N of the cell versus radius of the cell and the size of the monolayer or sphere. The surviving fraction of MCF7 /: HER2-18 cells treated with 64Cu-labeled trastuzumab (0.016-0.368 MBq/μg, 67 nM) for 18 h versus the absorbed dose followed a linear survival curve with α = 0.51 ± 0.05 Gy-1 and R2 = 0.8838. This is significantly different from the linear quadratic survival curve of MCF7 /: HER2-18 cells exposed to γ-rays. CONCLUSION MCNP- and MIRDcell-calculated S values agreed well. 64Cu in the N increases the dose to the N in isolated single cells but has less effect in a cell monolayer or small cluster of cells simulating a micrometastasis, and little effect in a sphere analogous to a tumor xenograft compared with 64Cu in the Cy or on the CS. The dose deposited by 64Cu is less effective for cell killing than γ-rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongli Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yongkyu Luke Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raymond M Reilly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and.,Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Jin ZH, Furukawa T, Degardin M, Sugyo A, Tsuji AB, Yamasaki T, Kawamura K, Fujibayashi Y, Zhang MR, Boturyn D, Dumy P, Saga T. αVβ3 Integrin-Targeted Radionuclide Therapy with 64Cu-cyclam-RAFT-c(-RGDfK-)4. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2076-85. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Holland JP, Ferdani R, Anderson CJ, Lewis JS. Copper-64 Radiopharmaceuticals for Oncologic Imaging. PET Clin 2016; 4:49-67. [PMID: 27156895 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The positron emitting radionuclide (64)Cu has a radioactive half-life of 12.7 hours. The decay characteristics of (64)Cu allow for PET images that are comparable in quality to those obtained using (18)F. Given the longer radioactive half-life of (64)Cu compared with (18)F and the versatility of copper chemistry, copper is an attractive alternative to the shorter-lived nuclides for PET imaging of peptides, antibodies, and small molecules that may require longer circulation times. This article discusses a number of copper radiopharmaceuticals, such as Cu-ATSM, that have been translated to the clinic and new developments in copper-based radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Holland
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Riccardo Ferdani
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carolyn J Anderson
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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28
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Petersen AL, Henriksen JR, Binderup T, Elema DR, Rasmussen PH, Hag AM, Kjær A, Andresen TL. In vivo evaluation of PEGylated 64Cu-liposomes with theranostic and radiotherapeutic potential using micro PET/CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 43:941-952. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Boyle AJ, Cao PJ, Hedley DW, Sidhu SS, Winnik MA, Reilly RM. MicroPET/CT imaging of patient-derived pancreatic cancer xenografts implanted subcutaneously or orthotopically in NOD-scid mice using (64)Cu-NOTA-panitumumab F(ab')2 fragments. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 42:71-7. [PMID: 25456837 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our objective was to study microPET/CT imaging of patient-derived pancreatic cancer xenografts in NOD-scid mice using F(ab')2 fragments of the fully-human anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody, panitumumab (Vectibix) labeled with (64)Cu. More than 90% of pancreatic cancers are EGFR-positive. METHODS F(ab')2 fragments were produced by proteolytic digestion of panitumumab IgG or non-specific human IgG, purified by ultrafiltration then modified with NOTA chelators for complexing (64)Cu. Panitumumab IgG and Fab fragments were similarly labeled with (64)Cu. EGFR immunoreactivity was determined in competition and direct (saturation) cell binding assays. The biodistribution of (64)Cu-labeled panitumumab IgG, F(ab')2 and Fab was compared in non-tumor-bearing Balb/c mice. MicroPET/CT and biodistribution studies were performed in NOD-scid mice engrafted subcutaneously (s.c.) or orthotopically with patient-derived OCIP23 pancreatic tumors, or in NOD-scid with s.c. PANC-1 human pancreatic cancer xenografts. RESULTS Panitumumab F(ab')2 fragments were produced in high purity (>90%), derivitized with 3.2±0.7 NOTA/F(ab')2, and labeled with (64)Cu (0.3-3.6MBq/μg). The binding of (64)Cu-NOTA-panitumumab F(ab')2 to OCIP23 or PANC-1 cells was decreased significantly by an excess of panitumumab IgG. The Kd for binding of (64)Cu-NOTA-panitumumab F(ab')2 to EGFR on PANC-1 cells was 0.14±0.05nmol/L. F(ab')2 fragments exhibited more suitable normal tissue distribution for tumor imaging with (64)Cu than panitumumab IgG or Fab. Tumor uptake at 48h post injection (p.i.) of (64)Cu-NOTA-panitumumab F(ab')2 was 12.0±0.9% injected dose/g (ID/g) in