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Iqbal Z, Masood M, Shafiq M, Briddon RW. Temporal changes in the levels of virus and betasatellite DNA in B. tabaci feeding on CLCuD affected cotton during the growing season. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1410568. [PMID: 38841073 PMCID: PMC11150673 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1410568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cotton, a key source of income for Pakistan, has suffered significantly by cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) since 1990. This disease is caused by a complex of phylogenetically-related begomovirus (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) species and a specific betasatellite (genus Betasatellite, family Tolecusatellitidae), cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite. Additionally, another DNA satellite called alphasatellite (family Alphasatellitidae), is also frequently associated. All these virus components are vectored by a single species of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). While many factors affect cotton productivity, including cotton variety, sowing time, and environmental cues such as temperature, humidity, and rainfall, CLCuD is a major biotic constraint. Although the understanding of begomoviruses transmission by whiteflies has advanced significantly over the past three decades, however, the in-field seasonal dynamics of the viruses in the insect vector remained an enigma. This study aimed to assess the levels of virus and betasatellite in whiteflies collected from cotton plants throughout the cotton growing season from 2014 to 2016. Notably, begomovirus levels showed no consistent pattern, with minimal variations, ranging from 0.0017 to 0.0074 ng.μg-1 of the genomic DNA in 2014, 0.0356 to 0.113 ng.μg-1 of the genomic DNA in 2015, and 0.0517 to 0.0791 ng.μg-1 of the genomic DNA in 2016. However, betasatellite levels exhibited a distinct pattern. During 2014 and 2015, it steadily increased throughout the sampling period (May to September). While 2016 showed a similar trend from the start of sampling (July) to September but a decline in October (end of sampling). Such a study has not been conducted previously, and could potentially provide valuable insights about the epidemiology of the virus complex causing CLCuD and possible means of controlling losses due to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Iqbal
- Central Laboratories, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariyam Masood
- Department of Zoology, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Management and Technology, Sialkot Campus, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Rob W. Briddon
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Hou J, Xu J, Wang B, Zhang H, Yin B, Li G, Lei F, Cai X, Zhu Y, Wang L. First identification of canine adenovirus 1 in mink and bioinformatics analysis of its 100 K protein. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1245581. [PMID: 37664114 PMCID: PMC10469754 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1245581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Animal trade favors the spreading of emerging canine adenovirus 1 (CAdV-1) in mink. Because the 100K protein is not exposed to the viral surface at any stage, it can be used to differentiate the vaccine from wild virus infection. However, no related research has been conducted. This study aimed to find evidence of CAdV-1 in mink and predict the character of the 100K protein in the current circulating CAdV-1 strain of mink. Method In this experiment, the identification of CAdV-1, the phylogenetic tree, homology, and bioinformatics analysis of 100K were conducted. Results The results showed that the CAdV-1 was identified in the mink and that its Fiber was located in a separate branch. It was closely related to strains isolated from Norwegian Arctic fox and Red fox. 100K was located in a separate branch, which had the closest genetic relationship with skunks, porcupines, raccoons, and hedgehogs and a far genetic relationship with the strains in dogs. 100K protein is an unstable and hydrophobic protein. It had evidence of selective pressure and recombination, 1 glycosylation site, 48 phosphorylation sites, 60 dominant B cell epitopes, and 9 peptides of MHC-I and MHC-II. Its subcellular localization was mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The binding sites of 100K proteins were DBP proteins and 33K proteins. Discussion The stains in the mink were different from fox. The exploration of its genomic characteristics will provide us with a deeper understanding of the prevention of canine adenovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinfeng Xu
- Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Jilin, China
| | - Ben Wang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Jilin, China
| | - Hongling Zhang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Jilin, China
| | - Baishuang Yin
- Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Jilin, China
| | - Goujiang Li
- Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Jilin, China
| | - Fashou Lei
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station in Huzhu County of Qinghai Province, Haidong, China
| | - Xiaoming Cai
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station in Huzhu County of Qinghai Province, Haidong, China
| | - Yanzhu Zhu
- Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Jilin, China
| | - Longtao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Wang Y, Mei Y, Su C, Wang Z, Li F, Hu T, Wang Z, Liu S, Li F, Zhou X. GPIBase: A comprehensive resource for geminivirus-plant-insect research. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:647-649. [PMID: 36809879 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yang Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chenlu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zuoqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhanqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Shusheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Kumar R, Dasgupta I. Geminiviral C4/AC4 proteins: An emerging component of the viral arsenal against plant defence. Virology 2023; 579:156-168. [PMID: 36693289 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Virus infection triggers a plethora of defence reactions in plants to incapacitate the intruder. Viruses, in turn, have added additional functions to their genes so that they acquire capabilities to neutralize the above defence reactions. In plant-infecting viruses, the family Geminiviridae comprises members, majority of whom encode 6-8 genes in their small single-stranded DNA genomes. Of the above genes, one which shows the most variability in its amino acid sequence is the C4/AC4. Recent studies have uncovered evidence, which point towards a wide repertoire of functions performed by C4/AC4 revealing its role as a major player in suppressing plant defence. This review summarizes the various plant defence mechanisms against viruses and highlights how C4/AC4 has evolved to counter most of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Indranil Dasgupta
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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Diverse Begomoviruses Evolutionarily Hijack Plant Terpenoid-Based Defense to Promote Whitefly Performance. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010149. [PMID: 36611943 PMCID: PMC9818243 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne pathogens and parasites are major threats to human health and global agriculture. They may directly or indirectly manipulate behaviors of arthropod vector for rapid transmission between hosts. The largest genus of plant viruses, Begomovirus, is transmitted exclusively by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), a complex of at least 34 morphologically indistinguishable species. We have previously shown that plants infected with the tomato yellowleaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) and its associated betasatellite (TYLCCNB) attract their whitefly vectors by subverting plant MYC2-regulated terpenoid biosynthesis, therefore forming an indirect mutualism between virus and vector via plant. However, the evolutionary mechanism of interactions between begomoviruses and their whitefly vectors is still poorly understood. Here we present evidence to suggest that indirect mutualism may happen over a millennium ago and at present extensively prevails. Detailed bioinformatics and functional analysis identified the serine-33 as an evolutionary conserved phosphorylation site in 105 of 119 Betasatellite species-encoded βC1 proteins, which are responsible for suppressing plant terpenoid-based defense by interfering with MYC2 dimerization and are essential to promote whitefly performance. The substitution of serine-33 of βC1 proteins with either aspartate (phosphorylation mimic mutants) or cysteine, the amino acid in the non-functional sβC1 encoded by Siegesbeckia yellow vein betasatellite SiYVB) impaired the ability of βC1 functions on suppression of MYC2 dimerization, whitefly attraction and fitness. Moreover the gain of function mutation of cysteine-31 to serine in sβC1 protein of SiYVB restored these functions of βC1 protein. Thus, the dynamic phosphorylation of serine-33 in βC1 proteins helps the virus to evade host defense against insect vectors with an evolutionarily conserved manner. Our data provide a mechanistic explanation of how arboviruses evolutionarily modulate host defenses for rapid transmission.
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Multiple begomoviruses infecting soybean; a case study in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Gupta N, Reddy K, Gnanasekaran P, Zhai Y, Chakraborty S, Pappu HR. Functional characterization of a new ORF βV1 encoded by radish leaf curl betasatellite. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:972386. [PMID: 36212370 PMCID: PMC9546537 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.972386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses infect and damage a wide range of food, feed, and fiber crops worldwide. Some of these viruses are associated with betasatellite molecules that are known to enhance viral pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the function of a novel βV1 protein encoded by radish leaf curl betasatellite (RaLCB) by overexpressing the protein using potato virus X (PVX)-based virus vector in Nicotiana benthamiana. βV1 protein induced lesions on leaves, suggestive of hypersensitive response (HR), indicating cell death. The HR reaction induced by βV1 protein was accompanied by an increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), free radicals, and HR-related transcripts. Subcellular localization through confocal microscopy revealed that βV1 protein localizes to the cellular periphery. βV1 was also found to interact with replication enhancer protein (AC3) of helper virus in the nucleus. The current findings suggest that βV1 functions as a protein elicitor and a pathogenicity determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gupta
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Kishorekumar Reddy
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Prabu Gnanasekaran
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Hanu R. Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Mubin M, Shabbir A, Nahid N, Liaqat I, Hassan M, Aljarba NH, Qahtani AA, Fauquet CM, Ye J, Nawaz-ul-Rehman MS. Patterns of Genetic Diversity among Alphasatellites Infecting Gossypium Species. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070763. [PMID: 35890008 PMCID: PMC9319557 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alphasatellites are small single-stranded circular DNA molecules associated with geminiviruses and nanoviruses. In this study, a meta-analysis of known alphasatellites isolated from the genus Gossypium (cotton) over the last two decades was performed. The phylogenetic and pairwise sequence identity analysis suggested that cotton-infecting begomoviruses were associated with at least 12 different alphasatellites globally. Three out of twelve alphasatellite were associated with cotton leaf curl geminiviruses but were not isolated from cotton plants. The cotton leaf curl Multan alphasatellite, which was initially isolated from cotton, has now been reported in several plant species, including monocot plants such as sugarcane. Our recombination analysis suggested that four alphasatellites, namely cotton leaf curl Lucknow alphasatellites, cotton leaf curl Multan alphasatellites, Ageratum yellow vein Indian alphasatellites and Ageratum enation alphasatellites, evolved through recombination. Additionally, high genetic variability was detected among the cotton-infecting alphasatellites at the genome level. The nucleotide substitution rate for the replication protein of alphasatellites (alpha-Rep) was estimated to be relatively high (~1.56 × 10−3). However, unlike other begomoviruses and satellites, the first codon position of alpha-Rep rapidly changed compared to the second and third codon positions. This study highlights the biodiversity and recombination of alphasatellites associated with the leaf curl diseases of cotton crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mubin
- Virology Lab, CABB University of Agriculture, Jail Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (A.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Arzoo Shabbir
- Virology Lab, CABB University of Agriculture, Jail Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (A.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Nazia Nahid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, GC University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Iram Liaqat
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, GC University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Hassan
- Virology Lab, CABB University of Agriculture, Jail Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (A.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Nada H. Aljarba
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed Al Qahtani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King FaisaI Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Jian Ye
- Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Muhammad Shah Nawaz-ul-Rehman
- Virology Lab, CABB University of Agriculture, Jail Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (A.S.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Devendran R, Namgial T, Reddy KK, Kumar M, Zarreen F, Chakraborty S. Insights into the multifunctional roles of geminivirus-encoded proteins in pathogenesis. Arch Virol 2022; 167:307-326. [PMID: 35079902 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Geminiviruses are a major threat to agriculture in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Geminiviruses have small genome with limited coding capacity. Despite this limitation, these viruses have mastered hijacking the host cellular metabolism for their survival. To compensate for the small size of their genome, geminiviruses encode multifunctional proteins. In addition, geminiviruses associate themselves with satellite DNA molecules which also encode proteins that support the virus in establishing successful infection. Geminiviral proteins recruit multiple host factors, suppress the host defense, and manipulate host metabolism to establish infection. We have updated the knowledge accumulated about the proteins of geminiviruses and their satellites in the context of pathogenesis in a single review. We also discuss their interactions with host factors to provide a mechanistic understanding of the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragunathan Devendran
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Tsewang Namgial
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Kishore Kumar Reddy
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Fauzia Zarreen
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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Zhao L, Che X, Wang Z, Zhou X, Xie Y. Functional Characterization of Replication-Associated Proteins Encoded by Alphasatellites Identified in Yunnan Province, China. Viruses 2022; 14:222. [PMID: 35215816 PMCID: PMC8875141 DOI: 10.3390/v14020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphasatellites, which encode only a replication-associated protein (alpha-Rep), are frequently found to be non-essential satellite components associated with begomovirus/betasatellite complexes, and their presence can modulate disease symptoms and/or viral DNA accumulation during infection. Our previous study has shown that there are three types of alphasatellites associated with begomovirus/betasatellite complexes in Yunnan province in China and they encode three corresponding types of alpha-Rep proteins. However, the biological functions of alpha-Reps remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the biological functions of alpha-Reps in post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) and transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) using 16c and 16-TGS transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Results showed that all the three types of alpha-Rep proteins were capable of suppressing the PTGS and reversing the TGS. Among them, the alpha-Rep of Y10DNA1 has the strongest PTGS and TGS suppressor activities. We also found that the alpha-Rep proteins were able to increase the accumulation of their helper virus during coinfection. These results suggest that the alpha-Reps may have a role in overcoming host defense, which provides a possible explanation for the selective advantage provided by the association of alphasatellites with begomovirus/betasatellite complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.Z.); (X.C.); (X.Z.)
