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Soni S, Muthukrishnan SP, Sood M, Kaur S, Sharma R. Spectral perturbations of cortical dipoles during a dynamic visuo-spatial working memory task in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2022; 326:111530. [PMID: 36067547 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2022.111530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Altered neural oscillations during prestimulus-task conditions have been reported to be associated with aberrant information processing in schizophrenia. Spectral perturbations induced by visuo-spatial working memory (VSWM) task were investigated in patients and their first-degree relatives in order to study the biomarkers in schizophrenia. EEG was recorded using 128-channel during VSWM task in 28 patients, 27 first-degree relatives and 25 controls. After pre-processing and ICA, current dipole was estimated for each IC. Total of 1609 independent and localizable EEG components across all groups were used to compute ERSP during different events of task. Patients deactivated DMN, RSN, auditory cortex more compared to controls during search period to perform VSWM task. Relatives showed altered activation of right medial and inferior frontal gyri during different events and loads of task in lower frequencies compared to controls. Relatives also showed hyperactivity in right cingulate and parahippocampal gyri compared to controls. This is suggestive of genetic predisposition in schizophrenia and could act as vulnerability markers, further strengthened by no significant differences between patients and relatives. Altered processing of simultaneous ongoing events in patients and relatives can serve as state and trait-specific features of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunaina Soni
- Stress and Cognitive Electroimaging Laboratory, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Suriya Prakash Muthukrishnan
- Stress and Cognitive Electroimaging Laboratory, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mamta Sood
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Simran Kaur
- Stress and Cognitive Electroimaging Laboratory, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ratna Sharma
- Stress and Cognitive Electroimaging Laboratory, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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2
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Viard A, Eustache F, Segobin S. History of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Trip Down Memory Lane. Neuroscience 2021; 474:3-13. [PMID: 34242731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The history of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is closely linked to our improved understanding of memory systems, be it in normal functioning or altered due to pathologies. Over the years, brain imaging using MRI has moved from simple volumetric imaging to complex analysis using multiple sequences, allowing the measurement of microstructural integrity and brain activation through a dedicated task or at rest. This review aims at showing how the advent and evolution of magnetic resonance imaging has shaped a better understanding of memory and brain function in humans. We will give a brief overview on the history of MRI, how its evolution brought about concomitant improvement in our understanding of memory systems, going from final-stage observation to risk-prediction via the detection of subtle, but important, alterations in normal brain functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Viard
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, GIP Cyceron, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14000 Caen, France.
| | - Francis Eustache
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, GIP Cyceron, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Shailendra Segobin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, GIP Cyceron, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14000 Caen, France
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3
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Jenson D, Saltuklaroglu T. Sensorimotor contributions to working memory differ between the discrimination of Same and Different syllable pairs. Neuropsychologia 2021; 159:107947. [PMID: 34216594 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensorimotor activity during speech perception is both pervasive and highly variable, changing as a function of the cognitive demands imposed by the task. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate whether the discrimination of Same (matched) and Different (unmatched) syllable pairs elicit different patterns of sensorimotor activity as stimuli are processed in working memory. Raw EEG data recorded from 42 participants were decomposed with independent component analysis to identify bilateral sensorimotor mu rhythms from 36 subjects. Time frequency decomposition of mu rhythms revealed concurrent event related desynchronization (ERD) in alpha and beta frequency bands across the peri- and post-stimulus time periods, which were interpreted as evidence of sensorimotor contributions to working memory encoding and maintenance. Left hemisphere alpha/beta ERD was stronger in Different trials than Same trials during the post-stimulus period, while right hemisphere alpha/beta ERD was stronger in Same trials than Different trials. A between-hemispheres contrast revealed no differences during Same trials, while post-stimulus alpha/beta ERD was stronger in the left hemisphere than the right during Different trials. Results were interpreted to suggest that predictive coding mechanisms lead to repetition suppression effects in Same trials. Mismatches arising from predictive coding mechanisms in Different trials shift subsequent working memory processing to the speech-dominant left hemisphere. Findings clarify how sensorimotor activity differentially supports working memory encoding and maintenance stages during speech discrimination tasks and have potential to inform sensorimotor models of speech perception and working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jenson
- Washington State University, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Spokane, WA, USA.
| | - Tim Saltuklaroglu
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Health Professions, Department of Audiology and Speech-Pathology, Knoxville, TN, USA
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4
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Elbich DB, Webb CE, Dennis NA. The influence of item familiarization on neural discriminability during associative memory encoding and retrieval. Brain Cogn 2021; 152:105760. [PMID: 34126588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Associative memory requires one to encode and form memory representations not just for individual items, but for the association or link between those items. Past work has suggested that associative memory is facilitated when individual items are familiar rather than simultaneously learning the items and their associative link. The current study employed multivoxel pattern analyses (MVPA) to investigate whether item familiarization prior to associative encoding affects the distinctiveness of neural patterns, and whether that distinctiveness is also present during associative retrieval. Our results suggest that prior exposure to item stimuli impacts the representations of their shared association compared to stimuli that are novel at the time of associative encoding throughout most of the associative memory network. While this distinction was also present at retrieval, the overall extent of the difference was diminished. Overall the results suggest that stimulus familiarity influences the representation of associative pairings during memory encoding and retrieval, and the pair-specific representation is maintained across memory phases irrespective of this distinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Elbich
- Department of Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States; Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Christina E Webb
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Nancy A Dennis
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
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5
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Loprinzi PD, Lovorn A, Gilmore J. Effects of Exercise on Explicit Memory Function: Incidental and Intentional Encoding May Depend on Exercise Timing. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 128:865-884. [PMID: 33308035 DOI: 10.1177/0031512520979671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present experiment evaluated the effects of self-reported exercise behavior and an acute bout of high-intensity exercise on explicit memory function. The memory tasks were encoded either incidentally or intentionally; for intentional encoding, participants were told to focus on memorizing the stimuli (words), whereas for incidental encoding, participants were unaware that they would be subsequently asked to complete an object recognition task. Among a sample of 150 adults (Mage = 20 years), randomly assigned experimental participants engaged in the following task sequence: (a) incidentally encoded a series of objects, (b) engaged in 20 minutes of high-intensity exercise, (c) intentionally encoded a word list, and (d) completed explicit memory retrieval tasks. Control group participants viewed a time matched video in lieu of high intensity exercise. We measured self-reported exercise behavior via an exercise questionnaire. We did not observe convincing evidence of an effect of high-intensity acute exercise, when occurring during the early consolidation period, on memory function, for either incidental or intentional encoding tasks. However, self-reported engagement in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was favorably associated with explicit memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
| | - Ashley Lovorn
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
| | - Jackson Gilmore
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
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Liang CP, She HC, Huang LY, Chou WC, Chen SC, Jung TP. Human Brain Dynamics Reflect the Correctness and Presentation Modality of Physics Concept Memory Retrieval. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:331. [PMID: 33110406 PMCID: PMC7488981 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human memory retrieval is the core cognitive process of the human brain whenever it is processing the information. Less study has focused on exploring the neural correlates of the memory retrieval of scientific concepts when presented in word and picture modalities. Fewer studies have investigated the differences in the involved brain regions and how the brain dynamics in these regions would associate with the accuracy of the memory retrieval process. Therefore, this study specifically focused on investigating the human brain dynamics of participants when they retrieve physics concepts in word vs. pictorial modalities, and whether electroencephalogram (EEG) activities can predict the correctness of the retrieval of physics concepts. The results indicated that word modality induced a significant stronger right frontal theta augmentation than pictorial modality during the physics concepts retrieval process, whereas the picture modality induced a significantly greater right parietal alpha suppression than the word modality throughout the retrieval process spurred by the physics concept presentations. In addition, greater frontal midline theta augmentation was observed for incorrect responses than the correct responses during retrieve physics concepts. Moreover, the frontal midline theta power has greater negative predictive power for predicting the accuracy of physics concepts retrieval. In summary, the participants were more likely to retrieve physics concepts correctly if a lower amount of theta were allocated during the maintaining period from 2,000 ms through 3,500 ms before making responses. It provides insight for our future application of brain computer interface (BCI) in real-time science learning. This study implies that the lower frontal midline theta power is associated with a lower degree of cognitive control and active maintenance of representations as participants approach a correct answer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Liang