s.c. and 11.8±0.9% ID/g in orthotopic OCIP23 tumors vs. 6.1±1.1% ID/g in s.c. PANC-1 xenografts. Tumor/Blood (T/B) ratios were 5:1 to 9:1 for OCIP23 and 2.4:1 for PANC-1 tumors. Tumor uptake of (64)Cu-NOTA-non-specific F(ab')2 in OCIP23 xenografts was 5-fold lower than (64)Cu-panitumumab F(ab')2. All tumor xenografts were clearly imaged by microPET/CT at 24 or 48h p.i. of (64)Cu-NOTA-panitumumab F(ab')2. CONCLUSIONS (64)Cu-panitumumab F(ab')2 fragments bound with high affinity to EGFR on pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and localized specifically in patient-derived pancreatic cancer xenografts in mice in vivo, allowing tumor visualization by microPET/CT at 24 or 48h p.i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Boyle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ping-Jiang Cao
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David W Hedley
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Raymond M Reilly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Feasibility of isotope harvesting at a projectile fragmentation facility: ⁶⁷Cu. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6706. [PMID: 25330839 PMCID: PMC4204030 DOI: 10.1038/srep06706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The work presented here describes a proof-of-principle experiment for the chemical extraction of (67)Cu from an aqueous beam stop at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL). A 76 MeV/A (67)Cu beam was stopped in water, successfully isolated from the aqueous solution through a series of chemical separations involving a chelating disk and anion exchange chromatography, then bound to NOTA-conjugated Herceptin antibodies, and the bound activity was validated using instant thin-layer chromatography (ITLC). The chemical extraction efficiency was found to be 88 ± 3% and the radiochemical yield was ≥95%. These results show that extraction of radioisotopes from an aqueous projectile-fragment beam dump is a feasible method for obtaining radiochemically pure isotopes.
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Viehweger K, Barbaro L, García KP, Joshi T, Geipel G, Steinbach J, Stephan H, Spiccia L, Graham B. EGF receptor-targeting peptide conjugate incorporating a near-IR fluorescent dye and a novel 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-based (64)Cu(II) chelator assembled via click chemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1011-22. [PMID: 24758412 DOI: 10.1021/bc5001388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A new Boc-protected 1,4,7-triazacyclononane (TACN)-based pro-chelator compound featuring a "clickable" azidomethylpyridine pendant has been developed as a building block for the construction of multimodal imaging agents. Conjugation to a model alkyne (propargyl alcohol), followed by deprotection, generates a pentadentate ligand, as confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis of the corresponding distorted square-pyramidal Cu(II) complex. The ligand exhibits rapid (64)Cu(II)-binding kinetics (>95% radiochemical yield in <5 min) and a high resistance to demetalation. It may thus prove suitable for use in (64)Cu(II)-based in vivo positron emission tomography (PET). The new chelating building block has been applied to the construction of a bimodal (PET/fluorescence) peptide-based imaging probe targeting the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, which is highly overexpressed on the surface of several types of cancer cells. The probe consists of a hexapeptide sequence, Leu-Ala-Arg-Leu-Leu-Thr (designated "D4"), followed by a Cys-β-Ala-β-Ala spacer, then a β-homopropargylglycine residue with the TACN-based chelator "clicked" to its side chain. A sulfonated near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent cyanine dye (sulfo-Cy5) was introduced at the N-terminus to study the EGF receptor-binding ability of the probe by laser-fluorescence spectroscopy. Binding was also confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation methods, and an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of ca. 10 nM was determined from radioactivity-based measurements of probe binding to two EGF receptor-expressing cell lines (FaDu and A431). The probe is shown to be a biased or partial allosteric agonist of the EGF receptor, inducing phosphorylation of Thr669 and Tyr992, but not the Tyr845, Tyr998, Tyr1045, Tyr1068, or Tyr1148 residues of the receptor, in the absence of the orthosteric EGF ligand. Additionally, the probe was found to suppress the EGF-stimulated autophosphorylation of these latter residues, indicating that it is also a noncompetitive antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Viehweger
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research and ‡Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV , P.O. Box 510119, D-01314 Dresden, Germany
