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Keshavam CC, Naz S, Gupta A, Sanyal P, Kochar M, Gangwal A, Sangwan N, Kumar N, Tyagi E, Goel S, Singh NK, Sowpati DT, Khare G, Ganguli M, Raze D, Locht C, Basu-Modak S, Gupta M, Nandicoori VK, Singh Y. The heparin-binding hemagglutinin protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a nucleoid-associated protein. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105364. [PMID: 37865319 PMCID: PMC10665949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) regulate multiple cellular processes such as gene expression, virulence, and dormancy throughout bacterial species. NAPs help in the survival and adaptation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) within the host. Fourteen NAPs have been identified in Escherichia coli; however, only seven NAPs are documented in Mtb. Given its complex lifestyle, it is reasonable to assume that Mtb would encode for more NAPs. Using bioinformatics tools and biochemical experiments, we have identified the heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HbhA) protein of Mtb as a novel sequence-independent DNA-binding protein which has previously been characterized as an adhesion molecule required for extrapulmonary dissemination. Deleting the carboxy-terminal domain of HbhA resulted in a complete loss of its DNA-binding activity. Atomic force microscopy showed HbhA-mediated architectural modulations in the DNA, which may play a regulatory role in transcription and genome organization. Our results showed that HbhA colocalizes with the nucleoid region of Mtb. Transcriptomics analyses of a hbhA KO strain revealed that it regulates the expression of ∼36% of total and ∼29% of essential genes. Deletion of hbhA resulted in the upregulation of ∼73% of all differentially expressed genes, belonging to multiple pathways suggesting it to be a global repressor. The results show that HbhA is a nonessential NAP regulating gene expression globally and acting as a plausible transcriptional repressor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saba Naz
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Aanchal Gupta
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Priyadarshini Sanyal
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB) Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Manisha Kochar
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India; CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Nitika Sangwan
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Nishant Kumar
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ekta Tyagi
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Simran Goel
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Garima Khare
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Munia Ganguli
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Dominique Raze
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR9017 - CIIL - Centre for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Camille Locht
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR9017 - CIIL - Centre for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Meetu Gupta
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.
| | - Vinay Kumar Nandicoori
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB) Campus, Hyderabad, India; National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India.
| | - Yogendra Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India; Delhi School of Public Health, Institution of Eminence, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
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2
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Tran AC, Boariu E, García-Bengoa M, Kim MY, Vergara EJ, Mussá T, Reljic R. Serological analysis reveals differential antibody responses between TB patients and latently infected individuals from the TB endemic country of Mozambique. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1286785. [PMID: 37877025 PMCID: PMC10591198 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1286785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Serological antibody profiling of tuberculosis (TB) patients and household contacts with latent TB infection (LTBI) could identify risk indicators of disease progression, and potentially also serve as an easily accessible diagnostic tool to discriminate between these two stages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Yet, despite significant efforts over many decades, neither application has yet fully materialised, and this is at least in part due to inconsistent and varying antibody profiles from different TB endemic regions. In this study, we conducted a retrospective exploratory analysis of serum antibodies in a cohort of active TB patients (ATB) and their interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) positive household contacts (LTBI), as well as healthy controls (HC) from Mozambique, a country with a high TB burden from the Sub-Saharan region. Using several Mtb antigens as well as crude preparations of culture filtrate proteins (CFP) from Mtb and Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG), we report that the most discriminatory response for TB and LTBI was observed for serum IgA antibodies to the MPT64 antigen, followed by IgG antibodies to Ag85B and CFP, with ATB patients having significantly higher levels than LTBI or BCG-vaccinated healthy controls. Conversely, sera from LTBI individuals had higher levels of IgG antibodies to the HBHA antigen than ATB. While our sample size (n = 21 for ATB, 18 for LTBI and 17 for HC) was too small to fully evaluate the diagnostic potential of these differing serological profiles, our study however preliminarily indicated high level of sensitivity (95%) and specificity (97%) of an ELISA MPT64-IgA test for discriminating TB from LTBI and healthy controls, supporting the notion that it alone, or possibly in combination with other antigens such as Ag85B or CFP could lead to development of an easily accessible diagnostic tool for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy C. Tran
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eugenia Boariu
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - María García-Bengoa
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonosis (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mi-Young Kim
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emil Joseph Vergara
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tufária Mussá
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Wang J, Xie T, Ullah I, Mi Y, Li X, Gong Y, He P, Liu Y, Li F, Li J, Lu Z, Zhu B. A VLP-Based Vaccine Displaying HBHA and MTP Antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Protective Immune Responses in M. tuberculosis H37Ra Infected Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:941. [PMID: 37243045 PMCID: PMC10224509 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) and M. tuberculosis pili (MTP) are important antigens on the surface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To display these antigens effectively, the fusion protein HBHA-MTP with a molecular weight of 20 kD (L20) was inserted into the receptor-binding hemagglutinin (HA) fragment of influenza virus and was expressed along with matrix protein M1 in Sf9 insect cells to generate influenza virus-like particles (LV20 in short). The results showed that the insertion of L20 into the envelope of the influenza virus did not affect the self-assembly and morphology of LV20 VLPs. The expression of L20 was successfully verified by transmission electron microscopy. Importantly, it did not interfere with the immunogenicity reactivity of LV20 VLPs. We demonstrated that LV20 combined with the adjuvant composed of DDA and Poly I: C (DP) elicited significantly higher antigen-specific antibodies and CD4+/CD8+ T cell responses than PBS and BCG vaccination in mice. It suggests that the insect cell expression system is an excellent protein production system, and LV20 VLPs could be a novel tuberculosis vaccine candidate for further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Tao Xie
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Inayat Ullah
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Youjun Mi
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
- Institute of Pathogenic Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Respiratory Department of Lanzhou Pulmonary Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang Gong
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Pu He
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Yuqi Liu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Fei Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Jixi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China;
| | - Zengjun Lu
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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4
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Ifijen IH, Atoe B, Ekun RO, Ighodaro A, Odiachi IJ. Treatments of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Toxoplasma gondii with Selenium Nanoparticles. BIONANOSCIENCE 2023; 13:249-277. [PMID: 36687337 PMCID: PMC9838309 DOI: 10.1007/s12668-023-01059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are pathogens that are harmful to humans. When these diseases interact in humans, the result is typically fatal to the public health. Several investigations on the relationship between M. tuberculosis and T. gondii infections have found that there is a strong correlation between them with each infection having a reciprocal effect on the other. TB may contribute to the reactivation of innate toxoplasmosis or enhance susceptibility to a new infection, and toxoplasma co-infection may worsen the severity of pulmonary tuberculosis. As a consequence, there is an earnest and urgent necessity to generate novel therapeutics that can subdue these challenges. Selenium nanostructures' compelling properties have been shown to be a successful treatment for Mycobacterium TB and Toxoplasma gondii. Despite the fact that selenium (Se) offers many health advantages for people, it also has a narrow therapeutic window; therefore, consuming too much of either inorganic or organic compounds based on selenium can be hazardous. Compared to both inorganic and organic Se, Se nanoparticles (SeNPs) are less hazardous. They are biocompatible and excellent in selectively targeting specific cells. As a consequence, this review conducted a summary of the efficacy of biogenic Se NPs in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) and toxoplasmosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Toxoplasma gondii, and their co-infection were all briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikhazuagbe H. Ifijen
- Department of Research Outreach, Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, Iyanomo, P.M.B, 1049, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Best Atoe
- Department of Daily Need, Worldwide Healthcare, 100, Textile Mill Road, Benin City, Edo State Nigeria
| | - Raphael O. Ekun
- grid.440833.80000 0004 0642 9705Department of Electrical Electronics, Cyprus International University, Haspolat, Lefkosa, North Cyprus Mersin 10 Turkey
| | - Augustine Ighodaro
- Depatment of Aseptic Quality, Quantum Pharmaceuticals, Quantum House, Durham, UK
| | - Ifeanyi J. Odiachi
- grid.461933.a0000 0004 0446 5040Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Delta State Polytechnic Ogwashi-Uku, Ogwashi-Uku, Nigeria
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5
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Wen D, Cui J, Li P, Xiong Q, Chen G, Wu C. Syndecan-4 assists Mycobacterium tuberculosis entry into lung epithelial cells by regulating the Cdc42, N-WASP, and Arp2/3 signaling pathways. Microbes Infect 2022; 24:104931. [PMID: 35026388 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2022.104931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Syndecan-4 (SDC4) is a transmembrane heparin sulfate proteoglycan that regulates inflammatory responses, cell motility, cell adhesion and intracellular signaling. In this study, we found that overexpression of SDC4 promoted the infection efficiency of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), whereas knockdown of SDC4 reduced the infection efficiency, suggesting that SDC4 assisted Mtb infection of epithelial cells. We also observed that Mtb infection affected the F-actin/G-actin ratio, which was also correlated with SDC4 expression levels. Analysis of the Cdc42, N-WASP, and Arp2/3 signaling pathways during Mtb infection revealed that knockdown of Cdc42 and N-WASP or the addition of ZCL278, Wiskostatin or CK636 (blockers of Cdc42, N-WASP, and Arp2/3, respectively) significantly exacerbated Mtb infection in lung epithelial cells. Taken together, our data indicate that SDC4 assists Mtb infection of epithelial cells by regulating the Cdc42, N-WASP, and Arp2/3 signaling pathways, which regulate the polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Wen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jia Cui
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Department of Microbiology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, China
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Qiuhong Xiong
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Guangxin Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Key Lab of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; The Provincial Key Laboratories for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China.
