1
|
Na B, Haist B, Shah SR, Sabiston G, Jonas SJ, Vitte J, Wirz RE, Giovannini M. Cold Atmospheric Plasma Induces Growth Arrest and Apoptosis in Neurofibromatosis Type 1-Associated Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Cells. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1986. [PMID: 39335500 PMCID: PMC11429496 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12091986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant disorder resulting from mutations in the NF1 gene. Patients harboring these mutations are predisposed to a spectrum of peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) originating from Schwann cells, of which malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are the deadliest, with limited treatment options. Therefore, an unmet need still exists for more effective therapies directed at these aggressive malignancies. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generating ionized gas that has been proposed to be a potential therapeutic modality for cancer. In this study, we sought to determine the effects of CAP on NF1-associated PNSTs. Utilizing established mouse and human cell lines to interrogate the effects of CAP in both in vitro and in vivo settings, we found that NF1-associated PNSTs were highly sensitive to CAP exposure, resulting in cell death. To our knowledge, this is the first application of CAP to NF1-associated PNSTs and provides a unique opportunity to study the complex biology of NF1-associated tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Na
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (B.N.); (S.R.S.); (J.V.)
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program, Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Blake Haist
- Samueli School of Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (B.H.); (G.S.); (R.E.W.)
- College of Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Shilp R. Shah
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (B.N.); (S.R.S.); (J.V.)
- Samueli School of Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (B.H.); (G.S.); (R.E.W.)
| | - Graeme Sabiston
- Samueli School of Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (B.H.); (G.S.); (R.E.W.)
- College of Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Steven J. Jonas
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jeremie Vitte
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (B.N.); (S.R.S.); (J.V.)
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Richard E. Wirz
- Samueli School of Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (B.H.); (G.S.); (R.E.W.)
- College of Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Marco Giovannini
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (B.N.); (S.R.S.); (J.V.)
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang C, Zhang B, Cong Y, Du X, Chen S, Visser L, Ruiz-Moreno AJ, Zhang L, Reggiori F, Dömling ASS, Groves MR. Small-Molecule Allosteric Inhibitors of Human Aspartate Transcarbamoylase Suppress Proliferation of Bone Osteosarcoma Epithelial Cells. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300688. [PMID: 38602859 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATC) is the first committed step in de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis in eukaryotes and plants. A potent transition state analog of human ATCase (PALA) has previously been assessed in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer, but was ultimately unsuccessful. Additionally, inhibition of this pathway has been proposed to be a target to suppress cell proliferation in E. coli, the malarial parasite and tuberculosis. In this manuscript we screened a 70-member library of ATC inhibitors developed against the malarial and tubercular ATCases for inhibitors of the human ATC. Four compounds showed low nanomolar inhibition (IC50 30-120 nM) in an in vitro activity assay. These compounds significantly outperform PALA, which has a triphasic inhibition response under identical conditions, in which significant activity remains at PALA concentrations above 10 μM. Evidence for a druggable allosteric pocket in human ATC is provided by both in vitro enzyme kinetic, homology modeling and in silico docking. These compounds also suppress the proliferation of U2OS osteoblastoma cells by promoting cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase. This report provides the first evidence for an allosteric pocket in human ATC, which greatly enhances its druggability and demonstrates the potential of this series in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- XB20 Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9700AV, The, Netherlands
| | - Bidong Zhang
- XB20 Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9700AV, The, Netherlands
| | - Yingying Cong
- XB20 Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9700AV, The, Netherlands
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Alle' 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Xiaochen Du
- XB20 Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9700AV, The, Netherlands
| | - Siyao Chen
- XB20 Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9700AV, The, Netherlands
| | - Lidia Visser
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The, Netherlands
| | - Angel J Ruiz-Moreno
- XB20 Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9700AV, The, Netherlands
| | - Lili Zhang
- XB20 Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9700AV, The, Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Alle' 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Alexander S S Dömling
- XB20 Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9700AV, The, Netherlands
- CATRIN, Department of Innovative Chemistry, Palack University, 779 00, Olomouc - Holice, Czech Republic
| | - Matthew R Groves
- XB20 Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9700AV, The, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pathania AS, Chava H, Balusu R, Pasupulati AK, Coulter DW, Challagundla KB. The crosstalk between non-coding RNAs and cell-cycle events: A new frontier in cancer therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200785. [PMID: 38595981 PMCID: PMC10973673 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The cell cycle comprises sequential events during which a cell duplicates its genome and divides it into two daughter cells. This process is tightly regulated to ensure that the daughter cell receives identical copied chromosomal DNA and that any errors in the DNA during replication are correctly repaired. Cyclins and their enzyme partners, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), are critical regulators of G- to M-phase transitions during the cell cycle. Mitogenic signals induce the formation of the cyclin/CDK complexes, resulting in phosphorylation and activation of the CDKs. Once activated, cyclin/CDK complexes phosphorylate specific substrates that drive the cell cycle forward. The sequential activation and inactivation of cyclin-CDK complexes are tightly controlled by activating and inactivating phosphorylation events induced by cell-cycle proteins. The non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which do not code for proteins, regulate cell-cycle proteins at the transcriptional and translational levels, thereby controlling their expression at different cell-cycle phases. Deregulation of ncRNAs can cause abnormal expression patterns of cell-cycle-regulating proteins, resulting in abnormalities in cell-cycle regulation and cancer development. This review explores how ncRNA dysregulation can disrupt cell division balance and discusses potential therapeutic approaches targeting these ncRNAs to control cell-cycle events in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anup S. Pathania
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Haritha Chava
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ramesh Balusu
- Department of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Anil K. Pasupulati
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India
| | - Don W. Coulter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kishore B. Challagundla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- The Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Taylor SJ, Hollis RL, Gourley C, Herrington CS, Langdon SP, Arends MJ. RFWD3 modulates response to platinum chemotherapy and promotes cancer associated phenotypes in high grade serous ovarian cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1389472. [PMID: 38711848 PMCID: PMC11071161 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1389472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background DNA damage repair is frequently dysregulated in high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), which can lead to changes in chemosensitivity and other phenotypic differences in tumours. RFWD3, a key component of multiple DNA repair and maintenance pathways, was investigated to characterise its impact in HGSOC. Methods RFWD3 expression and association with clinical features was assessed using in silico analysis in the TCGA HGSOC dataset, and in a further cohort of HGSOC tumours stained for RFWD3 using immunohistochemistry. RFWD3 expression was modulated in cell lines using siRNA and CRISPR/cas9 gene editing, and cells were characterised using cytotoxicity and proliferation assays, flow cytometry, and live cell microscopy. Results Expression of RFWD3 RNA and protein varied in HGSOCs. In cell lines, reduction of RFWD3 expression led to increased sensitivity to interstrand crosslinking (ICL) inducing agents mitomycin C and carboplatin. RFWD3 also demonstrated further functionality outside its role in DNA damage repair, with RFWD3 deficient cells displaying cell cycle dysregulation, reduced cellular proliferation and reduced migration. In tumours, low RFWD3 expression was associated with increased tumour mutational burden, and complete response to platinum chemotherapy. Conclusion RFWD3 expression varies in HGSOCs, which can lead to functional effects at both the cellular and tumour levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Taylor
- Edinburgh Pathology, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert L. Hollis
- Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Charlie Gourley
- Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - C. Simon Herrington
- Edinburgh Pathology, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P. Langdon
- Edinburgh Pathology, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Arends
- Edinburgh Pathology, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shin J, Mir H, Khurram MA, Fujihara KM, Dynlacht BD, Cardozo TJ, Possemato R. Allosteric regulation of CAD modulates de novo pyrimidine synthesis during the cell cycle. Nat Metab 2023; 5:277-293. [PMID: 36747088 PMCID: PMC10064490 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism is a fundamental cellular process that is coordinated with cell cycle progression. Despite this association, a mechanistic understanding of cell cycle phase-dependent metabolic pathway regulation remains elusive. Here we report the mechanism by which human de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis is allosterically regulated during the cell cycle. Combining traditional synchronization methods and metabolomics, we characterize metabolites by their accumulation pattern during cell cycle phases and identify cell cycle phase-dependent regulation of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase and dihydroorotase (CAD), the first, rate-limiting enzyme in de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. Through systematic mutational scanning and structural modelling, we find allostery as a major regulatory mechanism that controls the activity change of CAD during the cell cycle. Specifically, we report evidence of two Animalia-specific loops in the CAD allosteric domain that involve sensing and binding of uridine 5'-triphosphate, a CAD allosteric inhibitor. Based on homology with a mitochondrial carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase homologue, we identify a critical role for a signal transmission loop in regulating the formation of a substrate channel, thereby controlling CAD activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Shin
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hannan Mir
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maaz A Khurram
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenji M Fujihara
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian D Dynlacht
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy J Cardozo
- Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard Possemato
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cellular signals integrate cell cycle and metabolic control in cancer. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 135:397-423. [PMID: 37061338 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors are the small peptides that can promote growth, differentiation, and survival of most living cells. However, aberrant activation of receptor tyrosine kinases by GFs can generate oncogenic signals, resulting in oncogenic transformation. Accumulating evidence support a link between GF/RTK signaling through the major signaling pathways, Ras/Erk and PI3K/Akt, and cell cycle progression. In response to GF signaling, the quiescent cells in the G0 stage can re-enter the cell cycle and become the proliferative stage. While in the proliferative stage, tumor cells undergo profound changes in their metabolism to support biomass production and bioenergetic requirements. Accumulating data show that the cell cycle regulators, specifically cyclin D, cyclin B, Cdk2, Cdk4, and Cdk6, and anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C-Cdh1) play critical roles in modulating various metabolic pathways. These cell cycle regulators can regulate metabolic enzyme activities through post-translational mechanisms or the transcriptional factors that control the expression of the metabolic genes. This fine-tune control allows only the relevant metabolic pathways to be active in a particular phase of the cell cycle, thereby providing suitable amounts of biosynthetic precursors available during the proliferative stage. The imbalance of metabolites in each cell cycle phase can induce cell cycle arrest followed by p53-induced apoptosis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kuganesan N, Dlamini S, Tillekeratne LV, Taylor WR. Tumor suppressor p53 promotes ferroptosis in oxidative stress conditions independent of modulation of ferroptosis by p21, CDKs, Rb and E2F. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101365. [PMID: 34728216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 is a well-established critical cell cycle regulator. By inducing transcription of the gene encoding p21, p53 inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-mediated phosphorylation of cell cycle inhibitor RB proteins. Phosphorylation of RB releases E2F transcription factor proteins that transactivate cell cycle-promoting genes. Here we sought to uncover the contribution of p53, p21, CDK, RB, and E2F to the regulation of ferroptosis, an oxidative form of cell death. Our studies have uncovered unexpected complexity in this regulation. First, we showed that elevated levels of p53 enhance ferroptosis in multiple inducible and isogenic systems. On the other hand, we found that p21 suppresses ferroptosis. Elevation of CDK activity also suppressed ferroptosis under conditions where p21 suppressed ferroptosis, suggesting that the impact of p21 must extend beyond CDK inhibition. Furthermore, we showed that overexpression of E2F suppresses ferroptosis in part via a p21-dependent mechanism, consistent with reports that this transcription factor can induce transcription of p21. Finally, deletion of RB genes enhanced ferroptosis. Taken together, these results show that signals affecting ferroptotic sensitivity emanate from multiple points within the p53 tumor suppressor pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nishanth Kuganesan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 601, Toledo, OH 43606
| | - Samkeliso Dlamini
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 601, Toledo, OH 43606
| | - Lm Viranga Tillekeratne
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 601, Toledo, OH 43606.