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Zeng D, Guo Y, White AG, Cai Z, Modi J, Ferdani R, Anderson CJ. Comparison of conjugation strategies of cross-bridged macrocyclic chelators with cetuximab for copper-64 radiolabeling and PET imaging of EGFR in colorectal tumor-bearing mice. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3980-7. [PMID: 24720806 PMCID: PMC4224567 DOI: 10.1021/mp500004m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth-factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in a wide variety of solid tumors and has served as a well-characterized target for cancer imaging and therapy. Cetuximab was the first mAb targeting EGFR approved by the FDA for the treatment of metastatic colorectal and head and neck cancers. Previous studies showed that (64)Cu (T1/2 = 12.7 h; β(+) (17.4%)) labeled DOTA-cetuximab showed promise for PET imaging of EGFR-positive tumors; however the in vivo stability of this compound has been questioned. In this study, two recently developed cross-bridged macrocyclic chelators (CB-TE1A1P and CB-TE1K1P) were conjugated to cetuximab using standard NHS coupling procedures and/or strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) methodologies. The radiolabeling and in vitro/vivo evaluation of the resulting cetuximab conjugates were compared. Improved Cu-64 labeling efficiency and high specific activity (684 kBq/μg, decay corrected to the end of bombardment) were obtained with the CB-TE1K1P-PEG4-click-cetuximab conjugate. Saturation binding assays indicated that the prepared cetuximab conjugates had comparable affinity (1.32-2.00 nM) in the HCT116 human colorectal tumor cell membranes. In the subsequent in vivo evaluation, (64)Cu-CB-TE1K1P-PEG4-click-cetuximab demonstrated more rapid renal clearance with a higher tumor/nontumor ratio than other (64)Cu-labeled cetuximab conjugates, and it shows the greatest promise for imaging and therapy of EGFR-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexing Zeng
- Departments of Radiology, ⊥Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, and #Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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Cai Z, Anderson CJ. Chelators for copper radionuclides in positron emission tomography radiopharmaceuticals. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:224-30. [PMID: 24347474 PMCID: PMC4277819 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of chelating agents for copper radionuclides in positron emission tomography radiopharmaceuticals has been a highly active and important area of study in recent years. The rapid evolution of chelators has resulted in highly specific copper chelators that can be readily conjugated to biomolecules and efficiently radiolabeled to form stable complexes in vivo. Chelators are not only designed for conjugation to monovalent biomolecules but also for incorporation into multivalent targeting ligands such as theranostic nanoparticles. These advancements have strengthened the role of copper radionuclides in the fields of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging. This review emphasizes developments of new copper chelators that have most greatly advanced the field of copper-based radiopharmaceuticals over the past 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxin Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Carolyn J. Anderson
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Banerjee SR, Pullambhatla M, Foss CA, Nimmagadda S, Ferdani R, Anderson CJ, Mease RC, Pomper MG. ⁶⁴Cu-labeled inhibitors of prostate-specific membrane antigen for PET imaging of prostate cancer. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2657-69. [PMID: 24533799 PMCID: PMC3983358 DOI: 10.1021/jm401921j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a well-recognized target for identification and therapy of a variety of cancers. Here we report five (64)Cu-labeled inhibitors of PSMA, [(64)Cu]3-7, which are based on the lysine-glutamate urea scaffold and utilize a variety of macrocyclic chelators, namely NOTA(3), PCTA(4), Oxo-DO3A(5), CB-TE2A(6), and DOTA(7), in an effort to determine which provides the most suitable pharmacokinetics for in vivo PET imaging. [(64)Cu]3-7 were prepared in high radiochemical yield (60-90%) and purity (>95%). Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies of [(64)Cu]3-7 revealed specific accumulation in PSMA-expressing xenografts (PSMA+ PC3 PIP) relative to isogenic control tumor (PSMA- PC3 flu) and background tissue. The favorable kinetics and high image contrast provided by CB-TE2A chelated [(64)Cu]6 suggest it as the most promising among the candidates tested. That could be due to the higher stability of [(64)Cu]CB-TE2A as compared with [(64)Cu]NOTA, [(64)Cu]PCTA, [(64)Cu]Oxo-DO3A, and [(64)Cu]DOTA chelates in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Ray Banerjee
- Russell
H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Mrudula Pullambhatla
- Russell
H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Catherine A. Foss
- Russell
