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Chen HH, Pang XH, Wang QH, Chen RQ, Dai JL, Jiang JG. Choline Dehydrogenase Contributes to Salt Tolerance in Dunaliella through Betaine Synthesis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14296. [PMID: 38650503 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
In Dunaliella tertiolecta, a microalga renowned for its extraordinary tolerance to high salinity levels up to 4.5 M NaCl, the mechanisms underlying its stress response have largely remained a mystery. In a groundbreaking discovery, this study identifies a choline dehydrogenase enzyme, termed DtCHDH, capable of converting choline to betaine aldehyde. Remarkably, this is the first identification of such an enzyme not just in D. tertiolecta but across the entire Chlorophyta. A 3D model of DtCHDH was constructed, and molecular docking with choline was performed, revealing a potential binding site for the substrate. The enzyme was heterologously expressed in E. coli Rosetta (DE3) and subsequently purified, achieving enzyme activity of 672.2 U/mg. To elucidate the role of DtCHDH in the salt tolerance of D. tertiolecta, RNAi was employed to knock down DtCHDH gene expression. The results indicated that the Ri-12 strain exhibited compromised growth under both high and low salt conditions, along with consistent levels of DtCHDH gene expression and betaine content. Additionally, fatty acid analysis indicated that DtCHDH might also be a FAPs enzyme, catalyzing reactions with decarboxylase activity. This study not only illuminates the role of choline metabolism in D. tertiolecta's adaptation to high salinity but also identifies a novel target for enhancing the NaCl tolerance of microalgae in biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Hong Chen
- College of Food Science and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Xiao-Hui Pang
- College of Food Science and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian-Hui Wang
- College of Food Science and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui-Qi Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ju-Liang Dai
- College of Food Science and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- College of Food Science and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Abbas K, Li J, Gong B, Lu Y, Wu X, Lü G, Gao H. Drought Stress Tolerance in Vegetables: The Functional Role of Structural Features, Key Gene Pathways, and Exogenous Hormones. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13876. [PMID: 37762179 PMCID: PMC10530793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The deleterious effects of drought stress have led to a significant decline in vegetable production, ultimately affecting food security. After sensing drought stress signals, vegetables prompt multifaceted response measures, eventually leading to changes in internal cell structure and external morphology. Among them, it is important to highlight that the changes, including changes in physiological metabolism, signal transduction, key genes, and hormone regulation, significantly influence drought stress tolerance in vegetables. This article elaborates on vegetable stress tolerance, focusing on structural adaptations, key genes, drought stress signaling transduction pathways, osmotic adjustments, and antioxidants. At the same time, the mechanisms of exogenous hormones such as abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene (ET) toward improving the adaptive drought tolerance of vegetables were also reviewed. These insights can enhance the understanding of vegetable drought tolerance, supporting vegetable tolerance enhancement by cultivation technology improvements under changing climatic conditions, which provides theoretical support and technical reference for innovative vegetable stress tolerance breeding and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hongbo Gao
- Key Laboratory of North China Water-Saving Irrigation Engineering, Ministry of Education of China-Hebei Province Joint Innovation Center for Efficient Green Vegetable Industry, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
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3
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Suraninpong P, Thongkhao K, Azzeme AM, Suksa-Ard P. Monitoring Drought Tolerance in Oil Palm: Choline Monooxygenase as a Novel Molecular Marker. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3089. [PMID: 37687336 PMCID: PMC10490023 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity negatively impacts oil palm production, necessitating the development of drought-tolerant varieties. This study aimed to develop molecular markers for oil palm breeding programs focused on drought tolerance. Genes associated with drought tolerance were selected, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based markers were developed. Genomic DNA was successfully extracted from 17 oil palm varieties, and 20 primers out of 44 were effectively amplified. Screening with single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) revealed an informative SNP marker from the choline monooxygenase (CMO) gene, exhibiting CC, CT, and TT genotypes. Notably, the oil palm variety La Mé showed the CT genotype, while Surat Thani 2 (Deli × La Mé) exhibited the CT and CC genotypes in a 1:1 ratio. Gene expression analysis confirmed the association of the CMO gene with drought tolerance in commercial oil palm varieties. The full-length CMO gene was 1308 bp long and shared sequence similarities with other plant species. However, amino acid sequence variations were observed compared with existing databases. These findings highlight the potential utility of the CMO marker for drought tolerance selection, specifically within the La Mé parent of oil palm Surat Thani 2 varieties, and strongly confirm the La Mé S5 population and Surat Thani 2 as drought-tolerant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Potjamarn Suraninpong
- School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand;
- Biomass and Oil Palm Center of Excellence, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Kannika Thongkhao
- School of Languages and General Education, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand;
| | - Azzreena Mohamad Azzeme
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Padungsak Suksa-Ard
- School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand;
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Alavilli H, Yolcu S, Skorupa M, Aciksoz SB, Asif M. Salt and drought stress-mitigating approaches in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) to improve its performance and yield. PLANTA 2023; 258:30. [PMID: 37358618 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Although sugar beet is a salt- and drought-tolerant crop, high salinity, and water deprivation significantly reduce its yield and growth. Several reports have demonstrated stress tolerance enhancement through stress-mitigating strategies including the exogenous application of osmolytes or metabolites, nanoparticles, seed treatments, breeding salt/drought-tolerant varieties. These approaches would assist in achieving sustainable yields despite global climatic changes. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is an economically vital crop for ~ 30% of world sugar production. They also provide essential raw materials for bioethanol, animal fodder, pulp, pectin, and functional food-related industries. Due to fewer irrigation water requirements and shorter regeneration time than sugarcane, beet cultivation is spreading to subtropical climates from temperate climates. However, beet varieties from different geographical locations display different stress tolerance levels. Although sugar beet can endure moderate exposure to various abiotic stresses, including high salinity and drought, prolonged exposure to salt and drought stress causes a significant decrease in crop yield and production. Hence, plant biologists and agronomists have devised several strategies to mitigate the stress-induced damage to sugar beet cultivation. Recently, several studies substantiated that the exogenous application of osmolytes or metabolite substances can help plants overcome injuries induced by salt or drought stress. Furthermore, these compounds likely elicit different physio-biochemical impacts, including improving nutrient/ionic homeostasis, photosynthetic efficiency, strengthening defense response, and water status improvement under various abiotic stress conditions. In the current review, we compiled different stress-mitigating agricultural strategies, prospects, and future experiments that can secure sustainable yields for sugar beets despite high saline or drought conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemasundar Alavilli
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Visakhapatnam, 530045, India
| | - Seher Yolcu
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey.
| | - Monika Skorupa
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100, Torun, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Seher Bahar Aciksoz
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
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Rogers MS, Gordon AM, Rappe TM, Goodpaster JD, Lipscomb JD. Contrasting Mechanisms of Aromatic and Aryl-Methyl Substituent Hydroxylation by the Rieske Monooxygenase Salicylate 5-Hydroxylase. Biochemistry 2023; 62:507-523. [PMID: 36583545 PMCID: PMC9854337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The hydroxylase component (S5HH) of salicylate-5-hydroxylase catalyzes C5 ring hydroxylation of salicylate but switches to methyl hydroxylation when a C5 methyl substituent is present. The use of 18O2 reveals that both aromatic and aryl-methyl hydroxylations result from monooxygenase chemistry. The functional unit of S5HH comprises a nonheme Fe(II) site located 12 Å across a subunit boundary from a one-electron reduced Rieske-type iron-sulfur cluster. Past studies determined that substrates bind near the Fe(II), followed by O2 binding to the iron to initiate catalysis. Stopped-flow-single-turnover reactions (STOs) demonstrated that the Rieske cluster transfers an electron to the iron site during catalysis. It is shown here that fluorine ring substituents decrease the rate constant for Rieske electron transfer, implying a prior reaction of an Fe(III)-superoxo intermediate with a substrate. We propose that the iron becomes fully oxidized in the resulting Fe(III)-peroxo-substrate-radical intermediate, allowing Rieske electron transfer to occur. STO using 5-CD3-salicylate-d8 occurs with an inverse kinetic isotope effect (KIE). In contrast, STO of a 1:1 mixture of unlabeled and 5-CD3-salicylate-d8 yields a normal product isotope effect. It is proposed that aromatic and aryl-methyl hydroxylation reactions both begin with the Fe(III)-superoxo reaction with a ring carbon, yielding the inverse KIE due to sp2 → sp3 carbon hybridization. After Rieske electron transfer, the resulting Fe(III)-peroxo-salicylate intermediate can continue to aromatic hydroxylation, whereas the equivalent aryl-methyl intermediate formation must be reversible to allow the substrate exchange necessary to yield a normal product isotope effect. The resulting Fe(III)-(hydro)peroxo intermediate may be reactive or evolve through a high-valent iron intermediate to complete the aryl-methyl hydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S. Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics and Center for Metals in Biocatalysis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Adrian M. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Todd M. Rappe
- Minnesota NMR Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jason D. Goodpaster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - John D. Lipscomb
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics and Center for Metals in Biocatalysis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Banerjee R, Purhonen J, Kallijärvi J. The mitochondrial coenzyme Q junction and complex III: biochemistry and pathophysiology. FEBS J 2022; 289:6936-6958. [PMID: 34428349 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ, ubiquinone) is the electron-carrying lipid in the mitochondrial electron transport system (ETS). In mammals, it serves as the electron acceptor for nine mitochondrial inner membrane dehydrogenases. These include the NADH dehydrogenase (complex I, CI) and succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII) but also several others that are often omitted in the context of respiratory enzymes: dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, choline dehydrogenase, electron-transferring flavoprotein dehydrogenase, mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, proline dehydrogenases 1 and 2, and sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase. The metabolic pathways these enzymes are involved in range from amino acid and fatty acid oxidation to nucleotide biosynthesis, methylation, and hydrogen sulfide detoxification, among many others. The CoQ-linked metabolism depends on CoQ reoxidation by the mitochondrial complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex, CIII). However, the literature is surprisingly limited as for the role of the CoQ-linked metabolism in the pathogenesis of human diseases of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), in which the CoQ homeostasis is directly or indirectly affected. In this review, we give an introduction to CIII function, and an overview of the pathological consequences of CIII dysfunction in humans and mice and of the CoQ-dependent metabolic processes potentially affected in these pathological states. Finally, we discuss some experimental tools to dissect the various aspects of compromised CoQ oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Banerjee
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Purhonen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Kallijärvi
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Exploring the medicinally important secondary metabolites landscape through the lens of transcriptome data in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.). Sci Rep 2022; 12:13534. [PMID: 35941189 PMCID: PMC9359999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17779-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a self-pollinated leguminous crop belonging to the Fabaceae family. It is a multipurpose crop used as herb, spice, vegetable and forage. It is a traditional medicinal plant in India attributed with several nutritional and medicinal properties including antidiabetic and anticancer. We have performed a combined transcriptome assembly from RNA sequencing data derived from leaf, stem and root tissues. Around 209,831 transcripts were deciphered from the assembly of 92% completeness and an N50 of 1382 bases. Whilst secondary metabolites of medicinal value, such as trigonelline, diosgenin, 4-hydroxyisoleucine and quercetin, are distributed in several tissues, we report transcripts that bear sequence signatures of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of such metabolites and are highly expressed in leaves, stem and roots. One of the antidiabetic alkaloid, trigonelline and its biosynthesising enzyme, is highly abundant in leaves. These findings are of value to nutritional and the pharmaceutical industry.