| | - William R Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 601, Toledo, OH 43606.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Alrumaihi FA, Khan MA, Allemailem KS, Alsahli MA, Almatroudi A, Younus H, Alsuhaibani SA, Algahtani M, Khan A. Methanolic Fenugreek Seed Extract Induces p53-Dependent Mitotic Catastrophe in Breast Cancer Cells, Leading to Apoptosis. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:1511-1535. [PMID: 33889009 PMCID: PMC8057839 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s300025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The plant Trigonella foenum-graecum, well-known as fenugreek, has been shown to control type-2 diabetes, the level of cholesterol, inflammation of wounds, disorders related to gastrointestinal tracts, and cancer as well. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-cancer potential of methanolic fenugreek seed extract (FSE) and its possible molecular mechanism of action in breast cancer cells. Methods The anticancer potential of FSE was evaluated in MCF-7 and SK-BR3 breast cancer cells through various cellular assays after selecting the IC10, IC25, IC35, and IC50 doses by the cell cytotoxicity assay. Furthermore, the oral acute toxicity of FSE was examined in mice, according to the guidelines of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Results FSE exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity, as the IC50 was found to be 150 and 40 μg/mL for MCF-7 and SK-BR3 breast cancer cells, respectively. The cytological observations showed the typical apoptotic morphology in both of the breast cancer cells upon treatment with FSE, as it inhibited the migration and adhesion, in a dose-dependent manner. The flow cytometry analysis revealed that FSE induced a significant shift from G2/M, and polyploidy (>G) at higher concentrations that suggested the activation of p53-mediated mitotic catastrophe, consequently leading to apoptosis. FSE induced a significant increase in the mitochondrial depolarization, ROS as well as a Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and also exhibited the mitochondrial associated p53 signaling pathway. The in vivo acute toxicity data revealed that the oral administration of FSE did not induce any toxic effect in mice. Conclusion This study, for the first time, reports the mechanistic details of the anti-cancer potential of FSE. It requires a detailed analysis to understand the effect of FSE to induce the apoptosis through the multiple signaling pathways at varying concentrations. The nontoxic effect of FSE in mice suggests to utilize it safely for pharmaceutical formulations in different cancer systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faris A Alrumaihi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masood A Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Alsahli
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hina Younus
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Sultan A Alsuhaibani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Algahtani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Security Forces Hospital, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhai T, Zhang X, Hei Z, Jin L, Han C, Ko AT, Yu X, Wang J. Isorhamnetin Inhibits Human Gallbladder Cancer Cell Proliferation and Metastasis via PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway Inactivation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:628621. [PMID: 33679411 PMCID: PMC7927673 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.628621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common biliary tract tumor with a poor prognosis. Isorhamnetin is a flavonoid compound extracted from Hippophae rhamnoides L. and has several pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. We treated GBC-SD and NOZ of GBC cell lines with different isorhamnetin concentrations in vitro. A cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, transwell assay, Hoechst 33342 stain assay, flow cytometric analysis, and a colony-forming assay were performed to investigate the effect of isorhamnetin on the proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and cycle arrest of GBC cells. A western blotting assay was conducted to explore the related protein expression level of GBC cells. A mice xenograft model and immunohistochemistry staining were employed to assess the effect of isorhamnetin in vivo. Isorhamnetin was found to suppress cell proliferation and metastasis, and trigger apoptosis and arrest the G2/M phase in GBC cells via the inactivation of the PI3K/AKT signaling cascade. Our findings are of clinical significance in providing a novel treatment approach for GBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China.,Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyu Hei
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Longyang Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Audrey Tsznam Ko
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Gaoxin District, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiandong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China.,Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abeykoon JP, Wu X, Nowakowski KE, Dasari S, Paludo J, Weroha SJ, Hu C, Hou X, Sarkaria JN, Mladek AC, Phillips JL, Feldman AL, Ravindran A, King RL, Boysen J, Stenson MJ, Carr RM, Manske MK, Molina JR, Kapoor P, Parikh SA, Kumar S, Robinson SI, Yu J, Boughey JC, Wang L, Goetz MP, Couch FJ, Patnaik MM, Witzig TE. Salicylates enhance CRM1 inhibitor antitumor activity by induction of S-phase arrest and impairment of DNA-damage repair. Blood 2021; 137:513-523. [PMID: 33507295 PMCID: PMC7845010 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020009013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome region maintenance protein 1 (CRM1) mediates protein export from the nucleus and is a new target for anticancer therapeutics. Broader application of KPT-330 (selinexor), a first-in-class CRM1 inhibitor recently approved for relapsed multiple myeloma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, have been limited by substantial toxicity. We discovered that salicylates markedly enhance the antitumor activity of CRM1 inhibitors by extending the mechanisms of action beyond CRM1 inhibition. Using salicylates in combination enables targeting of a range of blood cancers with a much lower dose of selinexor, thereby potentially mitigating prohibitive clinical adverse effects. Choline salicylate (CS) with low-dose KPT-330 (K+CS) had potent, broad activity across high-risk hematological malignancies and solid-organ cancers ex vivo and in vivo. The K+CS combination was not toxic to nonmalignant cells as compared with malignant cells and was safe without inducing toxicity to normal organs in mice. Mechanistically, compared with KPT-330 alone, K+CS suppresses the expression of CRM1, Rad51, and thymidylate synthase proteins, leading to more efficient inhibition of CRM1-mediated nuclear export, impairment of DNA-damage repair, reduced pyrimidine synthesis, cell-cycle arrest in S-phase, and cell apoptosis. Moreover, the addition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors further potentiates the K+CS antitumor effect. K+CS represents a new class of therapy for multiple types of blood cancers and will stimulate future investigations to exploit DNA-damage repair and nucleocytoplasmic transport for cancer therapy in general.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Choline/administration & dosage
- Choline/adverse effects
- Choline/analogs & derivatives
- Choline/pharmacology
- DNA Repair/drug effects
- DNA Replication/drug effects
- DNA, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Combinations
- Drug Synergism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Hydrazines/administration & dosage
- Hydrazines/adverse effects
- Hydrazines/pharmacology
- Karyopherins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/genetics
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Phthalazines/administration & dosage
- Phthalazines/pharmacology
- Piperazines/administration & dosage
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Random Allocation
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- S Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Salicylates/administration & dosage
- Salicylates/adverse effects
- Salicylates/pharmacology
- Triazoles/administration & dosage
- Triazoles/adverse effects
- Triazoles/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Exportin 1 Protein
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaosheng Wu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | | | - Jonas Paludo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | - Chunling Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aishwarya Ravindran
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and
| | - Rebecca L King
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and
| | - Justin Boysen
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shaji Kumar
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Health Sciences Research
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Komoto K, Nomoto T, El Muttaqien S, Takemoto H, Matsui M, Miura Y, Nishiyama N. Iron chelation cancer therapy using hydrophilic block copolymers conjugated with deferoxamine. Cancer Sci 2020; 112:410-421. [PMID: 32770631 PMCID: PMC7780030 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have high iron requirements due to their rapid growth and proliferation. Iron depletion using iron chelators has a potential in cancer treatment. Previous studies have demonstrated that deferoxamine (DFO) specifically chelates Fe(III) and exhibited antitumor activity in clinical studies. However, its poor pharmacokinetics has limited the therapeutic potential and practical application. Although polymeric iron chelators have been developed to increase the blood retention, none of previous studies has demonstrated their potential in iron chelation cancer therapy. Here, we developed polymeric DFO by the covalent conjugation of DFO to poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(aspartic acid) (PEG‐PAsp) block copolymers. The polymeric DFO exhibited iron‐chelating ability comparable with free DFO, thereby arresting cell cycle and inducing apoptosis and antiproliferative activity. After intravenous administration, the polymeric DFO showed marked increase in blood retention and tumor accumulation in subcutaneous tumor models. Consequently, polymeric DFO showed significant suppression of the tumor growth compared with free DFO. This study reveals the first success of the design of polymeric DFO for enhancing iron chelation cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kana Komoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nomoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Center for Pharmaceutical and Medical Technology, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), LAPTIAB I, PUSPIPTEK, Serpong, Indonesia
| | - Hiroyasu Takemoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsui
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Miura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nishiyama
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Innovation Center of Nanomedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee S, Lee SK, Jung J. Potentiating activities of chrysin in the therapeutic efficacy of 5-fluorouracil in gastric cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:24. [PMID: 33240430 PMCID: PMC7681229 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality rates of gastric cancer rank among the highest five of all cancer types worldwide. The chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is the gold standard for treating gastric cancer, but its efficacy is limited due to high rates of resistance. To improve the therapeutic efficacy of 5-FU and overcome its resistance, the synergistic effect of chrysin with 5-FU was investigated and its mechanism was elucidated. Chrysin was co-administered with 5-FU in AGS cells and 5-FU-resistant AGS cells (AGS/FR). Cytotoxicity was investigated using MTT assay, followed by calculating the combination index (CI). Several biomarkers were detected using western blotting analysis. Apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were measured by flow cytometry. The combination of chrysin and 5-FU significantly increased cytotoxicity more than chrysin or 5-FU alone. 5-FU induced apoptosis through p53-p21 activity, while chrysin arrested the cell cycle in the G2/M phase. The combination of chrysin and 5-FU showed an anticancer effect via S phase arrest. The results indicated that chrysin and 5-FU exhibited anticancer properties via different pathways. Furthermore, the present study found that chrysin enhanced the chemotherapeutic effect of 5-FU in AGS/FR cells. In the resistant cells, the combination of chrysin and 5-FU improved the anticancer effect via G2/M phase arrest. These findings indicated that chrysin potentiated the chemotherapeutic effect of 5-FU in gastric cancer AGS and AGS/FR cells via cell cycle arrest. Therefore, chrysin may be used to treat gastric cancers that have become resistant to 5-FU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunyi Lee