- Institute of Education, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ching She
- Institute of Education, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Hsiao-Ching She
| | - Li-Yu Huang
- Institute of Education, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Chou
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chang Chen
- Institute of Education, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Ping Jung
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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7
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LeDoux JE, Michel M, Lau H. A little history goes a long way toward understanding why we study consciousness the way we do today. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6976-6984. [PMID: 32170012 PMCID: PMC7132279 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921623117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Consciousness is currently a thriving area of research in psychology and neuroscience. While this is often attributed to events that took place in the early 1990s, consciousness studies today are a continuation of research that started in the late 19th century and that continued throughout the 20th century. From the beginning, the effort built on studies of animals to reveal basic principles of brain organization and function, and of human patients to gain clues about consciousness itself. Particularly important and our focus here is research in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s involving three groups of patients-amnesia, split brain, and blindsight. Across all three groups, a similar pattern of results was found-the patients could respond appropriately to stimuli that they denied seeing (or in the case of amnesiacs, having seen before). These studies paved the way for the current wave of research on consciousness. The field is, in fact, still grappling with the implications of the findings showing that the ability to consciously know and report the identity of a visual stimulus can be dissociated in the brain from the mechanisms that underlie the ability to behave in a meaningful way to the same stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E LeDoux
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003;
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical School, New York, NY 10003
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical School, New York, NY 10003
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962
| | - Matthias Michel
- Consciousness, Cognition & Computation Group, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
- Center for Mind, Brain and Consciousness, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - Hakwan Lau
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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8
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Sevoflurane Impairs Short-Term Memory by Affecting PSD-95 and AMPA Receptor in the Hippocampus of a Mouse Model. Behav Neurol 2019; 2019:1068260. [PMID: 31772680 PMCID: PMC6854262 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1068260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the effects of sevoflurane on the latency and error times of the passive avoidance and levels of PSD-95 and AMPA receptors in the hippocampus. We evaluated the effects of sevoflurane on short-term memory in adult mice and explored the possible mechanism. Methods 144 Kunming mice (2-3 months, 30-35 g) were randomly divided into two groups A (n = 64) and B (n = 80) and received the dark-avoidance (DA) and step-down avoidance (SA) tests, respectively. The groups DA and SA were further divided into control (inhaled 40% O2 2 h) and sevoflurane (3.3% sevoflurane and 40% O2 2 h) subgroups. Before inhalation intervention, all mice were trained to be familiar with the Morris water maze (MWM). According to the test points of behavioral indicators, 8 mice were randomly selected from each subgroup at point 12 h (T1), 24 h (T2), 48 h (T3), and 72 h (T4) after inhalation intervention. The step-through latency and error times were measured in 5 min. After the behavioral test, the mice were killed and the tissues of the hippocampus were taken for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The expression level of PSD-95 and AMPA receptors in the hippocampus was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western Blot. The changes of synaptic transmission were measured via electrophysiology analysis of hippocampal slices. Results The mice in the control subgroups found the platform in a shorter pathway than those in the sevoflurane subgroups during an MWM test. The step-through latency of T1 and T2 in the sevoflurane subgroup was shorter than baseline time, and the error times were increased in 5 min and higher than baseline time when compared with the control subgroup (P < 0.05) in the A and B groups. Compared with the control subgroup, the expression level of PSD-95 and AMPA receptors in the hippocampus was decreased at T1 and T2 in the sevoflurane subgroup (P < 0.05). The nerve cells were partially swelling. Electrophysiology analysis showed that the levels of PSD-95 and AMPA receptor expression were associated with synaptic transmission. Conclusion Sevoflurane impaired short-term memory in adult mice by inhibiting the expression of PSD-95 and AMPA receptors in the hippocampus, which led to the decrease in synaptic transmission.
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Gilmore AW, Nelson SM, Laumann TO, Gordon EM, Berg JJ, Greene DJ, Gratton C, Nguyen AL, Ortega M, Hoyt CR, Coalson RS, Schlaggar BL, Petersen SE, Dosenbach NUF, McDermott KB. High-fidelity mapping of repetition-related changes in the parietal memory network. Neuroimage 2019; 199:427-439. [PMID: 31175969 PMCID: PMC6688913 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
fMRI studies of human memory have identified a "parietal memory network" (PMN) that displays distinct responses to novel and familiar stimuli, typically deactivating during initial encoding but robustly activating during retrieval. The small size of PMN regions, combined with their proximity to the neighboring default mode network, makes a targeted assessment of their responses in highly sampled subjects important for understanding information processing within the network. Here, we describe an experiment in which participants made semantic decisions about repeatedly-presented stimuli, assessing PMN BOLD responses as items transitioned from experimentally novel to repeated. Data are from the highly-sampled subjects in the Midnight Scan Club dataset, enabling a characterization of BOLD responses at both the group and single-subject level. Across all analyses, PMN regions deactivated in response to novel stimuli and displayed changes in BOLD activity across presentations, but did not significantly activate to repeated items. Results support only a portion of initially hypothesized effects, in particular suggesting that novelty-related deactivations may be less susceptible to attentional/task manipulations than are repetition-related activations within the network. This in turn suggests that novelty and familiarity may be processed as separable entities within the PMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian W Gilmore
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| | - Steven M Nelson
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX, 76711, USA; Center for Vital Longevity, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Timothy O Laumann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Evan M Gordon
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX, 76711, USA; Center for Vital Longevity, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Berg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Deanna J Greene
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Caterina Gratton
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Annie L Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mario Ortega
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Catherine R Hoyt
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Rebecca S Coalson
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Bradley L Schlaggar
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven E Petersen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Nico U F Dosenbach
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kathleen B McDermott
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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10
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J M Bogie B, Persaud MR, Smith D, Kapczinski FP, Frey BN. Explicit emotional memory biases in mood disorders: A systematic review. Psychiatry Res 2019; 278:162-172. [PMID: 31200195 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are both associated with unique emotional memory (EM) biases. To better elucidate the EM phenotypes of these disorders, we systematically reviewed the literature on non-autobiographical explicit EM biases in individuals with MDD and BD compared to healthy controls. The following databases were searched: Cochrane, Embase, HAPI, LILACs, Medline, PsycInfo and Web of Science. Grey literature and hand searches were also performed. Fourteen studies met full eligibility criteria. Eleven studies included data from an MDD sample (10 during acute depression, 1 during euthymia) and 3 studies included data from a BD sample (2 during acute mood episodes, 1 during euthymia). Only 3 of the studies in acute depression revealed a negative explicit EM bias. One study in MDD during euthymia revealed an EM deficit for negative stimuli. One of the two studies in BD (type I; BD-I) during an acute mood episode revealed a positive explicit EM bias, while the other showed no bias. One study in BD during euthymia showed an EM deficit for negative stimuli. Overall, this review concludes that current empirical evidence does not readily support the existence of an explicit EM bias in MDD during acute depression. The identification and implications of potential moderating factors on explicit EM performance in MDD and BD during both illness stages are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce J M Bogie
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Mood Disorders Program, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monisha R Persaud
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Denise Smith
- Health Sciences Library, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Flávio P Kapczinski
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Mood Disorders Program, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Benicio N Frey
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Mood Disorders Program, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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11
