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Maruoka T, Shirai Y, Daimon T, Fujii R, Dannoura M, Seidl-Adams I, Mori N, Yoshinaga N. Knock-Out of ACY-1 Like Gene in Spodoptera litura Supports the Notion that FACs Improve Nitrogen Metabolism. J Chem Ecol 2024:10.1007/s10886-024-01512-y. [PMID: 38913104 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-024-01512-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Volicitin [N-(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)-L-glutamine] and N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine were originally identified in the regurgitant of Spodoptera exigua larvae. These fatty acid amino acid conjugates (FACs) are known to be elicitors that induce plants to release volatile compounds which in turn attract natural enemies of the larvae such as parasitic wasps. FAC concentrations are regulated by enzymatic biosynthesis and hydrolysis in the intestine of Lepidoptera larvae. It has been proposed that FAC metabolism activates glutamine synthetase and plays an important role in nitrogen metabolism in larvae. In this study, we identified candidate genes encoding a FACs hydrolase in Spodoptera litura using genomic information of various related lepidopteran species in which FACs hydrolases have been reported. We analyzed the importance of FAC hydrolysis on caterpillar performance with CRISPR/Cas9 knock outs. Larvae of strains with an inactive FACs hydrolase excreted FACs in their feces. They absorbed 30% less nitrogen from the diet compared to WT caterpillars resulting in a reduction of their body weight of up to 40% compared to wild type caterpillars. These results suggest that the hydrolysis of FACs is an important metabolism for insects and that FACs are important for larval growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Maruoka
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yu Shirai
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takaaki Daimon
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Rei Fujii
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masako Dannoura
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | | | - Naoki Mori
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Naoko Yoshinaga
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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Kallure GS, Sahoo SS, Kale RS, Barvkar VT, Kontham R, Giri AP. Aminoacylase efficiently hydrolyses fatty acid amino acid conjugates of Helicoverpa armigera potentially to increase the pool of glutamine. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 165:104070. [PMID: 38176573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
One of the most prevalent bioactive molecules present in the oral secretion (OS) of lepidopteran insects is fatty acid amino acid conjugates (FACs). Insect dietary components have influence on the synthesis and retaining the pool of FACs in the OS. We noted differential and diet-specific accumulation of FACs in the OS of Helicoverpa armigera by using Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Interestingly, we identified FACs hydrolyzing enzyme aminoacylase (HaACY) in the OS of H. armigera through proteomic analysis. Next, we have cloned, expressed, and purified active recombinant HaACY in the bacterial system. Recombinant HaACY hydrolyzes all the six identified FACs in the OS of H. armigera larvae fed on host and non-host plants and releases respective fatty acid and glutamine. In these six FACs, fatty acid moieties vary while amino acid glutamine was common. Glutamine obtained upon hydrolysis of FACs by HaACY might serve as an amino acid pool for insect growth and development. To understand the substrate choices of HaACY, we chemically synthesized, purified, and characterized all the six FACs. Interestingly, rHaACY also shows hydrolysis of synthetic FACs into respective fatty acid and glutamine. Our results underline the importance of diet on accumulation of FACs and role of aminoacylase(s) in regulating the level of FACs and glutamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal S Kallure
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubhranshu Shekhar Sahoo
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rutuja S Kale
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vitthal T Barvkar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ravindar Kontham
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Debnath R, Bhattacharyya B, Koner A, Barik A. Semiochemicals from Trichosanthes anguina (Cucurbitaceae) plants influence behavior in Diaphania indica. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4295-4308. [PMID: 37357178 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND First to third instars of Diaphania indica (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) feed on the lower surface of leaves, while fourth and fifth instars gregariously consume leaves of Trichosanthes anguina L. After defoliating, the caterpillar also attacks flowers and fruits of the plant and finally, results in loss of crop yield. Therefore, behavioral responses of D. indica adults were investigated to volatiles from undamaged (UD), insect-damaged (ID, plants after feeding by D. indica larvae) and jasmonic acid (JA) treated T. anguina plants. RESULTS Females showed attraction to volatiles of UD and ID plants of three T. anguina cultivars [MNSR-1 (MNS), Baruipur Long (BAR) and Polo No. 1 (POLO)] in Y-tube olfactometer bioassays. Females did not show significant negative responses from volatiles of JA treated plants. Females were more attracted to volatiles of ID plants than UD plants. Females showed attraction to volatiles of UD or ID plants compared to JA treated plants. Females were attracted to certain synthetic blends resembling volatiles of insect-damaged MNS, BAR and POLO plants in olfactometer bioassays. Females could not distinguish among these three certain synthetic blends in olfactometer bioassays. A synthetic blend of 3Z-hexen-1-ol, α-pinene, hexyl acetate, benzyl alcohol and 6Z-nonenal at mole ratios of 1.47:1.20:1:1.82:1.21 was prepared at 20 mg/mL dichloromethane and 100 μL when used as lure in funnel traps resulted in the capture of the highest number of D. indica adults in field trails. CONCLUSION The earlier five-component chemical lure could be used in traps in an integrated pest management program of the insect pest, D. indica. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Debnath
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
| | - Bhramar Bhattacharyya
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
| | - Anamika Koner
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
| | - Anandamay Barik
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
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Rodriguez VM, Velasco P, Abilleira R, Cartea E. Metabolomic fingerprint of cabbage resistance to Mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:803-810. [PMID: 36259248 PMCID: PMC10092884 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants defend themselves from insect feeding by activating specific metabolic pathways. We performed a metabolomic analysis to compare the metabolome reorganization that occurs in the leaves of two genotypes of cabbage (one partially resistant and one susceptible) when attacked by Mamestra brassicae caterpillars. RESULTS The comparison of the metabolomic reorganization of both genotypes allowed us to identify 43 metabolites that are specifically associated with the insect feeding response in the resistant genotype. Of these, 19% are lipids or lipid-related compounds, most of which are modified fatty acids. These include glycosylated, glycerol-binding and oxidized fatty acids, the majority being associated with the oxylipin pathway. Some of the identified lipids are unlikely to be produced by plants and may be the result of biochemical reactions in the caterpillar oral secretions. A further 16% are phenylpropanoids. Interestingly, some phenylpropanoids were not present in the susceptible genotype, making them possible candidates for specific resistance-related compounds. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that glucosinolates do not have a clear role in the resistance to M. brassicae feeding on cabbage. Using an untargeted metabolomics approach, we associated the regulation of metabolic pathways related to lipid signalling and phenylpropanoid compounds with the resistance to this pest. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Rodriguez
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassica CropsMision Biologica de Galicia (MBG), CSICPontevedraSpain
| | - Pablo Velasco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassica CropsMision Biologica de Galicia (MBG), CSICPontevedraSpain
| | - Rosaura Abilleira
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassica CropsMision Biologica de Galicia (MBG), CSICPontevedraSpain
| | - Elena Cartea
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassica CropsMision Biologica de Galicia (MBG), CSICPontevedraSpain
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Kallure GS, Shinde BA, Barvkar VT, Kumari A, Giri AP. Dietary influence on modulation of Helicoverpa armigera oral secretion composition leading to differential regulation of tomato plant defense. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 314:111120. [PMID: 34895549 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how different plant-based diets influence the insect herbivores' oral secretion (OS) composition and eventually the plant defense responses. We analyzed the OS composition of the generalist Lepidopteran insect, Helicoverpa armigera feeding on the host plant tomato (OSH), non-host plant capsicum (OSNH), and artificial diet (OSAD) using Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Higher numbers and levels of alkaloids and terpenoids were observed in OSH and OSNH, respectively while OSAD was rich in phospholipids. Interestingly, treatment of H. armigera OSAD, OSH and OSNH on wounded tomato leaves showed differential expression of (i) genes involved in JA and SA biosynthesis and their responsive genes, and (ii) biosynthetic pathway genes of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and trehalose, which exhibited increased accumulation along with several other plant defensive metabolites. Specifically, high levels of CGA were detected after OSH and OSNH treatments in tomato leaves. There was higher expression of the genes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, which may lead to the increased accumulation of CGA and related metabolites. In the insect bioassay, CGA significantly inhibited H. armigera larval growth. Our results underline the differential accumulation of plant and insect OS metabolites and identified potential plant metabolite(s) affecting insect growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal S Kallure