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8
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Lemieux H, Blier PU. Exploring Thermal Sensitivities and Adaptations of Oxidative Phosphorylation Pathways. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040360. [PMID: 35448547 PMCID: PMC9025460 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature shifts are a major challenge to animals; they drive adaptations in organisms and species, and affect all physiological functions in ectothermic organisms. Understanding the origin and mechanisms of these adaptations is critical for determining whether ectothermic organisms will be able to survive when faced with global climate change. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is thought to be an important metabolic player in this regard, since the capacity of the mitochondria to produce energy greatly varies according to temperature. However, organism survival and fitness depend not only on how much energy is produced, but, more precisely, on how oxidative phosphorylation is affected and which step of the process dictates thermal sensitivity. These questions need to be addressed from a new perspective involving a complex view of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and its related pathways. In this review, we examine the effect of temperature on the commonly measured pathways, but mainly focus on the potential impact of lesser-studied pathways and related steps, including the electron-transferring flavoprotein pathway, glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, choline dehydrogenase, proline dehydrogenase, and sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase. Our objective is to reveal new avenues of research that can address the impact of temperature on oxidative phosphorylation in all its complexity to better portray the limitations and the potential adaptations of aerobic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Lemieux
- Faculty Saint-Jean, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6C 4G9, Canada
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (P.U.B.)
| | - Pierre U. Blier
- Department Biologie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (P.U.B.)
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9
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Ferreira EA, Pacheco CC, Rodrigues JS, Pinto F, Lamosa P, Fuente D, Urchueguía J, Tamagnini P. Heterologous Production of Glycine Betaine Using Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803-Based Chassis Lacking Native Compatible Solutes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:821075. [PMID: 35071221 PMCID: PMC8777070 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.821075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Among compatible solutes, glycine betaine has various applications in the fields of nutrition, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Currently, this compound can be extracted from sugar beet plants or obtained by chemical synthesis, resulting in low yields or high carbon footprint, respectively. Hence, in this work we aimed at exploring the production of glycine betaine using the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 as a photoautotrophic chassis. Synechocystis mutants lacking the native compatible solutes sucrose or/and glucosylglycerol-∆sps, ∆ggpS, and ∆sps∆ggpS-were generated and characterized. Under salt stress conditions, the growth was impaired and accumulation of glycogen decreased by ∼50% whereas the production of compatible solutes and extracellular polymeric substances (capsular and released ones) increased with salinity. These mutants were used as chassis for the implementation of a synthetic device based on the metabolic pathway described for the halophilic cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica for the production of the compatible solute glycine betaine. Transcription of ORFs comprising the device was shown to be stable and insulated from Synechocystis' native regulatory network. Production of glycine betaine was achieved in all chassis tested, and was shown to increase with salinity. The introduction of the glycine betaine synthetic device into the ∆ggpS background improved its growth and enabled survival under 5% NaCl, which was not observed in the absence of the device. The maximum glycine betaine production [64.29 µmol/gDW (1.89 µmol/mg protein)] was reached in the ∆ggpS chassis grown under 3% NaCl. Taking into consideration this production under seawater-like salinity, and the identification of main key players involved in the carbon fluxes, this work paves the way for a feasible production of this, or other compatible solutes, using optimized Synechocystis chassis in a pilot-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice A. Ferreira
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina C. Pacheco
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João S. Rodrigues
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Pinto
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Lamosa
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, ITQB NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - David Fuente
- Instituto de Aplicaciones de las Tecnologías de la Información y de las Comunicaciones Avanzadas, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | - Javier Urchueguía
- Instituto de Aplicaciones de las Tecnologías de la Información y de las Comunicaciones Avanzadas, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | - Paula Tamagnini
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Jain N, Farhat S, Kumar R, Singh N, Singh S, Sreevathsa R, Kalia S, Singh NK, Teruhiro T, Rai V. Alteration of proteome in germinating seedlings of piegonpea ( Cajanus cajan) after salt stress. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2833-2848. [PMID: 35035139 PMCID: PMC8720132 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01116-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) is an important crop in semi-arid regions and a significant source of dietary proteins in India. The plant is sensitive to salinity stress, which adversely affects its productivity. Based on the dosage-dependent influence of salinity stress on the growth and ion contents in the young seedlings of pigeonpea, a comparative proteome analysis of control and salt stressed (150 mM NaCl) plants was conducted using 7 days-old seedlings. Among various amino acids, serine, aspartate and asparagine were the amino acids that showed increment in the root, whereas serine, aspartate and phenylalanine showed an upward trend in shoots under salt stress. Furthermore, a label-free and gel-free comparative Q-Tof, Liquid Chromatography-Mass spectrometry (LC-MS) revealed total of 118 differentially abundant proteins in roots and shoots with and without salt stress conditions. Proteins related to DNA-binding with one finger (Dof) transcription factor family and glycine betaine (GB) biosynthesis were differentially expressed in the shoot and root of the salinity-stressed seedlings. Exogenous application of choline on GB accumulation under salt stress showed the increase of GB pathway in C. cajan. Gene expression analysis for differentially abundant proteins revealed the higher induction of ethanolamine kinase (CcEthKin), choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1-like (CcChoPh), serine hydroxymethyltransferase (CcSHMT) and Dof protein (CcDof29). The results indicate the importance of, choline precursor, serine biosynthetic pathways and glycine betaine synthesis in salinity stress tolerance. The glycine betaine protects plant from cellular damages and acts as osmoticum under stress condition. Protein interaction network (PIN) analysis demonstrated that 61% of the differentially expressed proteins exhibited positive interactions and 10% of them formed the center of the PIN. Further, The PIN analysis also highlighted the potential roles of the cytochrome c oxidases in sensing and signaling cascades governing salinity stress responses in pigeonpea. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01116-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Jain
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Lal Bahadur Shastri Building, Pusa Road, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Sufia Farhat
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Lal Bahadur Shastri Building, Pusa Road, New Delhi, 110012 India
- IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab India
| | - Ram Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Lal Bahadur Shastri Building, Pusa Road, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Nisha Singh
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Lal Bahadur Shastri Building, Pusa Road, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Sangeeta Singh
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Lal Bahadur Shastri Building, Pusa Road, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Rohini Sreevathsa
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Lal Bahadur Shastri Building, Pusa Road, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | | | - Nagendra Kumar Singh
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Lal Bahadur Shastri Building, Pusa Road, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Takabe Teruhiro
- Research Institute, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8502 Japan
| | - Vandna Rai
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Lal Bahadur Shastri Building, Pusa Road, New Delhi, 110012 India
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11
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Marquez-Molins J, Navarro JA, Seco LC, Pallas V, Gomez G. Might exogenous circular RNAs act as protein-coding transcripts in plants? RNA Biol 2021; 18:98-107. [PMID: 34392787 PMCID: PMC8677015 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1962670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are regulatory molecules involved in the modulation of gene expression. Although originally assumed as non-coding RNAs, recent studies have evidenced that animal circRNAs can act as translatable transcripts. The study of plant-circRNAs is incipient, and no autonomous coding plant-circRNA has been described yet. Viroids are the smallest plant-pathogenic circRNAs known to date. Since their discovery 50 years ago, viroids have been considered valuable systems for the study of the structure-function relationships in RNA, essentially because they have not been shown to have coding capacity. We used two pathogenic circRNAs (Hop stunt viroid and Eggplant latent viroid) as experimental tools to explore the coding potential of plant-circRNAs. Our work supports that the analysed viroids contain putative ORFs able to encode peptides carrying subcellular localization signals coincident with the corresponding replication-specific organelle. Bioassays in well-established hosts revealed that mutations in these ORFs diminish their biological efficiency. Interestingly, circular forms of HSVd and ELVd were found to co-sediment with polysomes, revealing their physical interaction with the translational machinery of the plant cell. Based on this evidence we hypothesize about the possibility that plant circRNAs in general, and viroids in particular, can act, under certain cellular conditions, as non-canonical translatable transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Marquez-Molins