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Xuan Che
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.Z.); (X.C.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zhanqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China;
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.Z.); (X.C.); (X.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.Z.); (X.C.); (X.Z.)
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Zhai Y, Roy A, Peng H, Mullendore DL, Kaur G, Mandal B, Mukherjee SK, Pappu HR. Identification and Functional Analysis of Four RNA Silencing Suppressors in Begomovirus Croton Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:768800. [PMID: 35069624 PMCID: PMC8777275 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.768800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Croton yellow vein mosaic virus (CYVMV), a species in the genus Begomovirus, is a prolific monopartite begomovirus in the Indian sub-continent. CYVMV infects multiple crop plants to cause leaf curl disease. Plants have developed host RNA silencing mechanisms to defend the threat of viruses, including CYVMV. We characterized four RNA silencing suppressors, namely, V2, C2, and C4 encoded by CYVMV and betasatellite-encoded C1 protein (βC1) encoded by the cognate betasatellite, croton yellow vein betasatellite (CroYVMB). Their silencing suppressor functions were verified by the ability of restoring the β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity suppressed by RNA silencing. We showed here for the first time that V2 was capable of self-interacting, as well as interacting with the V1 protein, and could be translocalized to the plasmodesmata in the presence of CYVMV. The knockout of either V2 or V1 impaired the intercellular mobility of CYVMV, indicating their novel coordinated roles in the cell-to-cell movement of the virus. As pathogenicity determinants, each of V2, C2, and C4 could induce typical leaf curl symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana plants even under transient expression. Interestingly, the transcripts and proteins of all four suppressors could be detected in the systemically infected leaves with no correlation to symptom induction. Overall, our work identifies four silencing suppressors encoded by CYVMV and its cognate betasatellite and reveals their subcellular localizations, interaction behavior, and roles in symptom induction and intercellular virus movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Anirban Roy
- Advanced Center for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Daniel L. Mullendore
- Franceschi Microscopy and Imaging Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Advanced Center for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Bikash Mandal
- Advanced Center for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Mukherjee
- Advanced Center for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Hanu R. Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Development of transgenic okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) lines having RNA mediated resistance to Yellow vein mosaic virus (Geminiviridae). J Virol Methods 2022; 301:114457. [PMID: 34998828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Begomovirus Yellow vein mosaic virus causes severe yield losses in okra and even the resistant lines developed through conventional breeding show susceptibility at various levels. This paper describes the development of YVMV resistant lines through RNAi strategy. A universal ihpRNA construct harbouring βC1 ORF from the β-satellite of the begomovirus was designed using pRNAi-LIC plasmid. Complementarity checks in sequence databases had shown no off-target effects by the target region and the success of siRNA in interference was proven using Custom Dicer-Substrate siRNA analysis. The βC1 ORF of the begomovirus was PCR amplified and sequenced using the primer combination designed. The pRNAi-LIC vector, a derivative of pCAMBIA2300 containing duplicated CaMV 35S promoter and Nos terminator from pYL44, was SmaI digested and the amplified sense and antisense strands of the βC1 region were cloned. E. coli transformed with the plasmid were screened for antibiotic resistance, and the plasmids confirmed for the sense and antisense regions through sequencing, were transferred to Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101. In planta transformation strategy was followed to transform a highly susceptible okra cv. Salkeerthi with ihpRNA-βC1 cassette. Transformation success, confirmed by the amplification of sense strand using the primers VLIC1 and VLIC5, was 11.42 %. Transcription of siRNA from the βC1 ORF in the transgenic lines was confirmed by its PCR amplification from the cDNA, using the stem loop primers designed (68 bp). When the transformed and healthy wild-type plants were co-grown with infected wild-type plants, inside an insect cage released with whiteflies and maintained within a containment facility, three of the four transgenic plants remained completely healthy throughout the crop span.
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Effects of an alphasatellite on life cycle of the nanovirus Faba bean necrotic yellows virus. J Virol 2021; 96:e0138821. [PMID: 34818072 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01388-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoviruses are plant viruses with a multipartite single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genome. Alphasatellites are commonly associated with nanovirus infections, but their putative impact on their helper viruses is unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of subterranean clover stunt alphasatellite 1 (hereafter named SCSA 1) on various important traits of faba bean necrotic yellows virus (FBNYV) in its host plant Vicia faba and aphid vector Acyrthosiphon pisum, including disease symptoms, viral accumulation and transmission. The results indicate that SCSA 1 does not affect the symptom severity nor the overall FBNYV accumulation in V. faba, but changes the relative amounts of its different genomic segments. Moreover, the association of SCSA 1 with FBNYV increases the rate of plant-to-plant transmission by a process seemingly unrelated to simple increase of the viral accumulation in the vector. These results represent the first study on the impact of an alphasatellite on the biology of its helper nanovirus. They suggest that SCSA 1 may benefit FBNYV, but the genericity of this conclusion is discussed and questioned. Importance Alphasatellites are circular single stranded DNA molecules frequently found in association with natural isolates of nanoviruses and some geminiviruse, the two ssDNA plant infecting virus families. While the implications of alphasatellite presence in geminivirus infections are relatively well documented, comparable studies on alphasatellites associated with nanoviruses are not available. Here we confirm that subterranean clover stunt alphasatellite 1 affects different traits of its helper nanovirus, faba bean necrotic yellows virus, both in the host plant and aphid vector. We show that the frequencies of the virus segments change in the presence of alphasatellite, in both plant and vector. We also confirm that while within-plant virus load and symptom are not affected by alphasatellite, the presence of alphasatellite decreases within-aphid virus load, but significantly increases virus transmission rate, so may confer a possible evolutionary advantage for the helper virus.
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Natural occurrence of mesta yellow vein mosaic virus and DNA-satellites in ornamental sunflower ( Helianthus spp.) in Pakistan. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6621-6630. [PMID: 34764778 PMCID: PMC8568841 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Weeds and ornamental plants serve as a reservoir for geminiviruses and contribute to their dissemination, genome recombination and/or satellite capture. Ornamental sunflower (Helianthus spp.) plants exhibiting mild leaf curl symptoms were subjected to begomovirus and DNA-satellites isolation. The full-length genome of the isolated begomovirus clone (Od1-A) showed 96.8% nucleotide (nt) sequence identity with mesta yellow vein mosaic virus (MeYVMV; accession no. FR772081) whereas, alphasatellite (Od1-a) and betasatellite (Od1-b) clones showed their highest nt sequence identities at 97.4% and 98.2% with ageratum enation alphasatellite (AEA; accession no. FR772085) and papaya leaf curl betasatellite (PaLCuB; accession. no. LN878112), respectively. The evolutionary relationships, average evolutionary divergence and the recombination events were also inferred. The MeYVMV exhibited 9.5% average evolutionary divergence and its CP and Rep had 9.3% and 12.2%, concomitantly; the alphasatellite and the betasatellite had 8.3% and 5.2%, respectively. The nt substitution rates (site-1 year−1) were found to be 6.983 × 10-04 and 5.702 × 10-05 in the CP and Rep of MeYVMV, respectively. The dN/dS ratio and the Tajima D value of MeYVMV CP demonstrated its possible role in host switching. The absolute quantification of the begomovirus demonstrated that mild symptoms might have a correlation with low virus titer. This is the first identification of MeYVMV and associated DNA-satellites from ornamental sunflower in Pakistan. The role of sequence divergence, recombination and importance of MeYVMV along with DNA-satellites in extending its host range is discussed.