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Kyeong Lee
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohee Jung
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Deepa, Mittal A, Taxak S, Tandon V, Pati U. Oxygen-releasing manganese clay hybrid complex triggers p53-mediated cancer cell death in hypoxia. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114054. [PMID: 32450254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia in tumor microenvironment is responsible for resistance to conventional modes of cancer therapeutics. A manganese-clay hybrid compound MHC was shown to generate molecular oxygen in aqueous solution. In this study we have shown that MHC, in hypoxia, causes cancer cell death, through release of molecular oxygen and via p53-dependent apoptosis. MHC treatment of cells results in depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibition of ROS production, in a cell-specific manner. In hypoxia, the oxygen from MHC releases cells from S-phase arrest thus causing p53-dependent apoptosis. The induction of apoptosis by MHC is higher in p53 Wt/Wt cells when it is compared with p53 Mt/Mt cells. The released oxygen from MHC triggers apoptosis via p53 activation through its enhanced homo-oligomerization, post-translational modifications and nuclear localization. Thus MHC as a cellular oxygen-releasing compound has high potential as a drug for hypoxic tumor regression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepa
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Anil Mittal
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shashank Taxak
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vibha Tandon
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Uttam Pati
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tan YJ, Lee YT, Petersen SH, Kaur G, Kono K, Tan SC, Majid AMSA, Oon CE. BZD9L1 sirtuin inhibitor as a potential adjuvant for sensitization of colorectal cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2019; 11:1758835919878977. [PMID: 31632470 PMCID: PMC6767736 DOI: 10.1177/1758835919878977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aims to investigate the combination effect of a novel sirtuin
inhibitor (BZD9L1) with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and to determine its molecular
mechanism of action in colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: BZD9L1 and 5-FU either as single treatment or in combination were tested
against CRC cells to evaluate synergism in cytotoxicity, senescence and
formation of micronucleus, cell cycle and apoptosis, as well as the
regulation of related molecular players. The effects of combined treatments
at different doses on stress and apoptosis, migration, invasion and cell
death mechanism were evaluated through two-dimensional and three-dimensional
cultures. In vivo studies include investigation on the
combination effects of BZD9L1 and 5-FU on colorectal tumour xenograft growth
and an evaluation of tumour proliferation and apoptosis using
immunohistochemistry. Results: Combination treatments exerted synergistic reduction on cell viability on HCT
116 cells but not on HT-29 cells. Combined treatments reduced survival,
induced cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence and micronucleation in HCT
116 cells through modulation of multiple responsible molecular players and
apoptosis pathways, with no effect in epithelial mesenchymal transition
(EMT). Combination treatments regulated SIRT1 and SIRT2 protein expression
levels differently and changed SIRT2 protein localization. Combined
treatment reduced growth, migration, invasion and viability of HCT 116
spheroids through apoptosis, when compared with the single treatment. In
addition, combined treatment was found to reduce tumour growth in
vivo through reduction of tumour proliferation and necrosis
compared with the vehicle control group. This highlights the potential
therapeutic effects of BZD9L1 and 5-FU towards CRC. Conclusion: This study may pave the way for use of BZD9L1 as an adjuvant to 5-FU in
improving the therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of colorectal
cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jer Tan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yeuan Ting Lee
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sven H Petersen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gurjeet Kaur
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Koji Kono
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Soo Choon Tan
- USains Biomics Laboratory Testing Services Sdn. Bhd., Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Amin M S Abdul Majid
- EMAN Testing and Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chern Ein Oon
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Evaluation of Light-Emitting Diodes' Effects on the Expression Level of P53 and EGFR in the Gingival Tissues of Albino Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55090605. [PMID: 31540512 PMCID: PMC6780216 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55090605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: The light-curing unit is considered an essential piece of equipment in every dental office. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) by the light cure (LC) device on gingival tissues of albino rats histologically and by regarding the expression of P53 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Materials and methods: Gingival tissues of the rats were exposed to LEDs for 30 s with an interval of 30 s for periods of 2 and 5 min and were examined after two and four weeks of light exposure. After the set time, histological sections were studied and the P53 and EGFR expressions were evaluated immunohistochemically and by molecular methods. Results: Mild hyperplasia and mild inflammatory response were detected in higher rates after two weeks of exposure when compared to 4 weeks postexposure. Whereas fibrosis was found at a higher rate after four weeks than that found after two weeks postexposure, parakeratosis was seen only in the group that was exposed for 5 min to LC and when biopsies were taken after 2 weeks. We found that the immunohistochemical expression of P53 was not changed. Similarly, the alteration of EGFR expression was statistically nonsignificant (p > 0.05) when compared to the control group. The data obtained from the qRT-PCR reaction was analyzed using the comparative CT (2−ΔΔCT) method. Statistically, there was no significant difference in the expression of EGER and P53 gene transcripts. Conclusions: LED causes no serious alteration in P53 and EGFR expression, and only trivial histopathological changes occurred, most of which recovered after a 4-week interval.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang Q, Xue L, Zhang X, Bu S, Zhu X, Lai D. Autophagy protects ovarian cancer-associated fibroblasts against oxidative stress. Cell Cycle 2018; 15:1376-85. [PMID: 27074587 PMCID: PMC4889272 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1170269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-Seq and gene set enrichment anylysis revealed that ovarian cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are mitotically active compared with normal fibroblasts (NFs). Cellular senescence is observed in CAFs treated with H2O2 as shown by elevated SA-β-gal activity and p21 (WAF1/Cip1) protein levels. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and p21 (WAF1/Cip1) elevation may account for H2O2-induced CAFs cell cycle arrest in S phase. Blockage of autophagy can increase ROS production in CAFs, leading to cell cycle arrest in S phase, cell proliferation inhibition and enhanced sensitivity to H2O2-induced cell death. ROS scavenger NAC can reduce ROS production and thus restore cell viability. Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), monocarboxylic acid transporter 4 (MCT4) and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) were up-regulated in CAFs compared with NFs. There was relatively high lactate content in CAFs than in NFs. Blockage of autophagy decreased LDHA, MCT4 and SOD2 protein levels in CAFs that might enhance ROS production. Blockage of autophagy can sensitize CAFs to chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin, implicating that autophagy might possess clinical utility as an attractive target for ovarian cancer treatment in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- a International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , P. R. China.,b Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Liang Xue
- c Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- c Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Shixia Bu
- a International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Xueliang Zhu
- c Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Dongmei Lai
- a International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
A methoxyflavanone derivative from the Asian medicinal herb (Perilla frutescens) induces p53-mediated G 2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma. Cytotechnology 2017; 70:899-912. [PMID: 28710570 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Perilla frutescens is an Asian dietary herb consumed as an essential seasoning in Japanese cuisine as well as used for a Chinese medicine. Here, we report that a newly found methoxyflavanone derivative from P. frutescens (Perilla-derived methoxyflavanone, PDMF; 8-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavanone) shows carcinostatic activity on human lung adenocarcinoma, A549. We found that treatment with PDMF significantly inhibited cell proliferation and decreased viability through induction of G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The PDMF stimulation induces phosphorylation of tumor suppressor p53 on Ser15, and increases its protein amount in conjunction with up-regulation of downstream cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21Cip1/Waf1 and proapoptotic caspases, caspase-9 and caspase-3. We also found that small interfering RNA knockdown of p53 completely abolished the PDMF-induced G2/M cell cycle arrest, and substantially abrogated its proapoptotic potency. These results suggest that PDMF represents a useful tumor-preventive phytochemical that triggers p53-driven G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
Collapse
|
18
|
Konyar D, Erdas O, Alpaslan FN, Buyukbingol E. An application of CIFAP for predicting the binding affinity of Chk1 inhibitors derived from 2-aminothiazole-4-carboxamide. J Mol Recognit 2017. [PMID: 28620979 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of protein-ligand interactions obtained from experiments has a crucial part in the design of newly discovered and effective drugs. Analyzing the data extracted from known interactions could help scientists to predict the binding affinities of promising ligands before conducting experiments. The objective of this study is to advance the CIFAP (compressed images for affinity prediction) method, which is relevant to a protein-ligand model, identifying 2D electrostatic potential images by separating the binding site of protein-ligand complexes and using the images for predicting the computational affinity information represented by pIC50 values. The CIFAP method has 2 phases, namely, data modeling and prediction. In data modeling phase, the separated 3D structure of the binding pocket with the ligand inside is fitted into an electrostatic potential grid box, which is then compressed through 3 orthogonal directions into three 2D images for each protein-ligand complex. Sequential floating forward selection technique is performed for acquiring prediction patterns from the images. In the prediction phase, support vector regression (SVR) and partial least squares regression are used for testing the quality of the CIFAP method for predicting the binding affinity of 45 CHK1 inhibitors derived from 2-aminothiazole-4-carboxamide. The results show that the CIFAP method using both support vector regression and partial least squares regression is very effective for predicting the binding affinities of CHK1-ligand complexes with low-error values and high correlation. As a future work, the results could be improved by working on the pose of the ligands inside the grid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dilan Konyar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Erdas
- Department of Computer Engineering, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ferda Nur Alpaslan
- Department of Computer Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erdem Buyukbingol