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Balkrishna A Shinde
- Department of Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Vidya Nagar, Kolhapur, 416004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vitthal T Barvkar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Archana Kumari
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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6
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Kallure GS, Kumari A, Shinde BA, Giri AP. Characterized constituents of insect herbivore oral secretions and their influence on the regulation of plant defenses. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 193:113008. [PMID: 34768189 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For more than 350 million years, there have been ongoing dynamic interactions between plants and insects. In several cases, insects cause-specific feeding damage with ensuing herbivore-associated molecular patterns that invoke characteristic defense responses. During feeding on plant tissue, insects release oral secretions (OSs) containing a repertoire of molecules affecting plant defense (effectors). Some of these OS components might elicit a defense response to combat insect attacks (elicitors), while some might curb the plant defenses (suppressors). Few reports suggest that the synthesis and function of OS components might depend on the host plant and associated microorganisms. We review these intricate plant-insect interactions, during which there is a continuous exchange of molecules between plants and feeding insects along with the associated microorganisms. We further provide a list of commonly identified inducible plant produced defensive molecules released upon insect attack as well as in response to OS treatments of the plants. Thus, we describe how plants specialized and defense-related metabolism is modulated at innumerable phases by OS during plant-insect interactions. A molecular understanding of these complex interactions will provide a means to design eco-friendly crop protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal S Kallure
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Archana Kumari
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Balkrishna A Shinde
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, Maharashtra, India; Department of Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Vidya Nagar, Kolhapur, 416004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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7
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Poretsky E, Ruiz M, Ahmadian N, Steinbrenner AD, Dressano K, Schmelz EA, Huffaker A. Comparative analyses of responses to exogenous and endogenous antiherbivore elicitors enable a forward genetics approach to identify maize gene candidates mediating sensitivity to herbivore-associated molecular patterns. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:1295-1316. [PMID: 34564909 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Crop damage by herbivorous insects remains a significant contributor to annual yield reductions. Following attack, maize (Zea mays) responds to herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), activating dynamic direct and indirect antiherbivore defense responses. To define underlying signaling processes, comparative analyses between plant elicitor peptide (Pep) DAMPs and fatty acid-amino acid conjugate (FAC) HAMPs were conducted. RNA sequencing analysis of early transcriptional changes following Pep and FAC treatments revealed quantitative differences in the strength of response yet a high degree of qualitative similarity, providing evidence for shared signaling pathways. In further comparisons of FAC and Pep responses across diverse maize inbred lines, we identified Mo17 as part of a small subset of lines displaying selective FAC insensitivity. Genetic mapping for FAC sensitivity using the intermated B73 × Mo17 population identified a single locus on chromosome 4 associated with FAC sensitivity. Pursuit of multiple fine-mapping approaches further narrowed the locus to 19 candidate genes. The top candidate gene identified, termed FAC SENSITIVITY ASSOCIATED (ZmFACS), encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK) that belongs to the same family as a rice (Oryza sativa) receptor gene previously associated with the activation of induced responses to diverse Lepidoptera. Consistent with reduced sensitivity, ZmFACS expression was significantly lower in Mo17 as compared to B73. Transient heterologous expression of ZmFACS in Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in a significantly increased FAC-elicited response. Together, our results provide useful resources for studying early elicitor-induced antiherbivore responses in maize and approaches to discover gene candidates underlying HAMP sensitivity in grain crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Poretsky
- Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Miguel Ruiz
- Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nazanin Ahmadian
- Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Keini Dressano
- Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Krempl C, Joußen N, Reichelt M, Kai M, Vogel H, Heckel DG. Consumption of gossypol increases fatty acid-amino acid conjugates in the cotton pests Helicoverpa armigera and Heliothis virescens. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 108:e21843. [PMID: 34490676 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gossypol is a toxic sesquiterpene dimer produced by cotton plants which deters herbivory by insects and vertebrates. Two highly reactive aldehyde groups contribute to gossypol toxicity by cross-linking herbivore proteins. We identified another consequence of consuming gossypol in two insect pests of cotton: increased amounts of fatty acid-amino acid conjugates (FACs). Eight different FACs in the feces of larval Helicoverpa armigera and Heliothis virescens increased when larvae consumed artificial diet containing gossypol, but not a gossypol derivative lacking free aldehyde groups (SB-gossypol). FACs are produced by joining plant-derived fatty acids with amino acids of insect origin in the larval midgut tissue by an unknown conjugase, and translocated into the gut lumen by an unknown transporter. FACs are hydrolyzed back into fatty acids and amino acids by an aminoacylase (L-ACY-1) in the gut lumen. The equilibrium level of FACs in the lumen is determined by a balance between conjugation and hydrolysis, which may differ among species. When heterologously expressed, L-ACY-1 of H. armigera but not H. virescens was inhibited by gossypol; consistent with the excretion of more FACs in the feces by H. armigera. FACs are known to benefit the plant host by inducing anti-herbivore defensive responses, and have been hypothesized to benefit the herbivore by acting as a surfactant and increasing nitrogen uptake efficiency. Thus in addition to its direct toxic effects, gossypol may negatively impact insect nitrogen uptake efficiency and amplify the signal used by the plant to elicit release of volatile compounds that attract parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Krempl
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole Joußen
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Kai
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Papantoniou D, Vergara F, Weinhold A, Quijano T, Khakimov B, Pattison DI, Bak S, van Dam NM, Martínez-Medina A. Cascading Effects of Root Microbial Symbiosis on the Development and Metabolome of the Insect Herbivore Manduca sexta L. Metabolites 2021; 11:731. [PMID: 34822389 PMCID: PMC8622251 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Root mutualistic microbes can modulate the production of plant secondary metabolites affecting plant-herbivore interactions. Still, the main mechanisms underlying the impact of root mutualists on herbivore performance remain ambiguous. In particular, little is known about how changes in the plant metabolome induced by root mutualists affect the insect metabolome and post-larval development. By using bioassays with tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum), we analyzed the impact of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis and the growth-promoting fungus Trichoderma harzianum on the plant interaction with the specialist insect herbivore Manduca sexta. We found that root colonization by the mutualistic microbes impaired insect development, including metamorphosis. By using untargeted metabolomics, we found that root colonization by the mutualistic microbes altered the secondary metabolism of tomato shoots, leading to enhanced levels of steroidal glycoalkaloids. Untargeted metabolomics further revealed that root colonization by the mutualists affected the metabolome of the herbivore, leading to an enhanced accumulation of steroidal glycoalkaloids and altered patterns of fatty acid amides and carnitine-derived metabolites. Our results indicate that the changes in the shoot metabolome triggered by root mutualistic microbes can cascade up altering the metabolome of the insects feeding on the colonized plants, thus affecting the insect development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Papantoniou
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (D.P.); (F.V.); (A.W.)