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6
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Abstract
Cell surface proteoglycans, such as syndecans and glypicans, regulate molecular interactions that mediate cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Through these activities, surface proteoglycans modulate critical biological processes of development, inflammation, infection, tissue repair, and cancer metastasis. Proteoglycans are unique glycoproteins comprised of one or several glycosaminoglycans attached covalently to core proteins. Glycosaminoglycans mediate the majority of ligand-binding functions of proteoglycans. Accumulating evidence indicates that surface proteoglycans regulate the onset, progression, and outcome of lung diseases, including lung injury, infection, fibrosis, and cancer. This article will review key features of surface proteoglycan biology in lung health and disease.
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Bauer S, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ. Implications of Glycosaminoglycans on Viral Zoonotic Diseases. Diseases 2021; 9:85. [PMID: 34842642 PMCID: PMC8628766 DOI: 10.3390/diseases9040085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases that pass from animals to humans. These include diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites and can be transmitted through close contact or through an intermediate insect vector. Many of the world's most problematic zoonotic diseases are viral diseases originating from animal spillovers. The Spanish influenza pandemic, Ebola outbreaks in Africa, and the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic are thought to have started with humans interacting closely with infected animals. As the human population grows and encroaches on more and more natural habitats, these incidents will only increase in frequency. Because of this trend, new treatments and prevention strategies are being explored. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are complex linear polysaccharides that are ubiquitously present on the surfaces of most human and animal cells. In many infectious diseases, the interactions between GAGs and zoonotic pathogens correspond to the first contact that results in the infection of host cells. In recent years, researchers have made progress in understanding the extraordinary roles of GAGs in the pathogenesis of zoonotic diseases, suggesting potential therapeutic avenues for using GAGs in the treatment of these diseases. This review examines the role of GAGs in the progression, prevention, and treatment of different zoonotic diseases caused by viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bauer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA;
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA;
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA;
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Departments of Biological Science, Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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Parada C, Neri-Badillo IC, Vallecillo AJ, Segura E, Silva-Miranda M, Guzmán-Gutiérrez SL, Ortega PA, Coronado-Aceves EW, Cancino-Villeda L, Torres-Larios A, Aceves Sánchez MDJ, Flores Valdez MA, Espitia C. New Insights into the Methylation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Heparin Binding Hemagglutinin Adhesin Expressed in Rhodococcus erythropolis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091139. [PMID: 34578171 PMCID: PMC8467707 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, knowledge of the role that protein methylation is playing on the physiopathogenesis of bacteria has grown. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, methylation of the heparin binding hemagglutinin adhesin modulates the immune response, making this protein a subunit vaccine candidate. Through its C-terminal lysine-rich domain, this surface antigen interacts with heparan sulfate proteoglycans present in non-phagocytic cells, leading to extrapulmonary dissemination of the pathogen. In this study, the adhesin was expressed as a recombinant methylated protein in Rhodococcus erythropolis L88 and it was found associated to lipid droplets when bacteria were grown under nitrogen limitation. In order to delve into the role methylation could have in host–pathogen interactions, a comparative analysis was carried out between methylated and unmethylated protein produced in Escherichia coli. We found that methylation had an impact on lowering protein isoelectric point, but no differences between the proteins were found in their capacity to interact with heparin and A549 epithelial cells. An important finding was that HbhA is a Fatty Acid Binding Protein and differences in the conformational stability of the protein in complex with the fatty acid were observed between methylated and unmethylated protein. Together, these results suggest that the described role for this mycobacteria protein in lipid bodies formation could be related to its capacity to transport fatty acids. Obtained results also provide new clues about the role HbhA methylation could have in tuberculosis and point out the importance of having heterologous expression systems to obtain modified proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Parada
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
| | - Isabel Cecilia Neri-Badillo
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
| | - Antonio J. Vallecillo
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010220, Ecuador
| | - Erika Segura
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
| | - Mayra Silva-Miranda
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACyT, Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico
| | - Silvia Laura Guzmán-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACyT, Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico
| | - Paola A. Ortega
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
| | - Enrique Wenceslao Coronado-Aceves
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
| | - Laura Cancino-Villeda
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
| | - Alfredo Torres-Larios
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Michel de Jesús Aceves Sánchez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara 44270, Mexico; (M.d.J.A.S.); (M.A.F.V.)
| | - Mario Alberto Flores Valdez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara 44270, Mexico; (M.d.J.A.S.); (M.A.F.V.)
| | - Clara Espitia
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
- Correspondence:
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Reedoy KS, Loots DT, Beukes D, Reenen MV, Pillay B, Pillay M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis curli pili (MTP) is associated with significant host metabolic pathways in an A549 epithelial cell infection model and contributes to the pathogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Metabolomics 2020; 16:116. [PMID: 33084984 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A clear understanding of the metabolome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its target host cell during infection is fundamental for the development of novel diagnostic tools, effective drugs and vaccines required to combat tuberculosis. The surface-located Mycobacterium tuberculosis curli pili (MTP) adhesin forms initial contact with the host cell and is therefore important for the establishment of infection. OBJECTIVE The aim of this investigation was to determine the role of MTP in modulating pathogen and host metabolic pathways in A549 epithelial cells infected with MTP proficient and deficient strains of M. tuberculosis. METHODS Uninfected A549 epithelial cells, and those infected with M. tuberculosis V9124 wild-type strain, Δmtp and the mtp-complemented strains, were subjected to metabolite extraction, two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS) and bioinformatic analyses. Univariate and multivariate statistical tests were used to identify metabolites that were significantly differentially produced in the WT-infected and ∆mtp-infected A549 epithelial cell models, comparatively. RESULTS A total of 46 metabolites occurred in significantly lower relative concentrations in the Δmtp-infected cells, indicating a reduction in nucleic acid synthesis, amino acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism and peptidoglycan, compared to those cells infected with the WT strain. CONCLUSION The absence of MTP was associated with significant changes to the host metabolome, suggesting that this adhesin is an important contributor to the pathogenicity of M. tuberculosis, and supports previous findings of its potential as a suitable drug, vaccine and diagnostic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Reedoy
- Medical Microbiology School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 1st Floor, Congella, Private Bag 7, Durban, 4013, South Africa
| | - D T Loots
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag x6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - D Beukes
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag x6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - M van Reenen
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag x6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - B Pillay
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - M Pillay
- Medical Microbiology School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 1st Floor, Congella, Private Bag 7, Durban, 4013, South Africa.
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10
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To K, Cao R, Yegiazaryan A, Owens J, Venketaraman V. General Overview of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Opportunistic Pathogens: Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium abscessus. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2541. [PMID: 32781595 PMCID: PMC7463534 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are emerging human pathogens, causing a wide range of clinical diseases affecting individuals who are immunocompromised and who have underlying health conditions. NTM are ubiquitous in the environment, with certain species causing opportunistic infection in humans, including Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium abscessus. The incidence and prevalence of NTM infections are rising globally, especially in developed countries with declining incidence rates of M. tuberculosis infection. Mycobacterium avium, a slow-growing mycobacterium, is associated with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections that can cause chronic pulmonary disease, disseminated disease, as well as lymphadenitis. M. abscessus infections are considered one of the most antibiotic-resistant mycobacteria and are associated with pulmonary disease, especially cystic fibrosis, as well as contaminated traumatic skin wounds, postsurgical soft tissue infections, and healthcare-associated infections (HAI). Clinical manifestations of diseases depend on the interaction of the host's immune response and the specific mycobacterial species. This review will give a general overview of the general characteristics, vulnerable populations most at risk, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention for infections caused by Mycobacterium avium, in the context of MAC, and M. abscessus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly To
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA; (K.T.); (A.Y.)
| | - Ruoqiong Cao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA; (R.C.); (J.O.)
| | - Aram Yegiazaryan
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA; (K.T.); (A.Y.)
| | - James Owens
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA; (R.C.); (J.O.)
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA; (R.C.); (J.O.)