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2sysbio), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universitat de València, Parc Científic, Paterna, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Antonio Navarro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Cervera Seco
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2sysbio), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universitat de València, Parc Científic, Paterna, Spain
| | - Vicente Pallas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gustavo Gomez
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2sysbio), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universitat de València, Parc Científic, Paterna, Spain
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12
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Breisch J, Bendel M, Averhoff B. The choline dehydrogenase BetA of Acinetobacter baumannii: a flavoprotein responsible for osmotic stress protection. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:1052-1061. [PMID: 34431198 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is outstanding for its ability to cope with low water activities which significantly contributes to its persistence in hospital environments. The vast majority of bacteria are able to prevent loss of cellular water by amassing osmoactive compatible solutes or their precursors into the cytoplasm. One such precursor of an osmoprotectant is choline that is taken up from the environment and oxidized to the compatible solute glycine betaine. Here, we report the identification of the osmotic stress operon betIBA in A. baumannii. This operon encodes the choline oxidation pathway important for the production of the solute glycine betaine. The salt-sensitive phenotype of a betA deletion strain could not be rescued by addition of choline, which is consistent with the role of BetA in choline oxidation. We found that BetA is a choline dehydrogenase but also mediates in vitro the oxidation of glycine betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine. BetA was found to be associated with the membrane and to contain a flavin, indicative for BetA donating electrons into the respiratory chain. The choline dehydrogenase activity was not salt dependent but was stimulated by the compatible solute glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Breisch
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Melanie Bendel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Beate Averhoff
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
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13
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Abstract
With the global climate anomalies and the destruction of ecological balance, the water shortage has become a serious ecological problem facing all mankind, and drought has become a key factor restricting the development of agricultural production. Therefore, it is essential to study the drought tolerance of crops. Based on previous studies, we reviewed the effects of drought stress on plant morphology and physiology, including the changes of external morphology and internal structure of root, stem, and leaf, the effects of drought stress on osmotic regulation substances, drought-induced proteins, and active oxygen metabolism of plants. In this paper, the main drought stress signals and signal transduction pathways in plants are described, and the functional genes and regulatory genes related to drought stress are listed, respectively. We summarize the above aspects to provide valuable background knowledge and theoretical basis for future agriculture, forestry breeding, and cultivation.
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14
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Omari Alzahrani F. Metabolic engineering of osmoprotectants to elucidate the mechanism(s) of salt stress tolerance in crop plants. PLANTA 2021; 253:24. [PMID: 33403449 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on engineering osmoprotectant metabolic pathway genes focused on the performance of transgenic plants under salt stress conditions rather than elucidating the underlying mechanism(s), and hence, the mechanism(s) remain(s) unclear. Salt stress negatively impacts agricultural crop yields. Hence, to meet future food demands, it is essential to generate salt stress-resistant varieties. Although traditional breeding has improved salt tolerance in several crops, this approach remains inadequate due to the low genetic diversity of certain important crop cultivars. Genetic engineering is used to introduce preferred gene(s) from any genetic reserve or to modify the expression of the existing gene(s) responsible for salt stress response or tolerance, thereby leading to improved salt tolerance in plants. Although plants naturally produce osmoprotectants as an adaptive mechanism for salt stress tolerance, they offer only partial protection. Recently, progress has been made in the identification and characterization of genes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of osmoprotectants. Exogenous application of these osmoprotectants, and genetic engineering of enzymes in their biosynthetic pathways, have been reported to enhance salt tolerance in different plants. However, no clear mechanistic model exists to explain how osmoprotectant accumulation in transgenic plants confers salt tolerance. This review critically examines the results obtained thus far for elucidating the underlying mechanisms of osmoprotectants for improved salt tolerance, and thus, crop yield stability under salt stress conditions, through the genetic engineering of trehalose, glycinebetaine, and proline metabolic pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Omari Alzahrani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Albaha Province, Albaha University, Albaha, 65527, Saudi Arabia.
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15
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Quareshy M, Shanmugam M, Townsend E, Jameson E, Bugg TDH, Cameron AD, Chen Y. Structural basis of carnitine monooxygenase CntA substrate specificity, inhibition, and intersubunit electron transfer. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100038. [PMID: 33158989 PMCID: PMC7948474 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial metabolism of carnitine to trimethylamine (TMA) in the gut can accelerate atherosclerosis and heart disease, and these TMA-producing enzymes are therefore important drug targets. Here, we report the first structures of the carnitine oxygenase CntA, an enzyme of the Rieske oxygenase family. CntA exists in a head-to-tail α3 trimeric structure. The two functional domains (the Rieske and the catalytic mononuclear iron domains) are located >40 Å apart in the same monomer but adjacent in two neighboring monomers. Structural determination of CntA and subsequent electron paramagnetic resonance measurements uncover the molecular basis of the so-called bridging glutamate (E205) residue in intersubunit electron transfer. The structures of the substrate-bound CntA help to define the substrate pocket. Importantly, a tyrosine residue (Y203) is essential for ligand recognition through a π-cation interaction with the quaternary ammonium group. This interaction between an aromatic residue and quaternary amine substrates allows us to delineate a subgroup of Rieske oxygenases (group V) from the prototype ring-hydroxylating Rieske oxygenases involved in bioremediation of aromatic pollutants in the environment. Furthermore, we report the discovery of the first known CntA inhibitors and solve the structure of CntA in complex with the inhibitor, demonstrating the pivotal role of Y203 through a π-π stacking interaction with the inhibitor. Our study provides the structural and molecular basis for future discovery of drugs targeting this TMA-producing enzyme in human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mussa Quareshy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Muralidharan Shanmugam
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology & Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Eleanor Jameson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | | | - Yin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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16
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Mechanisms of Sugar Beet Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1241:167-194. [PMID: 32383121 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41283-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Sugar beet is used not only in the sugar production, but also in a wide range of industries including the production of bioethanol as a source of renewable energy, extraction of pectin and production of molasses. The red beetroot has attracted much attention as health-promoting and disease-preventing functional food. The negative effects of environmental stresses, including abiotic and biotic ones, significantly decrease the cash crop sugar beet productivity. In this paper, we outline the mechanisms of sugar beet response to biotic and abiotic stresses at the levels of physiological change, the genes' functions, transcription and translation. Regarding the physiological changes, most research has been carried out on salt and drought stress. The functions of genes from sugar beet in response to salt, cold and heavy metal stresses were mainly investigated by transgenic technologies. At the transcriptional level, the transcriptome analysis of sugar beet in response to salt, cold and biotic stresses were conducted by RNA-Seq or SSH methods. At the translational level, more than 800 differentially expressed proteins in response to salt, K+/Na+ ratio, iron deficiency and resupply and heavy metal (zinc) stress were identified by quantitative proteomics techniques. Understanding how sugar beet respond and tolerate biotic and abiotic stresses is important for boosting sugar beet productivity under these challenging conditions. In order to minimize the negative impact of these stresses, studying how the sugar beet has evolved stress coping mechanisms will provide new insights and lead to novel strategies for improving the breeding of stress-resistant sugar beet and other crops.
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17
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Carrillo-Campos J. Estructura y función de las oxigenasas tipo Rieske/mononuclear. TIP REVISTA ESPECIALIZADA EN CIENCIAS QUÍMICO-BIOLÓGICAS 2019. [DOI: 10.22201/fesz.23958723e.2019.0.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Las oxigenasas Rieske/mononuclear son un grupo de metaloenzimas que catalizan la oxidación de una variedad de compuestos, destaca su participación en la degradación de compuestos xenobióticos contaminantes; estas enzimas también participan en la biosíntesis de algunos compuestos de interés comercial. Poseen una amplia especificidad por el sustrato, convirtiéndolas en un grupo de enzimas con un alto potencial de aplicación en procesos biotecnológicos que hasta el momento no ha sido explotado. La presente revisión aborda aspectos generales acerca de la función y estructura de este importante grupo de enzimas.