H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Sridhar Nimmagadda
- Russell
H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Riccardo Ferdani
- Department
of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical
Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Carolyn J. Anderson
- Department
of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical
Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Ronnie C. Mease
- Russell
H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Martin G. Pomper
- Russell
H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
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Qin C, Liu H, Chen K, Hu X, Ma X, Lan X, Zhang Y, Cheng Z. Theranostics of malignant melanoma with 64CuCl2. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:812-7. [PMID: 24627435 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.133850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human copper transporter 1 (CTR1) is overexpressed in a variety of cancers. This study aimed to evaluate the use of (64)CuCl2 as a theranostic agent for PET and radionuclide therapy of malignant melanoma. METHODS CTR1 expression levels were detected by Western blot analysis of a group of tumor cell lines. Two melanoma cell lines (B16F10 and A375M) that highly expressed CTR1 were then selected to study the uptake and efflux of (64)CuCl2. Mice bearing B16F10 or A375M tumors (n = 4 for each group) were subjected to 5 min of static whole-body PET scans at different time points after intravenous injection of (64)CuCl2. Dynamic scans were also obtained for B16F10 tumor-bearing mice. All mice were sacrificed at 72 h after injection of (64)CuCl2, and biodistribution studies were performed. Mice bearing B16F10 or A375M tumors were further subjected to (64)CuCl2 radionuclide therapy. Specifically, when the tumor size reached 0.5-0.8 cm in diameter, tumor-bearing mice were systemically administered (64)CuCl2 (74 MBq) or phosphate-buffered saline, and tumor sizes were monitored over the treatment period. RESULTS CTR1 was found to be overexpressed in the cancer cell lines tested at different levels, and high expression levels in melanoma cells and tissues were observed (melanotic B16F10 and amelanotic A375M). (64)CuCl2 displayed high and specific uptake in B16F10 and A375M cells. In vivo (64)CuCl2 PET imaging demonstrated that both B16F10 and A375M tumors were clearly visualized. Radionuclide treatment studies showed that the tumor growth in both the B16F10 and the A375M models under (64)CuCl2 treatment were much slower than that of the control group. CONCLUSION Both melanotic and amelanotic melanomas (B16F10 and A375M) tested were found to overexpress CTR1. The tumors can be successfully visualized by (64)CuCl2 PET and further treated by (64)CuCl2, highlighting the high potential of using (64)CuCl2 as a theranostic agent for the management of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Qin
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; and
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Roles of Atox1 and p53 in the trafficking of copper-64 to tumor cell nuclei: implications for cancer therapy. J Biol Inorg Chem 2014; 19:427-38. [PMID: 24445997 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-013-1087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its cytotoxicity, free copper is chelated by protein side chains and does not exist in vivo. Several chaperones transport copper to various cell compartments, but none have been identified that traffic copper to the nucleus. Copper-64 decays by β (+) and β (-) emission, allowing positron emission tomography and targeted radionuclide therapy for cancer. Because the delivery of (64)Cu to the cell nucleus may enhance the therapeutic effect of copper radiopharmaceuticals, elucidation of the pathway(s) involved in transporting copper to the tumor cell nucleus is important for optimizing treatment. We identified Atox1 as one of the proteins that binds copper in the nucleus. Mouse embryonic fibroblast cells, positive and negative for Atox1, were used to determine the role of Atox1 in (64)Cu transport to the nucleus. Mouse embryonic fibroblast Atox1(+/+) cells accumulated more (64)Cu in the nucleus than did Atox1(-/-) cells. HCT 116 colorectal cancer cells expressing p53 (+/+) and not expressing p53 (-/-) were used to evaluate the role of this tumor suppressor protein in (64)Cu transport. In cells treated with cisplatin, the uptake of (64)Cu in the nucleus of HCT 116 p53(+/+) cells was greater than that in HCT 116 p53(-/-) cells. Atox1 expression increased in HCT 116 p53(+/+) and p53(-/-) cells treated with cisplatin; however, Atox1 localized to the nuclei of p53(+/+) cells more than in the p53(-/-) cells. The data presented here indicate that Atox1 is involved in copper transport to the nucleus, and cisplatin affects nuclear transport of (64)Cu in HCT 116 cells by upregulating the expression and the nuclear localization of Atox1.
