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Abstract
Pre-existing immune response against adenovirus could diminish transgene expression efficiency when Ad is employed in humans as gene therapy vector. We previously used Ad-hΔuPA (Recombinant adenovirus expressing human urokinase-type plasminogen activator) as antifibrotic gene therapy in cirrhosis models and demonstrated its effectiveness. As a further clinical approach, transient Cyclosporine A (CsA) immunosuppression was induced in cirrhotic animals to determine whether Ad-hΔuPA administration retained efficacy. Adenovirus sensitization was achieved by systemic administration of non-therapeutic Ad-βGal (Recombinant adenovirus expressing beta-galactosidase) after 4 weeks of intraperitoneal carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) regimen. Cirrhosis induction continued up to 8 weeks. At the end of CCl4 intoxication, immunosuppression was achieved with three CsA doses (40 mg/kg) as follows: 24 h before administration of Ad-hΔuPA, at the moment of Ad-hΔuPA injection and finally, 24 h after Ad-hΔuPA inoculation. At 2 and 72 h after Ad-hΔuPA injection, animals were sacrificed. Liver, spleen, lung, kidney, heart, brain, and testis were analyzed for Ad-biodistribution and transgene expression. In naïve animals, Ad-hΔuPA genomes prevailed in liver and spleen, while Ad-sensitized rats showed Ad genomes also in their kidney and heart. Cirrhosis and Ad preimmunization status notably diminished transgene liver expression compared to healthy livers. CsA immunosuppression in cirrhotic animals has no effect on Ad-hΔuPA biodistribution, but increments survival.
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Abstract
Various adenovirus (AdV) vector systems have proven to be lucrative options for gene delivery. They can serve as potential vaccine candidates for prevention of several common infectious diseases and hold the promise for gene therapy, especially for cancer. Several AdV vector-based therapies are currently at various stages of clinical trials worldwide, which make an immense interest of both the clinicians and researchers. Since these vectors are easy to manipulate, have broad tropism, and have the capability to yield high titers, this delivery system has a wide range of applications for different clinical settings. This chapter emphasizes on some of the current usages of AdV vectors and their production methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekramy E Sayedahmed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Rashmi Kumari
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Suresh K Mittal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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In vivo transduction of primitive mobilized hematopoietic stem cells after intravenous injection of integrating adenovirus vectors. Blood 2016; 128:2206-2217. [PMID: 27554082 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-04-711580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Current protocols for hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) gene therapy, involving the transplantation of ex vivo genetically modified HSPCs are complex and not without risk for the patient. We developed a new approach for in vivo HSPC transduction that does not require myeloablation and transplantation. It involves subcutaneous injections of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor/AMD3100 to mobilize HSPCs from the bone marrow (BM) into the peripheral blood stream and the IV injection of an integrating, helper-dependent adenovirus (HD-Ad5/35++) vector system. These vectors target CD46, a receptor that is uniformly expressed on HSPCs. We demonstrated in human CD46 transgenic mice and immunodeficient mice with engrafted human CD34+ cells that HSPCs transduced in the periphery home back to the BM where they stably express the transgene. In hCD46 transgenic mice, we showed that our in vivo HSPC transduction approach allows for the stable transduction of primitive HSPCs. Twenty weeks after in vivo transduction, green fluorescent protein (GFP) marking in BM HSPCs (Lin-Sca1+Kit- cells) in most of the mice was in the range of 5% to 10%. The percentage of GFP-expressing primitive HSPCs capable of forming multilineage progenitor colonies (colony-forming units [CFUs]) increased from 4% of all CFUs at week 4 to 16% at week 12, indicating transduction and expansion of long-term surviving HSPCs. Our approach was well tolerated, did not result in significant transduction of nonhematopoietic tissues, and was not associated with genotoxicty. The ability to stably genetically modify HSPCs without the need of myeloablative conditioning is relevant for a broader clinical application of gene therapy.
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Matkar PN, Leong-Poi H, Singh KK. Cardiac gene therapy: are we there yet? Gene Ther 2016; 23:635-48. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2016.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Aravalli RN, Belcher JD, Steer CJ. Liver-targeted gene therapy: Approaches and challenges. Liver Transpl 2015; 21:718-37. [PMID: 25824605 PMCID: PMC9353592 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays a major role in many inherited and acquired genetic disorders. It is also the site for the treatment of certain inborn errors of metabolism that do not directly cause injury to the liver. The advancement of nucleic acid-based therapies for liver maladies has been severely limited because of the myriad untoward side effects and methodological limitations. To address these issues, research efforts in recent years have been intensified toward the development of targeted gene approaches using novel genetic tools, such as zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats as well as various nonviral vectors such as Sleeping Beauty transposons, PiggyBac transposons, and PhiC31 integrase. Although each of these methods uses a distinct mechanism of gene modification, all of them are dependent on the efficient delivery of DNA and RNA molecules into the cell. This review provides an overview of current and emerging therapeutic strategies for liver-targeted gene therapy and gene repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajagopal N. Aravalli
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 54455
| | - John D. Belcher
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 54455
| | - Clifford J. Steer
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 54455,Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 54455
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Alzuguren P, Hervas-Stubbs S, Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza G, Poutou J, Fortes P, Mancheno U, Bunuales M, Olagüe C, Razquin N, Van Rooijen N, Enguita M, Hernandez-Alcoceba R. Transient depletion of specific immune cell populations to improve adenovirus-mediated transgene expression in the liver. Liver Int 2015; 35:1274-89. [PMID: 24754307 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Adenoviral (Ad) vectors are currently one of the most efficient tools for in vivo gene transfer to the liver. However, anti-Ad immune responses limit the safety and efficacy of these vectors. The initial inflammatory reaction is a concern in terms of toxicity, and it favours the development of cellular and humoral responses leading to short transgene persistence and inefficient vector re-administrations. Therefore, safe and simple ways to interfere with these processes are needed. Study ways to deplete specific immune cell populations and their impact on liver-directed gene transfer. METHODS First-generation Ad vectors encoding reporter genes (luciferase or β-galactosidase) were injected intravenously into Balb/c mice. Kupffer cells and splenic macrophages were depleted by intravenous administration of clodronate liposomes. B lymphocytes, CD4(+) , CD8(+) T lymphocytes or NK cells were depleted by intraperitoneal injection of anti-M plus anti-D, anti-CD4, anti-CD8 or anti-asialo-GM1 antibodies respectively. Long-term evolution of luciferase expression in the liver was monitored by bioluminescence imaging. RESULTS The anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody impaired cellular and humoral immune responses, leading to efficient vector re-administration. Clodronate liposomes had no impact on humoral responses but caused a 100-1000 fold increase in liver transduction, stabilized transgene expression, reduced the concentration of inflammatory cytokines, and inhibited lymphocyte activation. CONCLUSIONS Transient CD4(+) T-cell depletion using antibodies is a clinically feasible procedure that allows efficient Ad redosing. Systemic administration of clodronate liposomes may further increase the safety and efficacy of vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Alzuguren
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Zarogoulidis P, Domvri K, Huang H, Zarogoulidis K. Gene therapy for lung cancer malignant pleural effusion: current and future nano-biotechnology. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2015; 1:234-7. [PMID: 25806188 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2012.08.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zarogoulidis
- Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Domvri
- Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Haidong Huang
- Department of Respiratory diseases, Changhai hospital, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Konstantinos Zarogoulidis
- Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Differential targeting of feline photoreceptors by recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors: implications for preclinical gene therapy trials. Gene Ther 2014; 21:913-20. [PMID: 25056608 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The cat is emerging as a promising large animal model for preclinical testing of retinal dystrophy therapies, for example, by gene therapy. However, there is a paucity of studies investigating viral vector gene transfer to the feline retina. We therefore sought to study the tropism of recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors for the feline outer retina. We delivered four rAAV serotypes: rAAV2/2, rAAV2/5, rAAV2/8 and rAAV2/9, each expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of a cytomegalovirus promoter, to the subretinal space in cats and, for comparison, mice. Cats were monitored for gene expression by in vivo imaging and cellular tropism was determined using immunohistochemistry. In cats, rAAV2/2, rAAV2/8 and rAAV2/9 vectors induced faster and stronger GFP expression than rAAV2/5 and all vectors transduced the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors. Unlike in mice, cone photoreceptors in the cat retina were more efficiently transduced than rod photoreceptors. In mice, rAAV2/2 only transduced the RPE whereas the other vectors also transduced rods and cones. These results highlight species differences in cellular tropism of rAAV vectors in the outer retina. We conclude that rAAV serotypes are suitable for use for retinal gene therapy in feline models, particularly when cone photoreceptors are the target cell.