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Raber J, Arzy S, Bertolus JB, Depue B, Haas HE, Hofmann SG, Kangas M, Kensinger E, Lowry CA, Marusak HA, Minnier J, Mouly AM, Mühlberger A, Norrholm SD, Peltonen K, Pinna G, Rabinak C, Shiban Y, Soreq H, van der Kooij MA, Lowe L, Weingast LT, Yamashita P, Boutros SW. Current understanding of fear learning and memory in humans and animal models and the value of a linguistic approach for analyzing fear learning and memory in humans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 105:136-177. [PMID: 30970272 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fear is an emotion that serves as a driving factor in how organisms move through the world. In this review, we discuss the current understandings of the subjective experience of fear and the related biological processes involved in fear learning and memory. We first provide an overview of fear learning and memory in humans and animal models, encompassing the neurocircuitry and molecular mechanisms, the influence of genetic and environmental factors, and how fear learning paradigms have contributed to treatments for fear-related disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder. Current treatments as well as novel strategies, such as targeting the perisynaptic environment and use of virtual reality, are addressed. We review research on the subjective experience of fear and the role of autobiographical memory in fear-related disorders. We also discuss the gaps in our understanding of fear learning and memory, and the degree of consensus in the field. Lastly, the development of linguistic tools for assessments and treatment of fear learning and memory disorders is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, and Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Shahar Arzy
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | | | - Brendan Depue
- Departments of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Haley E Haas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stefan G Hofmann
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Kangas
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Hilary A Marusak
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jessica Minnier
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Mouly
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS-UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Andreas Mühlberger
- Department of Psychology (Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; PFH - Private University of Applied Sciences, Department of Psychology (Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Research), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Seth Davin Norrholm
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kirsi Peltonen
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Graziano Pinna
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christine Rabinak
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Youssef Shiban
- Department of Psychology (Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; PFH - Private University of Applied Sciences, Department of Psychology (Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Research), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hermona Soreq
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Science and The Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Michael A van der Kooij
- Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitatsmedizin der Johannes Guttenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Leah T Weingast
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paula Yamashita
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sydney Weber Boutros
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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12
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Andreau JM, Torres Batán S. Exploring lateralization during memory through hemispheric pre-activation: Differences based on the stimulus type. Laterality 2018; 24:393-416. [PMID: 30290713 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2018.1531422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The original approach of the Hemispheric Encoding/Retrieval Asymmetry model (HERA) was aimed at the operations of encoding and retrieving episodic memories. However, whether HERA presumptions can apply to different types of stimuli (e.g., words and pictures) continues to be a matter of debate. Therefore, in order to analyse the effects of brain pre-activation on subsequent memory, HERA was tested through a hand-clenching paradigm using four types of stimuli: words, fractal images, silhouettes of common objects, and pseudowords. Results revealed that only the memory of words and pseudowords was enhanced by hand-clenching pre-activation, according to HERA predictions. Since the cognitive processes underlying recognition of verbal stimuli are considered to follow a cognitive route involving grapheme-morpheme conversion, it could be hypothesized that hand-clenching pre-activation might be associated with a selective pre-activation of the brain circuits participating in that pathway. Hence, the present work broadens possible interpretations behind the effects of hand-clenching on memory, based on the process engaged and the type of stimulus to be remembered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Mario Andreau
- a Instituto de Investigación, Facultad de Psicología y Psicopedagogía , Universidad del Salvador , Buenos Aires , Argentina.,b Laboratorio de Biología del Comportamiento , Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Santiago Torres Batán
- a Instituto de Investigación, Facultad de Psicología y Psicopedagogía , Universidad del Salvador , Buenos Aires , Argentina.,b Laboratorio de Biología del Comportamiento , Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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13
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Sejunaite K, Lanza C, Riepe MW. Everyday Memory in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: Fragmentary and Distorted. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:1489-1498. [PMID: 29060940 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Errors of omission are an established hallmark of memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Much less is known about other memory errors in AD such as false memories. OBJECTIVE We investigated false memories in healthy elderly controls (HC; n = 23) and patients with AD (n = 20) using real-life tasks of watching news and commercials. METHODS Participants received a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and were shown original news and commercials with a subsequent recognition task to assess veridical and false memories. RESULTS Subjective estimate of the number of errors were alike in HC and patients with AD. However, memory performance in both the news and the commercials task was significantly worse in patients with AD. Trail-Making Test and Symbol-Span Test were significant predictors of false memories on viewing news and commercials. In patients with AD, levels of Aβ1 - 42, but not levels of tau-protein were correlated with false memories in both tasks. CONCLUSIONS Everyday life in patients with AD is impeded not due to the incompleteness of memory but also due to its distortions. Furthermore, it is hindered by the lack of awareness towards these deficits. False memory content in patients with AD is associated with Aβ42 levels in the CSF as a surrogate of the overall extent to which the brain has been affected by AD pathology. Future studies will need to address the impact of this duality of memory failure on everyday life of patients with AD and their proxies in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Sejunaite
- Division of Mental Health and Old Age Psychiatry, Psychiatry II, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Claudia Lanza
- Division of Mental Health and Old Age Psychiatry, Psychiatry II, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthias W Riepe
- Division of Mental Health and Old Age Psychiatry, Psychiatry II, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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14
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Calmels C, Elipot M, Naccache L. Probing Representations of Gymnastics Movements: A Visual Priming Study. Cogn Sci 2018; 42:1529-1551. [PMID: 29900571 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we designed a visual short-term priming paradigm to investigate the mechanisms underlying the priming of movements and to probe movement representations in motor experts and matched controls. We employed static visual stimuli that implied or not human whole-body movements, that is, gymnastics movements and static positions. Twelve elite female gymnasts and twelve matched controls performed a speeded two-choice response time task. The participants were presented with congruent and incongruent prime-target pairs and had to decide whether the target stimulus represented a gymnastics movement or a static position. First, a visual priming effect was observed in the two groups. Second, a stimulus-response rote association could not easily account for our results. Novel primes never presented as targets could also prime the targets. Third, by manipulating three levels of prime-target relations in moving congruent pairs, we demonstrated that the more similar prime-target pairs, the greater the facilitation in target. Lastly, gymnastics motor expertise impacted on priming effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Calmels
- Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Marc Elipot
- Innovation and Technological Development Department, French Institute of Sport (INSEP)
- Department of Movements Sciences, Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), Canberra, Australia
| | - Lionel Naccache
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Medical Group, Paris, France
- PICNIC Lab, Brain and Spine Institute, ICM, Health and Medical Research Institute, Paris, France
- UPMC Pitié-Salpêtrière Medicine Faculty, Sorbonne University, Paris 6 University, Paris, France
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15
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Issard C, Gervain J. Variability of the hemodynamic response in infants: Influence of experimental design and stimulus complexity. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 33:182-193. [PMID: 29397345 PMCID: PMC6969282 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring brain activity in developmental populations remains a major challenge despite great technological advances. Among the numerous available methods, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), an imaging modality that probes the hemodynamic response, is a powerful tool for recording brain activity in a great variety of situations and populations. Neurocognitive studies with infants have often reported inverted hemodynamic responses, i.e. a decrease instead of an increase in regional blood oxygenation, but the exact physiological explanation and cognitive interpretation of this response remain unclear. Here, we first provide an overview of the basic principles of NIRS and its use in cognitive developmental neuroscience. We then review the infant fNIRS literature to show that the hemodynamic response is modulated by experimental design and stimulus complexity, sometimes leading to hemodynamic responses with non-canonical shapes. We also argue that this effect is further modulated by the age of participants, the cortical regions involved, and the developmental stage of the tested cognitive process. We argue that this variability needs to be taken into account when designing and interpreting developmental studies measuring the hemodynamic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Issard
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Judit Gervain
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France; Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, CNRS UMR 8242, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France.