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Foerster C, Knight JC, Wuest M, Rowan B, Lapi SE, Amoroso AJ, Edwards PG, Wuest F. Synthesis, complex stability and small animal PET imaging of a novel 64Cu-labelled cryptand molecule. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00174e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The radiosynthesis and radiopharmacological evaluation including small animal PET imaging of a novel 64Cu-labelled cryptand molecule ([64Cu]CryptTM) possessing a tris-pyridyl/tris-amido set of donor atoms is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Melinda Wuest
- Department of Oncology
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton, Canada
| | - Brendan Rowan
- Cardiff University of Wales – Department of Chemistry
- Cardiff, UK
| | - Suzanne E. Lapi
- Department of Radiology
- Washington University School of Medicine
- St. Louis, USA
| | | | - Peter G. Edwards
- Cardiff University of Wales – Department of Chemistry
- Cardiff, UK
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton, Canada
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Guo Y, Parry JJ, Laforest R, Rogers BE, Anderson CJ. The role of p53 in combination radioimmunotherapy with 64Cu-DOTA-cetuximab and cisplatin in a mouse model of colorectal cancer. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1621-9. [PMID: 23873478 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.118539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Radioimmunotherapy has been successfully used in the treatment of lymphoma but thus far has not demonstrated significant efficacy in humans beyond disease stabilization in solid tumors. Radioimmunotherapy with (64)Cu was highly effective in a hamster model of colorectal cancer, but targeted radiotherapies with this radionuclide have since not shown as much success. It is widely known that mutations in key proteins play a role in the success or failure of cancer therapies. For example, the KRAS mutation is predictive of poor response to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor therapies in colorectal cancer, whereas p53 is frequently mutated in tumors, causing resistance to multiple therapeutic regimens. METHODS We previously showed that nuclear localization of (64)Cu-labeled DOTA-cetuximab was enhanced in p53 wild-type tumor cells. Here, we examine the role of p53 in the response to radioimmunotherapy with (64)Cu-DOTA-cetuximab in KRAS-mutated HCT116 tumor-bearing mice, with and without cisplatin, which upregulates wild-type p53. RESULTS Experiments with HCT116 cells that are p53 +/+ (p53 wild-type) and -/- (p53 null) grown in cell culture demonstrated that preincubation with cisplatin increased expression of p53 and subsequently enhanced localization of (64)Cu from (64)Cu-acetate and (64)Cu-DOTA-cetuximab to the tumor cell nuclei. Radioimmunotherapy studies in p53-positive HCT116 tumor-bearing mice, receiving either radioimmunotherapy alone or in combination with cisplatin, showed significantly longer survival in mice receiving unlabeled cetuximab or cisplatin alone or in combination (all, P < 0.01). In contrast, the p53-negative tumor-bearing mice treated with radioimmunotherapy alone or combined with cisplatin showed no survival advantage, compared with control groups (all, P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Together, these data suggest that (64)Cu specifically delivered to epidermal growth factor receptor-positive tumors by cetuximab can suppress tumor growth despite the KRAS status and present opportunities for personalized clinical treatment strategies in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjun Guo
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Abstract
Ion exchange is a simple and efficient method for separating no-carrier-added 64Cu from an irradiated Ni target. We developed a semi-automated two-round 64Cu separation system equipped with a strong-base anion exchange resin column. We first verified the efficiency of the system using a non-radioactive substitute consisting of 25 mg of Ni and 127 ng of Cu, and confirmed that Cu was completely eluted at the second round of the separation step. After the bombardment, separation of 64Cu from the Ni target was achieved with high radiochemical purity. 64Cu produced and separated in this study had an extremely low level of Ni impurity. It could be used for labeling monoclonal antibodies for antibody positron emission tomography imaging and synthesizing radiopharmaceuticals.