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The T-cell-dependent antibody response assay in nonclinical studies of pharmaceuticals and chemicals: study design, data analysis, interpretation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 69:7-21. [PMID: 24566336 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The T-cell-dependent antibody response (TDAR) assay is a measure of immune function that is dependent upon the effectiveness of multiple immune processes, including antigen uptake and presentation, T cell help, B cell activation, and antibody production. It is used for risk and safety assessments, in conjunction with other toxicologic assessments, by the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, and research and regulatory agencies. It is also employed to evaluate investigational drug efficacy in animal pharmacology studies, provide evidence of biological impact in clinical trials, and evaluate immune function in patients with primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases. Various immunization schemes, analytical methods, approaches to data analysis, and data interpretations are in use. This manuscript summarizes some recommended practices for the conduct and interpretation of the assay in animal studies.
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Shollenberger LM, Bui CT, Paterson Y, Nyhoff L, Harn DA. HIV-1 vaccine-specific responses induced by Listeria vector vaccines are maintained in mice subsequently infected with a model helminth parasite, Schistosoma mansoni. Vaccine 2013; 31:5651-8. [PMID: 24120546 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In areas co-endemic for helminth parasites and HIV/AIDS, infants are often administered vaccines prior to infection with immune modulatory helminth parasites. Systemic Th2 biasing and immune suppression caused by helminth infection reduces cell-mediated responses to vaccines such as tetanus toxoid and BCG. Therefore, we asked if infection with helminthes post-vaccination, alters already established vaccine induced immune responses. In our model, mice are vaccinated against HIV-1 Gag using a Listeria vaccine vector (Lm-Gag) in a prime-boost manner, then infected with the human helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni. This allows us to determine if established vaccine responses are maintained or altered after helminth infection. Our second objective asked if helminth infection post-vaccination alters the recipient's ability to respond to a second boost. Here we compared responses between uninfected mice, schistosome infected mice, and infected mice that were given an anthelminthic, which occurred coincident with the boost or four weeks prior, as well as comparing to un-boosted mice. We report that HIV-1 vaccine-specific responses generated by Listeria vector HIV-1 vaccines are maintained following subsequent chronic schistosome infection, providing further evidence that Listeria vector vaccines induce potent vaccine-specific responses that can withstand helminth infection. We also were able to demonstrate that administration of a second Listeria boost, which markedly enhanced the immune response, was minimally impacted by schistosome infection, or anthelminthic therapy. Surprisingly, we also observed enhanced antibody responses to HIV Gag in vaccinated mice subsequently infected with schistosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Shollenberger
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and the Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602-7387, USA.
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Shollenberger LM, Bui C, Paterson Y, Allen K, Harn D. Successful vaccination of immune suppressed recipients using Listeria vector HIV-1 vaccines in helminth infected mice. Vaccine 2013; 31:2050-6. [PMID: 23470236 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines for HIV, malaria and TB remain high priorities, especially for sub-Saharan populations. The question is: will vaccines currently in development for these diseases function in populations that have a high prevalence of helminth infection? Infection with helminth parasites causes immune suppression and a CD4+ Th2 skewing of the immune system, thereby impairing Th1-type vaccine efficacy. In this study, we conduct HIV vaccine trials in mice with and without chronic helminth infection to mimic the human vaccine recipient populations in Sub-Saharan Africa and other helminth parasite endemic regions of the world, as there is large overlap in global prevalence for HIV and helminth infection. Here, we demonstrate that Listeria monocytogenes functions as a vaccine vector to drive robust and functional HIV-specific cellular immune responses, irrespective of chronic helminth infection. This observation represents a significant advance in the field of vaccine research and underscores the concept that vaccines in the developmental pipeline should be effective in the target populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Shollenberger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602-7387, USA.
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Management of malignant pleural effusion by suicide gene therapy in advanced stage lung cancer: a case series and literature review. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:593-600. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Joseph A, Neff K, Richard J, Gao L, Bangari D, Joly M, Culm-Merdek K, Garman R, Williams J, Richards S, Ruzek M. Transient Low-Dose Methotrexate Induces Tolerance to Murine Anti-Thymocyte Globulin and Together They Promote Long-Term Allograft Survival. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:732-43. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yan J, Jie Z, Hou L, Wanderley JL, Soong L, Gupta S, Qiu S, Chan T, Sun J. Parenchymal expression of CD40 exacerbates adenovirus-induced hepatitis in mice. Hepatology 2011; 53:1455-67. [PMID: 21360722 PMCID: PMC3082591 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The healthy adult human liver expresses low levels of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) and undetectable levels of immune costimulatory molecules. However, high levels of MHC II, CD40, and B7 family molecules are expressed in the activated Kupffer cells and hepatocytes of patients with viral hepatitis. The precise role of these molecules in viral clearance and immune-mediated liver injury is not well understood. We hypothesized that parenchymal CD40 expression enhances T cell recruitment and effector functions, which may facilitate viral clearance and alleviate liver injury. To test this hypothesis, we generated novel liver-specific, conditional CD40 transgenic mice, and we challenged them intravenously with a recombinant replication-deficient adenovirus carrying Cre recombinase (AdCre). Wild-type mice infected with AdCre developed a relatively mild course of viral hepatitis and recovered spontaneously. CD40 expression in the livers of transgenic animals, however, resulted in CD80 and CD86 expression. The dysregulation of population dynamics and effector functions of intrahepatic lymphocytes (IHLs) resulted in severe lymphocytic infiltration, apoptosis, necroinflammation, and serum alanine aminotransferase elevations in a dose-dependent fashion. To our surprise, an early expansion and subsequent contraction of IHLs (especially CD8(+) and natural killer cells), accompanied by increased granzyme B and interferon-γ production, did not lead to faster viral clearance in CD40 transgenic mice. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that hepatic CD40 expression does not accelerate adenoviral clearance but rather exacerbates liver injury. This study unveils a previously unknown deleterious effect of hepatic CD40 on adenovirus-induced liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019, USA
| | - Zuliang Jie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019, USA
| | - Lifei Hou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019, USA
| | - Joao L. Wanderley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019, USA, Morphological Sciences Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lynn Soong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019, USA
| | - Shalini Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019, USA
| | - Suimin Qiu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019, USA
| | - Tehsheng Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019, USA
| | - Jiaren Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019, USA, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019, USA
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Schaack J, Qiao L, Walkiewicz MP, Stonehouse M, Engel DA, Vazquez-Torres A, Nordeen SK, Shao J, Moorhead JW. Insertion of CTCF-binding sites into a first-generation adenovirus vector reduces the innate inflammatory response and prolongs transgene expression. Virology 2011; 412:136-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Seregin SS, Amalfitano A. Improving adenovirus based gene transfer: strategies to accomplish immune evasion. Viruses 2010; 2:2013-2036. [PMID: 21994718 PMCID: PMC3185744 DOI: 10.3390/v2092013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) based gene transfer vectors continue to be the platform of choice for an increasing number of clinical trials worldwide. In fact, within the last five years, the number of clinical trials that utilize Ad based vectors has doubled, indicating growing enthusiasm for the numerous positive characteristics of this gene transfer platform. For example, Ad vectors can be easily and relatively inexpensively produced to high titers in a cGMP compliant manner, can be stably stored and transported, and have a broad applicability for a wide range of clinical conditions, including both gene therapy and vaccine applications. Ad vector based gene transfer will become more useful as strategies to counteract innate and/or pre-existing adaptive immune responses to Ads are developed and confirmed to be efficacious. The approaches attempting to overcome these limitations can be divided into two broad categories: pre-emptive immune modulation of the host, and selective modification of the Ad vector itself. The first category of methods includes the use of immunosuppressive drugs or specific compounds to block important immune pathways, which are known to be induced by Ads. The second category comprises several innovative strategies inclusive of: (1) Ad-capsid-display of specific inhibitors or ligands; (2) covalent modifications of the entire Ad vector capsid moiety; (3) the use of tissue specific promoters and local administration routes; (4) the use of genome modified Ads; and (5) the development of chimeric or alternative serotype Ads. This review article will focus on both the promise and the limitations of each of these immune evasion strategies, and in the process delineate future directions in developing safer and more efficacious Ad-based gene transfer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey S. Seregin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Andrea Amalfitano