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16
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Akhrif A, Geiger MJ, Romanos M, Domschke K, Neufang S. Task Performance Changes the Amplitude and Timing of the BOLD Signal. Transl Neurosci 2018; 8:182-190. [PMID: 29318035 PMCID: PMC5757403 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2017-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Translational studies comparing imaging data of animals and humans have gained increasing scientific interests. With this upcoming translational approach, however, identifying harmonized statistical analysis as well as shared data acquisition protocols and/or combined statistical approaches is necessary. Following this idea, we applied Bayesian Adaptive Regression Splines (BARS), which have until now mainly been used to model neural responses of electrophysiological recordings from rodent data, on human hemodynamic responses as measured via fMRI. Forty-seven healthy subjects were investigated while performing the Attention Network Task in the MRI scanner. Fluctuations in the amplitude and timing of the BOLD response were determined and validated externally with brain activation using GLM and also ecologically with the influence of task performance (i.e. good vs. bad performers). In terms of brain activation, bad performers presented reduced activation bilaterally in the parietal lobules, right prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatum. This was accompanied by an enhanced left PFC recruitment. With regard to the amplitude of the BOLD-signal, bad performers showed enhanced values in the left PFC. In addition, in the regions of reduced activation such as the parietal and striatal regions, the temporal dynamics were higher in bad performers. Based on the relation between BOLD response and neural firing with the amplitude of the BOLD signal reflecting gamma power and timing dynamics beta power, we argue that in bad performers, an enhanced left PFC recruitment hints towards an enhanced functioning of gamma-band activity in a compensatory manner. This was accompanied by reduced parieto-striatal activity, associated with increased and potentially conflicting beta-band activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atae Akhrif
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian J Geiger
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Romanos
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, D-79104Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Neufang
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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17
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Engel SA. Using Neuroimaging to Measure Mental Representations. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1467-8721.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To date, most neuroimaging studies have tried to localize large regions in the brain that are responsible for specific behaviors or mental operations. Psychological theory, however, is more concerned with the nature of mental functions than with the locations of their neural substrates. This article reviews work that moves beyond functional anatomy to measure how color is represented by neurons in visual cortex. The general approach has three basic steps: First, the areas under investigation are localized in the brain. Second, responses of these areas are measured to sets of systematically varying stimuli, designed to uncover the nature of cortical representations. Third, the neuroimaging data are compared with behavioral data measured with the same stimuli. Results obtained using this approach support the hypothesis that primary visual cortex contains color-opponent neurons that support perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Engel
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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18
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Abstract
The central point of this article is that the concept of memory as information storage in the brain is inadequate for and irrelevant to understanding the nervous system. Beginning from the sensorimotor hypothesis that underlies neuroscience—that the entire function of the nervous system is to connect experience to appropriate behavior—the paper defines memories as sequences of events that connect remote experience to present behavior. Their essential components are (a) persistent events that bridge the time from remote experience to present behavior and (b) junctional events in which connections from remote experience and recent experience merge to produce behavior. The sequences comprising even the simplest memories are complex. This is both necessary—to preserve previously learned behaviors—and inevitable—due to secondary activity-driven plasticity. This complexity further highlights the inadequacy of the information storage concept and the importance of extreme simplicity in models used to study memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Wolpaw
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Accessing stored knowledge is a fundamental function of the cognitive and neural architectures of memory. Here, the authors review evidence from cognitive-behavioral paradigms, neuropsychological studies ofpatients with focal neural insult, and functional brain imaging concerning the mechanisms underlying retrieval ofsemantic knowledge and their association with prefrontal cortex. First, the authors examine behavioral and neuropsychological evidence distinguishing between controlled and automatic semantic retrieval. Then the authors review the subregions of prefrontal cortex that functional neuroimaging has associated with semantic retrieval across a range ofmemory demanding tasks. Finally, two hypotheses concerning the nature ofprocessing in these brain regions–the controlled semantic retrieval and selection hypotheses–are critically examined, and a possible synthesis is proposed.
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20
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Huiskamp M, Dobryakova E, Wylie GD, DeLuca J, Chiaravalloti ND. A pilot study of changes in functional brain activity during a working memory task after mSMT treatment: The MEMREHAB trial. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2016; 7:76-82. [PMID: 27237764 PMCID: PMC4886276 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Working memory deficits are common in multiple sclerosis (MS). The modified Story Memory Technique (mSMT) has been shown to improve new learning and memory in MS, but its effects on working memory (WM) are currently unknown. OBJECTIVE The present study presents a secondary analysis of data from a larger double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial and examines changes in cerebral activation on a WM task following mSMT treatment. METHODS Sixteen participants with clinically definite MS were randomly assigned to treatment (n=7) or placebo-control groups (n=9) matched for gender, age and education. Baseline and immediate follow-up functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) was obtained for all subjects. During fMRI participants completed an N-back task, consisting of 0-, 1-and 2-back conditions. RESULTS Significant increases in cerebral activation were noted in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor area and inferior parietal lobule at follow-up in the treatment group. No significant changes were noted in the placebo control group. CONCLUSION Due to the small sample size, results of the current study should be interpreted as preliminary. However, the observed pattern of activation of the frontoparietal network involved in WM found in the treatment group, suggests that mSMT training increases recruitment of attention- and WM-related neural networks. We conclude that mSMT treatment leads to changes in WM-related cerebral activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Huiskamp
- Neuropsychology and Neuroscience Laboratory, Kessler Foundation, 300 Executive Drive, Suite 70, West Orange, NJ 07052, United States
| | - E Dobryakova
- Traumatic Brain Injury Laboratory, Kessler Foundation, 300 Executive Drive, Suite 70, West Orange, NJ 07052, United States; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - G D Wylie
- Neuropsychology and Neuroscience Laboratory, Kessler Foundation, 300 Executive Drive, Suite 70, West Orange, NJ 07052, United States; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - J DeLuca
- Neuropsychology and Neuroscience Laboratory, Kessler Foundation, 300 Executive Drive, Suite 70, West Orange, NJ 07052, United States; Traumatic Brain Injury Laboratory, Kessler Foundation, 300 Executive Drive, Suite 70, West Orange, NJ 07052, United States; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ 07103, United States; Department of Neurosciences, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, United States
| | - N D Chiaravalloti
- Neuropsychology and Neuroscience Laboratory, Kessler Foundation, 300 Executive Drive, Suite 70, West Orange, NJ 07052, United States; Traumatic Brain Injury Laboratory, Kessler Foundation, 300 Executive Drive, Suite 70, West Orange, NJ 07052, United States; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.
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21
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Barham MP, Enticott PG, Conduit R, Lum JAG. Transcranial electrical stimulation during sleep enhances declarative (but not procedural) memory consolidation: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 63:65-77. [PMID: 26828569 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis summarizes research examining whether transcranial electrical stimulation (transcranial direct current stimulation with oscillating and constant currents; transcranial alternating current stimulation), administered during sleep, can modulate declarative and procedural memory consolidation. Included in the meta-analysis were 13 experiments that represented data from 179 participants. Study findings were summarized using standardized mean difference (SMD) which is an effect size that summarizes differences in standard deviation units. Results showed electrical stimulation during sleep could enhance (SMD=0.447; p=.003) or disrupt (SMD=-0.476, p=.030) declarative memory consolidation. However, transcranial electric stimulation does not appear to be able to enhance (SMD=0.154, p=.279) or disrupt (SMD=0.076, p=.675) procedural memory consolidation. This meta-analysis provides strong evidence that TES is able to modulate some consolidation processes. Additional research is required to determine the mechanisms by which transcranial electrical stimulation is able to influence declarative memory consolidation. Finally, it is yet to be determined whether transcranial electrical stimulation can modulate procedural memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Barham
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Australia
| | - Peter G Enticott
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Australia
| | - Russell Conduit
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia
| | - Jarrad A G Lum
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Australia.