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Bailey GA, Price EW, Zeglis BM, Ferreira CL, Boros E, Lacasse MJ, Patrick BO, Lewis JS, Adam MJ, Orvig C. H(2)azapa: a versatile acyclic multifunctional chelator for (67)Ga, (64)Cu, (111)In, and (177)Lu. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:12575-89. [PMID: 23106422 DOI: 10.1021/ic302225z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Preliminary experiments with the novel acyclic triazole-containing bifunctional chelator H2azapa and the radiometals (64)Cu, (67)Ga, (111)In, and (177)Lu have established its significant versatile potential as an alternative to 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) for metal-based radiopharmaceuticals. Unlike DOTA, H2azapa radiolabels quantitatively with (64)Cu, (67)Ga, (111)In, and (177)Lu in 10 min at room temperature. In vitro competition experiments with human blood serum show that (64)Cu remained predominantly chelate-bound, with only 2% transchelated to serum proteins after 20 h. Biodistribution experiments with [(64)Cu(azapa)] in mice reveal uptake in various organs, particularly in the liver, lungs, heart, intestines, and kidneys. When compared to [(64)Cu(DOTA)](2-), the lipophilic neutral [(64)Cu(azapa)] was cleared through the gastrointestinal tract and accumulated in the liver, which is common for lipophilic compounds or free (64)Cu. The chelator H2azapa is a model complex for a click-based bifunctional chelating agent, and the lipophilic benzyl "place-holders" will be replaced by hydrophilic peptides to modulate the pharmacokinetics and direct activity away from the liver and gut. The solid-state molecular structure of [In(azapa)(H2O)][ClO4] reveals a very rare eight-coordinate distorted square antiprismatic geometry with one triazole arm bound, and the structure of [(64)Cu(azapa)] shows a distorted octahedral geometry. The present study demonstrates significant potential for bioconjugates of H2azapa as alternatives to DOTA in copper-based radiopharmaceuticals, with the highly modular and "clickable" molecular scaffold of H2azapa easily modified into a variety of bioconjugates. H2azapa is a versatile addition to the "pa" family, joining the previously published H2dedpa ((67/68)Ga and (64)Cu), H4octapa ((111)In, (177)Lu, and (90)Y), and H5decapa ((225)Ac) to cover a wide range of important nuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn A Bailey
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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The production, separation, and use of 67Cu for radioimmunotherapy: a review. Appl Radiat Isot 2012; 70:2377-83. [PMID: 22871441 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A review of the literature pertaining to the production and separation of (67)Cu. This isotope is useful from both therapeutic and diagnostic standpoints due to its medium energy beta particle, gamma emissions, and 2.6-day half-life. It has been produced via proton, neutron, and gamma irradiations on zinc followed by solvent extraction, ion exchange, electrodeposition, and/or sublimation. Widespread use of this isotope for clinical studies and preliminary treatments has been limited by unreliable supplies, cost, and difficulty in obtaining therapeutic quantities.