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Fredd Vergara
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (D.P.); (F.V.); (A.W.)
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (D.P.); (F.V.); (A.W.)
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Teresa Quijano
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná 97000, Mexico;
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;
| | - David I. Pattison
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (D.I.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Søren Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (D.I.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (D.P.); (F.V.); (A.W.)
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- Plant-Microorganism Interaction, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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10
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Nishidono Y, Niwa K, Kitajima A, Watanabe S, Tezuka Y, Arita M, Takabayashi J, Tanaka K. α-Linolenic acid in Papilio machaon larvae regurgitant induces a defensive response in Apiaceae. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 188:112796. [PMID: 34052696 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Papilio machaon hippocrates C. Felder et R. Felder, 1864 (Papilionidae) larvae are pests of plants of the family Apiaceae. It is unclear whether Apiaceae plants show induced defensive responses against P. machaon hippocrates larvae, and if so, how these responses are induced. Comparison of the fatty acid (FA) composition of the leaves of host plants and the regurgitant of P. machaon hippocrates larvae by LC-MS revealed a great increase in α-linolenic acid (α-LA) in the regurgitant compared with the FAs contained in the leaves. However, specific FA amino acid conjugates, known as elicitor compounds, such as volicitin, were not detected. Sterile host plants (Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk., Apiaceae) were treated with α-LA to mimic the damage made by P. machaon hippocrates larvae. After α-LA treatment to leaves, induced defensive reactions, i.e., release of volatile compounds such as α- and β-pinene and camphene (possible induced indirect defense) and the accumulation of specialized metabolites such as (R)-falcarinol and bergapten (possible induced direct defense) were observed. These findings highlight the role of α-LA in the interaction between P. machaon hippocrates larvae and Apiaceae host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Nishidono
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Kotaro Niwa
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Aoi Kitajima
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Shiro Watanabe
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Tezuka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ho-3 Kanagawa-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1181, Japan.
| | - Masanori Arita
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Junji Takabayashi
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, 2-509-3 Hirano, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan.
| | - Ken Tanaka
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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11
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Arimura GI. Making Sense of the Way Plants Sense Herbivores. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:288-298. [PMID: 33277185 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly threatened by herbivore attacks and must devise survival strategies. Some plants sense and respond to elicitors including specific molecules secreted by herbivores and molecules that are innate to plants. Elicitors activate diverse arrays of plant defense mechanisms that confer resistance to the predator. Recent new insights into the cellular pathways by which plants sense elicitors and elicit defense responses against herbivores are opening doors to a myriad of agricultural applications. This review focuses on the machinery of herbivory-sensing and on cellular and systemic/airborne signaling via elicitors, exemplified by the model case of interactions between Arabidopsis hosts and moths of the genus Spodoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen-Ichiro Arimura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
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12
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Engelberth J, Engelberth M. The Costs of Green Leaf Volatile-Induced Defense Priming: Temporal Diversity in Growth Responses to Mechanical Wounding and Insect Herbivory. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E23. [PMID: 30669247 PMCID: PMC6358849 DOI: 10.3390/plants8010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) have long been associated with plant defense responses against insect herbivory. Although some of their biological activities appear to directly affect the attacking herbivore, one of the major functions of GLVs seems to be the priming of these defense responses. This priming is generally considered to impose low costs on the plant should no direct attack happen. Here, we demonstrate that priming of maize seedlings with GLVs is costly for the plants as it results in significantly reduced growth. We further demonstrate that priming very selectively affects growth responses after insect elicitor treatment and mechanical wounding depending on the age and/or the developmental stage of the treated plant. The differential growth response of maize seedlings to treatment with GLVs and subsequent herbivory-related damage sheds new light on the biological activity of these important plant volatile compounds and indicates consequences that go beyond defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgen Engelberth
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - Marie Engelberth
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
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13
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Weiss LC, Albada B, Becker SM, Meckelmann SW, Klein J, Meyer M, Schmitz OJ, Sommer U, Leo M, Zagermann J, Metzler-Nolte N, Tollrian R. Identification of Chaoborus kairomone chemicals that induce defences in Daphnia. Nat Chem Biol 2018; 14:1133-1139. [DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Block A, Christensen SA, Hunter CT, Alborn HT. Herbivore-derived fatty-acid amides elicit reactive oxygen species burst in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1235-1245. [PMID: 29301018 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be elicited by many forms of stress, including pathogen attack, abiotic stress, damage and insect infestation. Perception of microbe- or damage-associated elicitors triggers an ROS burst in many plant species; however, the impact of herbivore fatty-acid amides on ROS elicitation remains largely unexplored. In this study we show that the lepidopteran-derived fatty-acid amide elicitor N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine (GLN18:3) can induce a ROS burst in multiple plant species. Furthermore, in Arabidopsis this ROS burst is partially dependent on the plasma membrane localized NADPH oxidases RBOHD and RBOHF, and an Arabidopsis rbohD/F double mutant produces enhanced GLN18:3-induced jasmonic acid. Quantification of GLN18:3-induced ROS in phytohormone-deficient lines revealed that in Arabidopsis reduced levels of jasmonic acid resulted in a larger elicitor-induced ROS burst, while in tomato reduction of either jasmonic acid or salicylic acid led to higher induced ROS production. These data indicate that GLN18:3-induced ROS is antagonistic to jasmonic acid production in these species. In biological assays, rbohD/F mutant plants were more resistant to the generalist herbivores Spodoptera exigua and Trichoplusia ni but not to the specialist Plutella xylostella. Collectively, these results demonstrate that in Arabidopsis herbivore-induced ROS may negatively regulate plant defense responses to herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Block
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Charles T Hunter
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hans T Alborn
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA
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15
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Stahl E, Hilfiker O, Reymond P. Plant-arthropod interactions: who is the winner? THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:703-728. [PMID: 29160609 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Herbivorous arthropods have interacted with plants for millions of years. During feeding they release chemical cues that allow plants to detect the attack and mount an efficient defense response. A signaling cascade triggers the expression of hundreds of genes, which encode defensive proteins and enzymes for synthesis of toxic metabolites. This direct defense is often complemented by emission of volatiles that attract beneficial parasitoids. In return, arthropods have evolved strategies to interfere with plant defenses, either by producing effectors to inhibit detection and downstream signaling steps, or by adapting to their detrimental effect. In this review, we address the current knowledge on the molecular and chemical dialog between plants and herbivores, with an emphasis on co-evolutionary aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Stahl
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Hilfiker