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Basu T, Panja S, Ghate NB, Chaudhuri D, Mandal N. Antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of different solvent fractions from Terminalia belerica Roxb. fruit on various cancer cells. Cytotechnology 2016; 69:201-216. [PMID: 28004224 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-0051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Terminalia belerica Roxb. fruits have been previously reported against diabetes, ulcer, microbial problems and hepatotoxicity. The present study was aimed to investigate antioxidant and anticancer potential of sequentially fractionated hexane (TBHE), chloroform (TBCE), ethyl acetate (TBEE), butanol (TBBE) and water (TBWE) extracts from the 70% methanolic extract of T. belerica fruits. TBCE, TBEE, TBBE and TBWE showed excellent ROS (reactive oxygen species) and RNS (reactive nitrogen species) scavenging activities which was investigated using 11 different assays for various free radicals. Among 5 fractions, TBHE and TBCE remained nontoxic to any of the malignant cell lines including normal cells (WI-38). TBBE and TBWE inhibited the proliferation of breast (MCF-7), cervical (HeLa) and brain (U87) cancer cells by inducing G2/M arrest while TBEE caused apoptosis. However, these fractions did not inhibit the proliferation of lung (A549) and liver (HepG2) cancer cells. BrdU incorporation study also suggested the efficient anticancer potential of TBEE, TBBE and TBWE. Moreover, TBBE and TBWE treated MCF-7, HeLa and U87 cells showed upregulation of p53 and p21 proteins. Phytochemical analysis reflected the presence of adequate quantities of different phytochemicals. Moreover, HPLC analysis show peaks of purpurin, catechin, tannic acid, reserpine, ellagic acid, methyl gallate, aconitine and rutin in TBBE, TBWE and TBEE. Hence these polar extracts of T. belerica can be used to develop drug against different types of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tapasree Basu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P 1/12, C. I. T. Road, Scheme - VIIM, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India
| | - Sourav Panja
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P 1/12, C. I. T. Road, Scheme - VIIM, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India
| | - Nikhil Baban Ghate
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P 1/12, C. I. T. Road, Scheme - VIIM, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India
| | - Dipankar Chaudhuri
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P 1/12, C. I. T. Road, Scheme - VIIM, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India
| | - Nripendranath Mandal
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P 1/12, C. I. T. Road, Scheme - VIIM, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
The p53 family orchestrates the regulation of metabolism: physiological regulation and implications for cancer therapy. Br J Cancer 2016; 116:149-155. [PMID: 27884017 PMCID: PMC5243983 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 family of transcription factors is essential to counteract tumour formation and progression. Although previously this was exclusively associated with the ability of the p53 family to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, an increasing number of reports have now indisputably demonstrated that the tumour suppressive functions of the p53 family members also rely on their ability to control and regulate cellular metabolism and maintain cellular oxidative homeostasis. Here, we review how each p53 family member, including p63 and p73, controls metabolic pathways in physiological conditions, and how these mechanisms could be exploited to provide anticancer therapeutic opportunities.
Collapse
|
21
|
Secrier M, Li X, de Silva N, Eldridge MD, Contino G, Bornschein J, MacRae S, Grehan N, O’Donovan M, Miremadi A, Yang TP, Bower L, Chettouh H, Crawte J, Galeano-Dalmau N, Grabowska A, Saunders J, Underwood T, Waddell N, Barbour AP, Nutzinger B, Achilleos A, Edwards PAW, Lynch AG, Tavaré S, Fitzgerald RC. Mutational signatures in esophageal adenocarcinoma define etiologically distinct subgroups with therapeutic relevance. Nat Genet 2016; 48:1131-41. [PMID: 27595477 PMCID: PMC5957269 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has a poor outcome, and targeted therapy trials have thus far been disappointing owing to a lack of robust stratification methods. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis of 129 cases demonstrated that this is a heterogeneous cancer dominated by copy number alterations with frequent large-scale rearrangements. Co-amplification of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and/or downstream mitogenic activation is almost ubiquitous; thus tailored combination RTK inhibitor (RTKi) therapy might be required, as we demonstrate in vitro. However, mutational signatures showed three distinct molecular subtypes with potential therapeutic relevance, which we verified in an independent cohort (n = 87): (i) enrichment for BRCA signature with prevalent defects in the homologous recombination pathway; (ii) dominant T>G mutational pattern associated with a high mutational load and neoantigen burden; and (iii) C>A/T mutational pattern with evidence of an aging imprint. These subtypes could be ascertained using a clinically applicable sequencing strategy (low coverage) as a basis for therapy selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Secrier
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xiaodun Li
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nadeera de Silva
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew D. Eldridge
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gianmarco Contino
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jan Bornschein
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shona MacRae
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicola Grehan
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria O’Donovan
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ahmad Miremadi
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tsun-Po Yang
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lawrence Bower
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hamza Chettouh
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jason Crawte
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Núria Galeano-Dalmau
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna Grabowska
- Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - John Saunders
- Department of Oesophagogastric Surgery, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tim Underwood
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Nicola Waddell
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew P. Barbour
- Surgical Oncology Group, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Barbara Nutzinger
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Achilleas Achilleos
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Andy G. Lynch
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Tavaré
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca C. Fitzgerald
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ma J, Li J, Wang KS, Mi C, Piao LX, Xu GH, Li X, Lee JJ, Jin X. Perillyl alcohol efficiently scavenges activity of cellular ROS and inhibits the translational expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α via mTOR/4E-BP1 signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 39:1-9. [PMID: 27394002 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Perillyl alcohol (POH) is a dietary monoterpene present in a variety of plants with a pure or mixed form, and it is one of the very few natural substances with anticancer activity. However, the mechanism by which POH unleashes its anticancer activity in tumor cells remains unclear. We here demonstrated the effect of POH on hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) activation. POH showed the potent inhibitory activity against HIF-1 activation induced by hypoxia in various human cancer cell lines and efficient scavenging activity of cellular Reactive oxygen species (ROS) by hypoxia in tumor cells. Further analysis revealed that POH inhibited HIF-1α protein synthesis, without affecting the expression level of HIF-1α mRNA or degradation of HIF-1α protein. Moreover, we found that suppression of HIF-1α accumulation by POH correlated with strong de-phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and eIF4E binding protein-1 (4E-BP1), and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). These results showed that POH inhibited HIF-1α protein synthesis through the inhibition of mTOR/4E-BP1 signaling pathways. Furthermore, POH increased the expression of p53, p21, induced cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase as well as decreased cyclin D1, c-Myc, and Skp2 expression. In vivo studies further confirmed the inhibitory effect of POH on the expression of HIF-1α proteins, leading to a decrease growth of HCT116 cells in a xenograft tumor model. There results show that POH is an effective inhibitor of HIF-1 and provide new perspectives in to the mechanism of its anticancer activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ke Si Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chunliu Mi
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lian Xun Piao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guang Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xuezheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jung Joon Lee
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xuejun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhamanbayeva GT, Aralbayeva AN, Murzakhmetova MK, Tuleukhanov ST, Danilenko M. Cooperative antiproliferative and differentiation-enhancing activity of medicinal plant extracts in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 82:80-9. [PMID: 27470342 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematopoietic malignancy with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) berries, dog rose (Rosa canina) rosehips, and garden sage (Salvia officinalis) and oregano (Origanum vulgare) aerial parts are widely used in traditional medicine and exhibit antitumor effects in preclinical models. However, these plants remain scarcely tested for antileukemic activity. Here, we show that their water-ethanol leaf extracts reduced the growth and viability of AML cells and, at non-cytotoxic doses, potentiated cell differentiation induced by a low concentration of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the hormonal form of vitamin D, in a cell type-dependent manner. The latter effect was accompanied by upregulation of the vitamin D receptor protein components and its transcriptional activity. Furthermore, at minimally effective doses the extracts cooperated with one another to produce marked cytostatic effects associated with a partial S-phase arrest and a modest induction of apoptosis. In contrast, these combinations only slightly affected the growth and viability of proliferating normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In addition, the extracts strongly inhibited microsomal lipid peroxidation and protected normal erythrocytes against hypoosmotic shock. Our results suggest that further exploration of the enhanced antileukemic effects of the combinations tested here may lead to the development of alternative therapeutic and preventive approaches against AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gulzhan T Zhamanbayeva
- Department of Biophysics and Biomedicine, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 480078, Kazakhstan
| | - Araylim N Aralbayeva
- Laboratory of Membrane Physiology, Institute of Human and Animal Physiology, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan
| | - Maira K Murzakhmetova
- Laboratory of Membrane Physiology, Institute of Human and Animal Physiology, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan
| | - Sultan T Tuleukhanov
- Department of Biophysics and Biomedicine, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 480078, Kazakhstan
| | - Michael Danilenko
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Phang CW, Karsani SA, Sethi G, Abd Malek SN. Flavokawain C Inhibits Cell Cycle and Promotes Apoptosis, Associated with Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Regulation of MAPKs and Akt Signaling Pathways in HCT 116 Human Colon Carcinoma Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148775. [PMID: 26859847 PMCID: PMC4747580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavokawain C (FKC) is a naturally occurring chalcone which can be found in Kava (Piper methysticum Forst) root. The present study evaluated the effect of FKC on the growth of various human cancer cell lines and the underlying associated mechanisms. FKC showed higher cytotoxic activity against HCT 116 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner in comparison to other cell lines (MCF-7, HT-29, A549 and CaSki), with minimal toxicity on normal human colon cells. The apoptosis-inducing capability of FKC on HCT 116 cells was evidenced by cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation and increased phosphatidylserine externalization. FKC was found to disrupt mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in the release of Smac/DIABLO, AIF and cytochrome c into the cytoplasm. Our results also revealed that FKC induced intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis via upregulation of the levels of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bak) and death receptors (DR5), while downregulation of the levels of anti-apoptotic proteins (XIAP, cIAP-1, c-FlipL, Bcl-xL and survivin), resulting in the activation of caspase-3, -8 and -9 and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). FKC was also found to cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, as suggested by the elevation of GADD153 protein after FKC treatment. After the cells were exposed to FKC (60μM) over 18hrs, there was a substantial increase in the phosphorylation of ERK 1/2. The expression of phosphorylated Akt was also reduced. FKC also caused cell cycle arrest in the S phase in HCT 116 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner and with accumulation of cells in the sub-G1 phase. This was accompanied by the downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK2 and CDK4), consistent with the upregulation of CDK inhibitors (p21Cip1 and p27Kip1), and hypophosphorylation of Rb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Weng Phang