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11
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Feature of Adhesins Produced by Human Clinical Isolates of Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium intracellulare subsp. chimaera and Closely Related Species. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081154. [PMID: 32751435 PMCID: PMC7465531 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium avium complex includes two closely related species, Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare. They are opportunistic pathogens in humans and responsible for severe disease in a wide variety of animals. Yet, little is known about factors involved in their pathogenicity. Here, we identified, purified and characterized adhesins belonging to the heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) and laminin-binding protein (LBP) family from M. intracellulare ATCC13950 and examined clinical isolates from patients with different pathologies associated with M. intracellulare infection for the presence and conservation of HBHA and LBP. Using a recombinant derivative strain of M. intracellulare ATCC13950 producing green fluorescent protein and luciferase, we found that the addition of heparin inhibited mycobacterial adherence to A549 cells, whereas the addition of laminin enhanced adherence. Both HBHA and LBP were purified by heparin-Sepharose chromatography and their methylation profiles were determined by mass spectrometry. Patients with M. intracellulare infection mounted strong antibody responses to both proteins. By using PCR and immunoblot analyses, we found that both proteins were highly conserved among all 17 examined clinical M. intracellulare isolates from patients with diverse disease manifestations, suggesting a conserved role of these adhesins in M. intracellulare virulence in humans and their potential use as a diagnostic tool.
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12
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Espinosa-Cueto P, Magallanes-Puebla A, Mancilla R. Phosphate starvation enhances phagocytosis of Mycobacterium bovis/BCG by macrophages. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:34. [PMID: 32517651 PMCID: PMC7282091 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis is an important health problem worldwide. The only available vaccine is M. bovis/BCG, an attenuated mycobacterium that activates the innate and the acquired immune system after being phagocytosed by macrophages and dendritic cells. Vaccination fails to prevent adult pulmonary tuberculosis although it may have a protective effect in childhood infection. Understanding how BCG interacts with macrophages and other immunocompetent cells is crucial to develop new vaccines. Results In this study we showed that macrophages phagocytose M. bovis/BCG bacilli with higher efficiency when they are cultured without phosphate. We isolated mycobacterial membranes to search for mycobacterial molecules that could be involved in these processes; by immunoblot, it was found that the plasma membranes of phosphate-deprived bacilli express the adhesins PstS-1, LpqH, LprG, and the APA antigen. These proteins are not detected in membranes of bacilli grown with usual amounts of phosphate. Conclusions The interest of our observations is to show that under the metabolic stress implied in phosphate deprivation, mycobacteria respond upregulating adhesins that could improve their capacity to infect macrophages. These observations are relevant to understand how M. bovis/BCG induces protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Espinosa-Cueto
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Magallanes-Puebla
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México City, Mexico
| | - Raul Mancilla
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México City, Mexico.
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13
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Bisht D, Meena LS. Adhesion molecules facilitate host-pathogen interaction & mediate Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. Indian J Med Res 2020; 150:23-32. [PMID: 31571626 PMCID: PMC6798602 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2055_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the microorganisms display adhesion molecules on their surface which help them to bind and interact with the host cell during infection. Adhesion molecules help mycobacteria to colonize and invade immune system of the host, and also trigger immune response explicated by the host against the infection. Hence, understanding the signalling pathways illustrated by these molecules to enhance our knowledge on mycobacterial survival and persistence inside the host cell is required. Hence, this review was focussed on the role of adhesion molecules and their receptor molecules. The various mechanisms adopted by adhesion molecules to bind with the specific receptors on the host cell and their role in invasion and persistence of mycobacterium inside the host cell are explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Bisht
- Allergy & Infectious Diseases, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Laxman S Meena
- Allergy & Infectious Diseases, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
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14
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Ji X, Zhang X, Sun L, Hou X, Song H, Han L, Xu S, Li H, Qiu X, Li M, Wang X, Zheng N, Li Z. The Heparin-Binding Hemagglutinin of Nocardia cyriacigeorgica GUH-2 Stimulates Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion Through Activation of Nuclear Factor κB and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways via TLR4. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:3. [PMID: 32117792 PMCID: PMC7031410 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) from mycobacteria is involved in the dissemination of infection and the activation of the host immune response. However, the interaction of Nocardia cyriacigeorgica HBHA with the host cells remains unknown. In the present study, we describe N. cyriacigeorgica HBHA interactions with epithelial cells and organ colonization. We then investigate the mechanisms by which HBHA induces the production of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. Immunofluorescent microscopy showed that HBHA adhered to A549 cells and HeLa cells and that the C-terminal fragment, which contains a Pro-Ala-Lys–rich domain, was responsible for adhesion. The deletion of the hbha gene in N. cyriacigeorgica mutant strains impaired adhesion to A549 cells and HeLa cells. In addition, the HBHA protein activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways and promoted the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-10 in macrophages. HBHA-mediated TNF-α production was dependent on the activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signal pathways, and the IL-6 and IL-10 production was dependent on the activation of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, MAPK p38 (p38), JNK, and nuclear NF-κB signaling pathways. Additionally, the HBHA-mediated activation of innate immunity was dependent on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Taken together, these results indicate that N. cyriacigeorgica HBHA not only adheres to epithelial cells and may be involved in organ colonization, but also plays a critical role in the modulation of innate immunity through the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways via TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhao Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xuexin Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Han Song
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lichao Han
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Department of Medicine, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Shuai Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Heqiao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xuebing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ningwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhenjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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15
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Corbière V, Segers J, Desmet R, Lecher S, Loyens M, Petit E, Melnyk O, Locht C, Mascart F. Natural T Cell Epitope Containing Methyl Lysines on Mycobacterial Heparin-Binding Hemagglutinin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1715-1723. [PMID: 32122997 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell epitopes are mostly nonmodified peptides, although posttranslationally modified peptide epitopes have been described, but they originated from viral or self-proteins. In this study, we provide evidence of a bacterial methylated T cell peptide epitope. The mycobacterial heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) is a protein Ag with a complex C-terminal methylation pattern and is recognized by T cells from humans latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis By comparing native HBHA with recombinant HBHA produced in Mycobacterium smegmatis (rHBHA-Ms), we could link antigenic differences to differences in the methylation profile. Peptide scan analyses led to the discovery of a peptide containing methyl lysines recognized by a mAb that binds to native HBHA ∼100-fold better than to rHBHA-Ms This peptide was also recognized by T cells from latently infected humans, as evidenced by IFN-γ release upon peptide stimulation. The nonmethylated peptide did not induce IFN-γ, arguing that the methyl lysines are part of the T cell epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Corbière
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Segers
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; and
| | - Rémi Desmet
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; and
| | - Sophie Lecher
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; and
| | - Marc Loyens
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; and
| | - Emmanuelle Petit
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; and
| | - Oleg Melnyk
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; and
| | - Camille Locht
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; and
| | - Françoise Mascart
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; .,Immunobiology Clinic, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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16
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De Maio F, Squeglia F, Goletti D, Delogu G. The Mycobacterial HBHA Protein: A Promising Biomarker for Tuberculosis. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2051-2060. [PMID: 30378481 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181029165805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A major goal in tuberculosis (TB) research is the identification, among the subjects infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), of those with active TB, or at higher risk of developing active disease, from the latently infected subjects. The classical heterogeneity of Mtb infection and TB disease is a major obstacle toward the identification of reliable biomarkers that can stratify Mtb infected subjects based on disease risk. The heparin-binding haemagglutinin (HBHA) is a mycobacterial surface antigen that is implicated in tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis. The host immune response against HBHA varies depending on the TB status and several studies are supporting the role of HBHA as a useful biomarker of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio De Maio
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli- IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Squeglia
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16. I-80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) IRCCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Delogu
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli- IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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17
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Kuo CJ, Gao J, Huang JW, Ko TP, Zhai C, Ma L, Liu W, Dai L, Chang YF, Chen TH, Hu Y, Yu X, Guo RT, Chen CC. Functional and structural investigations of fibronectin-binding protein Apa from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:1351-1359. [PMID: 31175911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alanine and proline-rich protein (Apa) is a secreted antigen of Mycobacterium spp. which involves in stimulating immune responses and adhering to host cells by binding to fibronectin (Fn). Here, we report the crystal structure of Apa from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and its Fn-binding characteristics. METHODS The crystal structure of Mtb Apa was determined at resolutions of 1.54 Å. The dissociation constants (KD) of Apa and individual modules of Fn were determined by surface plasmon resonance and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed to investigate the putative Fn-binding motif of Apa. RESULTS Mtb Apa folds into a large seven-stranded anti-parallel β-sheet which is flanked by three α-helices. The binding affinity of Mtb Apa to individual Fn modules was assessed and the results indicated that the Mtb Apa binds to FnIII-4 and FnIII-5 of Fn CBD segment. Notably, structure analysis suggested that the previously proposed Fn-binding motif 258RWFV261 is buried within the protein and may not be accessible to the binding counterpart. CONCLUSIONS The structural and Fn-binding characteristics we reported here provide molecular insights into the multifunctional protein Mtb Apa. FnIII-4 and FnIII-5 of CBD are the only two modules contributing to Apa-Fn interaction. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study to report the structure and Fn-binding characteristics of mycobacterial Apa. Since Apa plays a central role in stimulating immune responses and host cells adhesion, these results are of great importance in understanding the pathogenesis of mycobacterium. This information shall provide a guidance for the development of anti-mycobacteria regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jung Kuo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jian-Wen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
| | - Chao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Lixin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Longhai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States of America
| | - Ter-Hsin Chen
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yumei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xuejing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.