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Wang R, Seyedsayamdost MR. Opinion: Hijacking exogenous signals to generate new secondary metabolites during symbiotic interactions. Nat Rev Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-017-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Yoshinaga N. Physiological function and ecological aspects of fatty acid-amino acid conjugates in insects†. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:1274-82. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1153956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In tritrophic interactions, plants recognize herbivore-produced elicitors and release a blend of volatile compounds (VOCs), which work as chemical cues for parasitoids or predators to locate their hosts. From detection of elicitors to VOC emissions, plants utilize sophisticated systems that resemble the plant–microbe interaction system. Fatty acid–amino acid conjugates (FACs), a class of insect elicitors, resemble compounds synthesized by microbes in nature. Recent evidence suggests that the recognition of insect elicitors by an ancestral microbe-associated defense system may be the origin of tritrophic interactions mediated by FACs. Here we discuss our findings in light of how plants have customized this defense to be effective against insect herbivores, and how some insects have successfully adapted to these defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Yoshinaga
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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18
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Li T, Cofer T, Engelberth M, Engelberth J. Defense Priming and Jasmonates: A Role for Free Fatty Acids in Insect Elicitor-Induced Long Distance Signaling. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 5:E5. [PMID: 27135225 PMCID: PMC4844415 DOI: 10.3390/plants5010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Green leaf volatiles (GLV) prime plants against insect herbivore attack resulting in stronger and faster signaling by jasmonic acid (JA). In maize this response is specifically linked to insect elicitor (IE)-induced signaling processes, which cause JA accumulation not only around the damage site, but also in distant tissues, presumably through the activation of electrical signals. Here, we present additional data further characterizing these distal signaling events in maize. Also, we describe how exposure to GLV increases free fatty acid (fFA) levels in maize seedlings, but also in other plants, and how increased fFA levels affect IE-induced JA accumulation. Increased fFA, in particular α-linolenic acid (LnA), caused a significant increase in JA accumulation after IE treatment, while JA induced by mechanical wounding (MW) alone was not affected. We also identified treatments that significantly decreased certain fFA level including simulated wind and rain. In such treated plants, IE-induced JA accumulation was significantly reduced when compared to un-moved control plants, while MW-induced JA accumulation was not significantly affected. Since only IE-induced JA accumulation was altered by changes in the fFA composition, we conclude that changing levels of fFA affect primarily IE-induced signaling processes rather than serving as a substrate for JA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - Tristan Cofer
- Environmental Science Academic Program, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - Marie Engelberth
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - Jurgen Engelberth
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
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19
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LeClair G, Williams M, Silk P, Eveleigh E, Mayo P, Brophy M, Francis B. Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Oral Secretions II: Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 44:1531-1543. [PMID: 26454474 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have evolved different methods to defend against attacks and have adapted their defense measures to discriminate between mechanical damage and herbivory by insects. One of the ways that plant defenses are triggered is via elicitors from insect oral secretions (OS). In this study, we investigated the ability of second-instar (L2) spruce budworm [SBW; Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)] to alter the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of four conifer species [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., Picea mariana (Miller) B.S.P., Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, Picea rubens (Sargent)] and found that the emission profiles from all host trees were drastically changed after herbivory. We then investigated whether some of the main elicitors (fatty acid conjugates [FACs], β-glucosidase, and glucose oxidase) studied were present in SBW OS. FACs (glutamine and glutamic acid) based on linolenic, linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids were all observed in varying relative quantities. Hydroxylated FACs, such as volicitin, were not observed. Enzyme activity for β-glucosidase was also measured and found present in SBW OS, whereas glucose oxidase activity was not found in the SBW labial glands. These results demonstrate that SBW L2 larvae have the ability to induce VOC emissions upon herbivory and that SBW OS contain potential elicitors to induce these defensive responses. These data will be useful to further evaluate whether these elicitors can separately induce the production of specific VOCs and to investigate whether and how these emissions benefit the plant.
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20
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Yoshinaga N, Sawada Y, Nishida R, Kuwahara Y, Mori N. Specific Incorporation ofL-Glutamine into Volicitin in the Regurgitant ofSpodoptera litura. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 67:2655-7. [PMID: 14730148 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.67.2655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Volicitin, [N-(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)-L-glutamine], was identified as an elicitor of plant volatiles from a Spodoptera exigua regurgitant. It has been proposed that gut microbes synthesize volicitin from glutamine, a predominant amino acid component in the insect gut. However, we found that glutamine was not a major component in the regurgitant of Spodoptera litura, although L-glutamine was exclusively incorporated into volicitin by S. litura fed on diets enriched with various amino acids. This selectivity of glutamine as a substrate was not due to a dominant occurrence in the insect gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Yoshinaga
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Japan
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21
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Yoshinaga N, Ishikawa C, Seidl-Adams I, Bosak E, Aboshi T, Tumlinson JH, Mori N. N-(18-hydroxylinolenoyl)-L-glutamine: a newly discovered analog of volicitin in Manduca sexta and its elicitor activity in plants. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:484-90. [PMID: 24817386 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0436-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants attacked by insect herbivores release a blend of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that serve as chemical cues for host location by parasitic wasps, natural enemies of the herbivores. Volicitin, N-(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)-L-glutamine, is one of the most active VOC elicitors found in herbivore regurgitants. Our previous study revealed that hydroxylation on the 17th position of the linolenic acid moiety of N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine increases by more than three times the elicitor activity in corn plants. Here, we identified N-(18-hydroxylinolenoyl)-L-glutamine (18OH-volicitin) from larval gut contents of tobacco hornworm (THW), Manduca sexta. Eggplant and tobacco, two solanaceous host plants of THW larvae, and corn, a non-host plant, responded differently to this new elicitor. Eggplant and tobacco seedlings emitted twice the amount of VOCs when 18OH-volicitin was applied to damaged leaf surfaces compared to N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine, while both these fatty acid amino acid conjugates (FACs) elicited a similar response in corn seedlings. In both solanaceous plants, there was no significant difference in the elicitor activity of 17OH- and 18OH-volicitin. Interestingly, other lepidopteran species that have 17OH-type volicitin also attack solanaceous plants. These data suggest that plants have developed herbivory-detection systems customized to their herbivorous enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Yoshinaga
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan,
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22
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Yoshinaga N, Abe H, Morita S, Yoshida T, Aboshi T, Fukui M, Tumlinson JH, Mori N. Plant volatile eliciting FACs in lepidopteran caterpillars, fruit flies, and crickets: a convergent evolution or phylogenetic inheritance? Front Physiol 2014; 5:121. [PMID: 24744735 PMCID: PMC3978339 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid amino acid conjugates (FACs), first identified in lepidopteran caterpillar spit as elicitors of plant volatile emission, also have been reported as major components in gut tracts of Drosophila melanogaster and cricket Teleogryllus taiwanemma. The profile of FAC analogs in these two insects was similar to that of tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta, showing glutamic acid conjugates predominantly over glutamine conjugates. The physiological function of FACs is presumably to enhance nitrogen assimilation in Spodoptera litura larvae, but in other insects it is totally unknown. Whether these insects share a common synthetic mechanism of FACs is also unclear. In this study, the biosynthesis of FACs was examined in vitro in five lepidopteran species (M. sexta, Cephonodes hylas, silkworm, S. litura, and Mythimna separata), fruit fly larvae and T. taiwanemma. The fresh midgut tissues of all of the tested insects showed the ability to synthesize glutamine conjugates in vitro when incubated with glutamine and sodium linolenate. Such direct conjugation was also observed for glutamic acid conjugates in all the insects but the product amount was very small and did not reflect the in vivo FAC patterns in each species. In fruit fly larvae, the predominance of glutamic acid conjugates could be explained by a shortage of substrate glutamine in midgut tissues, and in M. sexta, a rapid hydrolysis of glutamine conjugates has been reported. In crickets, we found an additional unique biosynthetic pathway for glutamic acid conjugates. T. taiwanemma converted glutamine conjugates to glutamic acid conjugates by deaminating the side chain of the glutamine moiety. Considering these findings together with previous results, a possibility that FACs in these insects are results of convergent evolution cannot be ruled out, but it is more likely that the ancestral insects had the glutamine conjugates and crickets and other insects developed glutamic acid conjugates in a different way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Yoshinaga