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-517-884-5324; Fax: +1-517-353-8957
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Kassim SH, Wilson JM, Rader DJ. Gene therapy for dyslipidemia: a review of gene replacement and gene inhibition strategies. CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY 2010; 5:793-809. [PMID: 22505953 PMCID: PMC3324780 DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous technological and pharmacological advances and more detailed knowledge of molecular etiologies, cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide claiming over 17 million lives a year. Abnormalities in the synthesis, processing and catabolism of lipoprotein particles can result in severe hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia or low HDL-C. Although a plethora of antidyslipidemic pharmacological agents are available, these drugs are relatively ineffective in many patients with Mendelian lipid disorders, indicating the need for new and more effective interventions. In vivo somatic gene therapy is one such intervention. This article summarizes current strategies being pursued for the development of clinical gene therapy for dyslipidemias that cannot effectively be treated with existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadik H Kassim
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 125 South 31st Street (Suite 2000), PA 19104, USA
| | - James M Wilson
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 125 South 31st Street (Suite 2000), PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 125 South 31st Street (Suite 2000), PA 19104, USA
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Wonganan P, Croyle MA. PEGylated Adenoviruses: From Mice to Monkeys. Viruses 2010; 2:468-502. [PMID: 21994645 PMCID: PMC3185605 DOI: 10.3390/v2020468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent modification with polyethylene glycol (PEG), a non-toxic polymer used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations for over 60 years, can profoundly influence the pharmacokinetic, pharmacologic and toxciologic profile of protein and peptide-based therapeutics. This review summarizes the history of PEGylation and PEG chemistry and highlights the value of this technology in the context of the design and development of recombinant viruses for gene transfer, vaccination and diagnostic purposes. Specific emphasis is placed on the application of this technology to the adenovirus, the most potent viral vector with the most highly characterized toxicity profile to date, in several animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyanuch Wonganan
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Maria A. Croyle
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; E-Mail:
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-512-471-1972; Fax: +1-512-471-7474
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Abstract
The success of gene therapy strategies to cure disease relies on the control of unwanted immune responses to transgene products, genetically modified cells and/or to the vector. Effective treatment of an established immune response is much harder to achieve than prevention of a response before it has had a chance to develop. However, preventive strategies are not always effective in avoiding immune responses, thus the use of drugs to induce immunosuppression (IS) is required. The growing discovery of novel drugs provides a conceptual shift from using generalized, moderately intensive immunosuppressive regimens towards a refined approach to attain the optimal balance of naive cells, effector cells, memory cells, and regulatory cells, harnessing the natural tolerance mechanisms of the body. We review several strategies based on transient IS coupled with gene therapy for sustained immune tolerance induction to the therapeutic transgene.
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Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder due to mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that lead to defective ion transport in the conducting pulmonary airways and exocrine glands. Through a process that is not fully understood, CFTR defects predispose affected patients to chronic endobronchial infections with organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Following the discovery of the CFTR gene in 1989, CF became one of the primary targets for gene therapy research. Early enthusiasm surrounded the new field of gene therapy during most of the 1990s and it led academics and clinicians on a big effort to apply gene therapy for cystic fibrosis. Clinical studies have been pursued using recombinant adenovirus, recombinant adeno-associated virus, cationic liposomes, and cationic polymer vectors. Although to this date no dramatic therapeutic benefits have been observed, a lot of information has been gained from the pre-clinical and clinical studies that were performed. This learning curve has led to the optimization of vector technology and an appreciation of immune and mechanical barriers that have to be overcome for successful delivery.
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Tucker SN, Tingley DW, Scallan CD. Oral adenoviral-based vaccines: historical perspective and future opportunity. Expert Rev Vaccines 2008; 7:25-31. [PMID: 18251691 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adenoviral vaccines delivered orally have been used for decades to prevent respiratory illness, but are now being seriously explored again as a platform technology to make vaccines against a variety of pathogens. Years of use in military populations as a preventative measure for adenoviral infection have demonstrated the safety of oral administration of adenovirus. The advantages of using this approach as a platform technology for vaccines include rapid development and distribution, as well as ease of administration. Recent discoveries may allow this platform approach to reach the clinic within a few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean N Tucker
- Vaxart, Inc., 600 Townsend St, Suite 120E, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA.
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22
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Kong BW, Carlson DF, Fahrenkrug SC, Foster DN. Application of the Sleeping Beauty transposon system to avian cells. Anim Genet 2008; 39:180-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2008.01702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Zhang X, Zhang C, Tang T, Qu Z, Lou J, Dai K. Immunomodulatory and osteogenic differentiation effects of mesenchymal stem cells by adenovirus-mediated coexpression of CTLA4Ig and BMP2. J Orthop Res 2008; 26:314-21. [PMID: 17960657 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Many reports have previously utilized a human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)-expressing recombinant adenoviral vector (AdBMP2) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for osteoinductive gene therapy. However, immunosuppression is essential for osteoinduction by AdBMP2, and this is one of the major impediments to its clinical use. In the present study, in vitro propagated MSCs were transduced using an adenoviral (Ad) vector to express the gene encoding cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin (CTLA4Ig). Lymphocyte response was induced by allogeneic-irradiated MSCs as stimulators. We also examined the effects of cotransfection with a combination of the CTLA4Ig and the BMP2 gene on osteoblastic cell differentiation. The results showed that BMP2 gene transfected MSC elicited significant stimulatory responses, and one-way MLR reactions were significantly blunted by CTLA4Ig. Further study demonstrates that cotransfection of MSCs with the combination of the CTLA4Ig and the BMP2 gene stimulates osteoblastic cell differentiation in vitro. The findings suggest that genetic engineering of MSCs to express an immunosuppressive molecule in combination with an osteogenic protein gene may have potential application in the treatment of several genetic diseases and in bone reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhang
- Joint Orthopaedic Laboratory of Institute of Health Sciences and Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 225 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Millar JC, Pang IH, Wang WH, Wang Y, Clark AF. Effect of immunomodulation with anti-CD40L antibody on adenoviral-mediated transgene expression in mouse anterior segment. Mol Vis 2008; 14:10-9. [PMID: 18246028 PMCID: PMC2267727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Gene transduction using adenoviral vectors is an important research tool. To assess and optimize this technique for glaucoma research, we characterized green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in the mouse eye after intraocular injection of adenoviral vector encoding GFP (Ad5.CMV-GFP) and evaluated the effect of anti-CD40L antibody administration on GFP expression. METHODS Mice were injected with Ad5.CMV-GFP intracamerally (IC) or intravitreally (IVT) with or without anti-CD40L antibody treatment. GFP expression was assessed by in vivo fluorescence intensity with a standardized grading scale. Location of expression was analyzed histologically by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Intraocular injection of Ad5.CMV-GFP induced titer-dependent expression of GFP in the anterior segment. In vivo fluorescence was detectable but low after IC injection. After IVT injection, fluorescence in the eye peaked at days 4-7 with a fluorescence grade of 3.0 +/-0.0 (mean +/-SEM, n=6; injection with 1x10(8) pfu vector). After day 7, GFP expression declined significantly. Treatment with anti-CD40L antibody increased fluorescence intensity after IC injection, and prolonged GFP expression in the IVT group. At day 43, fluorescence grades of the IVT group were 2.8 +/-0.7 (with anti-CD40L) and 1.2 +/-0.6 (without antibody). Three-Way ANOVA confirmed that GFP expression was significantly higher in the anti-CD40L than the no antibody group (p=0.013), significantly higher in the IVT than the IC group (p=0.003), and significantly higher in the high viral titer (1x10(8) pfu) than the low titer (1x10(7) pfu) group (p=0.010). Fluorescence microscopic examination of cross-sections of eyes indicated GFP expression in the trabecular meshwork (TM), corneal endothelium, and sporadically iris, ciliary body and lens epithelium. CONCLUSIONS Intraocular injection of Ad5.CMV-GFP induced GFP expression in the mouse anterior segment, including the TM. Expression was more prominent after IVT injection than IC injection. Anti-CD40L antibody treatment increased both intensity and duration of GFP expression. These findings provide important and practical means to improve duration and efficiency of adenovirus-mediated transgene expression in the eye.