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Anuar Karsani
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sri Nurestri Abd Malek
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Martín Sánchez C, Pérez Martín JM, Jin JS, Dávalos A, Zhang W, de la Peña G, Martínez-Botas J, Rodríguez-Acebes S, Suárez Y, Hazen MJ, Gómez-Coronado D, Busto R, Cheng YC, Lasunción MA. Disruption of the mevalonate pathway induces dNTP depletion and DNA damage. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1240-53. [PMID: 26055626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mevalonate pathway is tightly linked to cell division. Mevalonate derived non-sterol isoprenoids and cholesterol are essential for cell cycle progression and mitosis completion respectively. In the present work, we studied the effects of fluoromevalonate, a competitive inhibitor of mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, on cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in both HL-60 and MOLT-4 cells. This enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate, the first isoprenoid in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, consuming ATP at the same time. Inhibition of mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase was followed by a rapid accumulation of mevalonate diphosphate and the reduction of ATP concentrations, while the cell content of cholesterol was barely affected. Strikingly, mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase inhibition also resulted in the depletion of dNTP pools, which has never been reported before. These effects were accompanied by inhibition of cell proliferation and cell cycle arrest at S phase, together with the appearance of γ-H2AX foci and Chk1 activation. Inhibition of Chk1 in cells treated with fluoromevalonate resulted in premature entry into mitosis and massive cell death, indicating that the inhibition of mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase triggered a DNA damage response. Notably, the supply of exogenously deoxyribonucleosides abolished γ-H2AX formation and prevented the effects of mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase inhibition on DNA replication and cell growth. The results indicate that dNTP pool depletion caused by mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase inhibition hampered DNA replication with subsequent DNA damage, which may have important consequences for replication stress and genomic instability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Covadonga Martín Sánchez
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
| | - José Manuel Pérez Martín
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jong-Sik Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Section of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, College of Environmental & Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea.
| | - Alberto Dávalos
- Laboratory of Functional Foods, IMDEA-Food, 28036 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China.
| | - Gema de la Peña
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Martínez-Botas
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Acebes
- DNA Replication Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Yajaira Suárez
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - María José Hazen
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Diego Gómez-Coronado
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
| | - Rebeca Busto
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
| | - Yung-Chi Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Section of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Miguel A Lasunción
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Brock SE, Rendon BE, Xin D, Yaddanapudi K, Mitchell RA. MIF family members cooperatively inhibit p53 expression and activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99795. [PMID: 24932684 PMCID: PMC4059697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is induced by genotoxic stress in both normal and transformed cells and serves to transcriptionally coordinate cell cycle checkpoint control and programmed cell death responses. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an autocrine and paracrine acting cytokine/growth factor that promotes lung adenocarcinoma cell motility, anchorage-independence and neo-angiogenic potential. Several recent studies indicate that the only known homolog of MIF, D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT - also referred to as MIF-2), has functionally redundant activities with MIF and cooperatively promotes MIF-dependent pro-tumorigenic phenotypes. We now report that MIF and D-DT synergistically inhibit steady state p53 phosphorylation, stabilization and transcriptional activity in human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. The combined loss of MIF and D-DT by siRNA leads to dramatically reduced cell cycle progression, anchorage independence, focus formation and increased programmed cell death when compared to individual loss of MIF or D-DT. Importantly, p53 mutant and p53 null lung adenocarcinoma cell lines were only nominally rescued from the cell growth effects of MIF/D-DT combined deficiency suggesting only a minor role for p53 in these transformed cell growth phenotypes. Finally, increased p53 activation was found to be independent of aberrantly activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) that occurs in response to MIF/D-DT-deficiency but is dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS) that mediate aberrant AMPK activation in these cells. Combined, these findings suggest that both p53 wildtype and mutant human lung adenocarcinoma tumors rely on MIF family members for maximal cell growth and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E. Brock
- Molecular Targets Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Beatriz E. Rendon
- Molecular Targets Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Dan Xin
- Molecular Targets Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Kavitha Yaddanapudi
- Molecular Targets Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Mitchell
- Molecular Targets Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zheng X, Wang Y, Liu B, Liu C, Liu D, Zhu J, Yang C, Yan J, Liao X, Meng X, Yang H. Bmi-1-shRNA inhibits the proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma cells by blocking the G1/S phase through decreasing cyclin D1 and increasing p21/p27 levels. Nucleic Acid Ther 2014; 24:210-6. [PMID: 24552182 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2013.0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 (Bmi-1) is highly expressed in a variety of cancers and has been shown to regulate cell proliferation. The INK4a/ARF tumor suppressor gene locus is one of the major targets of Bmi-1. In the present study, we chose two lung adenocarcinoma cell lines, A549 cells (without INK4a locus) and SPC-A1 cells (with INK4a locus), to investigate if the small hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of Bmi-1 could inhibit the proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma cells, and to delineate the possible mechanism underlying Bmi-1 modulation of cell proliferation. We also investigated the potential pathway underlying Bmi-1 regulation of lung adenocarcinoma cell proliferation in different genetic backgrounds. To this end, we used shRNA to knockdown Bmi-1 expression in lung adenocarcinoma cells, which led to inhibition of cell growth, colony formation in vitro, and tumorigenesis in vivo. In addition, phosphorylated Akt and cyclin D1 expression were downregulated, p21 and p27 levels were upregulated, and p16 expression remained unchanged in SPC-A1 cells. These data indicate that Bmi-1 might modulate the growth of lung adenocarcinoma cells in an INK4a-p16 independent pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zheng
- 1 School of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University , Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Khutornenko AA, Dalina AA, Chernyak BV, Chumakov PM, Evstafieva AG. The Role of Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase in Apoptosis Induction in Response to Inhibition of the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Complex III. Acta Naturae 2014; 6:69-75. [PMID: 24772329 PMCID: PMC3999468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A mechanism for the induction of programmed cell death (apoptosis) upon dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain has been studied. Previously, we had found that inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome bc1, a component of the electron transport chain complex III, leads to activation of tumor suppressor p53, followed by apoptosis induction. The mitochondrial respiratory chain is coupled to the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway via the mitochondrial enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). The p53 activation induced in response to the inhibition of the electron transport chain complex III has been shown to be triggered by the impairment of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis due to the suppression of DHODH. However, it remained unclear whether the suppression of the DHODH function is the main cause of the observed apoptotic cell death. Here, we show that apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells induced by the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III inhibition can be prevented by supplementation with uridine or orotate (products of the reaction catalyzed by DHODH) rather than with dihydroorotate (a DHODH substrate). We conclude that apoptosis is induced in response to the impairment of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis caused by the inhibition of DHODH. The conclusion is supported by the experiment showing that downregulation of DHODH by RNA interference leads to accumulation of the p53 tumor suppressor and to apoptotic cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Khutornenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, Bld. 40, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. A. Dalina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 32, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - B. V. Chernyak
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, Bld. 40, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - P. M. Chumakov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 32, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. G. Evstafieva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, Bld. 40, 119991, Moscow, Russia,Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, Bld. 73, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mukherjee JJ, Kumar S. DNA synthesis inhibition in response to benzo[a]pyrene dihydrodiol epoxide is associated with attenuation of p(34)cdc2: Role of p53. Mutat Res 2013; 755:61-7. [PMID: 23692869 PMCID: PMC3743414 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Our previous findings demonstrated that DNA damage by polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) triggers a cellular protective response of growth inhibition (G1-S cell cycle arrest and inhibition of DNA synthesis) in human fibroblasts associated with accumulation of p53 protein, a growth-inhibitory transcription factor. Here, we report that BPDE (the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of the PAH benzo[a]pyrene) treatment triggers a variable extent of inhibition of DNA synthesis/cell growth, which does not correspond to the extent of increased p53 accumulation. BPDE treatment of cells significantly attenuates expression of p(34)cdc2, a cell cycle activating protein. Although the role of cdc2 down-regulation in inhibition of cell cycle progression is well known, cdc2 down-regulation in response to cellular insult by PAHs has not been reported. Unlike p53 accumulation, there is a correspondence between DNA synthesis/cell growth inhibition and cdc2 down-regulation by BPDE. BPDE-induced cdc2 down-regulation is p53 dependent, although there is no correspondence between p53 accumulation and cdc2 down-regulation. BPDE-induced cdc2 down-regulation corresponded with accumulation of the cell cycle inhibitor protein p21 (transactivation product of p53). DNA synthesis/cell growth inhibition in response to DNA-damaging PAHs may involve down-regulation of cdc2 protein mediated by p53 activation (transactivation ability), and the extent of p53 accumulation is not the sole determining factor in this regard.