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Dokka N, Mahajan MM, Sahu B, Marathe A, Singh HK, Sivalingam PN. Molecular analysis, infectivity and host range of Tomato leaf curl Karnataka virus associated with Corchorus yellow vein mosaic betasatellite. Virus Res 2021; 303:198521. [PMID: 34314770 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Severe leaf curl disease of tomato (ToLCD) was noticed recently in the central parts of India and is an emerging threat to the cultivation of tomato. The genomic components of the begomovirus isolate, DNA A and betasatellite associated with ToLCD were cloned by rolling circle amplification method and sequenced. The sequence analysis revealed that the DNA A (2766 nt) of this isolate had the nucleotide identity of >91% with other strains of Tomato leaf curl Karnataka virus (ToLCKV), hence this isolate is proposed as a strain of ToLCKV, named as ToLCKV-Raipur. Similarly, the betasatellite molecule (1355 nt) had the highest identity of 91.1% with Corchorus yellow vein mosaic betasatellite (CoYVMB) and named as CoYVMB-Raipur. The full-length dimerized clones of these two genomic components were agroinoculated on natural (tomato), experimental (Nicotiana benthamiana) hosts and other 20 plant species belong to six different families. The severe leaf curl symptoms appeared only in the hosts, N. benthamiana, and in tomato inoculated with ToLCKV-Raipur alone and ToLCKV-Raipur with CoYVMB-Raipur after 8 and 16-18 days inoculation, respectively. This isolate was also transmissible to healthy tomato plants by whitefly from the tomato plant agroinoculated with ToLCKV-Raipur alone and with CoYVMB-Raipur and produced symptoms within 14-16 days after inoculation. Interestingly, this isolate infects horse gram and chilli by whitefly transmission and both the hosts showed positive for DNA A alone but not for betasatellite. Quantification of the genomic components of this isolate with the agroinoculated N. benthamiana samples by qRT-PCR results showed that the quantity of ToLCKV-Raipur was enhanced by three-fold while inoculated with CoYVMB-Raipur compared to ToLCKV-Raipur alone inoculated plants. However, CoYVMB-Raipur did not enhance the levels of ToLCKV-Raipur in the agroinoculated tomato plants. This is the first evidence of the natural co-occurrence of ToLCKV with betasatellite, CoYVMB causing ToLCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimham Dokka
- ICAR-National Institute of Biotic Stress Management, Baronda, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 493225, India
| | - Mahesh Mohanrao Mahajan
- ICAR-National Institute of Biotic Stress Management, Baronda, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 493225, India
| | - Bhimeshwari Sahu
- ICAR-National Institute of Biotic Stress Management, Baronda, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 493225, India
| | - Ashish Marathe
- ICAR-National Institute of Biotic Stress Management, Baronda, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 493225, India
| | - Harvinder Kumar Singh
- Department of Plant Pathology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492012, India
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The Association between New World Alphasatellites and Bipartite Begomoviruses: Effects on Infection and Vector Transmission. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101244. [PMID: 34684193 PMCID: PMC8538204 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses can be found in association with alphasatellites, which are capable of autonomous replication but are dependent on the helper begomovirus for systemic infection, encapsidation and vector transmission. Previous studies suggest that the presence of NW alphasatellites (genus Clecrusatellite) is associated with more severe symptoms. To better understand this interaction, we investigated the effects of two alphasatellites on infectivity, symptom development, viral DNA accumulation and vector transmission of three begomoviruses in three hosts. In tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana, all combinations were infectious. In Leonurus sibiricus, only the ToYSV/ToYSA combination was infectious. The presence of EuYMA increased symptom severity of EuYMV and ToYSV in N. benthamiana, and the presence of ToYSA was associated with more severe symptoms of ToYSV in N. benthamiana and L. sibiricus. EuYMA increased the accumulation of ToYSV in N. benthamiana but reduced the accumulation of EuYMV in tomato and of ToSRV in N. benthamiana. The presence of ToYSA decreased the accumulation of ToYSV in N. benthamiana and L. sibiricus. ToYSA negatively affected transmission of ToSRV by Bemisia tabaci MEAM1. Together, our results indicate that NW alphasatellites can interact with different begomoviruses, increasing symptom severity and interfering in the transmission of the helper begomovirus. Understanding this interaction is important as it may affect the emergence of diseases caused by begomovirus-alphasatellite complexes in the field.
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Zhou T, Zhang M, Gong P, Li F, Zhou X. Selective autophagic receptor NbNBR1 prevents NbRFP1-mediated UPS-dependent degradation of βC1 to promote geminivirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009956. [PMID: 34570833 PMCID: PMC8496818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved, lysosomal/vacuolar degradation mechanism that targets cell organelles and macromolecules. Autophagy and autophagy-related genes have been studied for their antiviral and pro-viral roles in virus-infected plants. Here, we demonstrate the pro-viral role of a selective autophagic receptor NbNBR1 in geminivirus-infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The βC1 protein encoded by tomato yellow leaf curl China betasatellite (TYLCCNB) that is associated with tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) enhanced the expression level of NbNBR1. Then NbNBR1 interacted with βC1 to form cytoplasmic granules. Interaction of NbNBR1 with βC1 could prevent degradation of βC1 by the NbRFP1, an E3 ligase. Overexpression of NbNBR1 in N. benthamiana plants increased βC1 accumulation and promoted virus infection. In contrast, silencing or knocking out NbNBR1 expression in N. benthamiana suppressed βC1 accumulation and inhibited virus infection. A single amino acid substitution in βC1 (βC1K4A) abolished its interaction with NbNBR1, leading to a reduced level of βC1K4A. The TYLCCNV/TYLCCNBK4A mutant virus caused milder disease symptoms and accumulated much less viral genomic DNAs in the infected plants. Collectively, the results presented here show how a viral satellite-encoded protein hijacks host autophagic receptor NbNBR1 to form cytoplasmic granules to protect itself from NbRFP1-mediated degradation and facilitate viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Gnanasekaran P, Gupta N, Ponnusamy K, Chakraborty S. Geminivirus Betasatellite-Encoded βC1 Protein Exhibits Novel ATP Hydrolysis Activity That Influences Its DNA-Binding Activity and Viral Pathogenesis. J Virol 2021; 95:e0047521. [PMID: 34132576 PMCID: PMC8354231 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00475-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant virus satellites are maintained by their associated helper viruses, and satellites influence viral pathogenesis. Diseases caused by geminivirus-betasatellite complexes can become epidemics and therefore have become a threat to economically important crops across the world. Here, we identified a novel molecular function of the betasatellite-encoded pathogenicity determinant βC1. The tomato leaf curl Patna betasatellite (ToLCPaB)-encoded βC1 protein was found to exhibit novel ATPase activity in the presence of the divalent metal ion cofactor MgCl2. Moreover, ATPase activity was confirmed to be ubiquitously displayed by βC1 proteins encoded by diverse betasatellites. Mutational and sequence analysis showed that conserved lysine/arginine residues at positions 49/50 and 91 of βC1 proteins are essential for their ATPase activity. Biochemical studies revealed that the DNA-binding activity of the βC1 protein was interfered with by the binding of ATP to the protein. Mutating arginine 91 of βC1 to alanine reduced its DNA-binding activity. The results of docking studies provided evidence for an overlap of the ATP-binding and DNA-binding regions of βC1 and for the importance of arginine 91 for both ATP-binding and DNA-binding activities. A mutant betasatellite with a specifically βC1-ATPase dominant negative mutation was found to induce symptoms on Nicotiana benthamiana plants similar to those induced by wild-type betasatellite infection. The ATPase function of βC1 was found to be negatively associated with geminivirus-betasatellite DNA accumulation, despite the positive influence of this ATPase function on the accumulation of replication-associated protein (Rep) and βC1 transcripts. IMPORTANCE Most satellites influence the pathogenesis of their helper viruses. Here, we characterized the novel molecular function of βC1, a nonstructural pathogenicity determinant protein encoded by a betasatellite. We demonstrated the display of ATPase activity by this βC1 protein. Additionally, we confirmed the ubiquitous display of ATPase activity by βC1 proteins encoded by diverse betasatellites. The lysine/arginine residues conserved at positions 49 and 91 of βC1 were found to be crucial for its ATPase function. DNA-binding activity of βC1 was found to be reduced in the presence of ATP. Inhibition of ATPase activity of βC1 in the presence of an excess concentration of cold ATP, GTP, CTP, or UTP suggested that the purified βC1 can also hydrolyze other cellular nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) besides ATP in vitro. These results established the importance of the ATPase and DNA-binding activities of the βC1 protein in regulating geminivirus-betasatellite DNA accumulation in the infected plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabu Gnanasekaran
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Universitygrid.10706.30, New Delhi, India
| | - Neha Gupta
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Universitygrid.10706.30, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Universitygrid.10706.30, New Delhi, India
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Khan A, Imtiaz Y, Tahir M, Briddon RW. Complete genome sequence of hollyhock vein yellowing virus, a novel monopartite begomovirus infecting hollyhock in Pakistan. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2607-2610. [PMID: 34115211 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05134-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hollyhock (Alcea rosea, family Malvaceae) is an ornamental plant grown widely in gardens across South Asia. In a bed of ornamental plants near the village of Chakri (Punjab Province, Pakistan) in 2014, hollyhock plants showing two distinct symptom types were identified: yellow vein mosaic and leaf crumple. PCR amplification with universal primers amplified a begomovirus from separate nucleic acid extracts of single plants of each type but amplified a betasatellite only from the plant with the yellow vein mosaic symptoms. No potential begomovirus DNA B component or alphasatellite could be identified in either sample. After cloning, the genome sequences of two viruses, one from a plant of each symptom type, were determined and shown to share 99.9% nucleotide sequence identity with each other but less than 91% nucleotide sequence identity with all previously characterized begomoviruses, with the highest identity (90%) to an isolate of pedilanthus leaf curl virus (PeLCV). This indicates that the two hollyhock plants were infected with a newly identified begomovirus for which the name "hollyhock vein yellowing virus" (HoVYV) is proposed. HoVYV likely has a recombinant origin. The betasatellite showed the highest nucleotide sequence identity to an isolate of cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB), a betasatellite associated with cotton leaf curl disease across Pakistan and northwestern India. These findings add to the diversity of known begomoviruses in South Asia and again highlight the role of hollyhock as a reservoir of the cotton leaf curl begomovirus betasatellite complex. The results also suggest that the yellow vein mosaic symptoms in hollyhock are due to the betasatellite rather than the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azkia Khan
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yaqoot Imtiaz
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tahir
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Rob W Briddon
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Veluthambi K, Sunitha S. Targets and Mechanisms of Geminivirus Silencing Suppressor Protein AC2. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:645419. [PMID: 33897657 PMCID: PMC8062710 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.645419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are plant DNA viruses that infect a wide range of plant species and cause significant losses to economically important food and fiber crops. The single-stranded geminiviral genome encodes a small number of proteins which act in an orchestrated manner to infect the host. The fewer proteins encoded by the virus are multifunctional, a mechanism uniquely evolved by the viruses to balance the genome-constraint. The host-mediated resistance against incoming virus includes post-transcriptional gene silencing, transcriptional gene silencing, and expression of defense responsive genes and other cellular regulatory genes. The pathogenicity property of a geminiviral protein is linked to its ability to suppress the host-mediated defense mechanism. This review discusses what is currently known about the targets and mechanism of the viral suppressor AC2/AL2/transcriptional activator protein (TrAP) and explore the biotechnological applications of AC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppannan Veluthambi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Sukumaran Sunitha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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21