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Odom GL, Gregorevic P, Chamberlain JS. Viral-mediated gene therapy for the muscular dystrophies: successes, limitations and recent advances. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2007; 1772:243-62. [PMID: 17064882 PMCID: PMC1894910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Revised: 09/16/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Much progress has been made over the past decade elucidating the molecular basis for a variety of muscular dystrophies (MDs). Accordingly, there are examples of mouse models of MD whose disease progression has been halted in large part with the use of viral vector technology. Even so, we must acknowledge significant limitations of present vector systems that must be overcome prior to successful treatment of humans with such approaches. This review will present a variety of viral-mediated therapeutic strategies aimed at counteracting the muscle-wasting symptoms associated with muscular dystrophy. We include viral vector systems used for muscle gene transfer, with a particular emphasis on adeno-associated virus. Findings of several encouraging studies focusing on repair of the mutant dystrophin gene are also included. Lastly, we present a discussion of muscle compensatory therapeutics being considered that include pathways involved in the up-regulation of utrophin, promotion of cellular adhesion, enhancement of muscle mass, and antagonism of the inflammatory response. Considering the complexity of the muscular dystrophies, it appears likely that a multilayered approach tailored to a patient sub-group may be warranted in order to effectively contest the progression of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy L. Odom
- Department of Neurology Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195-7720, USA
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Department of Neurology Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195-7720, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Chamberlain
- Department of Neurology Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195-7720, USA
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26
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Li ZL, Tian PX, Xue WJ, Wu J. Co-expression of sCD40LIg and CTLA4Ig mediated by adenovirus prolonged mouse skin allograft survival. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2006; 7:436-44. [PMID: 16691637 PMCID: PMC1473999 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.2006.b0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of simultaneous blockade of CD40/CD40L and B7/CD28 pathways in the immune tolerance via co-expression of sCD40LIg and CTLA4Ig mediated by replication-defective adenovirus. METHODS Ad-sCD40LIg-IRES(2)-CTLA4Ig, replication-defective adenovirus co-expressing sCD40LIg and CTLA4Ig, was constructed and identified. The co-expression of sCD40LIg and CTLA4Ig was evaluated with confocal laser scanning microscope and Western blotting. Skin transplantations of C57BL/6 to BALB/c mice were performed. PBS, Ad-Shuttle-CMV and Ad-sCD40LIg-IRES(2)-CTLA4Ig were administered. Skin graft survival was monitored and the mRNA expression of both genes was evaluated in the skin allografts. RESULTS Ad-sCD40LIg-IRES(2)-CTLA4Ig was constructed successfully and identified. The co-expression of sCD40LIg and CTLA4Ig was identified with confocal laser scanning microscopy and Western blotting. Compared to the skin graft mean survival time (MST) of non-treated group ((5.75+/-0.71) d) or Ad-Shuttle-CMV-treated group ((5.50+/-0.53) d), the skin graft MST was dramatically prolonged in the Ad-sCD40LIg-IRES(2)-CTLA4Ig-treated group ((16.38+/-1.19) d, P<0.001). The mRNA expression of both genes was detected. CONCLUSION Ad-sCD40LIg-IRES(2)-CTLA4Ig, a replication-defective adenovirus carrying genes encoding sCD40LIg and CTLA4Ig, was constructed. Simultaneous blockade of CD40/CD40L and B7/CD28 costimulatory pathway mediated by replication-defective adenovirus significantly prolonged skin allograft survival in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-lun Li
- Department of Renal Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- †E-mail:
| | - Pu-xun Tian
- Department of Renal Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- †E-mail:
| | - Wu-jun Xue
- Department of Renal Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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27
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Miao CH, Ye P, Thompson AR, Rawlings DJ, Ochs HD. Immunomodulation of transgene responses following naked DNA transfer of human factor VIII into hemophilia A mice. Blood 2006; 108:19-27. [PMID: 16507778 PMCID: PMC1895820 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-11-4532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A robust humoral immune response against human factor VIII (hFVIII) following naked DNA transfer into immunocompetent hemophilia A mice completely inhibits circulating FVIII activity despite initial high-level hFVIII gene expression. To prevent this undesirable response, we compared transient immunomodulation strategies. Eight groups of mice (n = 4-9 per group) were treated with naked DNA transfer of pBS-HCRHPI-hFVIIIA simultaneously with immunosuppressive reagents that included cyclosporine A (CSA), rapamycin (RAP), mycophenylate mofetil (MMF), a combination of CSA and MMF, a combination of RAP and MMF, a monoclonal antibody against murine CD40 ligand (MR1), recombinant murine Ctla4Ig, and a combination of MR1 and Ctla4Ig. All animals except those receiving only CSA exhibited delayed or absent immune responses against hFVIII. The most effective immunosuppressive regimen, the combination of Ctla4Ig and MR1, prevented inhibitor formation in 8 of 9 animals; the ninth had transient low-titer antibodies. All 9 mice of this group produced persistent, therapeutic levels of hFVIII for more than 6 months. When challenged with the T-dependent antigen bacteriophage Phix174, tolerized mice exhibited normal primary and secondary antibody responses, suggesting that transient immunomodulation to disrupt B/T-cell interaction at the time of plasmid injection effectively promoted long-term immune tolerance specific for hFVIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol H Miao
- Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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28
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Peltoniemi J, Broberg EK, Nygårdas M, Erälinna JP, Waris M, Hukkanen V. Enhancement of Th2 responses to replicative herpes simplex virus type 1 vectors by immunomodulative chemotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 6:817-29. [PMID: 16546713 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Replicating, neuroattenuated gamma(1)34.5-deleted herpes simplex virus (HSV)-vectors are tools for experimental therapy of gliomas and autoimmune diseases. Immunomodulative treatment with Linomide (quinoline-3-carboxamide) has earlier been shown to facilitate some virus infections and reduce autoimmunity. Now we aimed at elucidating the safety of immunomodulatory therapy during infection of mice with HSV vectors. We focused on immunological and virological changes in the nervous system. BALB/c mice were infected intranasally with the HSV-1 recombinant viruses R3616, R3659 and R8306 (with mouse IL-4 transgene) and either treated with Linomide or left untreated as control groups. Treatment with Linomide was started 7 days before infection. Virological analysis consisted of viral culture and PCR for HSV DNA. Cytokine responses were studied with quantitative RT-PCR and EIA. Immunomodulatory treatment did not change the clinical course of infections. The expression of IL-4 and IL-10 in brains increased in Linomide-treated mice, particularly in infection with R8306. The expression of IL-23p19 was decreased in brains in Linomide-treated, vector-infected mice, in comparison with nontreated but virus-infected animals. Immunomodulatory treatment did not increase the viral load in brains in any of the mouse groups infected with R3616, R3659 or R8306. Immunomodulative treatment with Linomide did not compromise the safety of replicating HSV-vectors, not even the one with IL-4 transgene, suggesting that combination of immunomodulation with virotherapy may be beneficial in the treatment of certain diseases of the central nervous system. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the effects of immunomodulatory therapy in order to improve vector survival and efficacy of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Peltoniemi