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Abe
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sayo Morita
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoshida
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takako Aboshi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masao Fukui
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - James H Tumlinson
- Department of Entomology, Center for Chemical Ecology, Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA, USA
| | - Naoki Mori
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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23
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Mack L, Gros P, Burkhardt J, Seifert K. Elicitors of tansy volatiles from cotton leafworm larval oral secretion. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 96:158-69. [PMID: 24011527 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The feeding of Spodoptera littoralis and Autographa gamma caterpillars on tansy leaves led to a complete different release of volatile monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and hexenyl alkanoates. Volatiles were collected from S. littoralis and A. gamma larvae damaged, mechanically wounded, and excised tansy leaves by closed loop stripping analysis. The qualitative and quantitative determination of the volatiles were done by GC-MS- and GC-measurements. The oligosaccharides sucrose, raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose have been detected in oral secretion of the caterpillars of the cotton leafworm S. littoralis. When applied to damaged leaves of tansy plants, these oligosaccharides induce the tansy leaves to emit a similar volatile blend as the feeding of S. littoralis larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lienhard Mack
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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24
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Savchenko T, Dehesh K. Insect herbivores selectively mute GLV production in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e24136. [PMID: 23470722 PMCID: PMC3897499 DOI: 10.4161/psb.24136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Through co-evolution insect herbivores have developed a myriad of strategies to manipulate host plant defense responses that include the synthesis of defensive compounds whose composition depends on the insect feeding mode. Among the plant-produced compounds are jasmonates (JAs), and Green Leafy Volatiles (GLVs), metabolites produced by the two parallel and competing branches of the oxylipin pathway. Here we provide evidence that chewing insects stimulate JA production but suppress the synthesis of GLVs through the transcriptional and post transcriptional reprogramming of critical genes in the corresponding pathway. We further establish that herbivore-derived elicitors known as Herbivore-Associated Molecular Patterns (HAMPs) are responsible for the reprogramming of these pathway genes. Through this strategy chewing herbivores coerce the plant signaling machinery that would otherwise leads to a reduction in the nutritional quality of the immediate and neighboring plants, and additionally shelters the herbivores from their natural enemies that are otherwise guided by the GLV cues to prey-infested plants.
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25
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Plant elicitor peptides are conserved signals regulating direct and indirect antiherbivore defense. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5707-12. [PMID: 23509266 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1214668110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect-induced defenses occur in nearly all plants and are regulated by conserved signaling pathways. As the first described plant peptide signal, systemin regulates antiherbivore defenses in the Solanaceae, but in other plant families, peptides with analogous activity have remained elusive. In the current study, we demonstrate that a member of the maize (Zea mays) plant elicitor peptide (Pep) family, ZmPep3, regulates responses against herbivores. Consistent with being a signal, expression of the ZmPROPEP3 precursor gene is rapidly induced by Spodoptera exigua oral secretions. At concentrations starting at 5 pmol per leaf, ZmPep3 stimulates production of jasmonic acid, ethylene, and increased expression of genes encoding proteins associated with herbivory defense. These include proteinase inhibitors and biosynthetic enzymes for production of volatile terpenes and benzoxazinoids. In accordance with gene expression data, plants treated with ZmPep3 emit volatiles similar to those from plants subjected to herbivory. ZmPep3-treated plants also exhibit induced accumulation of the benzoxazinoid phytoalexin 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one glucoside. Direct and indirect defenses induced by ZmPep3 contribute to resistance against S. exigua through significant reduction of larval growth and attraction of Cotesia marginiventris parasitoids. ZmPep3 activity is specific to Poaceous species; however, peptides derived from PROPEP orthologs identified in Solanaceous and Fabaceous plants also induce herbivory-associated volatiles in their respective species. These studies demonstrate that Peps are conserved signals across diverse plant families regulating antiherbivore defenses and are likely to be the missing functional homologs of systemin outside of the Solanaceae.
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Savchenko T, Pearse IS, Ignatia L, Karban R, Dehesh K. Insect herbivores selectively suppress the HPL branch of the oxylipin pathway in host plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 73:653-62. [PMID: 23134585 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivores have developed a myriad of strategies to manipulate the defense responses of their host plants. Here we provide evidence that chewing insects differentially alter the oxylipin profiles produced by the two main and competing branches of the plant defensive response pathway, the allene oxide synthase (AOS) and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) branches, which are responsible for wound-inducible production of jasmonates (JAs), and green leafy volatiles (GLVs) respectively. Specifically, we used three Arabidopsis genotypes that were damaged by mechanical wounding or by insects of various feeding guilds (piercing aphids, generalist chewing caterpillars and specialist chewing caterpillars). We established that emission of GLVs is stimulated by wounding incurred mechanically or by aphids, but release of these volatiles is constitutively impaired by both generalist and specialist chewing insects. Simultaneously, however, these chewing herbivores stimulated JA production, demonstrating targeted insect suppression of the HPL branch of the oxylipin pathway. Use of lines engineered to express HPL constitutively, in conjunction with quantitative RT-PCR-based expression analyses, established a combination of transcriptional and post-transcriptional reprogramming of the HPL pathway genes as the mechanistic basis of insect-mediated suppression of the corresponding metabolites. Feeding studies suggested a potential evolutionary advantage of suppressing GLV production, as caterpillars preferably consumed leaf tissue from plants that had not been primed by these volatile cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Savchenko
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Woodard AM, Ervin GN, Marsico TD. Host plant defense signaling in response to a coevolved herbivore combats introduced herbivore attack. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:1056-64. [PMID: 22837849 PMCID: PMC3399170 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Defense-free space resulting from coevolutionarily naïve host plants recently has been implicated as a factor facilitating invasion success of some insect species. Host plants, however, may not be entirely defenseless against novel herbivore threats. Volatile chemical-mediated defense signaling, which allows plants to mount specific, rapid, and intense responses, may play a role in systems experiencing novel threats. Here we investigate defense responses of host plants to a native and exotic herbivore and show that (1) host plants defend more effectively against the coevolved herbivore, (2) plants can be induced to defend against a newly-associated herbivore when in proximity to plants actively defending against the coevolved species, and (3) these defenses affect larval performance. These findings highlight the importance of coevolved herbivore-specific defenses and suggest that naïveté or defense limitations can be overcome via defense signaling. Determining how these findings apply across various host-herbivore systems is critical to understand mechanisms of successful herbivore invasion.