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18
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Sahashi K, Yamada-Kato N, Maeda T, Kito K, Cha-Um S, Rai V, Tanaka Y, Takabe T. Expression and functional characterization of sugar beet phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine phosphatase under salt stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:211-216. [PMID: 31302410 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Choline is a vital metabolite in plant and synthesized from phosphocholine by phosphocholine phosphatase. The Arabidopsis At1g17710 was identified as the first plant gene encoding the phosphatase for both phosphoethanolamine and phosphocholine (PECP) with much higher catalytic efficiency (>10-fold) for former. In betaine accumulating plants, choline is further required for betaine synthesis. In this report, we found three putative PECP genes in sugar beet, betaine accumulating plants. Two genes encode the proteins of 274 amino acid residues and designated as BvPECP1S and BvPECP2S. Another gene encodes the 331 amino acid protein (BvPECP2L) consisted of BvPECP2S with extra C-terminal amino acid. Enzymatic assays of BvPECP1S revealed that BvPECP1S exhibited the phosphatase activity for both phosphoethanolamine and phosphocholine with higher affinity (>1.8-fold) and catalytic efficiency (>2.64-fold) for phosphocholine. BvPECP2L exhibited low activity. RT-PCR experiments for BvPECP1S showed the increased expression in young leaf and root tip under salt-stress whereas the increased expression in all organs under phosphate deficiency. The expression level of BvPECP2L in salt stressed young leaf and root tip was induced by phosphate deficient. Physiological roles of BvPECP1S and BvPECP2L for the betaine synthesis were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Sahashi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | | | - Takumi Maeda
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Kunihide Kito
- Research Institute, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Suriyan Cha-Um
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Vandna Rai
- National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Yoshito Tanaka
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Teruhiro Takabe
- Research Institute, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan.
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19
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Annunziata MG, Ciarmiello LF, Woodrow P, Dell’Aversana E, Carillo P. Spatial and Temporal Profile of Glycine Betaine Accumulation in Plants Under Abiotic Stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:230. [PMID: 30899269 PMCID: PMC6416205 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Several halophytes and a few crop plants, including Poaceae, synthesize and accumulate glycine betaine (GB) in response to environmental constraints. GB plays an important role in osmoregulation, in fact, it is one of the main nitrogen-containing compatible osmolytes found in Poaceae. It can interplay with molecules and structures, preserving the activity of macromolecules, maintaining the integrity of membranes against stresses and scavenging ROS. Exogenous GB applications have been proven to induce the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress responses, with a restriction of ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation in cultured tobacco cells under drought and salinity, and even stabilizing photosynthetic structures under stress. In the plant kingdom, GB is synthesized from choline by a two-step oxidation reaction. The first oxidation is catalyzed by choline monooxygenase (CMO) and the second oxidation is catalyzed by NAD+-dependent betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase. Moreover, in plants, the cytosolic enzyme, named N-methyltransferase, catalyzes the conversion of phosphoethanolamine to phosphocholine. However, changes in CMO expression genes under abiotic stresses have been observed. GB accumulation is ontogenetically controlled since it happens in young tissues during prolonged stress, while its degradation is generally not significant in plants. This ability of plants to accumulate high levels of GB in young tissues under abiotic stress, is independent of nitrogen (N) availability and supports the view that plant N allocation is dictated primarily to supply and protect the growing tissues, even under N limitation. Indeed, the contribution of GB to osmotic adjustment and ionic and oxidative stress defense in young tissues, is much higher than that in older ones. In this review, the biosynthesis and accumulation of GB in plants, under several abiotic stresses, were analyzed focusing on all possible roles this metabolite can play, particularly in young tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Annunziata
- Department of Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Loredana Filomena Ciarmiello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Woodrow
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Emilia Dell’Aversana
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Petronia Carillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
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20
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Mitchell AJ, Weng JK. Unleashing the Synthetic Power of Plant Oxygenases: From Mechanism to Application. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:813-829. [PMID: 30670605 PMCID: PMC6393811 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The functions and biochemical mechanisms of major classes of plant oxygenases are discussed, and their potential utility for plant synthetic biology is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Mitchell
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Jing-Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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21
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Mao Y, Chen N, Cao M, Chen R, Guan X, Wang D. Functional Characterization and Evolutionary Analysis of Glycine-Betaine Biosynthesis Pathway in Red Seaweed Pyropia yezoensis. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E70. [PMID: 30669580 PMCID: PMC6356786 DOI: 10.3390/md17010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The red seaweed Pyropia yezoensis is an ideal research model for dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying its robust acclimation to abiotic stresses in intertidal zones. Glycine betaine (GB) was an important osmolyte in maintaining osmotic balance and stabilizing the quaternary structure of complex proteins under abiotic stresses (drought, salinity, etc.) in plants, animals, and bacteria. However, the existence and possible functions of GB in Pyropia remain elusive. In this study, we observed the rapid accumulation of GB in desiccated Pyropia blades, identifying its essential roles in protecting Pyropia cells against severe osmotic stress. Based on the available genomic and transcriptomic information of Pyropia, we computationally identified genes encoding the three key enzymes in the GB biosynthesis pathway: phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEAMT), choline dehydrogenase (CDH), and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH). Pyropia had an extraordinarily expanded gene copy number of CDH (up to seven) compared to other red algae. Phylogeny analysis revealed that in addition to the one conservative CDH in red algae, the other six might have originated from early gene duplication events. In dehydration stress, multiple CDH paralogs and PEAMT genes were coordinating up-regulated and shunted metabolic flux into GB biosynthesis. An elaborate molecular mechanism might be involved in the transcriptional regulation of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Mao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China) Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Nianci Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China) Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China.
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Min Cao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China) Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China.
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China) Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China.
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xiaowei Guan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China) Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China.
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China) Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China.
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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22
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Reinbothe S, Bartsch S, Rossig C, Davis MY, Yuan S, Reinbothe C, Gray J. A Protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) a Oxygenase for Plant Viability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:593. [PMID: 31156665 PMCID: PMC6530659 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants contain a small, 5-member family of Rieske non-heme oxygenases that comprise the inner plastid envelope protein TIC55, phaeophorbide a oxygenasee (PAO), chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO), choline monooxygenase, and a 52 kDa protein (PTC52) associated with the precursor NADPH:protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) oxidoreductase A (pPORA) A translocon (PTC). Some of these chloroplast proteins have documented roles in chlorophyll biosynthesis (CAO) and degradation (PAO and TIC55), whereas the function of PTC52 remains unresolved. Biochemical evidence provided here identifies PTC52 as Pchlide a oxygenase of the inner plastid envelope linking Pchlide b synthesis to pPORA import. Protochlorophyllide b is the preferred substrate of PORA and its lack no longer allows pPORA import. The Pchlide b-dependent import pathway of pPORA thus operates in etiolated seedlings and is switched off during greening. Using dexamethasone-induced RNA interference (RNAi) we tested if PTC52 is involved in controlling both, pPORA import and Pchlide homeostasis in planta. As shown here, RNAi plants deprived of PTC52 transcript and PTC52 protein were unable to import pPORA and died as a result of excess Pchlide a accumulation causing singlet oxygen formation during greening. In genetic studies, no homozygous ptc52 knock-out mutants could be obtained presumably as a result of embryo lethality, suggesting a role for PTC52 in the initial greening of plant embryos. Phylogenetic studies identified PTC52-like genes amongst unicellular photosynthetic bacteria and higher plants, suggesting that the biochemical function associated with PTC52 may have an ancient evolutionary origin. PTC52 also harbors conserved motifs with bacterial oxygenases such as the terminal oxygenase component of 3-ketosteroid 9-alpha-hydroxylase (KshA) from Rhodococcus rhodochrous. 3D-modeling of PTC52 structure permitted the prediction of amino acid residues that contribute to the substrate specificity of this enzyme. In vitro-mutagenesis was used to test the predicted PTC52 model and provide insights into the reaction mechanism of this Rieske non-heme oxygenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Steffen Reinbothe, John Gray,
| | - Sandra Bartsch
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Claudia Rossig
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Shu Yuan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Christiane Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - John Gray
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Steffen Reinbothe, John Gray,
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23
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Xu Z, Sun M, Jiang X, Sun H, Dang X, Cong H, Qiao F. Glycinebetaine Biosynthesis in Response to Osmotic Stress Depends on Jasmonate Signaling in Watermelon Suspension Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1469. [PMID: 30369936 PMCID: PMC6194323 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycinebetaine is an important non-toxic osmoprotectant, which is accumulated in higher plants under various stresses. The biosynthesis of glycinebetaine achieved via is a two-step oxidation from choline and betaine aldehyde, catalyzed by choline monooxygenase (CMO) and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH), respectively. Up-regulated gene expression of BADH and CMO induced by stress is clearly observed, but the signal transduction is poorly understood. Here, glycinebetaine accumulation in response to osmotic stress and growth recovery induced by exogenous glycinebetaine were observed in a watermelon cell line. When tracing back to the genome sequence of watermelon, it shows that there exists only one member of ClCMO or ClBADH corresponding to glycinebetaine biosynthesis. Both genes harbor a CGTCA-motif in their promoter region which is involved in methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-responsiveness. Amongst MeJA, Ethephon, abscisic acid (ABA), and salicylic acid (SA), MeJA was most effective in gene inducing the expression of ClCMO and ClBADH, and the accumulation of glycinebetaine could also reach an amount comparable to that after osmotic stress by mannitol. Moreover, when ibuprofen (IBU), a JA biosynthesis inhibitor, was pre-perfused into the cells before osmotic stress, glycinebetaine accumulation was suppressed significantly. Interestingly, newly grown cells can keep a high content of glycinebetaine when they are sub-cultured from osmotic stressed cells. This study suggests that osmotic stress induced glycinebetaine biosynthesis occurs via JA signal transduction and not only plays a key role in osmotic stress resistance but also contributes to osmotic stress hardening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Xu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Mengli Sun