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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Alba R, Bosch A, Chillon M. Gutless adenovirus: last-generation adenovirus for gene therapy. Gene Ther 2006; 12 Suppl 1:S18-27. [PMID: 16231052 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Last-generation adenovirus vectors, also called helper-dependent or gutless adenovirus, are very attractive for gene therapy because the associated in vivo immune response is highly reduced compared to first- and second-generation adenovirus vectors, while maintaining high transduction efficiency and tropism. Nowadays, gutless adenovirus is administered in different organs, such as the liver, muscle or the central nervous system achieving high-level and long-term transgene expression in rodents and primates. However, as devoid of all viral coding regions, gutless vectors require viral proteins supplied in trans by a helper virus. To remove contamination by a helper virus from the final preparation, different systems based on the excision of the helper-packaging signal have been generated. Among them, Cre-loxP system is mostly used, although contamination levels still are 0.1-1% too high to be used in clinical trials. Recently developed strategies to avoid/reduce helper contamination were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alba
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Koehler DR, Martin B, Corey M, Palmer D, Ng P, Tanswell AK, Hu J. Readministration of helper-dependent adenovirus to mouse lung. Gene Ther 2006; 13:773-80. [PMID: 16437131 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus vectors (Ad) are widely used in gene therapy studies, including those aimed at treating cystic fibrosis lung disease. Various approaches have been investigated to blunt the host immune response to Ad, including development of helper-dependent (HD) Ad. The host cytotoxic T-cell response to HD-Ad is generally lower than to earlier-generation Ad. However, antibodies are formed which could inhibit the efficacy of HD-Ad readministration. In this first study of HD-Ad readministration to the lung, we found that a second administration of HD-Ad to mice was possible with minimal loss of transgene expression. In contrast, when first-generation (FG) Ad was administered initially, followed by HD-Ad or FG-Ad, transgene expression was reduced. Significantly lower concentrations of antibodies against Ad were found in lung lavage fluid and serum from mice that received two doses of HD-Ad (when the initial HD-Ad lacked a transgene), compared to mice that received FG-Ad followed by HD-Ad. These data suggest that readministration of HD-Ad for lung gene therapy may be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Koehler
- Programmes in Lung Biology Research, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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Pichard V, Bellodi-Privato M, Gournay J, Ferry N. Mixed hematopoietic molecular chimerism results in permanent transgene expression from retrovirally transduced hepatocytes in mice. J Gene Med 2006; 8:425-32. [PMID: 16389647 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytotoxic immune elimination of transduced hepatocytes may limit gene therapy for inherited liver diseases. Using beta-galactosidase as a marker gene, we studied whether creation of mixed beta-galactosidase molecular hematopoietic chimerism could induce tolerance to beta-galactosidase-transduced hepatocytes. METHODS Molecular hematopoietic chimerism was established in irradiated recipient mice by transplantation of either a mixture of wild-type and beta-galactosidase-transgenic bone marrow or autologous bone marrow stem cells that were transduced with beta-galactosidase lentiviral vectors. After transplantation, mice were hepatectomized and injected with beta-galactosidase recombinant retroviruses to transduce regenerating hepatocytes. We monitored the presence of beta-galactosidase-expressing hepatocytes as well as the appearance of anti-beta-galactosidase antibodies during the time. RESULTS In control animals, anti-beta-galactosidase antibodies and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response developed as early as 3 weeks after gene transfer. Transduced hepatocytes disappeared concomitantly. In bone marrow transplanted mice, tolerance could be observed in a significant proportion of animals. Tolerance resulted in permanent liver transgene expression and was absent unless a chimerism above 1% was achieved, demonstrating a threshold effect. CONCLUSIONS Creation of a molecular hematopoietic chimerism can result in transgene tolerance and evade immune rejection of retrovirally transduced hepatocytes. This strategy may be useful for hepatic inherited diseases in which the transgene product behaves as a non-self protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Pichard
- Biothérapies Hépatiques, CIC-INSERM 04, IMAD, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, 44093 Nantes cedex 01, France
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NI SHAOHENG, BERNT KATHRIN, GAGGAR ANUJ, LI ZONGYI, KIEM HANSPETER, LIEBER ANDRÉ. Evaluation of biodistribution and safety of adenovirus vectors containing group B fibers after intravenous injection into baboons. Hum Gene Ther 2005; 16:664-77. [PMID: 15960598 PMCID: PMC1351080 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vectors containing group B adenovirus (Ad) fibers are able to efficiently transduce gene therapy targets that are refractory to infection with standard Ad serotype 5 (Ad5) vectors, including malignant tumor cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and dendritic cells. Preliminary studies in mice indicate that, after intravenous injection, B-group fiber-containing Ads do not efficiently transduce most organs and cause less acute toxicity than Ad5 vectors. However, biodistribution and safety studies in mice are of limited value because the mouse analog of the B-group Ad receptor, CD46, is expressed only in the testis, whereas in humans, CD46 is expressed on all nucleated cells. Unlike mice, baboons have CD46 expression patterns and levels that closely mimic those in humans. We conducted a biodistribution and toxicity study of group B Ad fiber-containing vectors in baboons. Animals received phosphate-buffered saline, Ad5-bGal (a first-generation Ad5 vector), or B-group fiber-containing Ads (Ad5/35-bGal and Ad5/11-bGal) at a dose of 2 x 10(12) VP/kg, and vector biodistribution and safety was analyzed over 3 days. The amount of Ad5/35-bGal and Ad5/11-bGal vector genomes was in most tissues one to three orders of magnitude below that of Ad5. Significant Ad5/35- and Ad5/11-mediated transgene (beta-galactosidase) expression was seen only in the marginal zone of splenic follicles. Compared with the animal that received Ad5-bGal, all animals injected with B-group fiber-containing Ad vectors had lower elevations in serum proinflammatory cytokine levels. Gross and histopathology were normal in animals that received B-group Ad fiber-containing Ads, in contrast to the Ad5-infused animal, which showed widespread endothelial damage and inflammation. In a further study, a chimeric Ad5/35 vector carrying proapoptotic TRAIL and Ad E1A genes under tumor-specific regulation was well tolerated in a 30-day toxicity study. No major clinical, serologic, or pathologic abnormalities were noticed in this animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- SHAOHENG NI
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - KATHRIN BERNT
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - ANUJ GAGGAR
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - ZONG-YI LI
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | - ANDRÉ LIEBER
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Address reprint requests to: Dr. André Lieber, University of Washington, Division of Medical Genetics, P.O. Box 357720, Seattle, WA 98195, E-mail:
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Frisbie DD, McIlwraith CW. Gene therapy: future therapies in osteoarthritis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2005; 17:233-43, vi. [PMID: 15658173 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of equine veterinary practice is in an ever-evolving state, requiring current technologies to be constantly evaluated for new applications. The specific use of gene therapy in the horse is a novel application. The authors want to help familiarize the equine practitioner with the concept of gene therapy, and introduce its use and potential future benefits for the equine industry in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Frisbie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, USA.