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Investigation of Phenolic Acids in Suspension Cultures of Vitis vinifera Stimulated with Indanoyl-Isoleucine, N-Linolenoyl-L-Glutamine, Malonyl Coenzyme A and Insect Saliva. Metabolites 2012; 2:165-77. [PMID: 24957372 PMCID: PMC3901193 DOI: 10.3390/metabo2010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitis vinifera c.v. Muscat de Frontignan (grape) contains various high valuable bioactive phenolic compounds with pharmaceutical properties and industrial interest which are not fully exploited. The focus of this investigation consists in testing the effects of various biological elicitors on a non-morphogenic callus suspension culture of V. vinifera. The investigated elicitors: Indanoyl-isoleucine (IN), N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine (LG), insect saliva (IS) and malonyl coenzyme A (MCoA) were aimed at mimicking the influence of environmental pathogens on plants in their natural habitats and at provoking exogenous induction of the phenylpropanoid pathway. The elicitors’ indanoyl-isoleucine (IN), N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine (LG) and insect saliva (IS), as well as malonyl coenzyme A (MCoA), were independently inoculated to stimulate the synthesis of phenylpropanoids. All of the enhancers positively increased the concentration of phenolic compounds in grape cells. The highest concentration of phenolic acids was detected after 2 h for MCoA, after 48 h for IN and after 24 h for LG and IS respectively. At the maximum production time, treated grape cells had a 3.5-fold (MCoA), 1.6-fold (IN) and 1.5-fold (IS) higher phenolic acid content compared to the corresponding control samples. The HPLC results of grape cells showed two major resveratrol derivatives: 3-O-Glucosyl-resveratrol and 4-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-phenol. Their influences of the different elicitors, time of harvest and biomass concentration (p < 0.0001) were statistically significant on the synthesis of phenolic compounds. The induction with MCoA was found to demonstrate the highest statistical effect corresponding to the strongest stress response within the phenylpropanoid pathway in grape cells.
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Consales F, Schweizer F, Erb M, Gouhier-Darimont C, Bodenhausen N, Bruessow F, Sobhy I, Reymond P. Insect oral secretions suppress wound-induced responses in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:727-37. [PMID: 21994175 PMCID: PMC3254683 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The induction of plant defences and their subsequent suppression by insects is thought to be an important factor in the evolutionary arms race between plants and herbivores. Although insect oral secretions (OS) contain elicitors that trigger plant immunity, little is known about the suppressors of plant defences. The Arabidopsis thaliana transcriptome was analysed in response to wounding and OS treatment. The expression of several wound-inducible genes was suppressed after the application of OS from two lepidopteran herbivores, Pieris brassicae and Spodoptera littoralis. This inhibition was correlated with enhanced S. littoralis larval growth, pointing to an effective role of insect OS in suppressing plant defences. Two genes, an ERF/AP2 transcription factor and a proteinase inhibitor, were then studied in more detail. OS-induced suppression lasted for at least 48 h, was independent of the jasmonate or salicylate pathways, and was not due to known elicitors. Interestingly, insect OS attenuated leaf water loss, suggesting that insects have evolved mechanisms to interfere with the induction of water-stress-related defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Consales
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Schweizer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Erb
- FARCE Laboratory, University of Neuchâtel, 2009 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Natacha Bodenhausen
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Friederike Bruessow
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Islam Sobhy
- FARCE Laboratory, University of Neuchâtel, 2009 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail.
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Goptar IA, Semashko TA, Danilenko SA, Lysogorskaya EN, Oksenoit ES, Zhuzhikov DP, Belozersky MA, Dunaevsky YE, Oppert B, Filippova IY, Elpidina EN. Cysteine digestive peptidases function as post-glutamine cleaving enzymes in tenebrionid stored-product pests. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 161:148-54. [PMID: 22056682 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The major storage proteins in cereals, prolamins, have an abundance of the amino acids glutamine and proline. Storage pests need specific digestive enzymes to efficiently hydrolyze these storage proteins. Therefore, post-glutamine cleaving peptidases (PGP) were isolated from the midgut of the stored-product pest, Tenebrio molitor (yellow mealworm). Three distinct PGP activities were found in the anterior and posterior midgut using the highly-specific chromogenic peptide substrate N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Gln p-nitroanilide. PGP peptidases were characterized according to gel elution times, activity profiles in buffers of different pH, electrophoretic mobility under native conditions, and inhibitor sensitivity. The results indicate that PGP activity is due to cysteine and not serine chymotrypsin-like peptidases from the T. molitor larvae midgut. We propose that the evolutionary conservation of cysteine peptidases in the complement of digestive peptidases of tenebrionid stored-product beetles is due not only to the adaptation of insects to plants rich in serine peptidase inhibitors, but also to accommodate the need to efficiently cleave major dietary proteins rich in glutamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Goptar
- Chemical Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Abstract
Plants have evolved sophisticated systems to cope with herbivore challenges. When plants perceive herbivore-derived physical and chemical cues, such as elicitors in insects' oral secretions and compounds in oviposition fluids, plants dramatically reshape their transcriptomes, proteomes, and metabolomes. All these herbivory-induced changes are mediated by elaborate signaling networks, which include receptors/sensors, Ca(2+) influxes, kinase cascades, reactive oxygen species, and phytohormone signaling pathways. Furthermore, herbivory induces defense responses not only in the wounded regions but also in undamaged regions in the attacked leaves and in distal intact (systemic) leaves. Here, we review recent progress in understanding plant perception of herbivory and oviposition, and the herbivory-induced early signaling events and their biological functions. We consider the intraspecific phenotypic diversity of plant responses to herbivory and discuss the underlying genetic variation. We also discuss new tools and technical challenges in studying plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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33
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Lait CG, Lobaido MJ, Wiester AJ, Kossak S, Tumlinson JH. Comparative kinetics of fatty acid-amino acid conjugate elicitor biosynthesis by midgut tissue microsomes of Lepidopterous caterpillar larvae. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 75:264-274. [PMID: 21104884 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
N-Linolenoyl-L-glutamine is one of several structurally similar fatty acid-amino acid conjugate (FAC) elicitors found in the oral secretions of Lepidopterous caterpillars and its biosynthesis is catalyzed by membrane-associated alimentary tissue enzyme(s). FAC elicitors comprise 17-hydroxylated or non-hydroxylated linolenic acid coupled with L-glutamine or L-glutamate by an amide bond. We demonstrate in vitro biosynthesis of N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine by Manduca sexta, Heliothis virescens, and Helicoverpa zea tissue microsomes. Comparison of N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine biosynthesis kinetics for these species suggests that concurrent biosynthesis and hydrolysis contribute to proportions of FAC elicitors found in their oral secretions. The apparent K(m) values for coupling of sodium linolenate were 8.75±0.79, 14.3±3.7 and 20.7±3.4 mM and V(max) values were 2.92±0.14, 6.81±1.2 and 4.95±0.55 nmol/min/mg protein for H. zea, H. virescens and M. sexta, respectively. The K(m) values for coupling of L-glutamine were 10.5±0.26, 22.3±2.0 and 18.9±2.4 mM and V(max) values were 1.78±0.21, 3.71±0.50 and 2.49±0.41 nmol/min/mg of protein for H. zea, H. virescens and M. sexta, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G Lait