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Lima LMP, Esteban-Gómez D, Delgado R, Platas-Iglesias C, Tripier R. Monopicolinate Cyclen and Cyclam Derivatives for Stable Copper(II) Complexation. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:6916-27. [DOI: 10.1021/ic300784v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luís M. P. Lima
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR-CNRS 6521, UFR des Sciences
et Techniques, 6 avenue Victor le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837, 29238 Brest
Cedex 3, France
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química
e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - David Esteban-Gómez
- Departamento de Química
Fundamental, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, Rúa da Fraga 10, 15008 A Coruña,
Spain
| | - Rita Delgado
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química
e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Carlos Platas-Iglesias
- Departamento de Química
Fundamental, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, Rúa da Fraga 10, 15008 A Coruña,
Spain
| | - Raphaël Tripier
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR-CNRS 6521, UFR des Sciences
et Techniques, 6 avenue Victor le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837, 29238 Brest
Cedex 3, France
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Cooper MS, Ma MT, Sunassee K, Shaw KP, Williams JD, Paul RL, Donnelly PS, Blower PJ. Comparison of (64)Cu-complexing bifunctional chelators for radioimmunoconjugation: labeling efficiency, specific activity, and in vitro/in vivo stability. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1029-39. [PMID: 22471317 PMCID: PMC4756438 DOI: 10.1021/bc300037w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High radiolabeling efficiency, preferably to high specific activity, and good stability of the radioimmunoconjugate are essential features for a successful immunoconjugate for imaging or therapy. In this study, the radiolabeling efficiency, in vitro stability, and biodistribution of immunoconjugates with eight different bifunctional chelators labeled with (64)Cu were compared. The anti-CD20 antibody, rituximab, was conjugated to four macrocyclic bifunctional chelators (p-SCN-Bn-DOTA, p-SCN-Bn-Oxo-DO3A, p-SCN-NOTA, and p-SCN-PCTA), three DTPA derivatives (p-SCN-Bn-DTPA, p-SCN-CHX-A″-DTPA, and ITC-2B3M-DTPA), and a macrobicyclic hexamine (sarcophagine) chelator (sar-CO2H) = (1-NH2-8-NHCO(CH2)3CO2H)sar where sar = sarcophagine = 3,6,10,13,16,19-hexaazabicyclo[6.6.6]icosane). Radiolabeling efficiency under various conditions, in vitro stability in serum at 37 °C, and in vivo biodistribution and imaging in normal mice over 48 h were studied. All chelators except sar-CO2H were conjugated to rituximab by thiourea bond formation with an average of 4.9 ± 0.9 chelators per antibody molecule. Sar-CO2H was conjugated to rituximab by amide bond formation with 0.5 chelators per antibody molecule. Efficiencies of (64)Cu radiolabeling were dependent on the concentration of immunoconjugate. Notably, the (64)Cu-NOTA-rituximab conjugate demonstrated the highest radiochemical yield (95%) under very dilute conditions (31 nM NOTA-rituximab conjugate). Similarly, sar-CO-rituximab, containing 1/10th the number of chelators per antibody compared to that of other conjugates, retained high labeling efficiency (98%) at an antibody concentration of 250 nM. In contrast to the radioimmunoconjugates containing DTPA derivatives, which demonstrated poor serum stability, all macrocyclic radioimmunoconjugates were very stable in serum with <6% dissociation of (64)Cu over 48 h. In vivo biodistribution profiles in normal female Balb/C mice were similar for all the macrocyclic radioimmunoconjugates with most of the activity remaining in the blood pool up to 48 h. While all the macrocyclic bifunctional chelators are suitable for molecular imaging using (64)Cu-labeled antibody conjugates, NOTA and sar-CO2H show significant advantages over the others in that they can be radiolabeled rapidly at room temperature, under dilute conditions, resulting in high specific activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie S. Cooper
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, 4 Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas’ Hospital, SE1 7EH, London
| | - Michelle T. Ma
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Kavitha Sunassee
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, 4 Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas’ Hospital, SE1 7EH, London
| | - Karen P. Shaw
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, 4 Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas’ Hospital, SE1 7EH, London
| | - Jennifer D. Williams
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, 4 Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas’ Hospital, SE1 7EH, London
| | - Rowena L. Paul
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, 4 Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas’ Hospital, SE1 7EH, London
| | - Paul S. Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Philip J. Blower
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, 4 Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas’ Hospital, SE1 7EH, London