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Xu ZL, Mizuguchi H, Sakurai F, Koizumi N, Hosono T, Kawabata K, Watanabe Y, Yamaguchi T, Hayakawa T. Approaches to improving the kinetics of adenovirus-delivered genes and gene products. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2005; 57:781-802. [PMID: 15757761 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2004.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2003] [Accepted: 12/18/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) vectors have been expected to play a great role in gene therapy because of their extremely high transduction efficiency and wide tropism. However, due to the intrinsic deficiency of their immunogenic toxicities, Ad vectors are rapidly cleared from the host, transgene expression is transient, and readministration of the same serotype Ad vectors is problematic. As a result, Ad vectors are continually undergoing refinement to realize their potential for gene therapy application. Even after 1999, when a patient fatally succumbed to the toxicity associated with Ad vector administration at a University of Pennsylvania (U.S.) experimental clinic, enthusiasm of gene therapists for Ad vectors has not waned. With great efforts from various research groups, significant advances have been achieved through comprehensive approaches to improving the kinetics of Ad vector-delivered genes and gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Li Xu
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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35
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Bilbao G, Gómez-Navarro J, Contreras JL, Curiel DT. Advances in adenoviral vectors for cancer gene therapy. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.7.12.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Progress toward the development of a gene therapy protocol for the treatment of haemophilia has been substantial. Recent achievements include high level clotting factor expression in mice, dogs, and monkeys as well as phenotypic correction in both mouse and canine models of haemophilia. Studies using adenoviral vectors have contributed to much of the recent success. However, the repertoire of gene transfer vehicles being applied to the development of gene therapy strategies for haemophilia has expanded. In particular, encouraging data has been generated from studies using recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors. Progress toward human clinical trials has been inhibited by host immune responses to treatment which can limit the duration of therapy and prevent readministration. Several strategies have demonstrated the feasibility of circumventing host immune responses, but more effective, clinically applicable procedures remain to be developed. While direct in vivo gene therapy strategies have generated significant progress, the results from ex vivo strategies have not been as encouraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Smith
- Genetic Therapy, Inc., 19 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
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Zhou HS, Liu DP, Liang CC. Challenges and strategies: the immune responses in gene therapy. Med Res Rev 2005; 24:748-61. [PMID: 15250039 DOI: 10.1002/med.20009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The host immune responses, including T lymphocytes mediated immune response and humoral immune responses are the important parts of the challenges in gene therapy. There are some potential immunostimulants in gene delivery systems, such as viral and non-viral vectors. Viral gene products, transgene products, viral proteins derived from viral particles required by dead-end infection, and CpG DNA in plasmid may play important roles in inducing the host immune responses when foreign genes are transferred into the targeted tissues. The immune responses should lead to many problems in gene therapy: transient expression of therapeutic gene, non-efficient re-administration of the same vectors, and severe side-effects in clinical trials. Although RNAi may act as gene therapeutic agent for suppression of specific gene expression, little attention has been given to the potential non-specific effects that might be induced. It was reported that small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can induce the host interferon response following transfected to mammalian cells. Facing these challenges, a number of studies have been focused on taking measures to solve them, such as immunosuppression, selection of different administration routes and dose of the vectors, using the tissue-specific promoters and modifying the vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-sheng Zhou
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, P.R. China
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Schagen FHE, Ossevoort M, Toes REM, Hoeben RC. Immune responses against adenoviral vectors and their transgene products: a review of strategies for evasion. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2005; 50:51-70. [PMID: 15094159 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(03)00172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2003] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses have been adopted as attractive vectors for in vivo gene therapy since they have a well-characterized genomic organization, can be grown to high titres and efficiently transduce a wide spectrum of dividing and non-dividing cells. However, the first-generation of adenoviral (Ad) vectors yielded only transient expression of the transgene in most immunocompetent mice. This constituted a major limitation of this early vector type. In contrast, persistent transgene expression can be established in immunodeficient mice. This suggests that the immunogenicity of adenoviral vectors limits the effective period of adenovirus-based gene therapy. Much effort has been put in devising strategies to circumvent the limitations imposed onto gene therapy by the immune system. Improvements in vector design have significantly improved the performance of the adenovirus vectors. Based on these results it is reasonable to anticipate that new modifications of the vectors will overcome some of the immunological barriers and will further expand the applicability of adenovirus-derived vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik H E Schagen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9503, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Koehler DR, Frndova H, Leung K, Louca E, Palmer D, Ng P, McKerlie C, Cox P, Coates AL, Hu J. Aerosol delivery of an enhanced helper-dependent adenovirus formulation to rabbit lung using an intratracheal catheter. J Gene Med 2005; 7:1409-20. [PMID: 15999396 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor transduction of the ciliated airway epithelium and inefficient airway delivery of viral vectors are common difficulties encountered in lung gene therapy trials with large animals and humans. METHODS We delivered a helper-dependent adenovirus vector, incorporating a human epithelial cell-specific expression cassette, to rabbit lung. An intratracheal device was used to aerosolize a moderate dose of virus (5 x 10(11) particles), mixed with the enhancing agent LPC (L-alpha-lysophosphatidylcholine), directly into the airways. Lung mechanics, body weight and temperature, transgene expression and histopathology were studied at day 5. RESULTS Transgene expression was seen in the epithelium of large and small airways, from trachea to terminal bronchioles, with a strong tendency toward the right lung. All cell types of the surface epithelium were transduced. Extensive transduction of the epithelium (66% of cells in trachea) was obtained using virus formulated in isotonic 0.1% LPC, while virus formulated in 0.01% LPC transduced fewer cells (24% in trachea). A transient decrease in dynamic lung compliance was observed immediately following aerosol delivery. Fever and mild-to-moderate patchy pneumonia without edema were also observed. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate a strategy for efficient and effective transduction of airway epithelium in a large animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Koehler
- Program in Lung Biology Research, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada M5G 1X8
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Abstract
Liver gene therapy is being developed as an alternative to orthotopic liver transplantation, which is the only effective therapy for many liver diseases. The liver has unique features that make it attractive for in vivo and ex vivo gene transfer. In vivo approach is far less invasive than ex vivo approach, although in most cases, host immune response directed against the transgene product and/or vector particles severely impairs the efficiency of gene transfer, and precludes long-term transgene expression after in vivo gene delivery. Ex vivo approach allows for an elective targeting of the hepatocytes, avoiding that the transgene be expressed in professional antigen-presenting, but is faced with the low in vitro proliferative ability of hepatocytes, and to the low in vivo liver repopulating ability of transplanted cells. In some specific situations where immune response was controlled or transplanted cells had a strong growth advantage over host hepatocytes, gene transfer resulted in long-term and complete correction of a liver genetic defect. In this review, we will outline the liver diseases that may benefit from gene therapy, the vector technology under investigation, the advances and the problems to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Zamir G, Gelman AE, Olthoff KM, Debonera F, Aldeguer X, Shaked A. Patterns of transgene expression and viral clearance from the transplanted liver following ex vivo adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. J Hepatol 2004; 41:714-20. [PMID: 15519642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2004] [Revised: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 07/02/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS In the rat liver transplant model, the liver graft can be transduced ex vivo by adenovirus encoding CTLA-4Ig (AdCTLA-4Ig) to achieve high level of immunosuppression in the liver after transplantation. To characterize the pattern of transgene expression following ex vivo gene transfer to the liver and examine whether immunosuppression would promote adenovirus persistence, we followed the life span of vector DNA and transgene expression in the transplanted liver. METHODS Rat liver grafts were perfused ex vivo with adenovirus carrying the reporter gene beta-galactosidase (AdlacZ). The period of transgene expression was assessed at predetermined intervals after transplantation into syngeneic, allogeneic or nude (athymic) recipients. Clearance of vector DNA was assessed by PCR analysis of liver DNA after transplantation. RESULTS Graft transduction with AdCTLA-4Ig or systemic cyclosporine treatment effectively abrogated the alloimmune response but did not result in sustained lacZ expression. The course of viral DNA clearance from the liver was also unaffected by immunosuppression as was the implied nucleolytic cleavage of viral DNA. CONCLUSIONS In the transplant setting, local expression of CTLA-4Ig or systemic immunosuppression does not solve the problem of viral clearance from the liver. Non-adaptive immune mechanisms may have a significant role in the host response to adenovirus after liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Zamir