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xuefei Jiang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Huapeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, China
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, China
| | - Xuanmin Dang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, China
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, China
| | - Hanqing Cong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, China
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, China
| | - Fei Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, China
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, China
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24
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Carrillo-Campos J, Riveros-Rosas H, Rodríguez-Sotres R, Muñoz-Clares RA. Bona fide choline monoxygenases evolved in Amaranthaceae plants from oxygenases of unknown function: Evidence from phylogenetics, homology modeling and docking studies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204711. [PMID: 30256846 PMCID: PMC6157903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Few land plants can synthesize and accumulate the osmoprotectant glycine betaine (GB) even though this metabolic trait has major adaptive importance given the prevalence of drought, hypersaline soils or cold. GB is synthesized from choline in two reactions catalyzed by choline monooxygenases (CMOs) and enzymes of the family 10 of aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH10s) that gained betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (BADH). Homolog genes encoding CMO and ALDH10 enzymes are present in all known land plant genomes, but since GB-non-accumulators plants lack the BADH-type ALDH10 isozyme, they would be expected to also lack the CMO activity to avoid accumulation of the toxic betaine aldehyde. To explore CMOs substrate specificity, we performed amino acid sequence alignments, phylogenetic analysis, homology modeling and docking simulations. We found that plant CMOs form a monophyletic subfamily within the Rieske/mononuclear non-heme oxygenases family with two clades: CMO1 and CMO2, the latter diverging from CMO1 after gene duplication. CMO1 enzymes are present in all plants; CMO2s only in the Amaranthaceae high-GB-accumulators plants. CMO2s, and particularly their mononuclear non-heme iron domain where the active site is located, evolved at a faster rate than CMO1s, which suggests positive selection. The homology model and docking simulations of the spinach CMO2 enzyme showed at the active site three aromatic residues forming a box with which the trimethylammonium group of choline could interact through cation-π interactions, and a glutamate, which also may interact with the trimethylammonium group through a charge-charge interaction. The aromatic box and the carboxylate have been shown to be critical for choline binding in other proteins. Interestingly, these residues are conserved in CMO2 proteins but not in CMO1 proteins, where two of these aromatic residues are leucine and the glutamate is asparagine. These findings reinforce our proposal that the CMO1s physiological substrate is not choline but a still unknown metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Carrillo-Campos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Héctor Riveros-Rosas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rogelio Rodríguez-Sotres
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rosario A. Muñoz-Clares
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Song J, Zhang R, Yue D, Chen X, Guo Z, Cheng C, Hu M, Zhang J, Zhang K. Co-expression of ApGSMT2g and ApDMT2g in cotton enhances salt tolerance and increases seed cotton yield in saline fields. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 274:369-382. [PMID: 30080625 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is a major factor limiting plant growth and agricultural production worldwide. Glycine betaine (GB) is one of the most universal osmoprotectants that protects plants from environmental stresses. In this study, transgenic cotton co-expressing ApGSMT2g and ApDMT2g was generated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Compared with wild-type (WT), co-expression of ApGSMT2g and ApDMT2g in cotton results in higher GB amounts, higher relative water content (RWC), lower osmotic potential, more K+, and less Na+ under salt stress, which contributes to maintaining intracellular osmoregulation and K+/Na+ homeostasis and thus confers higher salt tolerance and more vigorous growth. Furthermore, co-expressing ApGSMT2g and ApDMT2g in cotton leads to better performance of PSII, greater photosynthesis capacity, and finally, improves plant growth and increases cotton seed yield compared to WT under salt stress. The reason for the better performance of PSII in transgenic cotton is the higher quantum yield and a more reasonable quantum ratio distribution than WT under salt stress. Co-expressing ApGSMT2g and ApDMT2g in cotton also reduces membrane damage and increases superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity compared to WT under salt stress. Our results indicate that transgenic ApGSMT2g and ApDMT2g cotton shows higher salt tolerance and more seed cotton yield in saline fields compared to wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuling Song
- The Key Laboratory of the Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong Province, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of the Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong Province, China
| | - Dan Yue
- The Key Laboratory of the Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiugui Chen
- Cotton Research Institute (CAAS), Anyang 455000, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Guo
- The Key Laboratory of the Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of the Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong Province, China
| | - Minghui Hu
- The Key Laboratory of the Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong Province, China
| | - Juren Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of the Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kewei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of the Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong Province, China.
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Kageyama H, Tanaka Y, Takabe T. Biosynthetic pathways of glycinebetaine in Thalassiosira pseudonana; functional characterization of enzyme catalyzing three-step methylation of glycine. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 127:248-255. [PMID: 29626705 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Betaine (trimethylglycine) is an important compatible solute that accumulates in response to abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity. Biosynthetic pathways of betaine have been extensively studied, but it remains to be clarified on algae. A diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana CCMP1335 is an important component of marine ecosystems. Here we show that the genome sequence of Thalassiosira suggests the presence of two biosynthetic pathways for betaine, via three step methylation of glycine and via two step oxidation of choline. The choline oxidation via choline dehydrogenase was suggested and its sequential characteristics were analyzed. A candidate gene TpORF1 for glycine methylation encodes a protein consisted of 574 amino acids with two putative tandem repeat methyltransferase domains. The TpORF1 was expressed in E. coli, and the purified protein was shown to synthesize betaine via three step methylation of glycine and designated as TpGSDMT. The proteins containing C-terminal half or N-terminal half were expressed in E. coli and exhibited the methyl transferase activities with different substrate specificity for glycine, sarcosine and dimethylglycine. Upregulation of TpGSDMT transcription and betaine levels were observed at high salinity, suggesting the importance of TpGSDMT for salt tolerance in T. pseudonana cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakuto Kageyama
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tanaka
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Teruhiro Takabe
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan; Research Institute, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan.
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27
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Golestan Hashemi FS, Ismail MR, Rafii MY, Aslani F, Miah G, Muharam FM. Critical multifunctional role of the betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene in plants. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1478748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Sadat Golestan Hashemi
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Leige, Belgium
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Razi Ismail
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Y. Rafii
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farzad Aslani
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gous Miah
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farah Melissa Muharam
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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28
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Figueroa-Soto CG, Valenzuela-Soto EM. Glycine betaine rather than acting only as an osmolyte also plays a role as regulator in cellular metabolism. Biochimie 2018; 147:89-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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29
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Castiglioni P, Bell E, Lund A, Rosenberg AF, Galligan M, Hinchey BS, Bauer S, Nelson DE, Bensen R. Identification of GB1, a gene whose constitutive overexpression increases glycinebetaine content in maize and soybean. PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00040. [PMID: 31245707 PMCID: PMC6508499 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to increase glycinebetaine (GB) levels in plants have been pursued as an approach to improving plant performance under stress conditions. To date, the impact of engineered levels of GB has been limited by metabolic constraints that restrict the achieved increases. We report the identification of a novel gene, GB1, that is differentially expressed in high and low GB accumulating maize genotypes. The predicted GB1 protein shows 60% identity to a putative C-4 sterol methyl oxidase from rice. Overexpression of GB1 in maize and soybean led to dramatically higher leaf GB content in most of the transgenic lines compared to wild-type. These results suggest that the GB1 protein is an important component of the biochemical pathways controlling GB accumulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Castiglioni
- Monsanto CompanySt. LouisMOUSA
- Present address:
Agrotech‐ResearchWoodlandCAUSA
| | | | - Adrian Lund
- Monsanto CompanySt. LouisMOUSA
- Present address:
Syngenta Crop ProtectionGlyndonMNUSA
| | - Alexander F. Rosenberg
- Monsanto CompanySt. LouisMOUSA
- Present address:
University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | | | | | | | - Donald E. Nelson
- Monsanto CompanySt. LouisMOUSA
- Present address:
Indigo Agriculture, Research Triangle ParkNCUSA
| | - Robert J. Bensen
- Monsanto CompanySt. LouisMOUSA
- Present address:
Syngenta SeedsStantonMNUSA
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30
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Przybyla-Toscano J, Roland M, Gaymard F, Couturier J, Rouhier N. Roles and maturation of iron-sulfur proteins in plastids. J Biol Inorg Chem 2018; 23:545-566. [PMID: 29349662 PMCID: PMC6006212 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-018-1532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
One reason why iron is an essential element for most organisms is its presence in prosthetic groups such as hemes or iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters, which are notably required for electron transfer reactions. As an organelle with an intense metabolism in plants, chloroplast relies on many Fe–S proteins. This includes those present in the electron transfer chain which will be, in fact, essential for most other metabolic processes occurring in chloroplasts, e.g., carbon fixation, nitrogen and sulfur assimilation, pigment, amino acid, and vitamin biosynthetic pathways to cite only a few examples. The maturation of these Fe–S proteins requires a complex and specific machinery named SUF (sulfur mobilisation). The assembly process can be split in two major steps, (1) the de novo assembly on scaffold proteins which requires ATP, iron and sulfur atoms, electrons, and thus the concerted action of several proteins forming early acting assembly complexes, and (2) the transfer of the preformed Fe–S cluster to client proteins using a set of late-acting maturation factors. Similar machineries, having in common these basic principles, are present in the cytosol and in mitochondria. This review focuses on the currently known molecular details concerning the assembly and roles of Fe–S proteins in plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Przybyla-Toscano
- Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, UMR1136, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Mélanie Roland
- Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, UMR1136, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Frédéric Gaymard
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/Université Montpellier 2, SupAgro Campus, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérémy Couturier
- Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, UMR1136, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, UMR1136, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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31