| | - Chun-Chi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
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18
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Kolbe K, Veleti SK, Reiling N, Lindhorst TK. Lectins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis - rarely studied proteins. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1-15. [PMID: 30680034 PMCID: PMC6334816 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of bacterial lectins for adhesion, pathogenicity, and biofilm formation is well established for many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However, there is very little information available about lectins of the tuberculosis-causing bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In this paper we review previous studies on the carbohydrate-binding characteristics of mycobacteria and related Mtb proteins, discussing their potential relevance to Mtb infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kolbe
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 33 North Drive, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States
| | - Sri Kumar Veleti
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 33 North Drive, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States
| | - Norbert Reiling
- Microbial Interface Biology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Borstel Site, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Thisbe K Lindhorst
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3-4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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19
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Marimani M, Ahmad A, Duse A. The role of epigenetics, bacterial and host factors in progression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 113:200-214. [PMID: 30514504 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is still a persistent global health problem, particularly in developing countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported a mortality rate of about 1.8 million worldwide due to TB complications in 2015. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine was introduced in 1921 and is still widely used to prevent TB development. This vaccine offers up to 80% protection against various forms of TB; however its efficacy against lung infection varies among different geographical settings. Devastatingly, the development of various forms of drug-resistant TB strains has significantly impaired the discovery of effective and safe anti-bacterial agents. Consequently, this necessitated discovery of new drug targets and novel anti-TB therapeutics to counter infection caused by various Mtb strains. Importantly, various factors that contribute to TB development have been identified and include bacterial resuscitation factors, host factors, environmental factors and genetics. Furthermore, Mtb-induced epigenetic changes also play a crucial role in evading the host immune response and leads to bacterial persistence and dissemination. Recently, the application of GeneXpert MTB/RIF® to rapidly diagnose and identify drug-resistant strains and discovery of different molecular markers that distinguish between latent and active TB infection has motivated and energised TB research. Therefore, this review article will briefly discuss the current TB state, highlight various mechanisms employed by Mtb to evade the host immune response as well as to discuss some modern molecular techniques that may potentially target and inhibit Mtb replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Marimani
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Infection Control, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa.
| | - Adriano Duse
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Infection Control, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa
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20
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De Maio F, Battah B, Palmieri V, Petrone L, Corrente F, Salustri A, Palucci I, Bellesi S, Papi M, Rubino S, Sali M, Goletti D, Sanguinetti M, Manganelli R, De Spirito M, Delogu G. PE_PGRS3 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is specifically expressed at low phosphate concentration, and its arginine-rich C-terminal domain mediates adhesion and persistence in host tissues when expressed in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12952. [PMID: 30192424 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PE_PGRSs of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) represent a family of complex and peculiar proteins whose role and function remain elusive. In this study, we investigated PE_PGRS3 and PE_PGRS4, two highly homologous PE_PGRSs encoded by two contiguous genes in the Mtb genome. Using a gene-reporter system in Mycobacterium smegmatis (Ms) and transcriptional analysis in Mtb, we show that PE_PGRS3, but not PE_PGRS4, is specifically expressed under low phosphate concentrations. Interestingly, PE_PGRS3, but not PE_PGRS4, has a unique, arginine-rich C-terminal domain of unknown function. Heterologous expression of PE_PGRS3 in Ms was used to demonstrate cellular localisation of the protein on the mycobacterial surface, where it significantly affects net surface charge. Moreover, expression of full-length PE_PGRS3 enhanced adhesion of Ms to murine macrophages and human epithelial cells and improved bacterial persistence in spleen tissue following infection in mice. Expression of the PE_PGRS3 functional deletion mutant lacking the C-terminal domain in Ms did not enhance adhesion to host cells, showing a phenotype similar to the Ms parental strain. Interestingly, enhanced persistence of Ms expressing PE_PGRS3 did not correlate with increased concentrations of inflammatory cytokines. These results point to a critical role for the ≈ 80 amino acids long, arginine-rich C-terminal domain of PE_PGRS3 in tuberculosis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio De Maio
- Institute of Microbiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Basem Battah
- Institute of Microbiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Valentina Palmieri
- Institute of Physics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Petrone
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Corrente
- Institute of Haematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Salustri
- Institute of Microbiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivana Palucci
- Institute of Microbiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Bellesi
- Institute of Haematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Papi
- Institute of Physics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Rubino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Michela Sali
- Institute of Microbiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Institute of Microbiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco De Spirito
- Institute of Physics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Delogu
- Institute of Microbiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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21
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Raze D, Verwaerde C, Deloison G, Werkmeister E, Coupin B, Loyens M, Brodin P, Rouanet C, Locht C. Heparin-Binding Hemagglutinin Adhesin (HBHA) Is Involved in Intracytosolic Lipid Inclusions Formation in Mycobacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2258. [PMID: 30333800 PMCID: PMC6176652 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The heparin-binding hemagglutinin adhesin (HBHA) is an important virulence factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is a surface-displayed protein that serves as an adhesin for non-phagocytic cells and is involved in extra-pulmonary dissemination of the tubercle bacillus. It is also an important latency antigen useful for the diagnosis of latently M. tuberculosis-infected individuals. Using fluorescence time-lapse microscopy on mycobacteria that produce HBHA-green fluorescent protein chimera, we show here that HBHA can be found at two different locations and dynamically alternates between the mycobacterial surface and the interior of the cell, where it participates in the formation of intracytosolic lipid inclusions (ILI). Compared to HBHA-producing mycobacteria, HBHA-deficient mutants contain significantly lower amounts of ILI when grown in vitro or within macrophages, and the sizes of their ILI are significantly smaller. Lipid-binding assays indicate that HBHA is able to specifically bind to phosphatidylinositol and in particular to 4,5 di-phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol, but not to neutral lipids, the main constituents of ILI. HBHA derivatives lacking the C-terminal methylated, lysine-rich repeat region fail to bind to these lipids and these derivatives also fail to complement the phenotype of HBHA-deficient mutants. These studies indicate that HBHA is a moonlighting protein that serves several functions depending on its location. When surface exposed, HBHA serves as an adhesin, and when intracellularly localized, it participates in the generation of ILI, possibly as a cargo to transport phospholipids from the plasma membrane to the ILI in the process of being formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Raze
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Claudie Verwaerde
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Gaspard Deloison
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Elisabeth Werkmeister
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Baptiste Coupin
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Marc Loyens
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Priscille Brodin
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Carine Rouanet
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Camille Locht
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
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22
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Association of Mycobacterium Proteins with Lipid Droplets. J Bacteriol 2018; 200:JB.00240-18. [PMID: 29760207 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00240-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a global pathogen of significant medical importance. A key aspect of its life cycle is the ability to enter into an altered physiological state of nonreplicating persistence during latency and resist elimination by the host immune system. One mechanism by which M. tuberculosis facilitates its survival during latency is by producing and metabolizing intracytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs). LDs are quasi-organelles consisting of a neutral lipid core such as triacylglycerol surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer and proteins. We previously reported that PspA (phage shock protein A) associates with LDs produced in Mycobacterium In particular, the loss or overproduction of PspA alters LD homeostasis in Mycobacterium smegmatis and attenuates the survival of M. tuberculosis during nonreplicating persistence. Here, M. tuberculosis PspA (PspAMtb) and a ΔpspA M. smegmatis mutant were used as model systems to investigate the mechanism by which PspA associates with LDs and determine if other Mycobacterium proteins associate with LDs using a mechanism similar to that for PspA. Through this work, we established that the amphipathic helix present in the first α-helical domain (H1) of PspA is both necessary and sufficient for the targeting of this protein to LDs. Furthermore, we identified other Mycobacterium proteins that also possess amphipathic helices similar to PspA H1, including a subset that localize to LDs. Altogether, our results indicate that amphipathic helices may be an important mechanism by which proteins target LDs in prokaryotes.IMPORTANCEMycobacterium spp. are one of the few prokaryotes known to produce lipid droplets (LDs), and their production has been linked to aspects of persistent infection by M. tuberculosis Unfortunately, little is known about LD production in these organisms, including how LDs are formed, their function, or the identity of proteins that associate with them. In this study, an established M. tuberculosis LD protein and a surrogate Mycobacterium host were used as model systems to study the interactions between proteins and LDs in bacteria. Through these studies, we identified a commonly occurring protein motif that is able to facilitate the association of proteins to LDs in prokaryotes.