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Badar U, Venkataraman S, AbouHaidar M, Hefferon K. Molecular interactions of plant viral satellites. Virus Genes 2020; 57:1-22. [PMID: 33226576 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01806-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant viral satellites fall under the category of subviral agents. Their genomes are composed of small RNA or DNA molecules a few hundred nucleotides in length and contain an assortment of highly complex and overlapping functions. Each lacks the ability to either replicate or undergo encapsidation or both in the absence of a helper virus (HV). As the number of known satellites increases steadily, our knowledge regarding their sequence conservation strategies, means of replication and specific interactions with host and helper viruses is improving. This review demonstrates that the molecular interactions of these satellites are unique and highly complex, largely influenced by the highly specific host plants and helper viruses that they associate with. Circularized forms of single-stranded RNA are of particular interest, as they have recently been found to play a variety of novel cellular functions. Linear forms of satRNA are also of great significance as they may complement the helper virus genome in exacerbating symptoms, or in certain instances, actively compete against it, thus reducing symptom severity. This review serves to describe the current literature with respect to these molecular mechanisms in detail as well as to discuss recent insights into this emerging field in terms of evolution, classification and symptom development. The review concludes with a discussion of future steps in plant viral satellite research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Badar
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Mounir AbouHaidar
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kathleen Hefferon
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Saunders K, Richardson J, Lawson DM, Lomonossoff GP. Requirements for the Packaging of Geminivirus Circular Single-Stranded DNA: Effect of DNA Length and Coat Protein Sequence. Viruses 2020; 12:E1235. [PMID: 33143128 PMCID: PMC7694086 DOI: 10.3390/v12111235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminivirus particles, consisting of a pair of twinned isometric structures, have one of the most distinctive capsids in the virological world. Until recently, there was little information as to how these structures are generated. To address this, we developed a system to produce capsid structures following the delivery of geminivirus coat protein and replicating circular single-stranded DNA (cssDNA) by the infiltration of gene constructs into plant leaves. The transencapsidation of cssDNA of the Begomovirus genus by coat protein of different geminivirus genera was shown to occur with full-length but not half-length molecules. Double capsid structures, distinct from geminate capsid structures, were also generated in this expression system. By increasing the length of the encapsidated cssDNA, triple geminate capsid structures, consisting of straight, bent and condensed forms were generated. The straight geminate triple structures generated were similar in morphology to those recorded for a potato-infecting virus from Peru. These finding demonstrate that the length of encapsidated DNA controls both the size and stability of geminivirus particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Saunders
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; (D.M.L.); (G.P.L.)
| | - Jake Richardson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK;
| | - David M. Lawson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; (D.M.L.); (G.P.L.)
| | - George P. Lomonossoff
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; (D.M.L.); (G.P.L.)
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Mei Y, Wang Y, Li F, Zhou X. The C4 protein encoded by tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus reverses transcriptional gene silencing by interacting with NbDRM2 and impairing its DNA-binding ability. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008829. [PMID: 33002088 PMCID: PMC7529289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, cytosine DNA methylation is an efficient defense mechanism against geminiviruses, since methylation of the viral genome results in transcriptional gene silencing (TGS). As a counter-defense mechanism, geminiviruses encode viral proteins to suppress viral DNA methylation and TGS. However, the molecular mechanisms by which viral proteins contribute to TGS suppression remain incompletely understood. In this study, we found that the C4 protein encoded by tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus (TLCYnV) suppresses methylation of the viral genome through interacting with and impairing the DNA-binding ability of NbDRM2, a pivotal DNA methyltransferase in the methyl cycle. We show that NbDRM2 catalyzes the addition of methyl groups on specific cytosine sites of the viral genome, hence playing an important role in anti-viral defense. Underscoring the relevance of the C4-mediated suppression of NbDRM2 activity, plants infected by TLCYnV producing C4(S43A), a point mutant version of C4 unable to interact with NbDRM2, display milder symptoms and lower virus accumulation, concomitant with enhanced viral DNA methylation, than plants infected by wild-type TLCYnV. Expression of TLCYnV C4, but not of the NbDRM2-interaction compromised C4(S43A) mutant, in 16c-TGS Nicotiana benthamiana plants results in the recovery of GFP, a proxy for suppression of TGS. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which geminiviruses suppress TGS, and uncovers a new viral strategy based on the inactivation of the methyltransferase NbDRM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Hu T, Song Y, Wang Y, Zhou X. Functional analysis of a novel βV1 gene identified in a geminivirus betasatellite. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:688-696. [PMID: 32107688 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Betasatellites (DNA β) are circular ssDNA molecules that are associated with monopartite geminiviruses and exert a positive effect on the viral infection. Betasatellites encode one protein, named βC1, on the complementary strand; βC1 functions as a pathogenicity factor and RNA silencing suppressor. In this report, we describe the identification of another betasatellite-encoded protein, βVl, which also contributes to symptom development. The βVl open reading frame can be found on the viral strand of approximately 40% of reported betasatellite sequences, and is conserved in position and sequence. The presence of the βVl transcript was observed in plants infected with Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYTCCNV) along with its associated betasatellite Tomato yellow leaf curl China betasatellite (TYTCCNB). Mutant viruses unable to produce βVl showed reduced virulence and decreased viral load. Ectopic expression of the TYTCCNB-PV1 gene in Nicotiana benthamiana plants from a PVX-based vector resulted in leaf mosaic and chlorosis. We further demonstrated that the βVl protein could elicit hypersensitive response (HR)-type cell death in N. benthamiana leaves. Our results uncover a novel betasatellite-encoded protein that contributes to the virus infection, and this discover gives us a more complete view of the plant-geminivirus interaction landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Voorburg CM, Yan Z, Bergua‐Vidal M, Wolters AA, Bai Y, Kormelink R. Ty-1, a universal resistance gene against geminiviruses that is compromised by co-replication of a betasatellite. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:160-172. [PMID: 31756021 PMCID: PMC6988424 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a begomovirus, causes large yield losses and breeding for resistance is an effective way to combat this viral disease. The resistance gene Ty-1 codes for an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and has recently been shown to enhance transcriptional gene silencing of TYLCV. Whereas Ty-1 was earlier shown to also confer resistance to a bipartite begomovirus, here it is shown that Ty-1 is probably generic to all geminiviruses. A tomato Ty-1 introgression line, but also stable transformants of susceptible tomato cv. Moneymaker and Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) expressing the Ty-1 gene, exhibited resistance to begomoviruses as well as to the distinct, leafhopper-transmitted beet curly top virus, a curtovirus. Stable Ty-1 transformants of N. benthamiana and tomato showed fewer symptoms and reduced viral titres on infection compared to wild-type plants. TYLCV infections in wild-type N. benthamiana plants in the additional presence of a betasatellite led to increased symptom severity and a consistent, slightly lowered virus titre relative to the high averaged levels seen in the absence of the betasatellite. On the contrary, in Ty-1 transformed N. benthamiana viral titres increased in the presence of the betasatellite. The same was observed when these Ty-1-encoding plants were challenged with TYLCV and a potato virus X construct expressing the RNA interference suppressor protein βC1 encoded by the betasatellite. The resistance spectrum of Ty-1 and the durability of the resistance are discussed in light of antiviral RNA interference and viral counter defence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corien M. Voorburg
- Laboratory of VirologyWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBNetherlands
| | - Zhe Yan
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBNetherlands
| | - Maria Bergua‐Vidal
- Laboratory of VirologyWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBNetherlands
| | - Anne‐Marie A. Wolters
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBNetherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBNetherlands
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of VirologyWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBNetherlands
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Kulshrestha S, Bhardwaj A, Vanshika. Geminiviruses: Taxonomic Structure and Diversity in Genomic Organization. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2019; 14:86-98. [PMID: 31793424 DOI: 10.2174/1872208313666191203100851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geminiviridae is one of the best-characterized and hence, one of the largest plant-virus families with the highest economic importance. Its members characteristically have a circular ssDNA genome within the encapsidation of twinned quasi-icosaheadral virions (18-38 nm size-range). OBJECTIVE Construction of a narrative review on geminiviruses, to have a clearer picture of their genomic structure and taxonomic status. METHODS A thorough search was conducted for papers and patents regarding geminiviruses, where relevant information was used to study their genomic organization, diversity and taxonomic structure. RESULTS Geminiviruses have been classified into nine genera (viz., genus Begomovirus, Mastrevirus, Curtovirus, Topocuvirus, Becurtovirus, Turncurtovirus, Capulavirus, Eragrovirus and Grablovirus) having distinct genomic organizations, host ranges and insect vectors. Genomic organization of all genera generally shows the presence of 4-6 ORFs encoding for various proteins. For now, Citrus chlorotic dwarf-associated virus (CCDaV), Camellia chlorotic dwarf-associated virus (CaCDaV) and few other geminiviruses are still unassigned to any genera. The monopartite begomoviruses (and few mastreviruses) have been found associated with aplhasatellites and betasatellites (viz., ~1.3 kb circular ssDNA satellites). Recent reports suggest that deltasatellites potentially reduce the accumulation of helper-Begomovirus species in host plants. Some patents have revealed the methods to generate transgenic plants resistant to geminiviruses. CONCLUSION Geminiviruses rapidly evolve and are a highly diverse group of plant-viruses. However, research has shown new horizons in tackling the acute begomoviral diseases in plants by generating a novel bio-control methodology in which deltasatellites can be used as bio-control agents and generate transgenic plants resistant to geminiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Kulshrestha
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan (H.P.), India
| | - Abhishek Bhardwaj
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan (H.P.), India
| | - Vanshika
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan (H.P.), India