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Ground Gates, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Jiang Z, Schiedner G, van Rooijen N, Liu CC, Kochanek S, Clemens PR. Sustained Muscle Expression of Dystrophin from a High-Capacity Adenoviral Vector with Systemic Gene Transfer of T Cell Costimulatory Blockade. Mol Ther 2004; 10:688-96. [PMID: 15451453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Accepted: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral vector (Ad)-mediated gene delivery of normal, full-length dystrophin to skeletal muscle provides a promising strategy for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). However, cellular and humoral immune responses induced by vector gene transfer limit the application of this approach. Blockade of the costimulatory interaction between naïve T cells and antigen-presenting cells has proven to be a successful means to diminish immunity induced by gene transfer. In this study we explore the potential of supplementing dystrophin gene delivery to dystrophin-deficient Dmd mouse skeletal muscle with systemic gene delivery of CTLA4Ig and CD40Ig molecules to effect costimulatory blockade. We found that systemic administration of a high-capacity Ad (HC-Ad) vector carrying murine CTLA4Ig (AdmCTLA4Ig) either alone or codelivered with an HC-Ad vector carrying murine CD40Ig (AdmCD40Ig) provided sustained expression of recombinant full-length murine dystrophin from an HC-Ad vector carrying the dystrophin cDNA (AdmDys). The level of AdmDys vector genomes remained stable in animals cotreated with systemic delivery of vectors carrying molecules to block costimulation. In addition, muscle CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell infiltrates and Th1 cytokine production by splenocytes were reduced. The production of neutralizing antibody against Ad vector was significantly inhibited in mice receiving systemic codelivery of both AdmCTLA4Ig and AdmCD40Ig, but not in the mice treated with AdmCTLA4Ig alone. The results suggested that coblockade of both CD28/B7 and CD40L/CD40 costimulatory pathways is required for effective inhibition of the Ad vector-induced humoral immune response in Dmd mice, whereas blockade of CD28/B7 alone by murine CTLA4Ig would be sufficient for prolonged dystrophin expression in treated muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Starks H, Bruhn KW, Shen H, Barry RA, Dubensky TW, Brockstedt D, Hinrichs DJ, Higgins DE, Miller JF, Giedlin M, Bouwer HGA. Listeria monocytogenes as a vaccine vector: virulence attenuation or existing antivector immunity does not diminish therapeutic efficacy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:420-7. [PMID: 15210801 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.1.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The bacterium L. monocytogenes is a proposed vaccine carrier based upon the observation that this pathogen replicates within the intracytoplasmic environment facilitating delivery of Ag to the endogenous Ag processing and presentation pathway with subsequent stimulation of peptide specific MHC class I-restricted CD8(+) effector cells. In this report, we evaluate virulence-attenuated strains of Listeria monocytogenes as vaccine vectors and examine whether existing antivector (antilisterial) immunity limits or alters its efficacy as a therapeutic cancer vaccine. Following immunization with virulence-attenuated mutants, we found that the effectiveness of L. monocytogenes as a recombinant cancer vaccine remains intact. In addition, we found that antibiotic treatment initiated 24 or 36 h following therapeutic immunization with recombinant L. monocytogenes allows full development of the antitumor response. We also demonstrate that the vaccine vector potential of L. monocytogenes is not limited in animals with existing antilisterial immunity. For these latter studies, mice previously immunized with wild-type L. monocytogenes were infused with melanoma cells and then 5 days later challenged with recombinant tumor Ag expressing L. monocytogenes. Collectively, these results add additional support for the use of L. monocytogenes as a vaccine vector and underscore its potential to be used repeatedly for stimulation of recall responses concomitant with primary cell-mediated responses to newly delivered heterologous tumor-associated epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Starks
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
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Puppi J, Guillonneau C, Pichard V, Bellodi-Privato M, Cuturi MC, Anegon I, Ferry N. Long term transgene expression by hepatocytes transduced with retroviral vectors requires induction of immune tolerance to the transgene. J Hepatol 2004; 41:222-8. [PMID: 15288470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2003] [Revised: 03/22/2004] [Accepted: 04/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Gene therapy for inherited liver diseases requires permanent expression of the therapeutic gene. However, in vivo liver transduction with retroviral vectors triggers an immune elimination of transduced hepatocytes. Here we investigated whether immune response could be prevented by treatment with compounds known to induce tolerance in organ transplantation: CTLA4Ig and LF-15-0195. METHODS CTLA4Ig was administered either via i.p. injection of the drug or by i.m. injection of recombinant adenoviruses encoding CTLA4Ig. LF-15-0195 was administered i.p. All animals were subjected to partial hepatectomy and received beta-galactosidase retroviral vectors intravenously. Appearance of anti-beta-galactosidase antibodies was monitored and the number of positive hepatocytes was assessed at day 7 and at sacrifice. RESULTS No beta-galactosidase antibodies were detected as long as CTLA4Ig was detectable in serum. Short-term treatment with CTLA4Ig induced tolerance in a significant proportion of animals only at high dose (1 mg/kg). Administration of CTLA4Ig adenovectors resulted in prolonged secretion of CTLA4Ig and permanent absence of anti-beta-galactosidase antibodies. LF-15-0915 administration achieved tolerance in some animals. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, manipulation of the immune system at the time of virus delivery using clinically relevant tolerance-inducing protocols is a promising approach to achieve long term expression after retrovirus-mediated gene transfer to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Puppi
- Biothérapie Hépatique, CIC-INSERM 00-04, CHU Hôtel Dieu, 44093 Nantes cedex 01, France
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Jiang Z, Schiedner G, Gilchrist SC, Kochanek S, Clemens PR. CTLA4Ig delivered by high-capacity adenoviral vector induces stable expression of dystrophin in mdx mouse muscle. Gene Ther 2004; 11:1453-61. [PMID: 15269713 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviral (Ad) vector-mediated gene delivery of normal, full-length dystrophin to skeletal muscle provides a promising strategy for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X-linked recessive, dystrophin-deficient muscle disease. Studies in animal models suggest that successful DMD gene therapy by Ad vector-mediated gene transfer would be precluded by cellular and humoral immune responses induced by vector capsid and transgene proteins. To address the immunity induced by Ad vector-mediated dystrophin gene delivery to dystrophic muscle, we developed high-capacity adenoviral (HC-Ad) vectors expressing mouse dystrophin driven by the muscle creatine kinase promoter (AdmDys) and mCTLA4Ig (AdmCTLA4Ig) individually, or together from one vector (AdmCTLA4Ig/mDys). We found stable expression of dystrophin protein in the tibialis anterior muscles of mdx mice, coinjected with AdmCTLA4Ig and AdmDys, or injected alone with AdmCTLA4Ig/mDys, whereas the expression of dystrophin protein in the control group coinjected with AdmDys and an empty vector decreased by at least 50% between 2 and 8 weeks after administration. Additionally, we observed reductions in Ad vector-induced Th1 and Th2 cytokines, Ad vector-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation and neutralizing anti-Ad antibodies in both experimental groups that received a mCTLA4Ig-expressing vector as compared to the control group. This study demonstrates that the coexpression of mCTLA4Ig and dystrophin in skeletal muscle provided by HC-Ad vector-mediated gene transfer can provide stable expression of dystrophin in immunocompetent, adult mdx mouse muscle and applies a potentially powerful strategy to overcome adaptive immunity induced by Ad vector-mediated dystrophin gene delivery toward the ultimate goal of treatment for DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Jiang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Bellodi-Privato M, Le Meur G, Aubert D, Mendes-Madera A, Pichard V, Rolling F, Ferry N. AAV gene transfer to the retina does not protect retrovirally transduced hepatocytes from the immune response. J Mol Med (Berl) 2004; 82:403-10. [PMID: 15042302 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-004-0537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2003] [Accepted: 02/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy of inherited hepatic disease relies on sustained expression of the therapeutic transgene. In many instances, such expression will require immune tolerization to the non-self therapeutic transgene product. We previously demonstrated that a cytotoxic immune response eliminated hepatocytes after in vivo transduction using recombinant retroviral vectors. In the present study we investigated whether prior gene transfer to the retina, which is suspected to induce immune tolerance, could alleviate the immune response occurring after retrovirus mediated gene transfer to the liver. Retinal cells were transduced using adeno-associated viral vectors harbouring a beta-galactosidase transgene. Sixty days later, regenerating hepatocytes were transduced after partial hepatectomy using a recombinant retrovirus carrying the transgene. Three weeks later, anti beta-galactosidase antibodies were present in all animals. Elimination of the transduced hepatocytes eventually occurred in all animals by 2 months after liver gene transfer, although sustained beta-galactosidase expression was still present in the retina in 66% of the animals. We conclude that although the retina behaves as an immunoprivileged site, gene expression in the subretinal space is not sufficient to induce immune tolerance to a transgene product expressed in the liver.