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22
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Grotheer M, Kovács G. Can predictive coding explain repetition suppression? Cortex 2016; 80:113-24. [PMID: 26861559 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
While in earlier work various local or bottom-up neural mechanisms were proposed to give rise to repetition suppression (RS), current theories suggest that top-down processes play a role in determining the repetition related reduction of the neural responses. In the current review we summarise those results, which support the role of these top-down processes, concentrating on the Bayesian models of predictive coding (PC). Such models assume that RS is related to the statistical probabilities of prior stimulus occurrences and to the future predictability of these stimuli. Here we review the current results that support or argue against this explanation. We point out that the heterogeneity of experimental manipulations that are thought to reflect predictive processes are likely to measure different processing steps, making their direct comparison difficult. In addition we emphasize the importance of identifying these sub-processes and clarifying their role in explaining RS. Finally, we propose a two-stage model for explaining the relationships of repetition and expectation phenomena in the human cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Grotheer
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | - Gyula Kovács
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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23
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Gomes CA, Figueiredo P, Mayes A. Priming for novel object associations: Neural differences from object item priming and equivalent forms of recognition. Hippocampus 2015; 26:472-91. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alexandre Gomes
- Human Memory Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester; United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering; Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon; Portugal
| | - Patrícia Figueiredo
- Department of Bioengineering; Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon; Portugal
- Institute for Systems and Robotics (ISR/IST), LARSyS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon; Portugal
| | - Andrew Mayes
- Human Memory Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester; United Kingdom
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24
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Lee S, Lee JH. The effect of automatic attentional bias modification on alcohol ambivalence. Addict Behav 2015; 46:58-64. [PMID: 25800362 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Conscious strategies such as psychoeducation are commonly used to resolve alcohol ambivalence. However, conscious strategies have had little effect on automatic approach inclination, which is one of the components of alcohol ambivalence. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of automatic attentional bias modification that can affect the approach inclination in alcohol ambivalence. The study included 43 problem drinkers with alcohol ambivalence who were recruited from the university and provided informed consent. They were randomly assigned to either a group that underwent attentional bias modification or a group that underwent psychoeducation. The level of alcohol ambivalence and readiness to change was assessed using self-report questionnaires, and the pattern of alcohol ambivalence was assessed using eye movements. The results showed that psychoeducation increased problem drinkers' readiness to change. In addition, attentional bias modification changed their attentional pattern of alcohol ambivalence by decreasing the approach inclination and increasing the avoidance inclination. Based on these results, attentional bias modification was shown to be a useful method for changing the automatic approach inclination as well as the controlled avoidance inclination, and psychoeducation was shown to be a beneficial strategy for increasing problem drinkers' extrinsic readiness to change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saerom Lee
- Chung-Ang University, Department of Psychology, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-756, South Korea.
| | - Jang-Han Lee
- Chung-Ang University, Department of Psychology, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-756, South Korea.
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25
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Hippocampal dysfunction during declarative memory encoding in schizophrenia and effects of genetic liability. Schizophr Res 2015; 161:357-66. [PMID: 25497222 PMCID: PMC4308444 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Declarative memory (DM) impairments are reported in schizophrenia and in unaffected biological relatives of patients. However, the neural correlates of successful and unsuccessful encoding, mediated by the medial temporal lobe (MTL) memory system, and the influence of disease-related genetic liability remain under explored. This study employed an event-related functional MRI paradigm to compare activations for successfully and unsuccessfully encoded associative face-name stimuli between 26 schizophrenia patients (mean age: 33, 19m/7f), 30 controls (mean age: 29, 24m/6f), and 14 unaffected relatives of patients (mean age: 40, 5m/9f). Compared to controls or unaffected relatives, patients showed hyper-activations in ventral visual stream and temporo-parietal cortical association areas when contrasting successfully encoded events to fixation. Follow-up hippocampal regions-of-interest analysis revealed schizophrenia-related hyper-activations in the right anterior hippocampus during successful encoding; contrasting successful versus unsuccessful events produced schizophrenia-related hypo-activations in the left anterior hippocampus. Similar hippocampal hypo-activations were observed in unaffected relatives during successful versus unsuccessful encoding. Post hoc analyses of hippocampal volume showed reductions in patients, but not in unaffected relatives compared to controls. Findings suggest that DM encoding deficits are attributable to both disease-specific and genetic liability factors that impact different components of the MTL memory system. Hyper-activations in temporo-occipital and parietal regions observed only in patients suggest the influence of disease-related factors. Regional hyper- and hypo-activations attributable to successful encoding occurring in both patients and unaffected relatives suggest the influence of schizophrenia-related genetic liability factors.
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26
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Lepping RJ, Brooks WM, Kirchhoff BA, Martin LE, Kurylo M, Ladesich L, Lierman JA, Varghese G, Savage CR. Effectiveness of Semantic Encoding Strategy Training after Traumatic Brain Injury is Correlated with Frontal Brain Activation Change. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION 2015; 3. [PMID: 32832578 PMCID: PMC7440179 DOI: 10.4172/2329-9096.1000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Background Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is frequently associated with chronic, treatment-resistant memory problems, and is one of the leading causes of disability in otherwise healthy adults. Cognitive rehabilitation therapies are used with the goal of improving memory functioning; however, not all patients benefit. Prefrontal cortex (PFC) is critical for employing effective memory strategies. We hypothesized that memory improvement after a brief cognitive intervention would be associated with increases in PFC activation during a memory task. Methods The current study used behavioral analyses and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the effects of two days of intensive semantic encoding strategy training on memory performance and brain activation patterns in patients in the post-acute stage of TBI. fMRI data were collected before and after training while participants learned word lists. Results Post-training vs. pre-training changes in total recall and semantic clustering during recall were positively correlated with post-training vs. pre-training changes in neural activation in PFC. Conclusions These results suggest that variability in treatment response to cognitive training after TBI may be due in part to variability in PFC function, and that some survivors of TBIs may benefit from treatments specifically targeting the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Lepping
- Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas city, USA
| | - William M Brooks
- Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas city, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas city, USA
| | | | - Laura E Martin
- Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas city, USA.,Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas city, USA
| | - Monica Kurylo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas city, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas city, USA
| | - Linda Ladesich
- Meadowbrook Rehabilitation Hospital, Gardner, Kansas city, USA
| | - Jo Ann Lierman
- Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas city, USA
| | - George Varghese
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas city, USA
| | - Cary R Savage
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas city, USA.,Center for Health Behavior Neuroscience, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas city, USA
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von Helversen B, Karlsson L, Rasch B, Rieskamp J. Neural substrates of similarity and rule-based strategies in judgment. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:809. [PMID: 25360099 PMCID: PMC4197644 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Making accurate judgments is a core human competence and a prerequisite for success in many areas of life. Plenty of evidence exists that people can employ different judgment strategies to solve identical judgment problems. In categorization, it has been demonstrated that similarity-based and rule-based strategies are associated with activity in different brain regions. Building on this research, the present work tests whether solving two identical judgment problems recruits different neural substrates depending on people's judgment strategies. Combining cognitive modeling of judgment strategies at the behavioral level with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we compare brain activity when using two archetypal judgment strategies: a similarity-based exemplar strategy and a rule-based heuristic strategy. Using an exemplar-based strategy should recruit areas involved in long-term memory processes to a larger extent than a heuristic strategy. In contrast, using a heuristic strategy should recruit areas involved in the application of rules to a larger extent than an exemplar-based strategy. Largely consistent with our hypotheses, we found that using an exemplar-based strategy led to relatively higher BOLD activity in the anterior prefrontal and inferior parietal cortex, presumably related to retrieval and selective attention processes. In contrast, using a heuristic strategy led to relatively higher activity in areas in the dorsolateral prefrontal and the temporal-parietal cortex associated with cognitive control and information integration. Thus, even when people solve identical judgment problems, different neural substrates can be recruited depending on the judgment strategy involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina von Helversen
- Department of Psychology, Center for Economic Psychology, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology and Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University Umeå, Sweden
| | - Björn Rasch
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Rieskamp
- Department of Psychology, Center for Economic Psychology, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
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A specific impairment in cognitive control in individuals with high-functioning autism. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 58:26-35. [PMID: 25106070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although it is largely demonstrated that Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are characterized by executive dysfunctions, little is known about the fine-grained levels of this impairment. Here, we investigated the hierarchical architecture of control modules in autism using an experimental paradigm based upon a multistage model of executive functions. This model postulates that executive functions are hierarchically organized as a cascade of three different control processes, which are implemented according to information conveyed by sensory signals (sensory control), the immediate perceptual context (contextual control), and the temporal episode in which stimuli occur (episodic control). Sixteen high-functioning adults with autism or Asperger Syndrome (HFA/AS) and sixteen matched comparison participants took part in two distinct visuo-motor association experiments designed to separately vary the demands of sensory and episodic controls (first experiment) and contextual and episodic controls (second experiment). Participants with HFA/AS demonstrated no significant differences in performances with comparison participants when they had to control sensory or contextual information. However, they showed decreased accuracy when having to control information related to episodic signals. Remarkably, performances in episodic control were associated to the autism spectrum quotient in both groups, suggesting that this episodic control impairment might be at the core of ASDs. Those results plead for a specific, rather than generalised, deficit in executive functions in autism. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the impaired cognitive processes that are unique to autism and warrants confirmation using other models of executive functions.