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Mubin M, Ijaz S, Nahid N, Hassan M, Younus A, Qazi J, Nawaz-Ul-Rehman MS. Journey of begomovirus betasatellite molecules: from satellites to indispensable partners. Virus Genes 2019; 56:16-26. [PMID: 31773493 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Betasatellites are a group of circular, single-stranded DNA molecules that are frequently found to be associated with monopartite begomoviruses of the family Geminiviridae. Betasatellites require their helper viruses for replication, movement, and encapsidation and they are often essential for induction of typical disease symptoms. The βC1 protein encoded by betasatellites is multifunctional that participates in diverse cellular events. It interferes with several cellular processes like normal development, chloroplasts, and innate immune system of plants. Recent research has indicated βC1 protein interaction with cellular proteins and its involvement in modulation of the host's cell cycle and symptom determination. This article focuses on the functional mechanisms of βC1 and its interactions with other viral and host proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mubin
- Virology Lab, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Ijaz
- Virology Lab, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Nahid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, GC University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hassan
- Virology Lab, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Younus
- Laser Matter Interaction and Nano-sciences Lab, Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Javaria Qazi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid e Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Gnanasekaran P, Ponnusamy K, Chakraborty S. A geminivirus betasatellite encoded βC1 protein interacts with PsbP and subverts PsbP-mediated antiviral defence in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:943-960. [PMID: 30985068 PMCID: PMC6589724 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Geminivirus disease complexes potentially interfere with plants physiology and cause disastrous effects on a wide range of economically important crops throughout the world. Diverse geminivirus betasatellite associations exacerbate the epidemic threat for global food security. Our previous study showed that βC1, the pathogenicity determinant of geminivirus betasatellites induce symptom development by disrupting the ultrastructure and function of chloroplasts. Here we explored the betasatellite-virus-chloroplast interaction in the scope of viral pathogenesis as well as plant defence responses, using Nicotiana benthamiana-Radish leaf curl betasatellite (RaLCB) as the model system. We have shown an interaction between RaLCB-encoded βC1 and one of the extrinsic subunit proteins of oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II both in vitro and in vivo. Further, we demonstrate a novel function of the Nicotiana benthamiana oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 2 (PsbP), in that it binds DNA, including geminivirus DNA. Transient silencing of PsbP in N. benthamiana plants enhances pathogenicity and viral DNA accumulation. Overexpression of PsbP impedes disease development during the early phase of infection, suggesting that PsbP is involved in generation of defence response during geminivirus infection. In addition, βC1-PsbP interaction hampers non-specific binding of PsbP to the geminivirus DNA. Our findings suggest that betasatellite-encoded βC1 protein accomplishes counter-defence by physical interaction with PsbP reducing the ability of PsbP to bind geminivirus DNA to establish infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabu Gnanasekaran
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| | - Kalaiarasan Ponnusamy
- Synthetic Biology Laboratory, School of BiotechnologyJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
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Gnanasekaran P, KishoreKumar R, Bhattacharyya D, Vinoth Kumar R, Chakraborty S. Multifaceted role of geminivirus associated betasatellite in pathogenesis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1019-1033. [PMID: 31210029 PMCID: PMC6589721 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Begomoviruses have emerged as a group of plant pathogens that cause devastating diseases in a wide range of crops in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Betasatellites, the circular single-stranded DNA molecules with the size of almost half of that of the associated helper begomoviruses, are often essential for the production of typical disease symptoms in several virus-host systems. Association of betasatellites with begomoviruses results in more severe symptoms in the plants and affects the yield of numerous crops leading to huge agroeconomic losses. βC1, the only protein encoded by betasatellites, plays a multifaceted role in the successful establishment of infection. This protein counteracts the innate defence mechanisms of the host, like RNA silencing, ubiquitin-proteasome system and defence responsive hormones. In the last two decades, the molecular aspect of betasatellite pathogenesis has attracted much attention from the researchers worldwide, and reports have shown that βC1 protein aggravates the helper begomovirus disease complex by modulating specific host factors. This review discusses the molecular aspects of the pathogenesis of betasatellites, including various βC1-host factor interactions and their effects on the suppression of defence responses of the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabu Gnanasekaran
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| | - Reddy KishoreKumar
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| | - Dhriti Bhattacharyya
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| | - R. Vinoth Kumar
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
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Pasin F, Menzel W, Daròs J. Harnessed viruses in the age of metagenomics and synthetic biology: an update on infectious clone assembly and biotechnologies of plant viruses. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:1010-1026. [PMID: 30677208 PMCID: PMC6523588 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent metagenomic studies have provided an unprecedented wealth of data, which are revolutionizing our understanding of virus diversity. A redrawn landscape highlights viruses as active players in the phytobiome, and surveys have uncovered their positive roles in environmental stress tolerance of plants. Viral infectious clones are key tools for functional characterization of known and newly identified viruses. Knowledge of viruses and their components has been instrumental for the development of modern plant molecular biology and biotechnology. In this review, we provide extensive guidelines built on current synthetic biology advances that streamline infectious clone assembly, thus lessening a major technical constraint of plant virology. The focus is on generation of infectious clones in binary T-DNA vectors, which are delivered efficiently to plants by Agrobacterium. We then summarize recent applications of plant viruses and explore emerging trends in microbiology, bacterial and human virology that, once translated to plant virology, could lead to the development of virus-based gene therapies for ad hoc engineering of plant traits. The systematic characterization of plant virus roles in the phytobiome and next-generation virus-based tools will be indispensable landmarks in the synthetic biology roadmap to better crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Pasin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Wulf Menzel
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ‐German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell CulturesBraunschweigGermany
| | - José‐Antonio Daròs
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas‐Universitat Politècnica de València)ValenciaSpain
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Yang X, Guo W, Li F, Sunter G, Zhou X. Geminivirus-Associated Betasatellites: Exploiting Chinks in the Antiviral Arsenal of Plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:519-529. [PMID: 31003895 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Betasatellites are a diverse group of circular single-stranded DNA satellites frequently associated with begomoviruses belonging to the family Geminiviridae. Challenged with a geminivirus-betasatellite infection, plants have employed sophisticated defense mechanisms to protect themselves. Betasatellites, in turn, employ mechanisms to antagonize these plant antiviral pathways. In this review, we focus on the anti-geminiviral immune pathways present both in plants and whiteflies. We also outline the counter-defensive strategies deployed by betasatellites to overcome the host defenses and initiate a successful infection. Finally, we discuss the outcomes of the opposing forces of plant immunity and betasatellite-mediated antagonism in the context of an evolutionary arms race. Understanding of the molecular dialog between plants and betasatellites will likely allow for the development of novel antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Garry Sunter
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Hu T, Huang C, He Y, Castillo-González C, Gui X, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhou X. βC1 protein encoded in geminivirus satellite concertedly targets MKK2 and MPK4 to counter host defense. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007728. [PMID: 30998777 PMCID: PMC6499421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses have evolved multiple strategies to overcome host defense to establish an infection. Here, we identified two components of a host mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, MKK2 and MPK4, as bona fide targets of the βC1 protein encoded by the betasatellite of tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV). βC1 interacts with the kinase domain of MKK2 and inhibits its activity. In vivo, βC1 suppresses flagellin-induced MAPK activation and downstream responses by targeting MKK2. Furthermore, βC1 also interacts with MPK4 and inhibits its kinase activity. TYLCCNV infection induces the activation of the MAPK cascade, mutation in MKK2 or MPK4 renders the plant more susceptible to TYLCCNV, and can complement the lack of βC1. This work shows for the first time that a plant virus both activates and suppresses a MAPK cascade, and the discovery of the ability of βC1 to selectively interfere with the host MAPK activation illustrates a novel virulence function and counter-host defense mechanism of geminiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Changjun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuting He
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Claudia Castillo-González
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Xiaojian Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuren Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Rishishwar R, Dasgupta I. Suppressors of RNA silencing encoded by geminiviruses and associated DNA satellites. Virusdisease 2019; 30:58-65. [PMID: 31143832 PMCID: PMC6517462 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-018-0418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, RNA silencing provides a major line of defence against viruses. This antiviral immunity involves production of virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) and results in specific silencing of viruses by vsiRNAs-guided effector complexes. As a counterattack against RNA silencing, many plant viruses encode suppressors of RNA silencing called viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs), which interfere with the silencing pathway by various mechanisms. This review describes various methods that are being used to characterize viral proteins for suppressor function, VSRs found in geminiviruses and associated DNA satellites and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Rishishwar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Indranil Dasgupta
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021 India