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Weinisch L, Kühner S, Roth R, Grimm M, Roth T, Netz DJA, Pierik AJ, Filker S. Identification of osmoadaptive strategies in the halophile, heterotrophic ciliate Schmidingerothrix salinarum. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2003892. [PMID: 29357351 PMCID: PMC5794333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2003892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypersaline environments pose major challenges to their microbial residents. Microorganisms have to cope with increased osmotic pressure and low water activity and therefore require specific adaptation mechanisms. Although mechanisms have already been thoroughly investigated in the green alga Dunaliella salina and some halophilic yeasts, strategies for osmoadaptation in other protistan groups (especially heterotrophs) are neither as well known nor as deeply investigated as for their prokaryotic counterpart. This is not only due to the recent awareness of the high protistan diversity and ecological relevance in hypersaline systems, but also due to methodological shortcomings. We provide the first experimental study on haloadaptation in heterotrophic microeukaryotes, using the halophilic ciliate Schmidingerothrix salinarum as a model organism. We established three approaches to investigate fundamental adaptation strategies known from prokaryotes. First, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy was used for the detection, identification, and quantification of intracellular compatible solutes. Second, ion-imaging with cation-specific fluorescent dyes was employed to analyze changes in the relative ion concentrations in intact cells. Third, the effect of salt concentrations on the catalytic performance of S. salinarum malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) was determined. 1H-NMR spectroscopy identified glycine betaine (GB) and ectoine (Ect) as the main compatible solutes in S. salinarum. Moreover, a significant positive correlation of intracellular GB and Ect concentrations and external salinity was observed. The addition of exogenous GB, Ect, and choline (Ch) stimulated the cell growth notably, indicating that S. salinarum accumulates the solutes from the external medium. Addition of external 13C2-Ch resulted in conversion to 13C2-GB, indicating biosynthesis of GB from Ch. An increase of external salinity up to 21% did not result in an increase in cytoplasmic sodium concentration in S. salinarum. This, together with the decrease in the catalytic activities of MDH and ICDH at high salt concentration, demonstrates that S. salinarum employs the salt-out strategy for haloadaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Weinisch
- Department of Molecular Ecology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Steffen Kühner
- Department of Molecular Ecology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Robin Roth
- Department of Ecology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Maria Grimm
- Department of Ecology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Tamara Roth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Daili J. A. Netz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Antonio J. Pierik
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Sabine Filker
- Department of Molecular Ecology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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32
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Kalnins G, Sevostjanovs E, Hartmane D, Grinberga S, Tars K. CntA oxygenase substrate profile comparison and oxygen dependency of TMA production in Providencia rettgeri. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 58:52-59. [PMID: 29110324 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CntA oxygenase is a Rieske 2S-2Fe cluster-containing protein that has been previously described as able to produce trimethylamine (TMA) from carnitine, gamma-butyrobetaine, glycine betaine, and in one case, choline. TMA found in humans is exclusively of bacterial origin, and its metabolite, trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), has been associated with atherosclerosis and heart and renal failure. We isolated four different Rieske oxygenases and determined that there are no significant differences in their substrate panels. All three had high activity toward carnitine/gamma-butyrobetaine, medium activity toward glycine betaine, and very low activity toward choline. We tested the influence of low oxygen concentrations on TMA production in CntA-containing Providencia rettgeri cell cultures and discovered that this process, although dependent on the amount of oxygen, is still feasible in environments with 1 and 0.2% oxygen, which is comparable to oxygen levels in some parts of the digestive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gints Kalnins
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Dace Hartmane
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Kaspars Tars
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia.,Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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Kito K, Tsutsumi K, Rai V, Theerawitaya C, Cha-Um S, Yamada-Kato N, Sakakibara S, Tanaka Y, Takabe T. Isolation and functional characterization of 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase involved in salt responses in sugar beet. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:2305-2313. [PMID: 28550469 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the significance of serine biosynthetic genes for salt stress in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). We isolated a total of four genes, two each encoding D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (BvPGDHa and BvPGDHb) and serine hydroxymethyl transferase (BvSHMTa and BvSHMTb). mRNA transcriptional expression for BvPGDHa was significantly enhanced under salt stress conditions in both leaves and roots of sugar beet, whereas it was reduced for BvPGDHb. On the other hand, BvSHMTa was expressed transiently in leaves and roots under salt stress, whereas expression level of BvSHMTb was not altered. PGDH activity was high in storage root. After salt stress, PGDH activity was increased in leaf, petiole, and root. Recombinant proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli. The K m values for 3-phosphoglycerate in PGDHa and PGDHb were 1.38 and 2.92 mM, respectively. The findings suggest that BvPGDHa and BvSHMTa play an important role during salt stress in sugar beet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihide Kito
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Koichi Tsutsumi
- Research Institute, Meijo University, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Vandna Rai
- National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology IARI, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Cattarin Theerawitaya
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Paholyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Suriyan Cha-Um
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Paholyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Nana Yamada-Kato
- Research Institute, Meijo University, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Shota Sakakibara
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tanaka
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Teruhiro Takabe
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan.
- Research Institute, Meijo University, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502, Japan.
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34
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Ertekin E, Konstantinidis KT, Tezel U. A Rieske-Type Oxygenase of Pseudomonas sp. BIOMIG1 Converts Benzalkonium Chlorides to Benzyldimethyl Amine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:175-181. [PMID: 27792326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, an array of eight genes involved in the biotransformation of benzalkonium chlorides (BACs)-an active ingredient of many disinfectants-to benzyldimethyl amine (BDMA) was identified in the genome of Pseudomonas sp. BIOMIG1, which is a bacterium present in various environments and mineralizes BACs. In this study, we showed that heterologous expression of an oxygenase gene (oxyBAC) present in this gene array in E. coli resulted in formation of BDMA from BACs at a rate of 14 μM h-1. oxyBAC is phylogenetically classified as a Rieske-type oxygenase (RO) and belongs to a group which catalyzes the cleavage of C-N+ bond between either methyl or alkyl ester and a quaternary nitrogen (N) of natural quaternary ammonium compounds such as stachydrine, carnitine, and trimethylglycine. Insertion of two glycines into the Rieske domain and substitution of tyrosine with leucine in the mononuclear iron center differentiate oxyBAC from other ROs that cleave C-N+, and presumably facilitate the cleavage of saturated alkyl chain from quaternary N via N-dealkylation reaction. In addition, unlike other ROs, oxyBAC did not require a specific reductase to function. Our results demonstrate that oxyBAC represents a new member of RO associated with BAC degradation, and have applications for controlling the fate of BACs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Ertekin
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and ‡Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University , Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and ∥School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0512, United States
| | - Konstantinos T Konstantinidis
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and ‡Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University , Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and ∥School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0512, United States
| | - Ulas Tezel
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and ‡Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University , Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and ∥School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0512, United States
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35
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Atkinson JT, Campbell I, Bennett GN, Silberg JJ. Cellular Assays for Ferredoxins: A Strategy for Understanding Electron Flow through Protein Carriers That Link Metabolic Pathways. Biochemistry 2016; 55:7047-7064. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T. Atkinson
- Systems,
Synthetic, and Physical Biology Graduate Program, Rice University, MS-180, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ian Campbell
- Biochemistry
and Cell Biology Graduate Program, Rice University, MS-140, 6100
Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - George N. Bennett
- Department
of Biosciences, Rice University, MS-140, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, MS-362,
6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jonathan J. Silberg
- Department
of Biosciences, Rice University, MS-140, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department
of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS-142, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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36
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Hauenstein M, Christ B, Das A, Aubry S, Hörtensteiner S. A Role for TIC55 as a Hydroxylase of Phyllobilins, the Products of Chlorophyll Breakdown during Plant Senescence. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:2510-2527. [PMID: 27655840 PMCID: PMC5134989 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll degradation is the most obvious hallmark of leaf senescence. Phyllobilins, linear tetrapyrroles that are derived from opening of the chlorin macrocycle by the Rieske-type oxygenase PHEOPHORBIDE a OXYGENASE (PAO), are the end products of chlorophyll degradation. Phyllobilins carry defined modifications at several peripheral positions within the tetrapyrrole backbone. While most of these modifications are species-specific, hydroxylation at the C32 position is commonly found in all species analyzed to date. We demonstrate that this hydroxylation occurs in senescent chloroplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana. Using bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) chromoplasts, we establish that phyllobilin hydroxylation is catalyzed by a membrane-bound, molecular oxygen-dependent, and ferredoxin-dependent activity. As these features resemble the requirements of PAO, we considered membrane-bound Rieske-type oxygenases as potential candidates. Analysis of mutants of the two Arabidopsis Rieske-type oxygenases (besides PAO) uncovered that phyllobilin hydroxylation depends on TRANSLOCON AT THE INNER CHLOROPLAST ENVELOPE55 (TIC55). Our work demonstrates a catalytic activity for TIC55, which in the past has been considered as a redox sensor of protein import into plastids. Given the wide evolutionary distribution of both PAO and TIC55, we consider that chlorophyll degradation likely coevolved with land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Hauenstein
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Christ
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aditi Das
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Aubry
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
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37
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Reversible, partial inactivation of plant betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase by betaine aldehyde: mechanism and possible physiological implications. Biochem J 2016; 473:873-85. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20151084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The activity of plant BADH enzymes may be down-regulated in the short term by a novel and physiologically relevant mechanism, consisting of the reversible formation of a thiohemiacetal between a conserved non-essential cysteine residue and the substrate betaine aldehyde.