Collapse
|
30
|
Hoeferlin LA, Oleinik NV, Krupenko NI, Krupenko SA. Activation of p21-Dependent G1/G2 Arrest in the Absence of DNA Damage as an Antiapoptotic Response to Metabolic Stress. Genes Cancer 2012; 2:889-99. [PMID: 22593801 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911432495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The folate enzyme, FDH (10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, ALDH1L1), a metabolic regulator of proliferation, activates p53-dependent G1 arrest and apoptosis in A549 cells. In the present study, we have demonstrated that FDH-induced apoptosis is abrogated upon siRNA knockdown of the p53 downstream target PUMA. Conversely, siRNA knockdown of p21 eliminated FDH-dependent G1 arrest and resulted in an early apoptosis onset. The acceleration of FDH-dependent apoptosis was even more profound in another cell line, HCT116, in which the p21 gene was silenced through homologous recombination (p21(-/-) cells). In contrast to A549 cells, FDH caused G2 instead of G1 arrest in HCT116 p21(+/+) cells; such an arrest was not seen in p21-deficient (HCT116 p21(-/-)) cells. In agreement with the cell cycle regulatory function of p21, its strong accumulation in nuclei was seen upon FDH expression. Interestingly, our study did not reveal DNA damage upon FDH elevation in either cell line, as judged by comet assay and the evaluation of histone H2AX phosphorylation. In both A549 and HCT116 cell lines, FDH induced a strong decrease in the intracellular ATP pool (2-fold and 30-fold, respectively), an indication of a decrease in de novo purine biosynthesis as we previously reported. The underlying mechanism for the drop in ATP was the strong decrease in intracellular 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, a substrate in two reactions of the de novo purine pathway. Overall, we have demonstrated that p21 can activate G1 or G2 arrest in the absence of DNA damage as a response to metabolite deprivation. In the case of FDH-related metabolic alterations, this response delays apoptosis but is not sufficient to prevent cell death.
Collapse
|
31
|
Chakrabarti A, Gupta K, Sharma JP, Yang J, Agarwal A, Glick A, Zhang Y, Agarwal M, Agarwal MK, Wald DN. ATP depletion triggers acute myeloid leukemia differentiation through an ATR/Chk1 protein-dependent and p53 protein-independent pathway. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:23635-43. [PMID: 22621920 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.312801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in oncology drug development, most commonly used cancer therapeutics exhibit serious adverse effects. Often the toxicities of chemotherapeutics are due to the induction of significant DNA damage that is necessary for their ability to kill cancer cells. In some clinical situations, the direct induction of significant cytotoxicity is not a requirement to meet clinical goals. For example, differentiation, growth arrest, and/or senescence is a valuable outcome in some cases. In fact, in the case of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the use of the differentiation agent all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) has revolutionized the therapy for a subset of leukemia patients and led to a dramatic survival improvement. Remarkably, this therapeutic approach is possible even in many elderly patients, who would not be able to tolerate therapy with traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy. Because of the success of ATRA, there is widespread interest in identifying differentiation strategies that may be effective for the 90-95% of AML patients who do not clinically respond to ATRA. Utilizing an AML differentiation agent that is in development, we found that AML differentiation can be induced through ATP depletion and the subsequent activation of DNA damage signaling through an ATR/Chk1-dependent and p53-independent pathway. This study not only reveals mechanisms of AML differentiation but also suggests that further investigation is warranted to investigate the potential clinical use of low dose chemotherapeutics to induce differentiation instead of cytotoxicity. This therapeutic approach may be of particular benefit to patients, such as elderly AML patients, who often cannot tolerate traditional AML chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amitabha Chakrabarti
- Invenio Therapeutics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate induces TAp73-dependent apoptosis by modulating multiple Bcl-2 proteins: potential for cancer therapy. Oncogene 2012; 32:920-9. [PMID: 22430213 PMCID: PMC3382011 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
p53 is essential for the cellular responses to DNA damage that help to maintain genomic stability. However, the great majority of human cancers undergo disruption of the p53-network. Identification and characterization of molecular components important in both p53-dependent and -independent apoptosis might be useful in developing novel therapies for cancers. In the complete absence of p53, cells treated with N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA) continue to synthesize DNA slowly and eventually progress through S phase, suffering severe DNA damage that in turn triggers apoptosis, whereas cells with functional p53 undergo growth arrest. In the present study, we investigated apoptotic signaling in response to PALA and the role of p53 expression in this pathway. We found that treatment of cells lacking p53 with PALA induced TAp73, Noxa, and Bim and inactivation of these proteins with dominant negative plasmids or siRNAs significantly inhibited apoptosis, suggesting that PALA-induced apoptosis was mediated via TAp73-dependent expression of Noxa and Bim. However, PALA treatment inhibited the expression of ΔNp73 only in cells lacking p53 but not in cells expressing p53. In addition, PALA treatment inhibited Bcl-2, and overexpression of Bcl-2 significantly inhibited PALA-induced apoptosis. Moreover, expression of p53 in these cells protected them from PALA-induced apoptosis by activating p21, sustaining the expression of ΔNp73 and inhibiting the induction of Noxa and Bim. Taken together, our study identifies novel but opposing roles for the p53 and TAp73 in the induction of Noxa and Bim and regulation of apoptosis. Our data will help to develop strategies to eliminate cancer cells lacking p53 while protecting normal cells with wild-type p53.
Collapse
|
33
|
Jaceosidin Induces Apoptosis in U87 Glioblastoma Cells through G2/M Phase Arrest. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2012:703034. [PMID: 22216058 PMCID: PMC3246879 DOI: 10.1155/2012/703034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia argyi is a widely used medicinal plant in China. The present study was designed to identify the bioactive constituents with antiglioma activity from leaves of Artemesia argyi. A bioactivity guided approach based on MTT assay for cells growth inhibition led to the isolation of a flavonoid, “jaceosidin” from ethanol extract of leaves of Artemesia argyi. The growth inhibitory effect of jaceosidin was explored using flow cytometry and Western blot studies. Our results showed that jaceosidin exerts growth inhibitory effect by arresting the cells at G2/M phase and induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, our study revealed that induction of apoptosis was associated with cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, upregulation of p53 and Bax, decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c, and activation of caspase 3. This mitochondrial-caspase-3-dependent apoptosis pathway was confirmed by pretreatment with caspase 3 inhibitor, Ac-DEVD-CHO. Our findings suggested that jaceosidin induces mitochondrial-caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in U87 cells by arresting the cell cycle at G2/M phase.
Collapse
|
34
|
Elevated transcription of the p53 gene in early S-phase leads to a rapid DNA-damage response during S-phase of the cell cycle. Apoptosis 2011; 16:950-8. [PMID: 21710255 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0623-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
p53 induces the transcription of genes that negatively regulate progression of the cell cycle in response to DNA damage or other cellular stressors, and thus participates in maintaining genome stability. Under stress conditions, p53 must be activated to prohibit the replication of cells containing damaged DNA. However, in normal, non-stressed cells, p53 activity must be inhibited. Previous studies have demonstrated that p53 transcription is activated before or during early S-phase in cells progressing from G(0)/G(1) into S-phase. Since this is not what would be predicted from a gene involved in growth arrest and apoptosis, in this study, we provide evidence that this induction occurs to provide sufficient p53 mRNA to ensure a rapid response to DNA damage before exiting S-phase. When comparing exponentially growing Swiss3T3 cells to those synchronized to enter S-phase simultaneously and treated with the DNA damaging agent camptothecin, we found that with cells in S-phase, p53 protein levels increased earlier, Bax and p21 transcription was activated earlier and to a greater extent and apoptosis occurred earlier and to a greater extent. These findings are consistent with p53 transcription being induced in S-phase to provide for a rapid DNA-damage response during S-phase of the cell cycle.