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Veyron-Churlet R, Dupres V, Saliou JM, Lafont F, Raze D, Locht C. Rv0613c/MSMEG_1285 Interacts with HBHA and Mediates Its Proper Cell-Surface Exposure in Mycobacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1673. [PMID: 29874861 PMCID: PMC6032435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding haemagglutinin (HBHA) is a surface-exposed virulence factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is involved in the binding of mycobacteria to non-phagocytic cells, allowing for extra-pulmonary dissemination of the bacilli. Despite its surface exposure, HBHA is not produced as a pre-protein containing a typical cleavable N-terminal signal peptide and is thus likely secreted by a Sec-independent, as of yet unknown mechanism. Here, we used the bacterial adenylate cyclase two-hybrid system to identify the proteins encoded by rv0613c and mmpL14 as being able to interact with HBHA. Our study was focused on Rv0613c, as it showed more consistent interactions with HBHA than MmpL14. Deletion of its orthologous gene MSMEG_1285 in recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis producing HBHA from M. tuberculosis resulted in the loss of proper surface exposure of HBHA, as evidenced by atomic force microscopy. Furthermore, the lack of MSMEG_1285 also abolished the clumping phenotype and rough colony morphology of the recombinant M. smegmatis and reduced its adherence to A549 epithelial cells. These phenotypes have previously been associated with surface-exposed HBHA. Thus, MSMEG_1285 is directly involved in the proper cell-surface exposure of HBHA. These observations identify MSMEG_1285/Rv0613c as the first accessory protein involved in the cell surface exposure of HBHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Veyron-Churlet
- Université de Lille, CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Vincent Dupres
- Université de Lille, CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Saliou
- Université de Lille, CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Frank Lafont
- Université de Lille, CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Dominique Raze
- Université de Lille, CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Camille Locht
- Université de Lille, CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
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24
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Chai Q, Zhang Y, Liu CH. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: An Adaptable Pathogen Associated With Multiple Human Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:158. [PMID: 29868514 PMCID: PMC5962710 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), is an extremely successful pathogen that adapts to survive within the host. During the latency phase of infection, M. tuberculosis employs a range of effector proteins to be cloud the host immune system and shapes its lifestyle to reside in granulomas, sophisticated, and organized structures of immune cells that are established by the host in response to persistent infection. While normally being restrained in immunocompetent hosts, M. tuberculosis within granulomas can cause the recrudescence of TB when host immunity is compromised. Aside from causing TB, accumulating evidence suggests that M. tuberculosis is also associated with multiple other human diseases, such as pulmonary complications, autoimmune diseases, and metabolic syndromes. Furthermore, it has been recently appreciated that M. tuberculosis infection can also reciprocally interact with the human microbiome, which has a strong link to immune balance and health. In this review, we highlight the adaptive survival of M. tuberculosis within the host and provide an overview for regulatory mechanisms underlying interactions between M. tuberculosis infection and multiple important human diseases. A better understanding of how M. tuberculosis regulates the host immune system to cause TB and reciprocally regulates other human diseases is critical for developing rational treatments to better control TB and help alleviate its associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyao Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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25
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Abstract
Syndecan-1 (Sdc1) is a major cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan of epithelial cells, a cell type targeted by many bacterial pathogens early in their pathogenesis. Loss of Sdc1 in mice is a gain-of-function mutation that significantly decreases the susceptibility to several bacterial infections, suggesting that subversion of Sdc1 is an important virulence strategy. HS glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains of cell surface Sdc1 promote bacterial pathogenesis by facilitating the attachment of bacteria to host cells. Engagement of cell surface Sdc1 HS chains by bacterial adhesins transmits signal through the highly conserved Sdc1 cytoplasmic domain, which can lead to uptake of intracellular bacterial pathogens. On the other hand, several bacteria that do not require Sdc1 for their attachment and invasion stimulate Sdc1 shedding and exploit the capacity of Sdc1 ectodomain HS GAGs to disarm innate defense mechanisms to evade immune clearance. Recent data suggest that select HS sulfate motifs, and not the overall charge of HS, are important in the inhibition of innate immune mechanisms. Here, we discuss several examples of Sdc1 subversion in bacterial infections.
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Co-Expression of hbha and mtb32C Genes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in a Prokaryotic System. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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27
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Squeglia F, Ruggiero A, De Simone A, Berisio R. A structural overview of mycobacterial adhesins: Key biomarkers for diagnostics and therapeutics. Protein Sci 2017; 27:369-380. [PMID: 29139177 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adherence, colonization, and survival of mycobacteria in host cells require surface adhesins, which are attractive pharmacotherapeutic targets. A large arsenal of pilus and non-pilus adhesins have been identified in mycobacteria. These adhesins are capable of interacting with host cells, including macrophages and epithelial cells and are essential to microbial pathogenesis. In the last decade, several structures of mycobacterial adhesins responsible for adhesion to either macrophages or extra cellular matrix proteins have been elucidated. In addition, key structural and functional information have emerged for the process of mycobacterial adhesion to epithelial cells, mediated by the Heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA). In this review, we provide an overview of the structural and functional features of mycobacterial adhesins and discuss their role as important biomarkers for diagnostics and therapeutics. Based on the reported data, it appears clear that adhesins are endowed with a variety of different structures and functions. Most adhesins play important roles in the cell life of mycobacteria and are key virulence factors. However, they have adapted to an extracellular life to exert a role in host-pathogen interaction. The type of interactions they form with the host and the adhesin regions involved in binding is partly known and is described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Squeglia
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli, I-80134, Italy
| | - Alessia Ruggiero
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli, I-80134, Italy
| | - Alfonso De Simone
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rita Berisio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli, I-80134, Italy
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Eraghi V, Derakhshandeh A, Hosseini A, Motamedi-Boroojeni A. In silico design and expression of a novel fusion protein of HBHA and high antigenic region of FAP-P of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Pichia pastoris. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2017; 6:161-168. [PMID: 29417085 PMCID: PMC5762988 DOI: 10.22099/mbrc.2017.26522.1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiologic agent of Johne's disease in ruminants and there has been a shift in the public health approach to MAP and human diseases like Crohn's disease. The prevention of infection by MAP in ruminants is thought to deter the high impact of economic losses in the level of dairy industry and possible spreading of this pathogen in dairy products. The present study was done to investigate the construction and expression of the soluble form of a novel fusion protein, consisting of Heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) and high antigenic region of Fibronectin Attachment Protein-P (FAP-P), in order to introduce as a Th1 inducer subunit vaccine against MAP. HBHA is a mycobacterial adhesin and it has been demonstrated that a HBHA-specific IFN-γ response, in latent M. tuberculosis infection, depends on the methylation of the antigen. Further, FAP-P induces Th1 polarization. Because methylation of HBHA was not performed in E. coli, Pichia pastoris was chosen as the host. The desired fusion protein had a similar 3D structure to that of HBHA with its native form and post-translational methylation in C-terminal. Hence, the uptake of the purified fusion protein will be done by M cells because of HBHA, and cell-mediated immunity will be induced because of both antigens. Eventually, successful construction and expression of the newly-designed chimeric protein under the mentioned conditions is reported in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdollah Derakhshandeh
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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29
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IFN- α Boosting of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Güerin-Vaccine Promoted Th1 Type Cellular Response and Protection against M. tuberculosis Infection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8796760. [PMID: 29090221 PMCID: PMC5635274 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8796760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The role of type I IFNs in the pathogenesis and control of mycobacterial infection is still controversial. It has been reported that type I IFNs exacerbated M. tuberculosis infection through hampering Th1 type cellular immune response. However, under certain conditions they can act as natural immune adjuvants for commercial vaccines. At this point, we have reported recently that successive IFN-alpha boosting of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Güerin (BCG) vaccinated mice protected adult mice from intradermal M. lepraemurium infection and a difference in iNOS was observed. In the present work, we have found that intramuscular IFN-α boosting of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Güerin (BCG) vaccine, either in vitro (human cell line or macrophages derived from PBMC) or in vivo (aerosol mouse model of MTb infection), promoted mostly the development of specific anti-antimycobacterial Th1 type cytokines (IFN-γ; IL-12, TNF-alpha, and IL-17; IL1β) while bacterial load reduction (0.9 logs versus PBS or BCG vaccine) was observed. These findings indicate that, under the experimental settings reported here, interferon alpha can drive or affect the TH cellular immune response in favour of BCG-inducing immunity against M. tuberculosis infection.