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Kurepin LV, Ivanov AG, Zaman M, Pharis RP, Allakhverdiev SI, Hurry V, Hüner NPA. Stress-related hormones and glycinebetaine interplay in protection of photosynthesis under abiotic stress conditions. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 126:221-35. [PMID: 25823797 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants subjected to abiotic stresses such as extreme high and low temperatures, drought or salinity, often exhibit decreased vegetative growth and reduced reproductive capabilities. This is often associated with decreased photosynthesis via an increase in photoinhibition, and accompanied by rapid changes in endogenous levels of stress-related hormones such as abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene. However, certain plant species and/or genotypes exhibit greater tolerance to abiotic stress because they are capable of accumulating endogenous levels of the zwitterionic osmolyte-glycinebetaine (GB). The accumulation of GB via natural production, exogenous application or genetic engineering, enhances plant osmoregulation and thus increases abiotic stress tolerance. The final steps of GB biosynthesis occur in chloroplasts where GB has been shown to play a key role in increasing the protection of soluble stromal and lumenal enzymes, lipids and proteins, of the photosynthetic apparatus. In addition, we suggest that the stress-induced GB biosynthesis pathway may well serve as an additional or alternative biochemical sink, one which consumes excess photosynthesis-generated electrons, thus protecting photosynthetic apparatus from overreduction. Glycinebetaine biosynthesis in chloroplasts is up-regulated by increases in endogenous ABA or SA levels. In this review, we propose and discuss a model describing the close interaction and synergistic physiological effects of GB and ABA in the process of cold acclimation of higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid V Kurepin
- Department of Biology and The Biotron Center for Experimental Climate Change Research, University of Western Ontario (Western University), 1151 Richmond Street N., London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Alexander G Ivanov
- Department of Biology and The Biotron Center for Experimental Climate Change Research, University of Western Ontario (Western University), 1151 Richmond Street N., London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Mohammad Zaman
- Soil and Water Management and Crop Nutrition Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard P Pharis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Suleyman I Allakhverdiev
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142292, Russia
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vaughan Hurry
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Norman P A Hüner
- Department of Biology and The Biotron Center for Experimental Climate Change Research, University of Western Ontario (Western University), 1151 Richmond Street N., London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
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Yamada N, Takahashi H, Kitou K, Sahashi K, Tamagake H, Tanaka Y, Takabe T. Suppressed expression of choline monooxygenase in sugar beet on the accumulation of glycine betaine. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 96:217-21. [PMID: 26302482 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycine betaine (GB) is an important osmoprotectant and synthesized by two-step oxidation of choline. Choline monooxygenase (CMO) catalyzes the first step of the pathway and is believed to be a rate limiting step for GB synthesis. Recent studies have shown the importance of choline-precursor supply for GB synthesis. In order to investigate the role of CMO for GB accumulation in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), transgenic plants carrying the antisense BvCMO gene were developed. The antisense BvCMO plants showed the decreased activity of GB synthesis from choline compared to wild-type (WT) plants which is well related to the suppressed level of BvCMO protein. However, GB contents were similar between transgenic and WT plants with the exception of young leaves and storage roots. Transgenic plants showed enhanced susceptibility to salt stress than WT plants. These results suggest the importance of choline-precursor-supply for GB accumulation, and young leaves and storage root are sensitive sites for GB accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Yamada
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takahashi
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Organization, Hokkaido, 082-0081, Japan
| | - Kunihide Kitou
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Kosuke Sahashi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Hideto Tamagake
- Central Agricultural Experiment Station, Agriculture Research, Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, Naganuma, Yubari, 069-1395, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tanaka
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Teruhiro Takabe
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan; Research Institute, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan.
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Functional and expression analyses of two kinds of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenases in a glycinebetaine-hyperaccumulating graminaceous halophyte, Leymus chinensis. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:202. [PMID: 25992309 PMCID: PMC4431990 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0997-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Glycinebetaine (GB) is an important compatible solute for salinity tolerance in many plants. In this study, we analyzed the enzymatic activity and the expression level of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH), an important enzyme that catalyzes the last step in the GB synthesis in Leymus chinensis, a GB-hyperaccumulating graminaceous halophyte, and compared with those of barley, a graminaceous glycophyte. We have isolated cDNAs for two BADH genes, LcBADH1 and LcBADH2. LcBADH1 has a putative peroxisomal signal peptide (PTS1) at its C-terminus, while LcBADH2 does not have any typical signal peptide. Using immunofluorescent labeling, we showed that BADH proteins were localized to the cytosol and dot-shaped organelles in the mesophyll and bundle sheath cells of L.chinensis leaves. The affinity of recombinant LcBADH2 for betaine aldehyde was comparable to other plant BADHs, whereas recombinant LcBADH1 showed extremely low affinity for betaine aldehyde, indicating that LcBADH2 plays a major role in GB synthesis in L. chinensis. In addition, the recombinant LcBADH2 protein was tolerant to NaCl whereas LcBADH1 wasn't. The kinetics, subcellular and tissue localization of BADH proteins were comparable between L. chinensis and barley. The activity and expression level of BADH proteins were higher in L. chinensis compared with barley under both normal and salinized conditions, which may be related to the significant difference in the amount of GB accumulation between two plants.
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Tsutsumi K, Yamada N, Cha-um S, Tanaka Y, Takabe T. Differential accumulation of glycinebetaine and choline monooxygenase in bladder hairs and lamina leaves of Atriplex gmelini under high salinity. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 176:101-7. [PMID: 25588694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Atriplex gmelini is a halophyte and possesses bladder hairs on the leaf surface. It is also known to accumulate the osmoprotectant glycinebetaine (GB). However, it remains unclear whether GB and its biosynthetic enzyme choline monooxygenase (CMO) accumulate in the bladder hairs. Microscopic observation of young leaves showed many bladder hairs on their surfaces, but their total number decreased along with leaf maturity. Sodium Green fluorescent approach revealed Na(+) accumulation in bladder cells of young leaves when A. gmelini was grown at high salinity (250 mM NaCl). Due to fewer bladder hairs in mature leaves, Na(+) accumulation was mostly found in mesophyll cells of mature leaves under high salinity. GB accumulation was found at significant level in both bladder- and laminae-cells without any addition of NaCl and its content increased at high salinity. CMO was not found in bladder hairs or young leaf laminae. Instead, the CMO protein expression was observed in mature leaves and that showed increased accumulation with increasing concentration of NaCl. Furthermore, in situ hybridization experiments revealed the expression of a transporter gene for GB, AgBetT, in the bladder hairs. Based on these results, the synthesis and translocation of GB in A. gmelini were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Nana Yamada
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan; Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, BIOTEC, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Suriyan Cha-um
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, BIOTEC, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Yoshito Tanaka
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Teruhiro Takabe
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan; Research Institute, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan.