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Haegel-Kronenberger H, Haanstra K, Ziller-Remy C, Ortiz Buijsse AP, Vermeiren J, Stoeckel F, Van Gool SW, Ceuppens JL, Mehtali M, De Boer M, Jonker M, Boon L. Inhibition of costimulation allows for repeated systemic administration of adenoviral vector in rhesus monkeys. Gene Ther 2004; 11:241-52. [PMID: 14737083 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenicity of recombinant adenoviral (Ad) vectors severely hampers the clinical development of gene therapy protocols using repeated vector administrations. Inhibition of costimulation by APCs was explored as a strategy to circumvent the immune response against Ad particles. This strategy was tested in rhesus monkeys, treated transiently with chimeric anti-human CD40 and anti-human CD86 antagonist monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) at the time of systemic administration of a recombinant Ad vector. After Ad vector administration in the absence of immunosuppressive treatment, transgene expression in the serum lasted about 3-4 weeks. All control animals developed a strong neutralizing antibody (NAb) response to the Ad particles, which totally prevented efficient administration of a second vector, as shown by the lack of transgene expression. Treatment with anti-CD40 and anti-CD86 chimeric MAbs delayed or blocked the development of a humoral response against Ad and the infiltration of CD8(+) lymphocytes into the liver. This resulted in (i) increased persistence of Ad-transduced cells after injection of a first vector encoding a nonimmunogenic transgene, and (ii) the possibility of readministering a second Ad vector with significant efficacy. In both respects, the combined blockade of CD40 and CD86 was more efficient than treatment with anti-CD40 alone. This study shows for the first time in non-human primates that blocking CD40 and CD86 costimulatory molecules represents a promising strategy to inhibit immune responses against an Ad vector injected systemically.
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Vermeiren J, Ceuppens JL, Haegel-Kronenberger H, De Boer M, Boon L, Van Gool SW. Blocking B7 and CD40 co-stimulatory molecules decreases antiviral T cell activity. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 135:253-8. [PMID: 14738453 PMCID: PMC1808941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2003.02363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of co-stimulatory signals for T cells by interrupting CD80/CD86-CD28 and CD40-CD154 interactions is a promising approach to prevent transplant rejection and to induce graft tolerance. However, this tolerizing treatment might affect T cell reactivity towards all the antigens to which the immune system is exposed during treatment. We addressed the question whether such inhibition of co-stimulatory ligands on human antigen presenting cells (APC) would affect T cell reactivity against a virus. This was tested in an in vitro system with freshly isolated human monocytes transduced with adenovirus (ad) containing either murine interferon-gamma (mIFN-gamma) or green fluorescent protein (GFP) as marker transgene. T cells co-cultured with transduced monocytes proliferated and produced cytokines. These 'primed' T cells had strong antiviral activity as they subsequently killed ad/GFP-transduced monocytes and reduced mIFN-gamma accumulation in coculture with ad/mIFN-transduced monocytes. However, if priming had occurred in the presence of blocking anti-CD40/CD80/CD86 MoAbs, generation of this antiviral activity was completely prevented. Moreover, T cells primed in the absence of co-stimulatory cells failed to proliferate upon restimulation with adenovirus-transduced monocytes. The results confirm that co-stimulatory signals from APC are required for efficient induction of antiviral T cell activity and point to a potential infectious risk of blocking co-stimulatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vermeiren
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
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Yamashita K, Masunaga T, Yanagida N, Takehara M, Hashimoto T, Kobayashi T, Echizenya H, Hua N, Fujita M, Murakami M, Furukawa H, Uede T, Todo S. Long-term acceptance of rat cardiac allografts on the basis of adenovirus mediated CD40Ig plus CTLA4Ig gene therapies. Transplantation 2003; 76:1089-96. [PMID: 14557758 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000085651.20586.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that blockade of either CD80/86-CD28 or CD40-CD154 costimulatory pathways by using adenovirus vector coding CTLA4Ig (AdCTLA4Ig) or CD40Ig (AdCD40Ig) genes induced donor-specific tolerance in rat liver transplantation. In this study, we asked whether these gene-therapy-based costimulation blockade would induce tolerance in cardiac transplantation. METHODS Heterotopic heart transplantation was performed in a full major histocompatibility complex (MHC) barrier combination of ACI (RT1avl) to Lewis (LEW, RT1l) rats. Vector (1 x 10(9) plaque forming unit [PFU]), AdLacZ, AdCTLA4Ig, or AdCD40Ig, was administered intravenously to recipient animals immediately after grafting, and graft survival, serum CTLA4Ig/CD40Ig levels, and graft histology were assessed. Tolerance was determined by secondary skin-graft challenging. RESULTS Allografts of both untreated and AdLacZ controls were promptly rejected within 7 days, whereas a single treatment with AdCTLA4Ig or AdCD40Ig significantly prolonged median graft survival to 55.5 and 28.5 days, respectively. In contrast, the combined AdCTLA4Ig and AdCD40Ig gene therapy maintained high CTLA4Ig and CD40Ig levels through the posttransplant period and allowed long-term cardiac allograft survival for more than 270 days. However, both donor and third-party skin grafts were rejected in the animals who harbored cardiac grafts over 150 days. Also, typical features of chronic rejection were evident in the long-term surviving grafts. CONCLUSION Simultaneous blockade of CD28 and CD154 pathways by AdCTLA4Ig plus AdCD40Ig induces a strong immunosuppression that allows long-term acceptance of full MHC mismatched cardiac graft in rats. This strategy, however, was not enough to induce tolerance to skin grafts and to avoid chronic rejection, as shown in the liver-transplantation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Yamashita
- First Department of Surgery, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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