- Center for Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, Agricultural Sciences & Industries Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Pauli GF, Friesen JB, Gödecke T, Farnsworth NR, Glodny B. Occurrence of progesterone and related animal steroids in two higher plants. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:338-45. [PMID: 20108949 DOI: 10.1021/np9007415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Previously, the presence of a wide variety of chemically diverse steroids has been identified in both flora and fauna. Despite the relatively small differences in chemical structures and large differences in physiological function of steroids, new discoveries indicate that plants and animals are more closely related than previously thought. In this regard, the present study gathers supporting evidence for shared phylogenetic roots of structurally similar steroids produced by these two eukaryotic taxa. Definitive proof for the presence of progesterone (3) in a vascular plant, Juglans regia, is provided. Additional evidence is gleaned from the characterization of five new plant steroids from Adonis aleppica: three 3-O-sulfated pregnenolones (6a/ b, 7), a sulfated H-5beta cardenolide, strophanthidin-3-O-sulfate (8), and spirophanthigenin (10), a novel C-18 oxygenated spirocyclic derivative of strophanthidin. The ab initio isolation and structure elucidation (NMR, MS) of these genuine minor plant steroids offers information on preparative metabolomic profiling at the ppm level and provides striking evidence for the conserved structural space of pregnanes and its congeners across the phylogenetic tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido F Pauli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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Yoshinaga N, Alborn HT, Nakanishi T, Suckling DM, Nishida R, Tumlinson JH, Mori N. Fatty Acid-amino Acid Conjugates Diversification in Lepidopteran Caterpillars. J Chem Ecol 2010; 36:319-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9764-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Heil M, Ton J. Systemic Resistance Induction by Vascular and Airborne Signaling. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02167-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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38
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Birkett MA. The Chemistry of Plant Signalling. PLANT COMMUNICATION FROM AN ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-12162-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Wu J, Baldwin IT. Herbivory-induced signalling in plants: perception and action. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2009; 32:1161-74. [PMID: 19183291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants and herbivores have been interacting for millions of years. Over time, plants have evolved mechanisms to defend against herbivore attacks. Herbivore-challenged plants reconfigure their metabolism to produce compounds that are toxic, repellant or anti-digestive for the herbivores. Some compounds are volatile signals that attract the predators of herbivores. All these responses are tightly regulated by a signalling network triggered by the plant's perception machinery. Several compounds that specifically elicit herbivory-induced responses in plants have been isolated from herbivore oral secretions and oviposition fluids. Elicitor perception is rapidly followed by cell membrane depolarization, calcium influx and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation; plants also elevate the concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and modulate phytohormone levels accordingly. In addition to these reactions in the herbivore-attacked regions of a leaf, defence responses are also mounted in unattacked parts of the attacked leaf and as well in unattacked leaves. In this review, we summarize recent progress in understanding how plants recognize herbivory, the involvement of several important signalling pathways that mediate the responses to herbivore attack and the signals that transduce local into systemic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Wu
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
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40
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Heil M. Damaged-self recognition in plant herbivore defence. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2009; 14:356-63. [PMID: 19540148 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Feeding by herbivores induces plant defences, but we still do not know all the signals that mediate this response. Here, I argue that a general principle in this mediation is 'damaged-self recognition', that is, the perception of motifs by the plant that indicate disintegrated plant cells. Most defence-inducing molecules are (or contain) plant-derived motifs or disintegrate plant cells and thereby release defence elicitors. By perceiving the 'damaged self', plants can retain evolutionary control over their interactions with herbivores rather than allowing herbivores to dominate the interaction. The concept of 'damaged-self recognition' provides a paradigm for plant responses to herbivory and helps the search for the currently unknown elicitors of those defence responses, which have so far only been described at the phenotypic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heil
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética. CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México.
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41
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Active role of fatty acid amino acid conjugates in nitrogen metabolism in Spodoptera litura larvae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:18058-63. [PMID: 18997016 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0809623105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first fatty acid amino acid conjugate (FAC) was isolated from regurgitant of Spodoptera exigua larvae in 1997 [volicitin: N-(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)-L-glutamine], their role as elicitors of induced responses in plants has been well documented. However, studies of the biosyntheses and the physiological role of FACs in the insect have been minimal. By using (14)C-labeled glutamine, glutamic acid, and linolenic acid in feeding studies of Spodoptera litura larvae, combined with tissue analyses, we found glutamine in the midgut cells to be a major source for biosynthesis of FACs. Furthermore, 20% of the glutamine moiety of FACs was derived from glutamic acid and ammonia through enzymatic reaction of glutamine synthetase (GS). To determine whether FACs improve GS productivity, we studied nitrogen assimilation efficiency of S. litura larvae fed on artificial diets containing (15)NH(4)Cl and glutamic acid. When the diet was enriched with linolenic acid, the nitrogen assimilation efficiency improved from 40% to >60%. In the lumen, the biosynthesized FACs are hydrolyzed to fatty acids and glutamine, which are reabsorbed into tissues and hemolymph. These results strongly suggested that FACs play an active role in nitrogen assimilation in Lepidoptera larva and that glutamine containing FACs in the gut lumen may function as a form of storage of glutamine, a key compound of nitrogen metabolism.
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42
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Felton GW, Tumlinson JH. Plant-insect dialogs: complex interactions at the plant-insect interface. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 11:457-63. [PMID: 18657469 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although five different classes of insect herbivore-produced elicitors of plant volatiles have been identified, this is only a part of the complex, chemically mediated interactions between insect herbivores and their host plants. The defensive reactions of the plant, following physical injury by the herbivore, are influenced by a multitude of factors including, but not necessarily limited to, the elicitors and numerous other herbivore-associated molecules, as well as microbes on the plant surface that may alter plant defensive pathways. Ultimately, a thorough and accurate understanding of the chemical ecology of insect-plant interactions will require a more holistic approach, taking into consideration the ecological and physiological context in which a plant perceives and responds to herbivore-associated signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Felton
- Department of Entomology, Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
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Mithöfer A, Boland W. Recognition of herbivory-associated molecular patterns. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 146:825-31. [PMID: 18316636 PMCID: PMC2259064 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.113118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Mithöfer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Bioorganic Chemistry, Jena, Germany.