Collapse
|
35
|
Katara R, Mir RA, Shukla AA, Tiwari A, Singh N, Chauhan SS. Wild type p53-dependent transcriptional upregulation of cathepsin L expression is mediated by C/EBPα in human glioblastoma cells. Biol Chem 2011; 391:1031-40. [PMID: 20536385 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene p53 are frequent in human glioblastomas. Similarly cathepsin L, a lysosomal cysteine protease, is overexpressed and secreted by most human tumors including glioblastomas. However, hitherto there is no information on whether or not the mutation(s) in the p53 gene affect(s) expression of this protease. Using human glioblastoma cell lines harboring wild type and mutant p53, we demonstrate here for the first time that only the wild type but not the mutant p53 upregulates cathepsin L expression. By transfection of promoter reporter constructs, site-directed mutagenesis and chip assays we have established that wild type p53 elevates the levels of cathepsin L in these cells. It does so directly by binding to the cathepsin L promoter and also indirectly by inducing the expression of C/EBPα, which is crucial for the transcription of this protease. In view of its role in tumorigenesis, angiogenesis and tumor cell invasion, increased expression of cathepsin L in glioblastoma cells harboring wild type p53 might confer invasive ability and growth advantage to these cells. Therefore, use of cathepsin L inhibitors could prove useful in the management of these tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Katara
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ahmed A, Yang J, Maya-Mendoza A, Jackson DA, Ashcroft M. Pharmacological activation of a novel p53-dependent S-phase checkpoint involving CHK-1. Cell Death Dis 2011; 2:e160. [PMID: 21593792 PMCID: PMC3122121 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2011.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We have recently shown that induction of the p53 tumour suppressor protein by the small-molecule RITA (reactivation of p53 and induction of tumour cell apoptosis; 2,5-bis(5-hydroxymethyl-2-thienyl)furan) inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in vivo and induces p53-dependent tumour cell apoptosis in normoxia and hypoxia. Here, we demonstrate that RITA activates the canonical ataxia telangiectasia mutated/ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related DNA damage response pathway. Interestingly, phosphorylation of checkpoint kinase (CHK)-1 induced in response to RITA was influenced by p53 status. We found that induction of p53, phosphorylated CHK-1 and γH2AX proteins was significantly increased in S-phase. Furthermore, we found that RITA stalled replication fork elongation, prolonged S-phase progression and induced DNA damage in p53 positive cells. Although CHK-1 knockdown did not significantly affect p53-dependent DNA damage or apoptosis induced by RITA, it did block the ability for DNA integrity to be maintained during the immediate response to RITA. These data reveal the existence of a novel p53-dependent S-phase DNA maintenance checkpoint involving CHK-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ahmed
- Department of Metabolism and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, Centre for Cell Signalling and Molecular Genetics, University College London, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Banu SK, Stanley JA, Lee J, Stephen SD, Arosh JA, Hoyer PB, Burghardt RC. Hexavalent chromium-induced apoptosis of granulosa cells involves selective sub-cellular translocation of Bcl-2 members, ERK1/2 and p53. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 251:253-66. [PMID: 21262251 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) has been widely used in industries throughout the world. Increased usage of CrVI and atmospheric emission of CrVI from catalytic converters of automobiles, and its improper disposal causes various health hazards including female infertility. Recently we have reported that lactational exposure to CrVI induced a delay/arrest in follicular development at the secondary follicular stage. In order to investigate the underlying mechanism, primary cultures of rat granulosa cells were treated with 10 μM potassium dichromate (CrVI) for 12 and 24h, with or without vitamin C pre-treatment for 24h. The effects of CrVI on intrinsic apoptotic pathway(s) were investigated. Our data indicated that CrVI: (i) induced DNA fragmentation and increased apoptosis, (ii) increased cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to cytosol, (iii) downregulated anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, HSP70 and HSP90; upregulated pro-apoptotic BAX and BAD, (iv) altered translocation of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, BAX, BAD, HSP70 and HSP90 to the mitochondria, (v) upregulated p-ERK and p-JNK, and selectively translocated p-ERK to the mitochondria and nucleus, (vi) activated caspase-3 and PARP, and (vii) increased phosphorylation of p53 at ser-6, ser-9, ser-15, ser-20, ser-37, ser-46 and ser-392, increased p53 transcriptional activation, and downregulated MDM-2. Vitamin C pre-treatment mitigated CrVI effects on apoptosis and related pathways. Our study, for the first time provides a clear insight into the effect of CrVI on multiple pathways that lead to apoptosis of granulosa cells which could be mitigated by vitamin C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakhila K Banu
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yang Y, Cai S, Yang L, Yu S, Jiang J, Yan X, Zhang H, Liu L, Liu Q, Du J, Cai S, Sung KP. Targeting eradication of malignant cells derived from human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:3329-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
39
|
Pyrimidine biosynthesis links mitochondrial respiration to the p53 pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:12828-33. [PMID: 20566882 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0910885107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While many functions of the p53 tumor suppressor affect mitochondrial processes, the role of altered mitochondrial physiology in a modulation of p53 response remains unclear. As mitochondrial respiration is affected in many pathologic conditions such as hypoxia and intoxications, the impaired electron transport chain could emit additional p53-inducing signals and thereby contribute to tissue damage. Here we show that a shutdown of mitochondrial respiration per se does not trigger p53 response, because inhibitors acting in the proximal and distal segments of the respiratory chain do not activate p53. However, strong p53 response is induced specifically after an inhibition of the mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 (the electron transport chain complex III). The p53 response is triggered by the deficiency in pyrimidines that is developed due to a suppression of the functionally coupled mitochondrial pyrimidine biosynthesis enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). In epithelial carcinoma cells the activation of p53 in response to mitochondrial electron transport chain complex III inhibitors does not require phosphorylation of p53 at Serine 15 or up-regulation of p14(ARF). Instead, our data suggest a contribution of NQO1 and NQO2 in stabilization of p53 in the nuclei. The results establish the deficiency in pyrimidine biosynthesis as the cause of p53 response in the cells with impaired mitochondrial respiration.
Collapse
|
40
|
Rana S, Gupta K, Gomez J, Matsuyama S, Chakrabarti A, Agarwal ML, Agarwal A, Agarwal MK, Wald DN. Securinine induces p73-dependent apoptosis preferentially in p53-deficient colon cancer cells. FASEB J 2010; 24:2126-34. [PMID: 20133503 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-148999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The identification of agents that preferentially kill cancer cells while protecting normal cells offers the potential to overcome toxicities found in many existing chemotherapeutic agents. Because p53 is frequently inactivated in cancer, agents that preferentially kill p53-null cells and protect wild-type p53-expressing cells are highly desirable chemotherapeutic agents. By using pairs of isogenic colon cancer cell lines that differ only in p53 expression (RKO and HCT116), securinine was found to exhibit these properties. Securinine (30 microM) induces apoptosis in 73% of p53-null HCT116 cells (LD(50) 17.5 microM) as opposed to 17.6% of HCT116 parental cells (LD(50) 50 microM) at 72 h after treatment. The mechanism of securinine-mediated death in p53-deficient cells involves the induction of the p53 family member, p73. Interestingly, the proapoptotic protein p73 is down-regulated in colon cancer cells expressing p53. This differential regulation of p73 in a p53-dependent fashion reveals a novel pathway for preferentially targeting cancer cells. In contrast to p53-deficient cells, cells expressing p53 are protected from cell death through the p53-mediated up-regulation of p21. These studies reveal a novel approach to specifically target colon cancer cells lacking p53 as well as identify a novel clinically relevant pathway to selectively induce p73 in p53-null cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Rana
- Invenio Therapeutics, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Obajimi O, Keen JC, Melera PW. Inhibition of de novo purine synthesis in human prostate cells results in ATP depletion, AMPK activation and induces senescence. Prostate 2009; 69:1206-21. [PMID: 19434633 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 4-[2-(2-Amino-4-oxo-4,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-pyrimidino[5,4,6][1,4]thiazin-6-yl)-(S)-ethyl]-2,5-thienoylamino-l-glutamic acid (AG2034), is a classical antifolate shown to be an excellent inhibitor of glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT), ultimately inhibiting de novo purine synthesis. We examined some metabolic effects of this drug in prostate cancer cells, LNCaP, versus non-tumorigenic prostatic epithelial cells, RWPE-1. METHODS AND RESULTS Cells were cultured in medium containing 10 nM 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate supplemented with/without 1.7 microM hypoxanthine/1.5 microM thymidine. Cytotoxicity of AG2034 was determined by clonogenic assays. Total ATP was quantified by reverse-phase HPLC and [(14)C]-glycine incorporation and [(3)H]-hypoxanthine conversion into ATP by liquid scintillation counting. Protein expression levels were determined by Western blotting, cell cycle analysis by propidium iodide staining and cell-senescence by beta-galactosidase staining. AG2034 inhibited LNCaP cell proliferation causing death in the absence of hypoxanthine and cytostasis in its presence. However, RWPE-1 cells were resistant to AG2034 when hypoxanthine was present. AG2034 elevates AMP/ATP ratios but is unable to activate AMPK in RWPE-1 when hypoxanthine is present. Drug exposure increased expression levels of p53, p21, p27, and p16 in both cell lines and increased senescence-associated-beta-gal staining in LNCaP with/without hypoxanthine, but primarily in its absence in RWPE-1. CONCLUSIONS LNCaP cells primarily depend upon de novo while RWPE-1 cells largely favor salvage synthesis for maintenance of their ATP pools. With AG2034 treatment, ATP synthesis via hypoxanthine salvage is insufficient to support growth of LNCaP but enough to restore ATP levels and support RWPE-1 growth. The anti-proliferative effect of AG2034 involves increasing phosphorylation of AMPK. These results indicate that AG2034 activates p53 and AMPK mediating the induction of signaling pathways leading to senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oluwakemi Obajimi
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 401 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
A critical assessment of the factors affecting reporter gene assays for promoter SNP function: a reassessment of -308 TNF polymorphism function using a novel integrated reporter system. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17:1454-62. [PMID: 19471307 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges facing genetics is the development of strategies to identify functionally relevant genetic variation. The most common test of function is the reporter gene assay, in which allelic regulatory regions are used to drive the expression of a reporter gene, and differences in expression in a cell line after transient transfection are taken to be a reflection of the polymorphism. Many studies have reported small differences in single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-specific reporter activity, including the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) G-308A polymorphism. However, we have established that many variables inherent in the reporter gene approach can account for the reported allelic differences. Variables, such as the amount of DNA used in transfection, the amount of transfection control vector used, the method of transfection, the growth history of the host cells, and the quality and purity of DNA used, all influence TNF -308 SNP-specific transient reporter gene assays and serve as a caution for those researchers who apply this method to the functional assessment of polymorphic promoter sequences. We have developed an integrated reporter system that obviates some of these problems and shows that the TNF G-308A polymorphism is functionally relevant in this improved assay, thus confirming that the -308A allele expresses at a higher level compared with the -308G allele.