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di Bartolo NM, Smith SV, Sargeson A. Potential of sarar for radiolabelling peptides and antibody fragments with CU-64. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.25804401244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bryan JN, Jia F, Mohsin H, Sivaguru G, Anderson CJ, Miller WH, Henry CJ, Lewis MR. Monoclonal antibodies for copper-64 PET dosimetry and radioimmunotherapy. Cancer Biol Ther 2011; 11:1001-7. [PMID: 21464612 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.11.12.15528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously described a two-antibody model of (64)Cu radioimmunotherapy to evaluate low-dose, solid-tumor response. This model was designed to test the hypothesis that cellular internalization is critical in causing tumor cell death by mechanisms in addition to radiation damage. The purpose of the present study was to estimate radiation dosimetry for both antibodies (mAbs) using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, and evaluate the effect of internalization on tumor growth. RESULTS Dosimetry was similar between therapy groups. Median time to tumor progression to 1 g ranged from 7 to 12 days for control groups and was 32 days for both treatment groups (p < 0.0001). No statistically significant difference existed between any control group or between the treatment groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS In female nude mice bearing LS174T colon carcinoma xenografts, tumor dosimetry was calculated using serial PET images of three mice in each group of either internalizing (64)Cu-labeled DOTA-cBR96 (DOTA = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) or non-internalizing (64)Cu-labeled DOTA-cT84.66 from 3 to 48 h. For the therapy study, controls (n = 10) received saline, DOTA-cBR96, or DOTA-cT84.66. Treatment animals (n = 9) received 0.890 mCi of (64)Cu-labeled DOTA-cBR96 or 0.710 mCi of (64)Cu-labeled DOTA-cT84.66. Tumors were measured daily. CONCLUSIONS PET imaging allows the use of (64)Cu for pre-therapy calculation of tumor dosimetry. In spite of highly similar tumor dosimetry, an internalizing antibody did not improve the outcome of (64)Cu radioimmunotherapy. Radioresistance of this tumor cell line and copper efflux may have confounded the study. Further investigations of the 2 therapeutic efficacy of (64)Cu-labeled mAbs will focus on interaction between (64)Cu and tumor suppressor genes and copper chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, USA
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Internal radiotherapy with copper-64-diacetyl-bis (N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) reduces CD133+ highly tumorigenic cells and metastatic ability of mouse colon carcinoma. Nucl Med Biol 2011; 38:151-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Petersen AL, Binderup T, Rasmussen P, Henriksen JR, Elema DR, Kjær A, Andresen TL. 64Cu loaded liposomes as positron emission tomography imaging agents. Biomaterials 2011; 32:2334-41. [PMID: 21216003 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a highly efficient method for utilizing liposomes as imaging agents for positron emission tomography (PET) giving high resolution images and allowing direct quantification of tissue distribution and blood clearance. Our approach is based on remote loading of a copper-radionuclide ((64)Cu) using a new ionophore, 2-hydroxyquinoline, to carry (64)Cu(II) across the membrane of preformed liposomes and deliver it to an encapsulated copper-chelator. Using this ionophore we achieved very efficient loading (95.5 ± 1.6%) and retention stability (>99%), which makes the (64)Cu-liposomes highly applicable as PET imaging agents. We show the utility of the (64)Cu-liposomes for quantitative in vivo imaging of healthy and tumor-bearing mice using PET. This remote loading method is a powerful tool for characterizing the in vivo performance of liposome based nanomedicine, and has great potential in diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anncatrine L Petersen
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Thisgaard H, Jensen M, Elema D. Medium to large scale radioisotope production for targeted radiotherapy using a small PET cyclotron. Appl Radiat Isot 2011; 69:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2010.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Holland JP, Williamson MJ, Lewis JS. Unconventional nuclides for radiopharmaceuticals. Mol Imaging 2010; 9:1-20. [PMID: 20128994 PMCID: PMC4962336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and widespread growth in the use of nuclear medicine for both diagnosis and therapy of disease has been the driving force behind burgeoning research interests in the design of novel radiopharmaceuticals. Until recently, the majority of clinical and basic science research has focused on the development of 11C-, 13N-, 15O-, and 18F-radiopharmaceuticals for use with positron emission tomography (PET) and 99mTc-labeled agents for use with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). With the increased availability of small, low-energy cyclotrons and improvements in both cyclotron targetry and purification chemistries, the use of "nonstandard" radionuclides is becoming more prevalent. This brief review describes the physical characteristics of 60 radionuclides, including beta+, beta-, gamma-ray, and alpha-particle emitters, which have the potential for use in the design and synthesis of the next generation of diagnostic and/or radiotherapeutic drugs. As the decay processes of many of the radionuclides described herein involve emission of high-energy gamma-rays, relevant shielding and radiation safety issues are also considered. In particular, the properties and safety considerations associated with the increasingly prevalent PET nuclides 64Cu, 68Ga, 86Y, 89Zr, and 124I are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Holland
- Radiochemistry Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Holland
- Radiochemistry Service, Department of Radiology, and Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Matthew J. Williamson
- Radiochemistry Service, Department of Radiology, and Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jason S. Lewis
- Radiochemistry Service, Department of Radiology, and Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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