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Abstract
Many plants interact with carnivores as an indirect defence against herbivores. The release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the secretion of extrafloral nectar (EFN) are induced by insect feeding, a response that is mediated by the plant hormone, jasmonic acid. Although VOCs mainly attract predatory mites and parasitic wasps, while EFN mainly attracts ants, many more animal-plant interactions are influenced by these two traits. Other traits involved in defensive tritrophic interactions are cellular food bodies and domatia, which serve the nutrition and housing of predators. They are not known to respond to herbivory, while food body production can be induced by the presence of the mutualists. Interactions among the different defensive traits, and between them and other biotic and abiotic factors exist on the genetic, physiological, and ecological levels, but so far remain understudied. Indirect defences are increasingly being discussed as an environmentally-friendly crop protection strategy, but much more knowledge on their fitness effects under certain environmental conditions is required before we can understand their ecological and evolutionary relevance, and before tritrophic interactions can serve as a reliable tool in agronomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heil
- Dpto de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV - Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico, CP 36821; Department of General Botany - Plant Ecology, University Duisburg-Essen, FB BioGeo, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45117 Essen, Germany
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45
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Abstract
Herbivorous insects use diverse feeding strategies to obtain nutrients from their host plants. Rather than acting as passive victims in these interactions, plants respond to herbivory with the production of toxins and defensive proteins that target physiological processes in the insect. Herbivore-challenged plants also emit volatiles that attract insect predators and bolster resistance to future threats. This highly dynamic form of immunity is initiated by the recognition of insect oral secretions and signals from injured plant cells. These initial cues are transmitted within the plant by signal transduction pathways that include calcium ion fluxes, phosphorylation cascades, and, in particular, the jasmonate pathway, which plays a central and conserved role in promoting resistance to a broad spectrum of insects. A detailed understanding of plant immunity to arthropod herbivores will provide new insights into basic mechanisms of chemical communication and plant-animal coevolution and may also facilitate new approaches to crop protection and improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg A Howe
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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de Vos M, Kim JH, Jander G. Biochemistry and molecular biology of Arabidopsis-aphid interactions. Bioessays 2007; 29:871-83. [PMID: 17691101 DOI: 10.1002/bies.20624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To ensure their survival in natural habitats, plants must recognize and respond to a wide variety of insect herbivores. Aphids and other Hemiptera pose a particular challenge, because they cause relatively little direct tissue damage when inserting their slender stylets intercellularly to feed from the phloem sieve elements. Plant responses to this unusual feeding strategy almost certainly include recognition of aphid salivary components and the induction of phloem-specific defenses. Due to the excellent genetic and genomic resources that are available for Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), this plant was chosen as a model system to study the metabolic and transcriptional responses to infestation by two aphids, Myzus persicae (green peach aphid, a broad generalist) and Brevicoryne brassicae (cabbage aphid, a crucifer-feeding specialist). Future research on Arabidopsis-aphid interactions will lead to the identification of aphid-specific elicitors, components of the defense-signaling pathway, and additional metabolic responses that are induced by aphid infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin de Vos
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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48
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Krishnamachari V, Xie X, Zhu S, Wei HX, Paré PW. Efficient Synthesis of the Insect Elicitor Volicitin and Biologically Active Analogs. Nat Prod Commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0700201010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An improved and efficient copper (I) mediated coupling procedure was used to synthesize N-(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)-L-glutamine (volicitin), a chemical elicitor from the herbivore pest beet army worm, and its biologically active analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkat Krishnamachari
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Xitao Xie
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Shifang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Han-Xun Wei
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Laboratory of Experimental Alzheimer Drug (LEAD), Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, HIM 750, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paul W Paré
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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49
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Alborn HT, Hansen TV, Jones TH, Bennett DC, Tumlinson JH, Schmelz EA, Teal PEA. Disulfooxy fatty acids from the American bird grasshopper Schistocerca americana, elicitors of plant volatiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:12976-81. [PMID: 17664416 PMCID: PMC1941812 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705947104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A previously unidentified class of compounds has been isolated from the regurgitant of the grasshopper species Schistocerca americana. These compounds (named here "caeliferins") are composed of saturated and monounsaturated sulfated alpha-hydroxy fatty acids in which the omega-carbon is functionalized with either a sulfated hydroxyl or a carboxyl conjugated to glycine via an amide bond. The regurgitant contains a series of these compounds with fatty acid chains of 15-20 carbons and in varying proportions. Of these, the 16-carbon analogs are predominant and are also most active in inducing release of volatile organic compounds when applied to damaged leaves of corn seedlings. Caeliferins are nonlepidopteran elicitors identified in insect herbivores. This adds a category of insect herbivore-produced elicitors of plant responses, providing further evidence of the ability of plants to detect and respond to a broad range of insect herbivore-produced compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans T. Alborn
- *Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, 1600/1700 Southwest 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Trond V. Hansen
- *Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, 1600/1700 Southwest 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608
| | - Tappey H. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA 24450; and
| | - Derrick C. Bennett
- *Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, 1600/1700 Southwest 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608
| | - James H. Tumlinson
- Department of Entomology, Center for Chemical Ecology, 111 Chemical Ecology Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Eric A. Schmelz
- *Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, 1600/1700 Southwest 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608
| | - Peter E. A. Teal
- *Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, 1600/1700 Southwest 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608
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Yoshinaga N, Aboshi T, Ishikawa C, Fukui M, Shimoda M, Nishida R, Lait CG, Tumlinson JH, Mori N. Fatty Acid Amides, Previously Identified in Caterpillars, Found in the Cricket Teleogryllus taiwanemma and Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Larvae. J Chem Ecol 2007; 33:1376-81. [PMID: 17566833 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-007-9321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid amides (FAAs) are known elicitors that induce plants to release volatile compounds that, in turn, attract foraging parasitoids. Since the discovery of volicitin [N-(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)-L-glutamine] in the regurgitant of larval Spodoptera exigua, a series of related FAAs have been identified in several other species of lepidopteran caterpillars. We screened 13 non-lepidopteran insects for the presence of FAAs and found that these compounds were present in adults of two closely related cricket species, Teleogryllus taiwanemma and T. emma (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), and larvae of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae). When analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-ion trap-time-of-flight (LCMS-IT-TOF), the gut contents of both crickets had nearly identical FAA composition, the major FAAs comprising N-linolenoyl-L-glutamic acid and N-linoleoyl-L-glutamic acid. There were also two previously uncharacterized FAAs that were thought to be hydroxylated derivatives of these glutamic acid conjugates, based on their observed fragmentation patterns. In addition to these four FAAs containing glutamic acid, N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine and a small amount of volicitin were detected. In D. melanogaster, N-linolenoyl-L-glutamic acid and N-linoleoyl-L-glutamic acid were the major FAAs found in larval extracts, while hydroxylated glutamic acid conjugates, volicitin and N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine, were detected as trace components. Although these FAAs were not found in ten of the insects studied here, their identification in two additional orders of insects suggests that FAAs are more common than previously reported and may have physiological roles in a wide range of insects besides caterpillars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Yoshinaga
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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