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Panwar K, Rutherford HJ, Mencl WE, Lacadie CM, Potenza MN, Mayes LC. Differential associations between impulsivity and risk-taking and brain activations underlying working memory in adolescents. Addict Behav 2014; 39:1606-1621. [PMID: 24582821 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Increased impulsivity and risk-taking are common during adolescence and relate importantly to addictive behaviors. However, the extent to which impulsivity and risk-taking relate to brain activations that mediate cognitive processing is not well understood. Here we examined the relationships between impulsivity and risk-taking and the neural correlates of working memory. Neural activity was measured in 18 adolescents (13-18 years) while they engaged in a working memory task that included verbal and visuospatial components that each involved encoding, rehearsal and recognition stages. Risk-taking and impulsivity were assessed using the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) and the adolescent version of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11A), respectively. We found overlapping as well as distinct regions subserving the different stages of verbal and visuospatial working memory. In terms of risk-taking, we found a positive correlation between BART scores and activity in subcortical regions (e.g., thalamus, dorsal striatum) recruited during verbal rehearsal, and an inverse correlation between BART scores and cortical regions (e.g., parietal and temporal regions) recruited during visuospatial rehearsal. The BIS-11A evidenced that motor impulsivity was associated with activity in regions recruited during all stages of working memory, while attention and non-planning impulsivity was only associated with activity in regions recruited during recognition. In considering working memory, impulsivity and risk-taking together, both impulsivity and risk-taking were associated with activity in regions recruited during rehearsal; however, during verbal rehearsal, differential correlations were found. Specifically, positive correlations were found between: (1) risk-taking and activity in subcortical regions, including the thalamus and dorsal striatum; and, (2) motor impulsivity and activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus, insula, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Therefore these findings suggest that while there may be some overlap in the neural correlates of working memory and their relationship to impulsivity and risk-taking, there are also important differences in these constructs and their relationship to the stages of working memory during adolescence.
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Basso Moro S, Cutini S, Ursini ML, Ferrari M, Quaresima V. Prefrontal cortex activation during story encoding/retrieval: a multi-channel functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:925. [PMID: 24427131 PMCID: PMC3876278 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Encoding, storage and retrieval constitute three fundamental stages in information processing and memory. They allow for the creation of new memory traces, the maintenance and the consolidation of these traces over time, and the access and recover of the stored information from short or long-term memory. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique that measures concentration changes of oxygenated-hemoglobin (O2Hb) and deoxygenated-hemoglobin (HHb) in cortical microcirculation blood vessels by means of the characteristic absorption spectra of hemoglobin in the near-infrared range. In the present study, we monitored, using a 16-channel fNIRS system, the hemodynamic response during the encoding and retrieval processes (EP and RP, respectively) over the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of 13 healthy subjects (27.2 ± 2.6 years) while were performing the “Logical Memory Test” (LMT) of the Wechsler Memory Scale. A LMT-related PFC activation was expected; specifically, it was hypothesized a neural dissociation between EP and RP. The results showed a heterogeneous O2Hb/HHb response over the mapped area during the EP and the RP, with a O2Hb progressive and prominent increment in ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC) since the beginning of the EP. During the RP a broader activation, including the VLPFC, the dorsolateral PFC and the frontopolar cortex, was observed. This could be explained by the different contributions of the PFC regions in the EP and the RP. Considering the fNIRS applicability for the hemodynamic monitoring during the LMT performance, this study has demonstrated that fNIRS could be utilized as a valuable clinical diagnostic tool, and that it has the potential to be adopted in patients with cognitive disorders or slight working memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Basso Moro
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Simone Cutini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Ursini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Valentina Quaresima
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy
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31
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Prefrontal cortex and neural mechanisms of executive function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 107:471-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Campitelli G, Speelman C. Expertise paradigms for investigating the neural substrates of stable memories. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:740. [PMID: 24198779 PMCID: PMC3814619 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Campitelli
- School of Psychology and Social Science, Edith Cowan University Perth, WA, Australia
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Zeman
- Department of Neurology, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, UK.
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34
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Whitaker AM, Bell TS, Houskamp BM, O'Callaghan ET. A neurodevelopmental approach to understanding memory processes among intellectually gifted youth with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2013; 4:31-40. [PMID: 24191777 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2013.790821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual giftedness is associated with strong strategic verbal memory while attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with strategic verbal memory deficits; however, no previous research has explored how this contradiction manifests in gifted populations with diagnoses of ADHD. The purpose of this study was to explore strategic verbal memory processes among intellectually gifted youth with and without ADHD to provide clarification regarding this specific aspect of neuropsychological functioning within this population. One hundred twenty-five youth completed neuropsychological evaluations including the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition and California Verbal Learning Test-Children's Version (CVLT-C). Results revealed significant differences between groups, with intellectually gifted youth with ADHD achieving lower T scores on CVLT-C Trials 1 through 5 compared with intellectually gifted youth without ADHD, and intellectually gifted youth with ADHD achieving higher T scores than youth of average intellectual abilities with ADHD. Additionally, repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed a main effect improvement among gifted youth with ADHD in short-delay recall when provided with organizational cues. Findings revealed new evidence about the role of twice exceptionality (specifically intellectual giftedness and ADHD) in strategic verbal memory and have important implications for parents, educators, psychologists and neuropsychologists, and other mental health professionals working with this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Whitaker
- a California School of Professional Psychology , Alliant International University , Los Angeles , California
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35
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Kahn D. Brain basis of self: self-organization and lessons from dreaming. Front Psychol 2013; 4:408. [PMID: 23882232 PMCID: PMC3712193 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Through dreaming, a different facet of the self is created as a result of a self-organizing process in the brain. Self-organization in biological systems often happens as an answer to an environmental change for which the existing system cannot cope; self-organization creates a system that can cope in the newly changed environment. In dreaming, self-organization serves the function of organizing disparate memories into a dream since the dreamer herself is not able to control how individual memories become weaved into a dream. The self-organized dream provides, thereby, a wide repertoire of experiences; this expanded repertoire of experience results in an expansion of the self beyond that obtainable when awake. Since expression of the self is associated with activity in specific areas of the brain, the article also discusses the brain basis of the self by reviewing studies of brain injured patients, discussing brain imaging studies in normal brain functioning when focused, when daydreaming and when asleep and dreaming.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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36
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Heusser AC, Awipi T, Davachi L. The ups and downs of repetition: modulation of the perirhinal cortex by conceptual repetition predicts priming and long-term memory. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:2333-43. [PMID: 23651708 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to better understand how concepts might be represented in the brain, we used a cross-modal conceptual priming paradigm to examine how repetition-related activity changes in the brain are related to conceptual priming. During scanning, subjects made natural/manmade judgments on a continuous stream of spoken nouns, written nouns and pictures of objects. Each stimulus either repeated in the same or a different modality with 1-4 intervening trials between repetitions. Behaviorally, participants showed significant perceptual and conceptual priming effects. The fMRI data showed that the conditions associated with the greatest behavioral priming exhibited the largest decreases in BOLD activity in left perirhinal cortex (PRc), as well as a few other regions. Furthermore, the PRc was the only region to show this relationship for the cross-modal conditions alone, where the concept but not the percept repeated. Conversely, repetition-related increases in PRc activity predicted better subsequent memory as assessed by a post-scan recognition test. These results suggest that repetition-related activity changes in the PRc are related both to the speed of access to a repeated concept and to that concept's later memorability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Heusser
- Department of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Pl. Room 871A, New York, NY 10003, USA
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37
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Hawco C, Armony JL, Lepage M. Neural activity related to self-initiating elaborative semantic encoding in associative memory. Neuroimage 2013; 67:273-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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38