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Involvement of methylated HBHA expressed from Mycobacterium smegmatis in an IFN-γ release assay to aid discrimination between latent infection and active tuberculosis in BCG-vaccinated populations. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 36:1415-1423. [PMID: 28429162 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-2948-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
IFN-γ release assays (IGRAs) based on region of difference 1 (RD1) antigens have improved diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection. However, IGRAs with these antigens cannot discriminate between active tuberculosis (ATB) and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). M. tb heparin-binding-hemagglutinin (HBHA) induces relatively high IFN-γ responses in LTBI individuals and low responses in ATB patients, but purification of the native methylated HBHA from cultures of M. tb for immunological tests is complex and time-consuming. To overcome these cumbersome procedures, we constructed a recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis strain that over-expressed HBHA under control of a strong furA promoter. The methylated activity of purified protein was verified by hybridization with anti-methylated Lys antibody, and the methylated HBHA (mHBHA) was further evaluated for antigen-specific IFN-γ responses in BCG-vaccinated Chinese population. A total of 138 individuals including 86 active TB (ATB) patients, 15 latent TB infection (LTBI) cases, and 37 healthy controls (HC) were tested by using an IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. The results showed that T-cell responses against mHBHA were always lower in ATB patients than in LTBI individuals, regardless of the site of infection or the results of bacteriological tests. This allowed for a good discrimination between these two groups of M. tb-infected individuals, even in the BCG-vaccinated and high TB-incidence setting that is China. Additionally, combination of mHBHA and RD1 antigens in an IFN-γ release assay enhanced diagnostic efficacy for active TB cases. Taken together, inclusion of the immune response to mHBHA can discriminate healthy LTBI cases from ATB patients.
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31
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Yang D, Ding F, Mitachi K, Kurosu M, Lee RE, Kong Y. A Fluorescent Probe for Detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Identifying Genes Critical for Cell Entry. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2021. [PMID: 28066347 PMCID: PMC5168438 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The conventional method for quantitating Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in vitro and in vivo relies on bacterial colony forming unit (CFU) enumeration on agar plates. Due to the slow growth rate of Mtb, it takes 3-6 weeks to observe visible colonies on agar plates. Imaging technologies that are capable of quickly quantitating both active and dormant tubercle bacilli in vitro and in vivo would accelerate research toward the development of anti-TB chemotherapies and vaccines. We have developed a fluorescent probe that can directly label the Mtb cell wall components. The fluorescent probe, designated as DLF-1, has a strong affinity to the D-Ala-D-Ala unit of the late peptidoglycan intermediates in the bacterial cell wall. We demonstrate that DLF-1 is capable of detecting Mtb in both the actively replicating and dormant states in vitro at 100 nM without inhibiting bacterial growth. The DLF-1 fluorescence signal correlated well with CFU of the labeled bacteria (R2 = 1 and 0.99 for actively replicating and dormant Mtb, respectively). DLF-1 can also quantitate labeled Mtb inside of cells. The utility of DLF-1 probe to quantitate Mtb was successfully applied to identify genes critical for cell invasion. In conclusion, this novel near infrared imaging probe provides a powerful new tool for enumerating Mtb with potential future use in bacterial virulence study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Feng Ding
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Mitachi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michio Kurosu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard E Lee
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ying Kong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
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Zimmermann N, Saiga H, Houthuys E, Moura-Alves P, Koehler A, Bandermann S, Dorhoi A, Kaufmann SHE. Syndecans promote mycobacterial internalization by lung epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1846-1856. [PMID: 27279134 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne disease caused by the intracellular bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages are the first point of contact for Mtb in the respiratory tract. However, the mechanisms of mycobacterial attachment to, and internalization by, nonprofessional phagocytes, such as epithelial cells, remain incompletely understood. We identified syndecan 4 (Sdc4) as mycobacterial attachment receptor on alveolar epithelial cells. Sdc4 mRNA expression was increased in human and mouse alveolar epithelial cells after mycobacterial infection. Sdc4 knockdown in alveolar epithelial cells or blocking with anti-Sdc4 antibody reduced mycobacterial attachment and internalization. At the molecular level, interactions between epithelial cells and mycobacteria involved host Sdc and the mycobacterial heparin-binding hemagglutinin adhesin. In vivo, Sdc1/Sdc4 double-knockout mice were more resistant to Mtb colonization of the lung. Our work reveals a role for distinct Sdcs in promoting mycobacterial entry into alveolar epithelial cells with impact on outcome of TB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Zimmermann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Research Group of Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hiroyuki Saiga
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erica Houthuys
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Koehler
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke Bandermann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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Teng X, Tian M, Li J, Tan S, Yuan X, Yu Q, Jing Y, Zhang Z, Yue T, Zhou L, Fan X. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of DMT liposome-adjuvanted tuberculosis subunit CTT3H vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1456-64. [PMID: 25905680 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1037057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Different strategies have been proposed for the development of protein subunit vaccine candidates for tuberculosis (TB), which shows better safety than other types of candidates and the currently used Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. In order to develop more effective protein subunits depending on the mechanism of cell-mediated immunity against TB, a polyprotein CTT3H, based on 5 immunodominant antigens (CFP10, TB10.4, TB8.4, Rv3615c, and HBHA) with CD8(+) epitopes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was constructed in this study. We vaccinated C57BL/6 mice with a TB subunit CTT3H protein in an adjuvant of dimethyldioctadecylammonium/monophosphoryl lipid A/trehalose 6,6'-dibehenate (DDA/MPL/TDB, DMT) liposome to investigate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of this novel vaccine. Our results demonstrated that DMT liposome-adjuvanted CTT3H vaccine not only induced an antigen-specific CD4(+) Th1 response, but also raised the number of PPD- and CTT3H-specific IFN-γ(+) CD8(+) T cells and elicited strong CTL responses against TB10.4, which provided more effective protection against a 60 CFU M. tuberculosis aerosol challenge than PBS control and DMT adjuvant alone. Our findings indicate that DMT-liposome is an effective adjuvant to stimulate CD8(+) T cell responses and the DMT-adjuvanted subunit CTT3H vaccine is a promising candidate for the next generation of TB vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindong Teng
- a Department of Pathogen Biology; School of Basic Medicine; Huazhong University of Science & Technology ; Wuhan , PR China
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Guerrero GG, Rangel-Moreno J, Islas-Trujillo S, Rojas-Espinosa Ó. Successive Intramuscular Boosting with IFN-Alpha Protects Mycobacterium bovis BCG-Vaccinated Mice against M. lepraemurium Infection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:414027. [PMID: 26484351 PMCID: PMC4592887 DOI: 10.1155/2015/414027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy caused by Mycobacterium leprae primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves. As a human infectious disease, it is still a significant health and economic burden on developing countries. Although multidrug therapy is reducing the number of active cases to approximately 0.5 million, the number of cases per year is not declining. Therefore, alternative host-directed strategies should be addressed to improve treatment efficacy and outcome. In this work, using murine leprosy as a model, a very similar granulomatous skin lesion to human leprosy, we have found that successive IFN-alpha boosting protects BCG-vaccinated mice against M. lepraemurium infection. No difference in the seric isotype and all IgG subclasses measured, neither in the TH1 nor in the TH2 type cytokine production, was seen. However, an enhanced iNOS/NO production in BCG-vaccinated/i.m. IFN-alpha boosted mice was observed. The data provided in this study suggest a promising use for IFN-alpha boosting as a new prophylactic alternative to be explored in human leprosy by targeting host innate cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. G. Guerrero
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Avenida Preparatoria, S/N, Colonia Agronomicas, 98066 Zacatecas, ZAC, Mexico
| | - J. Rangel-Moreno
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - S. Islas-Trujillo
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Colonia Santo Tomas, 11340 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Ó. Rojas-Espinosa
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Colonia Santo Tomas, 11340 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
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Yang D, Kong Y. The bacterial and host factors associated with extrapulmonary dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:252-261. [PMID: 26557138 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-015-1358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
With high morbidity and mortality worldwide, tuberculosis (TB) is still an important public health threat. The majority of human TB cases are caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although pulmonary TB is the most common presentation, M. tuberculosis can disseminate into other organs and causes extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). The dissemination of bacteria from the initial site of infection to other organs can lead to fatal diseases, such as miliary and meningeal TB. Thoroughly understanding the mechanisms and pathways of dissemination would develop therapies to prevent the lethal prognosis of EPTB (miliary and meningeal TB) and vaccines to promote the development of adaptive immunity. This review focuses on risk factors of EPTB, bacterial and host genes involved in EPTB, and potential mechanisms of M. tuberculosis extrapulmonary dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- The Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Ying Kong
- The Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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The sweet tooth of bacteria: common themes in bacterial glycoconjugates. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 78:372-417. [PMID: 25184559 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00007-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have been increasingly recognized as being superorganisms, living in close contact with a microbiota on all their mucosal surfaces. However, most studies on the human microbiota have focused on gaining comprehensive insights into the composition of the microbiota under different health conditions (e.g., enterotypes), while there is also a need for detailed knowledge of the different molecules that mediate interactions with the host. Glycoconjugates are an interesting class of molecules for detailed studies, as they form a strain-specific barcode on the surface of bacteria, mediating specific interactions with the host. Strikingly, most glycoconjugates are synthesized by similar biosynthesis mechanisms. Bacteria can produce their major glycoconjugates by using a sequential or an en bloc mechanism, with both mechanistic options coexisting in many species for different macromolecules. In this review, these common themes are conceptualized and illustrated for all major classes of known bacterial glycoconjugates, with a special focus on the rather recently emergent field of glycosylated proteins. We describe the biosynthesis and importance of glycoconjugates in both pathogenic and beneficial bacteria and in both Gram-positive and -negative organisms. The focus lies on microorganisms important for human physiology. In addition, the potential for a better knowledge of bacterial glycoconjugates in the emerging field of glycoengineering and other perspectives is discussed.