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Xu X, Qian Y, Wang Y, Li Z, Zhou X. Iterons Homologous to Helper Geminiviruses Are Essential for Efficient Replication of Betasatellites. J Virol 2019; 93:e01532-18. [PMID: 30541843 PMCID: PMC6384059 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01532-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Betasatellites associated with geminiviruses can be replicated promiscuously by distinct geminiviruses but exhibit a preference for cognate helper viruses. However, the cis elements responsible for betasatellite origin recognition have not been characterized. In this study, we identified an iteron-like repeated sequence motif, 5'-GAGGACC-3', in a tobacco curly shoot betasatellite (TbCSB) associated with tobacco curly shoot virus (TbCSV). Competitive DNA binding assays revealed that two core repeats (5'-GGACC-3') are required for specific binding to TbCSV Rep; TbCSB iteron mutants accumulated to greatly reduced levels and lost the cognate helper-mediated replication preference. Interestingly, TbCSV also contains identical repeated sequences that are essential for specific Rep binding and in vivo replication. In order to gain insight into the mechanism by which TbCSB has acquired the cognate iterons, we performed a SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) assay to identify the high-affinity Rep binding ligands from a large pool of randomized sequences. Analysis of SELEX winners showed that all of the sequences contained at least one core iteron-like motif, suggesting that TbCSB has evolved to contain cognate iterons for high-affinity Rep binding. Further analyses of various betasatellite sequences revealed a region upstream of the satellite conserved region replete with iterative sequence motifs, including species-specific repeats and a general repeat (5'-GGTAAAT-3'). Remarkably, the species-specific repeats in many betasatellites are homologous to those in their respective cognate helper begomoviruses, whereas the general repeat is widespread in most of the betasatellite molecules analyzed. These data, taken together, suggest that many betasatellites have evolved to acquire homologous iteron-like sequences for efficient replication mediated by cognate helper viruses.IMPORTANCE The geminivirus-encoded replication initiator protein (Rep) binds to repeated sequence elements (also known as iterons) in the origin of replication that serve as essential cis elements for specific viral replication. Betasatellites associated with begomoviruses can be replicated by cognate or noncognate helper viruses, but the cis elements responsible for betasatellite origin recognition have not been characterized. Using a betasatellite (TbCSB) associated with tobacco curly shoot virus (TbCSV) as a model, we identify two tandem repeats (iterons) in the Rep-binding motif (RBM) that are required for specific Rep binding and efficient replication, and we show that identical iteron sequences present in TbCSV are also necessary for Rep binding and the replication of helper viruses. Extensive analysis of begomovirus/betasatellite sequences shows that many betasatellites contain iteron-like elements homologous to those of their respective cognate helper begomoviruses. Our data suggest that many betasatellites have evolved to acquire homologous iteron-like sequences for efficient replication mediated by cognate helper viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongbiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajuan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Venkataravanappa V, Reddy CNL, Shankarappa KS, Reddy MK. Association of Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus, Betasatellite, and Alphasatellite with Mosaic Disease of Spine Gourd ( Momordica dioica Roxb. Willd) in India. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 17:e2134. [PMID: 31457044 PMCID: PMC6697862 DOI: 10.21859/ijb.2134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Spine gourd (Momordica dioica Roxb. Willd) is one of the important cucurbitaceous crops grown across the world for vegetable and medicinal purposes. Diseases caused by the DNA viruses are becoming the limiting factors for the production of spine gourd reducing its potential yield. For the commercial cultivation of the spine gourd, propagation material used by most of the growers is tuberous roots and stem cuttings, which in turn results in an increased occurrence of the mosaic disease. There is a need for understanding the causal agent; through characterization of which will lead to the designing management strategies for the spine gourd mosaic disease control. Objectives Characterization of a begomovirus and its satellites associated with mosaic disease on spine gourd. Materials and Methods Total DNA was extracted from spine gourd samples exhibiting symptoms typical to the begomoviruses infection (mosaic mottling, leaf curl) and was tested by PCR using begomovirus specific primers. Furthermore, the complete genome of begomo viruses (DNA A, DNA B, alpha satellite, and beta satellite) was amplified by rolling circle amplification (RCA) method. Results The full-length sequences of DNA A, DNA B, alpha satellite, and beta satellite isolated from symptomatic spine gourd were determined. The full length genomes (DNA A and DNA B) of the Tomato leaf curl New Delhi Virus (ToLCNDV) infecting spine gourd were compared with the other begomovirus genomes available in the data base. The sequence analysis has revealed that DNA A and DNA B components of the begomovirus infecting spine gourd share 95.4-96.2 and 86.7-91.2% identical sequence (i.e., nucleotide (nt) identity) with that of ToLCNDV infecting potato and cucurbits in the Indian subcontinent isolates reported earlier (available in GenBank), respectively. Further, alpha satellite and beta satellite were also detected in the begomovirus infected spine gourd samples. The recombination analysis of the DNA A, DNA B, beta satellite, and alpha satellite of the begomovirus infecting spine gourd showed the associated begomovirus and satellite DNAs were driven from the different begomoviruses, leading to emergence as a new variant of the begomovirus infecting spine gourd. Conclusions The commercial cultivation of the spine gourd by most growers depends on the tuberous roots and stem cutting. The occurrence of begomovirus in spine gourd gives an alarming signal against utilization of such infected plant materials in the crop breeding and improvement programs. Using the clean virus-free vegetative propagation material is considered as one of the most important methods for controlling viral diseases. The study is highly useful for detection of the begomovirus infecting spine gourd in the detection of the virus infection in the clonally propagated planting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Venkataravanappa
- Central Horticultural Experiment Station (CHES), Chettalli, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake PO, Bengaluru, India
| | - C N Lakshminarayana Reddy
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, GKVK, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - K S Shankarappa
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, Bengaluru, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
| | - M Krishna Reddy
- Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake PO, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Kamal H, Minhas FUAA, Farooq M, Tripathi D, Hamza M, Mustafa R, Khan MZ, Mansoor S, Pappu HR, Amin I. In silico Prediction and Validations of Domains Involved in Gossypium hirsutum SnRK1 Protein Interaction With Cotton Leaf Curl Multan Betasatellite Encoded βC1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:656. [PMID: 31191577 PMCID: PMC6546731 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) caused by viruses of genus Begomovirus is a major constraint to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) production in many cotton-growing regions of the world. Symptoms of the disease are caused by Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB) that encodes a pathogenicity determinant protein, βC1. Here, we report the identification of interacting regions in βC1 protein by using computational approaches including sequence recognition, and binding site and interface prediction methods. We show the domain-level interactions based on the structural analysis of G. hirsutum SnRK1 protein and its domains with CLCuMB-βC1. To verify and validate the in silico predictions, three different experimental approaches, yeast two hybrid, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and pull down assay were used. Our results showed that ubiquitin-associated domain (UBA) and autoinhibitory sequence (AIS) domains of G. hirsutum-encoded SnRK1 are involved in CLCuMB-βC1 interaction. This is the first comprehensive investigation that combined in silico interaction prediction followed by experimental validation of interaction between CLCuMB-βC1 and a host protein. We demonstrated that data from computational biology could provide binding site information between CLCuD-associated viruses/satellites and new hosts that lack known binding site information for protein-protein interaction studies. Implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Kamal
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | | | - Muhammad Farooq
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Diwaker Tripathi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Muhammad Hamza
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Roma Mustafa
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zuhaib Khan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hanu R. Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Imran Amin
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Imran Amin,
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Biology of viral satellites and their role in pathogenesis. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 33:96-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Hesketh EL, Saunders K, Fisher C, Potze J, Stanley J, Lomonossoff GP, Ranson NA. The 3.3 Å structure of a plant geminivirus using cryo-EM. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2369. [PMID: 29915210 PMCID: PMC6006435 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are major plant pathogens that threaten food security globally. They have a unique architecture built from two incomplete icosahedral particles, fused to form a geminate capsid. However, despite their importance to agricultural economies and fundamental biological interest, the details of how this is realized in 3D remain unknown. Here we report the structure of Ageratum yellow vein virus at 3.3 Å resolution, using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy, together with an atomic model that shows that the N-terminus of the single capsid protein (CP) adopts three different conformations essential for building the interface between geminate halves. Our map also contains density for ~7 bases of single-stranded DNA bound to each CP, and we show that the interactions between the genome and CPs are different at the interface than in the rest of the capsid. With additional mutagenesis data, this suggests a central role for DNA binding-induced conformational change in directing the assembly of geminate capsids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Hesketh
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Keith Saunders
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Chloe Fisher
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Joran Potze
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - John Stanley
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - George P Lomonossoff
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Neil A Ranson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Conflon D, Granier M, Tiendrébéogo F, Gentit P, Peterschmitt M, Urbino C. Accumulation and transmission of alphasatellite, betasatellite and tomato yellow leaf curl virus in susceptible and Ty-1-resistant tomato plants. Virus Res 2018; 253:124-134. [PMID: 29908896 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae) are frequently associated with alphasatellites and betasatellites in the Old World. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, one of the most damaging begomovirus species worldwide, was recently found associated with betasatellites in the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, and in the Middle East region. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)/betasatellite associations were shown to increase TYLCV virulence in experimental conditions. The sustainability of TYLCV/satellite associations in tomato was assessed here by estimating accumulation levels of satellites in comparison to TYLCV, vector transmission efficiency, and by testing how far the popular Ty-1 resistance gene used in most TYLCV-resistant tomato cultivars in the Mediterranean Basin is effective against betasatellites. Three satellites previously isolated from okra in Burkina Faso-of the species Cotton leaf curl Gezira betasatellite, Cotton leaf curl Gezira alphasatellite and Okra leaf curl Burkina Faso alphasatellite-were shown to accumulate at levels similar to, or higher than, the helper virus TYLCV-Mld in tomato plants from 32 to 150 days post inoculation (dpi). Cotton leaf curl Gezira betasatellite (CLCuGB) reduced TYLCV-Mld accumulation whereas alphasatellites did not. Transmission tests were performed with B. tabaci from plants infected with TYLCV-Mld/CLCuGB- or TYLCV-Mld/Okra leaf curl Burkina Faso alphasatellite. At 32 dpi, both satellites were transmitted to more than 50% of TYLCV-infected test plants. Betasatellite transmission, tested further with 150 dpi source plants was successful in more than 30% of TYLCV-infected test plants. Ty-1 resistant tomato plants co-infected with TYLCV (-Mld or -IL) and CLCuGB exhibited mild leaf curling and mosaic symptoms at the early stage of infection associated with a positive effect on TYLCV-IL accumulation, while resistant plants infected with TYLCV only, were asymptomatic. Together with previous experimental studies, these results further emphasize the potential risk of betasatellites to tomato cultivation, including with Ty-1 resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Déborah Conflon
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, F-34398, Montpellier, France; BGPI, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Granier
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, F-34398, Montpellier, France; BGPI, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Fidèle Tiendrébéogo
- Laboratoire de Virologie et de Biotechnologies Végétales (LVBV), INERA, 01 BP 476, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso; Laboratoire Mixte International Patho-Bios, IRD-INERA, 01 BP 476, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Pascal Gentit
- ANSES, Plant Health Laboratory, Unité de Bactériologie, Virologie et détection des OGM, 7 rue Jean Dixméras, 49044, Angers Cedex 01, France
| | - Michel Peterschmitt
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, F-34398, Montpellier, France; BGPI, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Cica Urbino
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, F-34398, Montpellier, France; BGPI, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France.