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Kalpakidou AK, Allin MP, Walshe M, Giampietro V, Nam KW, McGuire P, Rifkin L, Murray RM, Nosarti C. Neonatal brain injury and neuroanatomy of memory processing following very preterm birth in adulthood: an fMRI study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34858. [PMID: 22532832 PMCID: PMC3332056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered functional neuroanatomy of high-order cognitive processing has been described in very preterm individuals (born before 33 weeks of gestation; VPT) compared to controls in childhood and adolescence. However, VPT birth may be accompanied by different types of adverse neonatal events and associated brain injury, the severity of which may have differential effects on brain development and subsequent neurodevelopmental outcome. We conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study to investigate how differing degrees of neonatal brain injury, detected by neonatal ultrasounds, affect the functional neuroanatomy of memory processing in VPT young adults. We used a verbal paired associates learning task, consisting of four encoding, four cued-recall and four baseline condition blocks. To further investigate whether differences in neural activation between the groups were modulated by structural brain changes, structural MRI data were also collected. We studied 12 VPT young adults with a history of periventricular haemorrhage with associated ventricular dilatation, 17 VPT individuals with a history of uncomplicated periventricular haemorrhage, 12 individuals with normal ultrasonographic findings, and 17 controls. Results of a linear trend analysis demonstrated that during completion of the paired associates learning task right frontal and right parietal brain activation decreased as the severity of neonatal brain injury increased. There were no statistically significant between-group differences in on-line task performance and participants' intelligence quotient (IQ) at assessment. This pattern of differential activation across the groups was observed particularly in the right middle frontal gyrus during encoding and in the right posterior cingulate gyrus during recall. Structural MRI data analysis revealed that grey matter volume in the right superior temporal gyrus, right cerebellum, left middle temporal gyrus, right globus pallidus and right medial frontal gyrus decreased with increasing severity of neonatal brain injury. However, the significant between-group functional neuroanatomical differences were not directly attributable to the detected structural regional differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia K. Kalpakidou
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P. Allin
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Muriel Walshe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Giampietro
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kie-woo Nam
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Larry Rifkin
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin M. Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Nosarti
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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39
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Metuki N, Sela T, Lavidor M. Enhancing cognitive control components of insight problems solving by anodal tDCS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Brain Stimul 2012; 5:110-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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40
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Burton H, Agato A, Sinclair RJ. Repetition learning of vibrotactile temporal sequences: an fMRI study in blind and sighted individuals. Brain Res 2011; 1433:69-79. [PMID: 22154406 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present fMRI study examined cortical activity to repeated vibrotactile sequences in 11 early blind and 11 sighted participants. All participants performed with >90% accuracy and showed practice induced improvement with faster reaction times in identifying matched and unmatched vibrotactile sequences. In blind only, occipital/temporal and parietal/somatosensory cortices showed practice induced reductions in positive BOLD amplitudes that possibly reflected repetition induced learning effects. The significant findings in occipital cortex of the blind indicated that perceptual processing of tactile inputs in visually deprived cortex is dynamic as response amplitudes changed with practice. Thus, stimulus processing became more efficient. It was hypothesized that the changes in occipital cortex of the blind reflected life-long skill in processing somatosensory inputs. Both groups showed activity reductions with practice in mid/posterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. These activity reductions suggested common stimulus-response learning associations for vibrotactile sequences in mid/posterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Burton
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, USA.
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41
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Voss JL, Federmeier KD, Paller KA. The potato chip really does look like Elvis! Neural hallmarks of conceptual processing associated with finding novel shapes subjectively meaningful. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 22:2354-64. [PMID: 22079921 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Clouds and inkblots often compellingly resemble something else--faces, animals, or other identifiable objects. Here, we investigated illusions of meaning produced by novel visual shapes. Individuals found some shapes meaningful and others meaningless, with considerable variability among individuals in these subjective categorizations. Repetition for shapes endorsed as meaningful produced conceptual priming in a priming test along with concurrent activity reductions in cortical regions associated with conceptual processing of real objects. Subjectively meaningless shapes elicited robust activity in the same brain areas, but activity was not influenced by repetition. Thus, all shapes were conceptually evaluated, but stable conceptual representations supported neural priming for meaningful shapes only. During a recognition memory test, performance was associated with increased frontoparietal activity, regardless of meaningfulness. In contrast, neural conceptual priming effects for meaningful shapes occurred during both priming and recognition testing. These different patterns of brain activation as a function of stimulus repetition, type of memory test, and subjective meaningfulness underscore the distinctive neural bases of conceptual fluency versus episodic memory retrieval. Finding meaning in ambiguous stimuli appears to depend on conceptual evaluation and cortical processing events similar to those typically observed for known objects. To the brain, the vaguely Elvis-like potato chip truly can provide a substitute for the King himself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel L Voss
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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42
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Rosenbaum RS, Murphy KJ, Rich JB. The amnesias. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2011; 3:47-63. [DOI: 10.1002/wcs.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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43
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Sinclair RJ, Dixit S, Burton H. Recognition memory for vibrotactile rhythms: an fMRI study in blind and sighted individuals. Somatosens Mot Res 2011; 28:48-62. [PMID: 21846300 DOI: 10.3109/08990220.2011.602765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Calcarine sulcal cortex possibly contributes to semantic recognition memory in early blind (EB). We assessed a recognition memory role using vibrotactile rhythms and a retrieval success paradigm involving learned "old" and "new" rhythms in EB and sighted. EB showed no activation differences in occipital cortex indicating retrieval success but replicated findings of somatosensory processing. Both groups showed retrieval success in primary somatosensory, precuneus, and orbitofrontal cortex. The S1 activity might indicate generic sensory memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Sinclair
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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44
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Radulescu AR, Rubin D, Strey HH, Mujica-Parodi LR. Power spectrum scale invariance identifies prefrontal dysregulation in paranoid schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 33:1582-93. [PMID: 21567663 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory and experimental evidence suggest that complex living systems function close to the boundary of chaos, with erroneous organization to an improper dynamical range (too stiff or chaotic) underlying system-wide dysregulation and disease. We hypothesized that erroneous organization might therefore also characterize paranoid schizophrenia, via optimization abnormalities in the prefrontal-limbic circuit regulating emotion. To test this, we acquired fMRI scans from 35 subjects (N = 9 patients with paranoid schizophrenia and N = 26 healthy controls), while they viewed affect-valent stimuli. To quantify dynamic regulation, we analyzed the power spectrum scale invariance (PSSI) of fMRI time-courses and computed the geometry of time-delay (Poincaré) maps, a measure of variability. Patients and controls showed distinct PSSI in two clusters (k(1) : Z = 4.3215, P = 0.00002 and k(2) : Z = 3.9441, P = 0.00008), localized to the orbitofrontal/medial prefrontal cortex (Brodmann Area 10), represented by β close to white noise in patients (β ≈ 0) and in the pink noise range in controls (β ≈ -1). Interpreting the meaning of PSSI differences, the Poincaré maps indicated less variability in patients than controls (Z = -1.9437, P = 0.05 for k(1) ; Z = -2.5099, P = 0.01 for k(2) ). That the dynamics identified Brodmann Area 10 is consistent with previous schizophrenia research, which implicates this area in deficits of working memory, executive functioning, emotional regulation and underlying biological abnormalities in synaptic (glutamatergic) transmission. Our results additionally cohere with a large body of work finding pink noise to be the normal range of central function at the synaptic, cellular, and small network levels, and suggest that patients show less supple responsivity of this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca R Radulescu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5281, USA
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45
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Mullette-Gillman OA, Detwiler JM, Winecoff A, Dobbins I, Huettel SA. Infrequent, task-irrelevant monetary gains and losses engage dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Brain Res 2011; 1395:53-61. [PMID: 21565330 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Decision making is commonly conceived to reflect the interplay of mutually antagonistic systems: executive processes must inhibit affective information to make adaptive choices. Consistent with this interpretation, prior studies have shown that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) is activated by executive processing and deactivated during emotional processing, with the reverse pattern found within the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC). To evaluate whether this pattern generalizes to other affective stimuli--here, monetary rewards--we modified the emotional oddball task to use behaviorally irrelevant reward stimuli, while matching analysis methods and task parameters to those of previous research. Contrary to the double-dissociation model advanced for emotional stimuli, we found that monetary stimuli produced activations within both the dlPFC and the vlPFC. This suggests that monetary stimuli are treated like affective stimuli by vlPFC but like task-relevant target stimuli by dlPFC. Our results suggest differential functional roles in affective and executive processing for these brain regions: the dlPFC supports contingency processing, while the vlPFC evaluates affective or conceptual information.