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Verwaerde C, Debrie AS, Dombu C, Legrand D, Raze D, Lecher S, Betbeder D, Locht C. HBHA vaccination may require both Th1 and Th17 immune responses to protect mice against tuberculosis. Vaccine 2014; 32:6240-50. [PMID: 25252198 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Almost one century after the discovery of the BCG vaccine, tuberculosis remains a major cause of global mortality and morbidity, emphasizing the urgent need to design more efficient vaccines. The heparin-binding haemagglutinin (HBHA) appears to be a promising vaccine candidate, as it was shown to afford protection to mice against a challenge infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis when combined with the strong adjuvant DDA/MPL (dimethyldioctadecyl-ammonium bromide/monophosphoryl lipid A), a TLR4 ligand. In this study, we investigated the immunological response and protection of mice immunized with HBHA formulated in lipid-containing nanoparticles and adjuvanted with CpG, a TLR9 ligand. Subcutaneous immunization with this HBHA formulation led to a marked Th1 response, characterized by high IFN-γ levels, but no significant IL-17 production, both in spleen and lung, in contrast to DDA/MPL MPL-formulated HBHA, which induced both IFN-γ and IL-17. This cytokine profile was also observed in BCG-primed mice and persisted after M. tuberculosis infection. No significant protection was obtained against challenge infection after vaccination with the nanoparticle-CpG formulation, and this was associated with a failure to mount a memory immune response. These results suggest the importance of both Th1 and Th17 immune responses for vaccine-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudie Verwaerde
- Inserm U1019, Lille, France; CNRS UMR8204, Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.
| | - Anne-Sophie Debrie
- Inserm U1019, Lille, France; CNRS UMR8204, Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | | | - Damien Legrand
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Dominique Raze
- Inserm U1019, Lille, France; CNRS UMR8204, Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Sophie Lecher
- Inserm U1019, Lille, France; CNRS UMR8204, Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | | | - Camille Locht
- Inserm U1019, Lille, France; CNRS UMR8204, Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
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Govender VS, Ramsugit S, Pillay M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis adhesins: potential biomarkers as anti-tuberculosis therapeutic and diagnostic targets. Microbiology (Reading) 2014; 160:1821-1831. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.082206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion to host cells is a precursor to host colonization and evasion of the host immune response. Conversely, it triggers the induction of the immune response, a process vital to the host’s defence against infection. Adhesins are microbial cell surface molecules or structures that mediate the attachment of the microbe to host cells and thus the host–pathogen interaction. They also play a crucial role in bacterial aggregation and biofilm formation. In this review, we discuss the role of adhesins in the pathogenesis of the aetiological agent of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We also provide insight into the structure and characteristics of some of the characterized and putative M. tuberculosis adhesins. Finally, we examine the potential of adhesins as targets for the development of tuberculosis control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viveshree S. Govender
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Saiyur Ramsugit
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Manormoney Pillay
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Chaudhuri R, Kulshreshtha D, Raghunandanan MV, Ramachandran S. Integrative immunoinformatics for Mycobacterial diseases in R platform. SYSTEMS AND SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 2014; 8:27-39. [PMID: 24592289 DOI: 10.1007/s11693-014-9135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The sequencing of genomes of the pathogenic Mycobacterial species causing pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis, leprosy and other atypical mycobacterial infections, offer immense opportunities for discovering new therapeutics and identifying new vaccine candidates. Enhanced RV, which uses additional algorithms to Reverse Vaccinology (RV), has increased potential to reduce likelihood of undesirable features including allergenicity and immune cross reactivity to host. The starting point for MycobacRV database construction includes collection of known vaccine candidates and a set of predicted vaccine candidates identified from the whole genome sequences of 22 mycobacterium species and strains pathogenic to human and one non-pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra strain. These predicted vaccine candidates are the adhesins and adhesin-like proteins obtained using SPAAN at Pad > 0.6 and screening for putative extracellular or surface localization characteristics using PSORTb v.3.0 at very stringent cutoff. Subsequently, these protein sequences were analyzed through 21 publicly available algorithms to obtain Orthologs, Paralogs, BetaWrap Motifs, Transmembrane Domains, Signal Peptides, Conserved Domains, and similarity to human proteins, T cell epitopes, B cell epitopes, Discotopes and potential Allergens predictions. The Enhanced RV information was analysed in R platform through scripts following well structured decision trees to derive a set of nonredundant 233 most probable vaccine candidates. Additionally, the degree of conservation of potential epitopes across all orthologs has been obtained with reference to the M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain, the most commonly used strain in M. tuberculosis studies. Utilities for the vaccine candidate search and analysis of epitope conservation across the orthologs with reference to M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain are available in the mycobacrvR package in R platform accessible from the "Download" tab of MycobacRV webserver. MycobacRV an immunoinformatics database of known and predicted mycobacterial vaccine candidates has been developed and is freely available at http://mycobacteriarv.igib.res.in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupanjali Chaudhuri
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Near Jubilee Hall, Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007 India
| | - Deepika Kulshreshtha
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Near Jubilee Hall, Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007 India
| | | | - Srinivasan Ramachandran
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Near Jubilee Hall, Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007 India
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In silico DETERMINATION OF T-EPITOPES OF Mycobacterium tuberculosis PROTEINS. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2014. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech7.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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ISABEl BE, ROGELIO HP. Pathogenesis and immune response in tuberculous meningitis. Malays J Med Sci 2014; 21:4-10. [PMID: 24639606 PMCID: PMC3952336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral tuberculosis is the most severe type of extrapulmonary disease that is in developing countries highly predominant in children. Meningeal tuberculosis is the most common form and usually begins with respiratory infection followed by early haematogenous dissemination to extrapulmonary sites involving the brain. In comparison with the lung, Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces a very different immune response when infect the central nervous system. Herein, we review several aspects of the pathogenesis and immune response in pulmonary and cerebral tuberculosis in humans and experimental models and discuss the implications of this response in the cerebral infection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bini Estela ISABEl
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition “Salvador Zubirán”, México city
| | - Hernández Pando ROGELIO
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition “Salvador Zubirán”, México city
- Visiting Professor, Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Mycobacterial HBHA induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis through the generation of reactive oxygen species and cytosolic Ca2+ in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e957. [PMID: 24336077 PMCID: PMC3877560 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial heparin-binding haemagglutinin antigen (HBHA) is a virulence factor that induces apoptosis of macrophages. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis is an important regulatory response that can be utilised to study the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. In the present study, HBHA stimulation induced ER stress sensor molecules in a caspase-dependent manner. Pre-treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with an IκB kinase 2 inhibitor reduced not only C/EBP homology protein expression but also IL-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) production. BAPTA-AM reduced both ER stress responses and caspase activation and strongly suppressed HBHA-induced IL-6 and MCP-1 production in RAW 264.7 cells. Enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and elevated cytosolic [Ca(2+)]i levels were essential for HBHA-induced ER stress responses. Collectively, our data suggest that HBHA induces cytosolic [Ca(2+)]i, which influences the generation of ROS associated with the production of proinflammatory cytokines. These concerted and complex cellular responses induce ER stress-associated apoptosis during HBHA stimulation in macrophages. These results indicate that the ER stress pathway has an important role in the HBHA-induced apoptosis during mycobacterial infection.