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Kumar A, Bag MK, Singh R, Jailani AAK, Mandal B, Roy A. Natural infection of croton yellow vein mosaic virus and its cognate betasatellite in germplasm of different Crambe spp in India. Virus Res 2018; 243:60-64. [PMID: 29031475 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Crambe is an important crop grown worldwide for industrial oil and seed meal. Besides the fungal and bacterial diseases, the crop is reported to be infected by tobacco mosaic virus, beet western yellows virus and turnip mosaic virus under experimental condition. Till now, there was no report of natural infection of any begomovirus in this crop. In the present study, a leaf curl disease was observed in germplasm accessions of three species of Crambe (C. abyssinica, C. glabrata and C. hispanica). Based on the symptoms and presence of whitefly population in the field, begomovirus infection was suspected. Molecular characterization through RCA approach, indicated presence of croton yellow vein mosaic virus (CYVMV, KJ747958) and croton yellow vein mosaic betasatellite (CroYVMB, KM229762). Co-agroinoculation of partial dimeric construct of CYVMV with complete dimeric construct of CroYVMB, produced typical leaf curl symptoms in C. abyssinica, whereas, agroinoculation of partial dimeric construct of CYVMV alone could not produce symptoms in the same plant. In contrast, the CYVMV construct alone could produce symptom in Nicotiana benthamiana, a model host for plant virus studies. In N. benthamiana co-inoculation of CroYVMV with CYVMV construct develop more severe symptoms. However, neither the CYVMV construct alone nor the co-inoculation with CroYVMB produce any symptom in Arabidopsis thaliana even with different methods of inoculation. Inoculated Arabidopsis thaliana also did not yield any amplification of the virus as assessed through PCR and rolling circle amplification (RCA). Thus it confirmed that for successful infection in crambe, CYVMV requires betasatellite, while in N. benthamiana, it does not require betasatellite for symptom induction and in Arabidopsis thaliana CYVMV alone or in presence of betasatellite did not replicate and produce any symptom. This study constitutes the first confirmed record of natural infection of a begomovirus in crambe and further confirmed that cognate betasatellite of CYVMV has differential role in infectivity in different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi - 110012, India
| | - Manas Kumar Bag
- Germplasm Evaluation Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi - 110012, India
| | - Ranbir Singh
- Germplasm Evaluation Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi - 110012, India
| | - A Abdul Kader Jailani
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi - 110012, India
| | - Bikash Mandal
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi - 110012, India
| | - Anirban Roy
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi - 110012, India.
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Iqbal Z, Shafiq M, Ali I, Mansoor S, Briddon RW. Maintenance of Cotton Leaf Curl Multan Betasatellite by Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus-Analysis by Mutation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2208. [PMID: 29312431 PMCID: PMC5744040 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses of the genus Begomovirus (family Geminiviridae) are economically important phytopathogens that are transmitted plant-to-plant by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Most Old World (OW) begomoviruses are monopartite and many of these interact with symptoms and host range determining betasatellites. Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) is one of only a few OW begomoviruses with a bipartite genome (components known as DNA A and DNA B). Four genes [AV2, coat protein (CP), transcriptional-activator protein (TrAP), and AC4] of ToLCNDV were mutated and the effects of the mutations on infectivity, symptoms and the ability to maintain Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB) were investigated. Infectivity and virus/betasatellite DNA titer were assessed by Southern blot hybridization, PCR, and quantitative PCR. The results showed TrAP of ToLCNDV to be essential for maintenance of CLCuMuB and AV2 to be important only in the presence of the DNA B. AC4 was found to be important for the maintenance of CLCuMuB in the presence of, but indispensable in the absence of, the DNA B. Rather than being required for maintenance, the CP was shown to possibly interfere with maintenance of the betasatellite. The findings show that the interaction between a bipartite begomovirus and a betasatellite is more complex than just trans-replication. Clearly, multiple levels of interactions are present and such associations can cause additional significant losses to crops although the interaction may not be stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Iqbal
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Ali
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rob W. Briddon
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Akmal M, Baig MS, Khan JA. Suppression of cotton leaf curl disease symptoms in Gossypium hirsutum through over expression of host-encoded miRNAs. J Biotechnol 2017; 263:21-29. [PMID: 29017848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD), a major factor resulting in the enormous yield losses in cotton crop, is caused by a distinct monopartite begomovirus in association with Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB). Micro(mi)RNAs are known to regulate gene expression in eukaryotes, including antiviral defense in plants. In a previous study, we had computationally identified a set of cotton miRNAs, which were shown to have potential targets in the genomes of Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV) and CLCuMB at multiple loci. In the current study, effect of Gossypium arboreum-encoded miRNAs on the genome of CLCuMuV and CLCuMB was investigated in planta. Two computationally predicted cotton-encoded miRNAs (miR398 and miR2950) that showed potential to bind multiple Open Reading Frames (ORFs; C1, C4, V1, and non- coding intergenic region) of CLCuMuV, and (βC1) of CLCuMB were selected. Functional validation of miR398 and miR2950 was done by overexpression approach in G. hirsutum var. HS6. A total of ten in vitro cotton plants were generated from independent events and subjected to biological and molecular analyses. Presence of the respective Precursor (pre)-miRNA was confirmed through PCR and Southern blotting, and their expression level was assessed by semi quantitative RT-PCR, Real Time quantitative PCR and northern hybridization in the PCR-positive lines. Southern hybridization revealed 2-4 copy integration of T-DNA in the genome of the transformed lines. Remarkably, expression of pre-miRNAs was shown up to 5.8-fold higher in the transgenic (T0) lines as revealed by Real Time PCR. The virus resistance was monitored following inoculation of the transgenic cotton lines with viruliferous whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) insect vector. After inoculation, four of the transgenic lines remained apparently symptom free. While a very low titre of viral DNA could be detected by Rolling circle amplification, betasatellite responsible for symptom induction could not be detected in any of the healthy looking transgenic lines. In this study for the first time, efficacy of the host (G. arboreum)-encoded miRNAs against CLCuD symptoms was experimentally demonstrated through overexpression of miR398 and miR2950 in G. hirsutum var. HS6 plants. Computational prediction of miRNAs targeting virus genome and their subsequent implication in translational inhibition or cleavage based suppression of viral mRNA via overexpression could help in generating virus resistant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Akmal
- Plant Virus Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mirza S Baig
- Plant Virus Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Jawaid A Khan
- Plant Virus Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India.
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Venkataravanappa V, Kodandaram MH, Lakshminarayana Reddy CN, Shankarappa KS, Krishna Reddy M. Comparative transmission of Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus by two cryptic species of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). 3 Biotech 2017; 7:331. [PMID: 28955628 PMCID: PMC5603454 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaf sample from okra plants showing prominent yellow vein mosaic symptoms and healthy plant without any virus symptoms were collected from farmer's field. The presence of begomovirus in the infected sample was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the amplicons were cloned and sequenced. The genome analysis showed that the isolate in the present study had 99% nucleotide identity with Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus (BYVMV) revealing it as BYVMV variant. The genetic species of Bemisia tabaci collected from fields were identified as Asia-1 and MEAM-1 genetic species based on silver leaf assay, sequence characterized amplified region marker, and mtCOI gene sequence. The comparative virus-vector relationship of both genetic species of B. tabaci indicates a minimum of two and three B. tabaci in MEAM-1 and Asia-1 genetic species, respectively, per plant were required to transmit the disease. The minimum acquisition access period and inoculation access period of 15 (MEAM-1) and 20 min (Asia-1) were required to transmit the YVMD; it was further confirmed by nucleic acid hybridization using coat protein gene-specific probe of BYVMV. With respect to the sex, the female B. tabaci were more efficient in transmitting the disease as compared to male ones in both the genetic species of B. tabaci. The MEAM-1 to transmit the BYVMV more efficiently than Asia-1 genetic species of B. tabaci.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Venkataravanappa
- Division of Plant Pathology, Central Horticultural Experimental Station, ICAR-Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake PO, Chettalli, Bangalore, 571248 India
| | - M. H. Kodandaram
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, 221305 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - C. N. Lakshminarayana Reddy
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Sericulture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Chintamani, Bangalore, 563125 Karnataka India
| | - K. S. Shankarappa
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Bengaluru, 560065 Karnataka India
| | - M. Krishna Reddy
- Division of Plant Pathology, Plant Virology Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake PO, Bangalore, 560089 Karnataka India
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Zubair M, Zaidi SSEA, Shakir S, Amin I, Mansoor S. An Insight into Cotton Leaf Curl Multan Betasatellite, the Most Important Component of Cotton Leaf Curl Disease Complex. Viruses 2017; 9:E280. [PMID: 28961220 PMCID: PMC5691632 DOI: 10.3390/v9100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is one of the most economically important diseases and is a constraint to cotton production in major producers, Pakistan and India. CLCuD is caused by monopartite plant viruses belonging to the family Geminiviridae (genus Begomovirus), in association with an essential, disease-specific satellite, Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB) belonging to a newly-established family Tolecusatellitidae (genus Betasatellite). CLCuMuB has a small genome (ca. 1350 nt) with a satellite conserved region, an adenine-rich region and a single gene that encodes for a multifunctional βC1 protein. CLCuMuB βC1 protein has a major role in pathogenicity and symptom determination, and alters several host cellular functions like autophagy, ubiquitination, and suppression of gene silencing, to assist CLCuD infectivity. Efficient trans-replication ability of CLCuMuB with several monopartite and bipartite begomoviruses, is also associated with the rapid evolution and spread of CLCuMuB. In this article we comprehensively reviewed the role of CLCuMuB in CLCuD, focusing on the βC1 functions and its interactions with host proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zubair
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan.