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Berim A, Park JJ, Gang DR. Unexpected roles for ancient proteins: flavone 8-hydroxylase in sweet basil trichomes is a Rieske-type, PAO-family oxygenase. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:385-395. [PMID: 25139498 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Most elucidated hydroxylations in plant secondary metabolism are catalyzed by oxoglutarate- or cytochrome P450-dependent oxygenases. Numerous hydroxylations still evade clarification, suggesting that they might be performed by alternative enzyme types. Here, we report the identification of the flavone 8-hydroxylase (F8H) in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) trichomes as a Rieske-type oxygenase. Several features of the F8H activity in trichome protein extracts helped to differentiate it from a cytochrome P450-catalyzed reaction and identify candidate genes in the basil trichome EST database. The encoded ObF8H proteins share approximately 50% identity with Rieske-type protochlorophyllide a oxygenases (PTC52) from higher plants. Homology cloning and DNA blotting revealed the presence of several PTC52-like genes in the basil genome. The transcripts of the candidate gene designated ObF8H-1 are strongly enriched in trichomes compared to whole young leaves, indicating trichome-specific expression. The full-length ObF8H-1 protein possesses a predicted N-terminal transit peptide, which directs green fluorescent protein at least in part to chloroplasts. The F8H activity in crude trichome protein extracts correlates well with the abundance of ObF8H peptides. The purified recombinant ObF8H-1 displays high affinity for salvigenin and is inactive with other tested flavones except cirsimaritin, which is 8-hydroxylated with less than 0.2% relative activity. The efficiency of in vivo 8-hydroxylation by engineered yeast was improved by manipulation of protein subcellular targeting. blast searches showed that occurrence of several PTC52-like genes is rather common in sequenced plant genomes. The discovery of ObF8H suggests that Rieske-type oxygenases may represent overlooked candidate catalysts for oxygenations in specialized plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Berim
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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Chen Z, Hu L, Han N, Hu J, Yang Y, Xiang T, Zhang X, Wang L. Overexpression of a miR393-Resistant Form of Transport Inhibitor Response Protein 1 (mTIR1) Enhances Salt Tolerance by Increased Osmoregulation and Na+ Exclusion in Arabidopsis thaliana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 56:73-83. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Zhu C, Ming C, Zhao-shi X, Lian-cheng L, Xue-ping C, You-zhi M. Characteristics and expression patterns of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) gene superfamily of foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.). PLoS One 2014; 9:e101136. [PMID: 24988301 PMCID: PMC4079696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent genomic sequencing of the foxtail millet, an abiotic, stress-tolerant crop, has provided a great opportunity for novel gene discovery and functional analysis of this popularly-grown grass. However, few stress-mediated gene families have been studied. Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) comprise a gene superfamily encoding NAD (P) +-dependent enzymes that play the role of "aldehyde scavengers", which indirectly detoxify cellular ROS and reduce the effect of lipid peroxidation meditated cellular toxicity under various environmental stresses. In the current paper, we identified a total of 20 ALDH genes in the foxtail millet genome using a homology search and a phylogenetic analysis and grouped them into ten distinct families based on their amino acid sequence identity. Furthermore, evolutionary analysis of foxtail millet reveals that both tandem and segmental duplication contributed significantly to the expansion of its ALDH genes. The exon-intron structures of members of the same family in foxtail millet or the orthologous genes in rice display highly diverse distributions of their exonic and intronic regions. Also, synteny analysis shows that the majority of foxtail millet and rice ALDH gene homologs exist in the syntenic blocks between the two, implying that these ALDH genes arose before the divergence of cereals. Semi-quantitative and real-time quantitative PCR data reveals that a few SiALDH genes are expressed in an organ-specific manner and that the expression of a number of foxtail millet ALDH genes, such as, SiALDH7B1, SiALDH12A1 and SiALDH18B2 are up-regulated by osmotic stress, cold, H2O2, and phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). Furthermore, the transformation of SiALDH2B2, SiALDH10A2, SiALDH5F1, SiALDH22A1, and SiALDH3E2 into Escherichia coli (E.coli) was able to improve their salt tolerance. Taken together, our results show that genome-wide identification characteristics and expression analyses provide unique opportunities for assessing the functional roles of foxtail millet ALDH genes in stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Ming
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhao-shi
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Li Lian-cheng
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Xue-ping
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ma You-zhi
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Linder T. CMO1 encodes a putative choline monooxygenase and is required for the utilization of choline as the sole nitrogen source in the yeast Scheffersomyces stipitis (syn. Pichia stipitis). Microbiology (Reading) 2014; 160:929-940. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.073932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixteen yeasts with sequenced genomes belonging to the ascomycete subphyla Saccharomycotina and Taphrinomycotina were assayed for their ability to utilize a variety of primary, secondary, tertiary and quartenary aliphatic amines as nitrogen sources. The results support a previously proposed pathway of quaternary amine catabolism whereby glycine betaine is first converted into choline, which is then cleaved to release trimethylamine, followed by stepwise demethylation of trimethylamine to release free ammonia. There were only a few instances of utilization of N-methylated glycine species (sarcosine and N,N-dimethylglycine), which suggests that this pathway is not intact in any of the species tested. The ability to utilize choline as a sole nitrogen source correlated strongly with the presence of a putative Rieske non-haem iron protein homologous to bacterial ring-hydroxylating oxygenases and plant choline monooxygenases. Deletion of the gene encoding the Rieske non-haem iron protein in the yeast Scheffersomyces stipitis abolished its ability to utilize choline as the sole nitrogen source, but did not affect its ability to use methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine or glycine as nitrogen sources. The gene was named CMO1 for putative choline monooxygenase 1. A bioinformatic survey of eukaryotic genomes showed that CMO1 homologues are found throughout the eukaryotic domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Linder
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7025, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Djilianov D, Georgieva T, Moyankova D, Atanassov A, Shinozaki K, Smeeken S, Verma D, Murata N. Improved Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants by Accumulation of Osmoprotectants—Gene Transfer Approach. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2005.10817287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Gelli M, Duo Y, Konda AR, Zhang C, Holding D, Dweikat I. Identification of differentially expressed genes between sorghum genotypes with contrasting nitrogen stress tolerance by genome-wide transcriptional profiling. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:179. [PMID: 24597475 PMCID: PMC4029069 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sorghum is an important cereal crop, which requires large quantities of nitrogen fertilizer for achieving commercial yields. Identification of the genes responsible for low-N tolerance in sorghum will facilitate understanding of the molecular mechanisms of low-N tolerance, and also facilitate the genetic improvement of sorghum through marker-assisted selection or gene transformation. In this study we compared the transcriptomes of root tissues from seven sorghum genotypes having differential response to low-N stress. RESULTS Illumina RNA-sequencing detected several common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between four low-N tolerant sorghum genotypes (San Chi San, China17, KS78 and high-NUE bulk) and three sensitive genotypes (CK60, BTx623 and low-NUE bulk). In sensitive genotypes, N-stress increased the abundance of DEG transcripts associated with stress responses including oxidative stress and stimuli were abundant. The tolerant genotypes adapt to N deficiency by producing greater root mass for efficient uptake of nutrients. In tolerant genotypes, higher abundance of transcripts related to high affinity nitrate transporters (NRT2.2, NRT2.3, NRT2.5, and NRT2.6) and lysine histidine transporter 1 (LHT1), may suggest an improved uptake efficiency of inorganic and organic forms of nitrogen. Higher abundance of SEC14 cytosolic factor family protein transcript in tolerant genotypes could lead to increased membrane stability and tolerance to N-stress. CONCLUSIONS Comparison of transcriptomes between N-stress tolerant and sensitive genotypes revealed several common DEG transcripts. Some of these DEGs were evaluated further by comparing the transcriptomes of genotypes grown under full N. The DEG transcripts showed higher expression in tolerant genotypes could be used for transgenic over-expression in sensitive genotypes of sorghum and related crops for increased tolerance to N-stress, which results in increased nitrogen use efficiency for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malleswari Gelli
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Yongchao Duo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Anji Reddy Konda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - David Holding
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Ismail Dweikat
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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Carnitine metabolism to trimethylamine by an unusual Rieske-type oxygenase from human microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:4268-73. [PMID: 24591617 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1316569111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary intake of L-carnitine can promote cardiovascular diseases in humans through microbial production of trimethylamine (TMA) and its subsequent oxidation to trimethylamine N-oxide by hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenases. Although our microbiota are responsible for TMA formation from carnitine, the underpinning molecular and biochemical mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, using bioinformatics approaches, we first identified a two-component Rieske-type oxygenase/reductase (CntAB) and associated gene cluster proposed to be involved in carnitine metabolism in representative genomes of the human microbiota. CntA belongs to a group of previously uncharacterized Rieske-type proteins and has an unusual "bridging" glutamate but not the aspartate residue, which is believed to facilitate intersubunit electron transfer between the Rieske center and the catalytic mononuclear iron center. Using Acinetobacter baumannii as the model, we then demonstrate that cntAB is essential in carnitine degradation to TMA. Heterologous overexpression of cntAB enables Escherichia coli to produce TMA, confirming that these genes are sufficient in TMA formation. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments have confirmed that this unusual "bridging glutamate" residue in CntA is essential in catalysis and neither mutant (E205D, E205A) is able to produce TMA. Taken together, the data in our study reveal the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underpinning carnitine metabolism to TMA in human microbiota and assign the role of this novel group of Rieske-type proteins in microbial carnitine metabolism.
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Salvi F, Gadda G. Human choline dehydrogenase: medical promises and biochemical challenges. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 537:243-52. [PMID: 23906661 PMCID: PMC7094428 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Human choline dehydrogenase (CHD) is located in the inner membrane of mitochondria primarily in liver and kidney and catalyzes the oxidation of choline to glycine betaine. Its physiological role is to regulate the concentrations of choline and glycine betaine in the blood and cells. Choline is important for regulation of gene expression, the biosynthesis of lipoproteins and membrane phospholipids and for the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine; glycine betaine plays important roles as a primary intracellular osmoprotectant and as methyl donor for the biosynthesis of methionine from homocysteine, a required step for the synthesis of the ubiquitous methyl donor S-adenosyl methionine. Recently, CHD has generated considerable medical attention due to its association with various human pathologies, including male infertility, homocysteinuria, breast cancer and metabolic syndrome. Despite the renewed interest, the biochemical characterization of the enzyme has lagged behind due to difficulties in the obtainment of purified, active and stable enzyme. This review article summarizes the medical relevance and the physiological roles of human CHD, highlights the biochemical knowledge on the enzyme, and provides an analysis based on the comparison of the protein sequence with that of bacterial choline oxidase, for which structural and biochemical information is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Salvi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-3965, United States
| | - Giovanni Gadda
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-3965, United States
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-3965, United States
- The Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-3965, United States
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