Collapse
|
43
|
Gaglio D, Soldati C, Vanoni M, Alberghina L, Chiaradonna F. Glutamine deprivation induces abortive s-phase rescued by deoxyribonucleotides in k-ras transformed fibroblasts. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4715. [PMID: 19262748 PMCID: PMC2650790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oncogene activation plays a role in metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells. We have previously shown that K-ras transformed fibroblasts have a stronger dependence on glycolysis and a reduced oxidative phosphorylation ability as compared to their normal counterparts. Another metabolic adaptation of cancer cells, that has long been established, is their propensity to exhibit increased glutamine consumption, although the effects induced by glutamine deprivation on cancer cells are still controversial. Methodology and Principal Findings Here, by using nutritional perturbations and molecular physiology, we show that reduction or complete depletion of glutamine availability in K-ras transformed fibroblasts causes a strong decrease of proliferation ability and a slower re-entry of synchronized cells into the cell cycle. The reduced proliferation is accompanied by sustained expression of cyclin D and E, abortive S phase entrance and is dependent on Ras signalling deregulation, since it is rescued by expression of a dominant negative guanine nucleotide exchange factor. The growth potential of transformed cells as well as the ability to execute the G1 to S transition is restored by adding the four deoxyribonucleotides, indicating that the arrest of proliferation of K-ras transformed cells induced by glutamine depletion is largely due to a reduced supply of DNA in the presence of signalling pathways promoting G1 to S transition. Conclusions and Significance Our results suggest that the differential effects of glutamine and glucose on cell viability are not a property of the transformed phenotype per se, but rather depend on the specific pathway being activated in transformation. For instance, myc-overexpressing cells have been reported to die under glutamine depletion and not under glucose shortage, while the opposite holds for ras-transformed fibroblasts as shown in this paper. These different responses of transformed cells to nutritional stress should be taken into account when designing anti-cancer therapies that aim to exploit metabolic differences between normal and transformed cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gaglio
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Soldati
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Vanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Lilia Alberghina
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Chiaradonna
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Taylor WR, Grabovich A. Targeting the Cell Cycle to Kill Cancer Cells. Pharmacology 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-369521-5.00017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
45
|
DNA synthesis from unbalanced nucleotide pools causes limited DNA damage that triggers ATR-CHK1-dependent p53 activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:6314-9. [PMID: 18434539 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0802080105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
p53-dependent G(1) and G(2) cell cycle checkpoints are activated in response DNA damage that help to maintain genomic stability. p53 also helps to protect cells from damage that occurs during S phase, for example, when the cells are starved for DNA precursors or irradiated with a low dose of UV. p53 is activated in normal cells starved for pyrimidine nucleotides by treatment with N-(phosphonacetyl)-l-aspartate (PALA). The treated cells progress through a first S phase with kinetics similar to those of untreated cells. However, the DNA of the treated cells begins to become damaged rapidly, within 12 h, as revealed by a comet assay, which detects broken DNA, and by staining for phosphorylated histone H2AX, which accumulates at sites of DNA damage. Because the cells survive, the damage must be reversible, suggesting single-strand breaks or gaps as the most likely possibility. The transiently damaged DNA stimulates activation of ATR and CHK1, which in turn catalyze the phosphorylation and accumulation of p53. Although PALA-induced DNA damage occurs only in dividing cells, the p53 that is activated is only competent to transcribe genes such as p21 and macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (whose products regulate G(2) and G(1) or S phase checkpoints, respectively) after the cells have exited the S phase during which damage occurs. We propose that p53 is activated by stimulation of mismatch repair in response to the misincorporation of deoxynucleotides into newly synthesized DNA, long before the lack of pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphates causes the rate of DNA synthesis to slow appreciably.
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor plays a pivotal role in multicellular organism by enforcing benefits of the organism over those of an individual cell. The task of p53 is to control the integrity and correctness of all processes in each individual cell and in the organism as a whole. Information about the state of ongoing events in the cell is gathered through multiple signaling pathways that convey signals modifying activities of p53. Changes in the activities depend on the character of damages or deviations from optimum in processes, and the activity of p53 changes depending on the degree of the aberration, which results in either stimulation of repair processes and protective mechanisms, or the cessation of further cell divisions and the induction of programmed cell death. The strategy of p53 ensures genetic identity of cells and prevents the selection of abnormal cells. By accomplishing these strategic tasks, p53 may use a wide spectrum of activities, such as its ability to function as a transcription factor, by inducing or repressing different genes, or as an enzyme, by acting as an exonuclease during DNA reparation, or as an adaptor or a regulatory protein, intervening into functions of numerous signaling pathways. Loss of function of the p53 gene occurs in virtually every case of cancer, and deficiency in p53 is an unavoidable prerequisite to the development of malignancies. The functions of p53 play substantial roles in many other pathologies as well as in the aging process. This review is focused on strategies of the p53 gene, demonstrating individual mechanisms underlying its functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Chumakov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wang H, Mannava S, Grachtchouk V, Zhuang D, Soengas MS, Gudkov AV, Prochownik EV, Nikiforov MA. c-Myc depletion inhibits proliferation of human tumor cells at various stages of the cell cycle. Oncogene 2007; 27:1905-15. [PMID: 17906696 PMCID: PMC3144565 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A major role for c-Myc in the proliferation of normal cells is attributed to its ability to promote progression through G(1) and into S phase of the cell cycle. The absolute requirement of c-Myc for cell cycle progression in human tumor cells has not been comprehensively addressed. In the present work, we used a lentiviral-based short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression vector to stably reduce c-Myc expression in a large number of human tumor cell lines and in three different types of normal human cells. In all cases, cell proliferation was severely inhibited, with normal cells ultimately undergoing G(0)/G(1) growth arrest. In contrast, tumor cells demonstrated a much more variable cell cycle response with cells from several lines accumulating in S or G(2)/M phases. Moreover, in some tumor lines, the phase of cell cycle arrest caused by inhibition of c-Myc could be altered by depleting tumor suppressor protein p53 or its transcriptional target p21(CIP/WAF). Our data suggest that, as in the case of normal cells, c-Myc is essential for sustaining proliferation of human tumor cells. However its rate-limiting role in cell cycle control is variable and is reliant upon the status of other cell cycle regulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Wang
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - S Mannava
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - V Grachtchouk
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D Zhuang
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - MS Soengas
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - AV Gudkov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - EV Prochownik
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - MA Nikiforov
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Date DA, Jacob CJ, Bekier ME, Stiff AC, Jackson MW, Taylor WR. Borealin is repressed in response to p53/Rb signaling. Cell Biol Int 2007; 31:1470-81. [PMID: 17716930 PMCID: PMC2112748 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rb/E2F regulates many genes that encode proteins required for the cell cycle. Using affymetrix microarrays we previously identified genes regulated by the Rb proteins p130 and p107, many of which are involved in the cell cycle. Several genes with unknown functions were also repressed by p130 and p107, of which some have recently been found to have various roles in mitosis, the spindle checkpoint and cytokinesis. This study focuses on the regulation of borealin/dasra/cdca8, which encodes a recently discovered member of the chromosomal passenger complex. It is recorded that borealin is a cell cycle regulator, down-regulated in response to p53/Rb-signaling, and up-regulated in many types of cancerous tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipali A. Date
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 601, Toledo, OH 43606
| | - Cara J. Jacob
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 601, Toledo, OH 43606
| | - Mike E. Bekier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 601, Toledo, OH 43606
| | - Andrew C. Stiff
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 601, Toledo, OH 43606
| | - Mark W Jackson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, 44195
| | - William R. Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 601, Toledo, OH 43606
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Agarwal MK, Ruhul Amin ARM, Agarwal ML. DNA replication licensing factor minichromosome maintenance deficient 5 rescues p53-mediated growth arrest. Cancer Res 2007; 67:116-21. [PMID: 17210690 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of p53 signaling by mutation of p53 itself or abrogation of its normal function by other transfactors, such as MDM2, is a key event in the development of most human cancers. To identify novel regulators of p53, we have used a phenotype-based selection in which a total cDNA library in a retroviral vector has been introduced into TR9-7ER cells, which arrest when p53 is expressed from a tetracycline-regulated promoter. We have isolated several clones derived from cells that are not growth-arrested when p53 is overexpressed. In one clone, the levels of p53, p21, and MDM2 are comparable with those in TR9-7ER cells and, therefore, the abrogation of growth arrest by an exogenous cDNA is likely to be distal to p21. Using reverse transcription-PCR, we were able to isolate a cDNA of approximately 2.2 kb, which was found to have 99% identity to the nucleotides between about 80 and 2,288 of the open reading frame of a gene encoding DNA replication licensing factor. It encodes complete peptide of 734 residues of this protein also called minichromosome maintenance deficient 5 (MCM5) or cell division cycle 46 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Northern and Western blot analyses revealed that the expression of MCM5 and its transcriptional regulator, E2F1, is negatively regulated by p53. When MCM5 cDNA was reintroduced into fresh TR9-7ER cells, numerous colonies that grow in the absence of tetracycline were formed. This novel observation establishes a role for MCM5 in negating the growth arrest function of p53.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh K Agarwal
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Feagins LA, Zhang HY, Hormi-Carver K, Quinones MH, Thomas D, Zhang X, Terada LS, Spechler SJ, Ramirez RD, Souza RF. Acid has antiproliferative effects in nonneoplastic Barrett's epithelial cells. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102:10-20. [PMID: 17266684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.01005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES For patients with Barrett's esophagus, physicians commonly prescribe antisecretory medications in dosages above those required to heal reflux esophagitis because acid has been shown to have proproliferative and antiapoptotic effects on Barrett's cancer cells and on Barrett's mucosal explants. For a number of reasons, these model systems may not be ideal for determining the effects of acid on benign Barrett's epithelial cells, however. We studied the effects of acid on proliferation and apoptosis in a nonneoplastic, telomerase-immortalized Barrett's epithelial cell line. METHODS Barrett's cells were treated with two 3-minute exposures to acidic media. Cell growth was determined using cell counts, proliferation was studied by flow cytometry, cell viability was determined by trypan blue staining, and apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL and Annexin V. The expression levels of p53 and p21 were determined by Western blotting. p53 siRNA was used to study the effect of p53 inhibition on total cell numbers after acid exposure. RESULTS Acid exposure significantly decreased total cell numbers at 24 h without affecting either cell viability or apoptosis. Acid exposure resulted in cell cycle prolongation that was associated with greater expression of p53, but not p21. The acid-induced decrease in total cell numbers was abolished by p53 RNAi. CONCLUSIONS Acid exposure has p53-mediated, antiproliferative effects in nonneoplastic Barrett's epithelial cells. These findings contradict the results of prior in vitro and ex vivo studies. We speculate that the prescription of antisecretory medications in dosages beyond those required to heal gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms and endoscopic signs could be detrimental. Controlled, prospective clinical trials are needed to determine the optimal level of acid suppression for patients with Barrett's esophagus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Feagins
- Department of Medicine, Dallas VA Medical Center, University of Texas-Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas 75216, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|