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, 45650 Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Shan-E-Ali Zaidi
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan.
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, 45650 Islamabad, Pakistan.
- AgroBioChem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Sara Shakir
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan.
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Imran Amin
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Ramesh SV, Sahu PP, Prasad M, Praveen S, Pappu HR. Geminiviruses and Plant Hosts: A Closer Examination of the Molecular Arms Race. Viruses 2017; 9:E256. [PMID: 28914771 PMCID: PMC5618022 DOI: 10.3390/v9090256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are plant-infecting viruses characterized by a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genome. Geminivirus-derived proteins are multifunctional and effective regulators in modulating the host cellular processes resulting in successful infection. Virus-host interactions result in changes in host gene expression patterns, reprogram plant signaling controls, disrupt central cellular metabolic pathways, impair plant's defense system, and effectively evade RNA silencing response leading to host susceptibility. This review summarizes what is known about the cellular processes in the continuing tug of war between geminiviruses and their plant hosts at the molecular level. In addition, implications for engineered resistance to geminivirus infection in the context of a greater understanding of the molecular processes are also discussed. Finally, the prospect of employing geminivirus-based vectors in plant genome engineering and the emergence of powerful genome editing tools to confer geminivirus resistance are highlighted to complete the perspective on geminivirus-plant molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunmugiah V Ramesh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soybean Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Indore 452001, India.
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA.
| | - Pranav P Sahu
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi110067, India.
| | - Manoj Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi110067, India.
| | - Shelly Praveen
- Division of Plant Pathology, Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Hanu R Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA.
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Rahman MU, Khan AQ, Rahmat Z, Iqbal MA, Zafar Y. Genetics and Genomics of Cotton Leaf Curl Disease, Its Viral Causal Agents and Whitefly Vector: A Way Forward to Sustain Cotton Fiber Security. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1157. [PMID: 28725230 PMCID: PMC5495822 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) after its first epidemic in 1912 in Nigeria, has spread to different cotton growing countries including United States, Pakistan, India, and China. The disease is of viral origin-transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, which is difficult to control because of the prevalence of multiple virulent viral strains or related species. The problem is further complicated as the CLCuD causing virus complex has a higher recombination rate. The availability of alternate host crops like tomato, okra, etc., and practicing mixed type farming system have further exaggerated the situation by adding synergy to the evolution of new viral strains and vectors. Efforts to control this disease using host plant resistance remained successful using two gene based-resistance that was broken by the evolution of new resistance breaking strain called Burewala virus. Development of transgenic cotton using both pathogen and non-pathogenic derived approaches are in progress. In future, screening for new forms of host resistance, use of DNA markers for the rapid incorporation of resistance into adapted cultivars overlaid with transgenics and using genome editing by CRISPR/Cas system would be instrumental in adding multiple layers of defense to control the disease-thus cotton fiber production will be sustained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehboob-ur- Rahman
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Q. Khan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zainab Rahmat
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A. Iqbal
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yusuf Zafar
- Pakistan Agricultural Research CouncilIslamabad, Pakistan
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Mar TB, Mendes IR, Lau D, Fiallo-Olivé E, Navas-Castillo J, Alves MS, Murilo Zerbini F. Interaction between the New World begomovirus Euphorbia yellow mosaic virus and its associated alphasatellite: effects on infection and transmission by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1552-1562. [PMID: 28590236 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of Old World monopartite begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae) are associated with satellite DNAs. Alphasatellites are capable of autonomous replication, but depend on the helper virus for movement, encapsidation and transmission by the insect vector. Recently, Euphorbia yellow mosaic alphasatellite (EuYMA) was found in association with Euphorbia yellow mosaic virus (EuYMV) infecting Euphorbia heterophylla plants in Brazil. The geographical range of EuYMA was assessed in a representative sampling of E. heterophylla plants collected in several states of Brazil from 2009 to 2014. Infectious clones were generated and used to assess the phenotype of viral infection in the presence or absence of the alphasatellite in tomato, E. heterophylla, Nicotiana benthamiana, Arabidopsis thaliana and Crotalaria juncea. Phenotypic differences of EuYMV infection in the presence or absence of EuYMA were observed in A. thaliana, N. benthamiana and E. heterophylla. Symptoms were more severe when EuYMV was inoculated in combination with EuYMA in N. benthamiana and E. heterophylla, and the presence of the alphasatellite was determinant for symptom development in A. thaliana. Quantification of EuYMV and EuYMA indicated that EuYMA affects the accumulation of EuYMV during infection on a host-dependent basis. Transmission assays indicated that EuYMA negatively affects the transmission of EuYMV by Bemisia tabaci MEAM1. Together, these results indicate that EuYMA is capable of modulating symptoms, viral accumulation and whitefly transmission of EuYMV, potentially interfering with virus dissemination in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Bernardon Mar
- Dep de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.,National Research Institute for Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Igor Rodrigues Mendes
- Dep de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.,National Research Institute for Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Douglas Lau
- Embrapa Trigo, Rodovia BR-285, CP 3081, Passo Fundo, RS, 99001-970, Brazil
| | - Elvira Fiallo-Olivé
- National Research Institute for Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.,Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ''La Mayora'', Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental ''La Mayora'', 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- National Research Institute for Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.,Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ''La Mayora'', Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental ''La Mayora'', 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Murilo Siqueira Alves
- Dep de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.,National Research Institute for Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - F Murilo Zerbini
- Dep de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.,National Research Institute for Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
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48
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Survey, symptomatology, transmission, host range and characterization of begomovirus associated with yellow mosaic disease of ridge gourd in southern India. Virusdisease 2017; 28:146-155. [PMID: 28770240 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-017-0376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ridge gourd is an important vegetable crop and is affected by several biotic and abiotic factors. Among the different biotic factors, ridge gourd yellow mosaic disease (RgYMD) is new emerging threat for the production of ridge gourd. The incidence of the RgYMD varied from 30 to 100% in southern India with highest disease incidence of 100% observed in Belagavi district of Karnataka state. The infected plants showed chlorosis, mosaic, cupping of leaves, blistering, reduction in leaf size and stunted growth. The varieties/hybrids grown in the farmer's fields were found to be susceptible to the disease. Begomovirus was detected in 61 out 64 samples collected from different areas of southern India. Further, all the samples failed to give amplification for beta and alpha satellites. The transmission studies revealed that single whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is enough to transmit the virus, however, 100% transmission was observed with 10 whiteflies. The minimum acquisition access period and inoculation access period for transmission of virus by whitefly was 15 min. Among the 56 host plants belonging to diversified families tested for host range, sponge gourd, ash gourd, bottle gourd, pumpkin, cucumber, summer squash, cluster bean, tobacco and datura were shown to be susceptible. Seventy six varieties/hybrids evaluated for identifying the resistance source for RgYMD, all were found highly susceptible. Sequence analysis of DNA-A revealed that the causal virus shared highest nucleotide sequence identity (92.3%) with Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) infecting sponge gourd from northern India. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of both DNA-A and DNA-B components showed that the begomovirus associated with RgYMD is found to be strain of ToLCNDV. This is first report of ToLCNDV association with RgYMD from southern India.
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Tang YF, He ZF, Brown JK, She XM, Lan GB. Molecular characterization of a novel bipartite begomovirus isolated from Lycianthes biflora in China. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2473-2476. [PMID: 28444537 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A bipartite begomovirus isolate GD was isolated from Lycianthes biflora plants showing yellow mosaic symptoms in Nanxiong, Guangdong Province, China. The apparently full-length DNA-A and DNA-B viral components were cloned after enrichment of circular DNA by rolling circle amplification, restriction digestion, cloning, and DNA sequencing. The DNA-A component (2752nt, KT582302) shares highest (80.2%) nucleotide (nt) sequence identity with tomato leaf curl Sulawesi virus [Indonesia-Sulawesi-Langowan F101-2006] (ToLCSuV- [ID-Sul -LanF09-06], FJ237618), reported in Indonesia as causing yellow leaf curl disease of chilli pepper. The DNA-B component (2704nt, KT582303) shares highest (76.3%) nt sequence identity with pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus-[Indonesia-tomato2-2005] (PepYLCIV-[ID-Tom2-05 AB213599) reported in Indonesia, and associated with yellow leaf curl disease in tomato. Based on the ICTV guidelines for begomoviral species demarcation, the virus is a new, previously undescribed bipartite begomovirus species for which the name "Lycianthes yellow mosaic virus" is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Tang
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Z F He
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - J K Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - X M She
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - G B Lan
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Mishra GP, Singh B, Seth T, Singh AK, Halder J, Krishnan N, Tiwari SK, Singh PM. Biotechnological Advancements and Begomovirus Management in Okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L.): Status and Perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:360. [PMID: 28367155 PMCID: PMC5355441 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of okra, as one of the important vegetable crop, very little attention has been paid to its genetic improvement using advanced biotechnological tools. The exploitation of marker assisted breeding in okra is often limited due to the availability of a few molecular markers, the absence of molecular genetic-map(s), and other molecular tools. Chromosome linkage-groups were not yet constructed for this crop and reports on marker development are very scanty and mostly hovering around cultivar characterization. Besides, very little progress has been observed for transgenic development. However, high throughput biotechnological tools like chromosome engineering, RNA interference (RNAi), marker-assisted recurrent selection (MARS), genome-wide selection (GWS), targeted gene replacement, next generation sequencing (NGS), and nanobiotechnology can provide a rapid way for okra improvement. Further, the etiology of many deadly viral diseases like the yellow vein mosaic virus (YVMV) and okra enation leaf curl virus (OELCV) in okra is broadly indistinct and has been shown to be caused by various begomovirus species. These diseases cause systemic infections and have a very effective mode of transmission; thus, preventing their spread has been very complicated. Biotechnological interventions have the potential to enhance okra production even under different viral-stress conditions. In this background, this review deals with the biotechnological advancements in okra per se along with the begomoviruses infecting okra, and special emphasis has been laid on the exploitation of advanced genomic tools for the development of resistant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyan P. Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable ResearchVaranasi, India
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