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46
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Hashimoto RI, Javan AK, Tassone F, Hagerman RJ, Rivera SM. A voxel-based morphometry study of grey matter loss in fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. Brain 2011; 134:863-78. [PMID: 21354978 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome is a neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects older male premutation carriers of the fragile X mental retardation gene. Although its core symptoms are mainly characterized by motor problems such as intention tremor and gait ataxia, cognitive decline and psychiatric problems are also commonly observed. Past radiological and histological approaches have focused on prominent neurodegenerative changes in specific brain structures including the cerebellum and limbic areas. However, quantitative investigations of the regional structural abnormalities have not been performed over the whole brain. In this study, we adopted the voxel-based morphometry method together with regions of interest analysis for the cerebellum to examine the pattern of regional grey matter change in the male premutation carriers with and without fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. In a comparison with healthy controls, we found striking grey matter loss of the patients with fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome in multiple regions over the cortical and subcortical structures. In the cerebellum, the anterior lobe and the superior posterior lobe were profoundly reduced in both vermis and hemispheres. In the cerebral cortex, clusters of highly significant grey matter reduction were found in the extended areas in the medial surface of the brain, including the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and precuneus. The other prominent grey matter loss was found in the lateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala and insula. Although the voxel-wise comparison between the asymptomatic premutation group and healthy controls did not reach significant difference, a regions of interest analysis revealed significant grey matter reduction in anterior subregions of the cerebellar vermis and hemisphere in the asymptomatic premutation group. Correlation analyses using behavioural scales of the premutation groups showed significant associations between grey matter loss in the left amygdala and increased levels of obsessive-compulsiveness and depression, and between decreased grey matter in the left inferior frontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex and poor working memory performance. Furthermore, regression analyses revealed a significant negative effect of CGG repeat size on grey matter density in the dorsomedial frontal regions. A significant negative correlation with the clinical scale for the severity of fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome was found in a part of the vermis. These observations reveal the anatomical patterns of the neurodegenerative process that underlie the motor, cognitive and psychiatric problems of fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, together with incipient structural abnormalities that may occur before the clinical onset of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryu-ichiro Hashimoto
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA 95618-5412, USA
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De Baene W, Kühn S, Brass M. Challenging a decade of brain research on task switching: brain activation in the task-switching paradigm reflects adaptation rather than reconfiguration of task sets. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 33:639-51. [PMID: 21391280 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In daily life, we permanently need to adapt our behavior to new task situations, requiring cognitive control. Such adaptive processes are commonly investigated with the task-switching paradigm. Many fMRI studies have interpreted stronger activation for switch than repeat trials in fronto-parietal brain areas as reflecting an active reconfiguration process in switch trials, tuning the cognitive system for proper task execution. From the single cell literature, however, one could deduce the alternative interpretation that switch-specific activity reflects reduced brain activity in repeat trials due to adaptation. These alternative explanations cannot be distinguished by simply comparing brain activity in switch and repeat trials. Therefore, we used a parametric approach to examine which interpretation is more powerful to account for the data. In all areas of the fronto-parietal network, adaptation explained the data better than reconfiguration. Therefore, our results call the classical reconfiguration interpretation into question and provide first evidence for adaptation of abstract task representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter De Baene
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Increased anterior cingulate and temporal lobe activity during visuospatial working memory in children and adolescents with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2011; 125:118-28. [PMID: 21211946 PMCID: PMC4215557 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Similar to adults, children and adolescents with schizophrenia present with significant working memory (WkM) deficits. However, unlike adults, findings of abnormal activity in the prefrontal cortex in early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) are not consistently reported. Since WkM continues to develop through adolescence and into early adulthood, patterns of activation in adolescents may be different than those found in adults. The goal of this study was to evaluate the functional neurobiology of WkM in patients with EOS. METHOD Participants included 22 patients with EOS (mean age 15±2.8 years) and 24 controls (mean age 15.0±3.0 years). Diagnoses were confirmed using the KIDDIE-SADS-PL. All subjects underwent a functional MRI paradigm involving a visuospatial working memory task with three separate loads. RESULTS The behavioral results demonstrated deficits in EOS patients at all three WkM loads. On functional imaging, EOS patients demonstrated increased activation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), medial temporal lobe structures, the insula, and bilateral lateral temporal lobes. CONCLUSIONS Patients with EOS demonstrate increased activity in limbic structures and regions involved in processing primary and secondary sensory information. In addition, EOS patients had load dependent decreased activity in the parietal lobe. Unlike studies in adults, we did not find that EOS patients had activation differences in the frontal cortical regions. One possibility is that abnormalities in PFC function are related to secondary downstream or developmental processes which are 'unmasked' during development. Finally, our findings support growing evidence that EOS patients have aberrations in the limbic and temporal lobe regions.
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Manelis A, Wheeler ME, Paynter CA, Storey L, Reder LM. Opposing patterns of neural priming in same-exemplar vs. different-exemplar repetition predict subsequent memory. Neuroimage 2010; 55:763-72. [PMID: 21168518 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present neuroimaging study examines how repetition-related neural attenuation effects differ as a function of the perceptual similarity of the repetition and subsequent memory. One previous study (Turk-Browne et al., 2006) reported greater attenuation effects for subsequent hits than for misses. Another study (Wagner et al., 2000) found that neural attenuation is negatively correlated with subsequent memory. These opposing results suggest that repetition-related neural attenuation for subsequent hits and misses may be driven by different factors. In order to investigate the factors that affect the degree of neural attenuation, we varied perceptual similarity between repetitions in a scanned encoding phase that was followed by a subsequent memory test outside the scanner. We demonstrated that the degree of neural attenuation in the object processing regions depends on the interaction between perceptual similarity across repeated presentations and the quality their encodings. Specifically, the same areas that decreased neural signal for repetitions of same exemplars that were subsequently recognized with confidence that the repetitions were identical showed a decrease in neural signal for different-exemplar misses but not for the corresponding subsequently recognized hits. Our results imply that repetition-related neural attenuation should be related to the more efficient processing of perceptual properties of the stimuli only if subjects are able to subsequently remember the stimuli. Otherwise, the cause of attenuation may be in the failure to encode the stimuli on the second presentation as shown by the pattern of neural attenuation for the different-exemplar misses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Manelis
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Poch C, Campo P, Parmentier FBR, Ruiz-Vargas JM, Elsley JV, Castellanos NP, Maestú F, del Pozo F. Explicit processing of verbal and spatial features during letter-location binding modulates oscillatory activity of a fronto-parietal network. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:3846-54. [PMID: 20868702 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the binding of verbal and spatial features in immediate memory. In a recent study, we demonstrated incidental and asymmetrical letter-location binding effects when participants attended to letter features (but not when they attended to location features) that were associated with greater oscillatory activity over prefrontal and posterior regions during the retention period. We were interested to investigate whether the patterns of brain activity associated with the incidental binding of letters and locations observed when only the verbal feature is attended differ from those reflecting the binding resulting from the controlled/explicit processing of both verbal and spatial features. To achieve this, neural activity was recorded using magnetoencephalography (MEG) while participants performed two working memory tasks. Both tasks were identical in terms of their perceptual characteristics and only differed with respect to the task instructions. One of the tasks required participants to process both letters and locations. In the other, participants were instructed to memorize only the letters, regardless of their location. Time-frequency representation of MEG data based on the wavelet transform of the signals was calculated on a single trial basis during the maintenance period of both tasks. Critically, despite equivalent behavioural binding effects in both tasks, single and dual feature encoding relied on different neuroanatomical and neural oscillatory correlates. We propose that enhanced activation of an anterior-posterior dorsal network observed in the task requiring the processing of both features reflects the necessity for allocating greater resources to intentionally process verbal and spatial features in this task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Poch
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Complutense University of Madrid-Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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