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Novel feature of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, highlighted by characterization of the heparin-binding hemagglutinin adhesin. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:4844-53. [PMID: 23974028 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00671-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis comprises two genotypically defined groups, known as the cattle (C) and sheep (S) groups. Recent studies have reported phenotypic differences between M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis groups C and S, including growth rates, infectivity for macrophages, and iron metabolism. In this study, we investigated the genotypes and biological properties of the virulence factor heparin-binding hemagglutinin adhesin (HBHA) for both groups. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, HBHA is a major adhesin involved in mycobacterium-host interactions and extrapulmonary dissemination of infection. To investigate HBHA in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, we studied hbhA polymorphisms by fragment analysis using the GeneMapper technology across a large collection of isolates genotyped by mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat (MIRU-VNTR) and IS900 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-IS900) analyses. Furthermore, we analyzed the structure-function relationships of recombinant HBHA proteins of types C and S by heparin-Sepharose chromatography and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analyses. In silico analysis revealed two forms of HBHA, corresponding to the prototype genomes for the C and S types of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. This observation was confirmed using GeneMapper on 85 M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains, including 67 strains of type C and 18 strains of type S. We found that HBHAs from all type C strains contain a short C-terminal domain, while those of type S present a long C-terminal domain, similar to that produced by Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium. The purification of recombinant HBHA from M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis of both types by heparin-Sepharose chromatography highlighted a correlation between their affinities for heparin and the lengths of their C-terminal domains, which was confirmed by SPR analysis. Thus, types C and S of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis may be distinguished by the types of HBHA they produce, which differ in size and adherence properties, thereby providing new evidence that strengthens the genotypic differences between the C and S types of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis.
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Tsolaki AG, Nagy J, Leiva S, Kishore U, Rosenkrands I, Robertson BD. Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85B and ESAT-6 expressed as a recombinant fusion protein in Mycobacterium smegmatis elicits cell-mediated immune response in a murine vaccination model. Mol Immunol 2013; 54:278-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lefrancois LH, Bodier CC, Lecher S, Gilbert FB, Cochard T, Harichaux G, Labas V, Teixeira-Gomes AP, Raze D, Locht C, Biet F. Purification of native HBHA from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:55. [PMID: 23390963 PMCID: PMC3586368 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paratuberculosis remains today a major global problem in animal health, especially for dairy cattle. However, the diagnosis of its etiologic agent, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), still lacks sensitivity because of the lack of available antigens. Little is known about the virulence factors for this pathogen. In this study we have developed a method to produce and purify the heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA), a major adhesin of Mycobacteria, from a culture of Map. Findings For this extremely slow-growing Mycobacterium, a culture was established in a 3-liter bioreactor. Using the bioreactor the amount of the Map biomass was increased 5-fold compared to a classical culture in flasks. The map-HBHA was purified from a Map lysate by heparin-Sepharose chromatography on HiTrap columns. Binding of map-HBHA onto heparin-Sepharose can be reduced in the presence of salt. Consequently, all steps of sample preparation and column equilibration were carried out in 20 mM Tris–HCl (pH 7.2). The map-HBHA was eluted by a linear NaCl gradient. High resolution mass spectrometry analyses revealed that the native form of map-HBHA has posttranslational modifications, including the removal of the initiation methionine, acetylation of the alanine residue at the N-terminal extremity and the presence of methylated lysines in the C-terminal domain of the protein. Conclusions An optimized culture of Map in a bioreactor was established to purify the native map-HBHA from a Map lysate by heparin-Sepharose chromatography. The availability of this antigen offers the possibility to study the structure of the protein and to examine its role in pathogenicity, in particular to better understand the specific interactions of Map with the intestinal tissue. The map-HBHA obtained in its native immunogenic form may also be useful to improve the diagnostic test, especially for the development of a new T-cell-based interferon gamma release assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise H Lefrancois
- INRA, UMR ISP 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly F-37380, France.
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Abhinav KV, Sharma A, Vijayan M. Identification of mycobacterial lectins from genomic data. Proteins 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.24219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Forrellad MA, Klepp LI, Gioffré A, Sabio y García J, Morbidoni HR, de la Paz Santangelo M, Cataldi AA, Bigi F. Virulence factors of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Virulence 2012; 4:3-66. [PMID: 23076359 PMCID: PMC3544749 DOI: 10.4161/viru.22329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) consists of closely related species that cause tuberculosis in both humans and animals. This illness, still today, remains to be one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. The mycobacteria enter the host by air, and, once in the lungs, are phagocytated by macrophages. This may lead to the rapid elimination of the bacillus or to the triggering of an active tuberculosis infection. A large number of different virulence factors have evolved in MTBC members as a response to the host immune reaction. The aim of this review is to describe the bacterial genes/proteins that are essential for the virulence of MTBC species, and that have been demonstrated in an in vivo model of infection. Knowledge of MTBC virulence factors is essential for the development of new vaccines and drugs to help manage the disease toward an increasingly more tuberculosis-free world.
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Lebrun P, Raze D, Fritzinger B, Wieruszeski JM, Biet F, Dose A, Carpentier M, Schwarzer D, Allain F, Lippens G, Locht C. Differential contribution of the repeats to heparin binding of HBHA, a major adhesin of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32421. [PMID: 22403657 PMCID: PMC3293801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis remains one of the most important causes of global mortality and morbidity, and the molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis are still incompletely understood. Only few virulence factors of the causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis are known. One of them is the heparin-binding haemagglutinin (HBHA), an important adhesin for epithelial cells and an extrapulmonary dissemination factor. HBHA mediates mycobacterial adherence to epithelial cells via the interactions of its C-terminal, lysine rich repeat domain with sulfated glycoconjugates on the surface of epithelial cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using defined heparin sulfate (HS) analogs, we determined the minimal heparin fragment length for HBHA binding and structural adaptations of the HBHA heparin-binding domain (HBD) upon binding to heparin. The NMR studies show significant shifts of all residues in the HBD upon interaction with heparin, with stronger shifts in the last repeats compared to the upstream repeats, and indicated that the HS fragments with 14 sugar units cover the entire C-terminal lysine-rich domain of HBHA. The differential implication of the repeats is determined by the relative position of prolines and lysines within each repeat, and may contribute to binding specificity. GAG binding induces a non-homogeneous structural rearrangement in the HBD, with stabilization of a nascent α-helix only in the last penta-repeats. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Mycobacterial HBHA undergoes structural adaptation upon interaction with GAGs, which is likely involved in binding specificities of the adhesin, and mycobacterial pathogens may use HBD polymorphisms for host or organ specificity. Further studies will aim at decoding the complementarity between HBD repeats and HS sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lebrun
- INSERM U1019, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Dominique Raze
- INSERM U1019, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Bernd Fritzinger
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8576 Structural and Functional Glycobiology, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Jean-Michel Wieruszeski
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8576 Structural and Functional Glycobiology, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Franck Biet
- UR1282, Infectiologie Animale, Sante' Publique (IASP-311), INRA, Nouzilly, France
| | - Alexander Dose
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mathieu Carpentier
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8576 Structural and Functional Glycobiology, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fabrice Allain
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8576 Structural and Functional Glycobiology, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Guy Lippens
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8576 Structural and Functional Glycobiology, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Camille Locht
- INSERM U1019, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
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Abstract
In Mycobacterium tuberculosis the alternative sigma factor SigF controls the expression of a particular subset of genes by altering RNA polymerase specificity. Here, we utilize two genome-wide approaches to identify SigF-binding sites: chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP-on-chip) and microarray analysis of SigF-mediated transcripts. Since SigF is not an abundant protein in the logarithmic phase of growth, a pristinamyin IA-inducible system was used to control its expression. We identified 67 high-affinity SigF-binding sites and 16 loci where a SigF promoter directs the expression of a transcript. These loci include sigF itself, genes involved in lipid and intermediary metabolism and virulence, and at least one transcriptional regulator (Rv2884), possibly acting downstream of SigF. In addition, SigF was also found to direct the transcription of the gene for small RNA F6. Many loci were also found where SigF may be involved in antisense transcription, and in two cases (Rv1358 and Rv1870c) the SigF-dependent promoter was located within the predicted coding sequence. Quantitative PCR confirmed the microarray findings and 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends was used to map the SigF-specific transcriptional start points. A canonical SigF consensus promoter sequence GGTTT-N((15-17))-GGGTA was found prior to 11 genes. Together, these data help to define the SigF regulon and show that SigF not only governs expression of proteins such as the virulence factor, HbhA, but also impacts novel functions, such as noncoding RNAs and antisense transcripts.
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Esposito C, Cantisani M, D'Auria G, Falcigno L, Pedone E, Galdiero S, Berisio R. Mapping key interactions in the dimerization process of HBHA fromMycobacterium tuberculosis, insights into bacterial agglutination. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:659-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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