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Cardon T, Hervé F, Delcourt V, Roucou X, Salzet M, Franck J, Fournier I. Optimized Sample Preparation Workflow for Improved Identification of Ghost Proteins. Anal Chem 2019; 92:1122-1129. [PMID: 31829555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Large scale proteomic strategies rely on database interrogation. Thus, only referenced proteins can be identified. Recently, Alternative Proteins (AltProts) translated from nonannotated Alternative Open reading frame (AltORFs) were discovered using customized databases. Because of their small size which confers them peptide-like physicochemical properties, they are more difficult to detect using standard proteomics strategies. In this study, we tested different preparation workflows for improving the identification of AltProts in NCH82 human glioma cell line. The highest number of identified AltProts was achieved with RIPA buffer or boiling water extraction followed by acetic acid precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Cardon
- Inserm, U1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM) , Université de Lille , F-59000 Lille , France
| | - Flore Hervé
- Inserm, U1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM) , Université de Lille , F-59000 Lille , France
| | - Vivian Delcourt
- Inserm, U1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM) , Université de Lille , F-59000 Lille , France.,Department of Biochemistry , Université de Sherbrooke , Quebec , Sherbrooke , Canada
| | - Xavier Roucou
- Inserm, U1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM) , Université de Lille , F-59000 Lille , France.,Department of Biochemistry , Université de Sherbrooke , Quebec , Sherbrooke , Canada
| | - Michel Salzet
- Inserm, U1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM) , Université de Lille , F-59000 Lille , France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) , Paris , France
| | - Julien Franck
- Inserm, U1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM) , Université de Lille , F-59000 Lille , France
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- Inserm, U1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM) , Université de Lille , F-59000 Lille , France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) , Paris , France
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2
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Hummon AB, Amare A, Sweedler JV. Discovering new invertebrate neuropeptides using mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2006; 25:77-98. [PMID: 15937922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are a complex set of messenger molecules controlling a wide array of regulatory functions and behaviors within an organism. These neuromodulators are cleaved from longer protein molecules and often experience numerous post-translational modifications to achieve their bioactive form. As a result of this complexity, sensitive and versatile analysis schemes are needed to characterize neuropeptides. Mass spectrometry (MS) through a variety of approaches has fueled the discovery of hundreds of neuropeptides in invertebrate species in the last decade. Particularly successful are direct tissue and single neuron analyses by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MS, which has been used to elucidate approximately 440 neuropeptides, and examination of neuronal homogenates by electrospray ionization techniques (ESI), also leading to the characterization of over 450 peptides. Additional MS methods with great promise for the discovery of neuropeptides are MS imaging and large-scale peptidomics studies in combination with a sequenced genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Hummon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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3
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Satou R, Nakagawa T, Ido H, Tomomatsu M, Suzuki F, Nakamura Y. Angiotensin III as well as angiotensin II regulates water flow through aquaporins in a clam worm. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2005; 69:1221-5. [PMID: 16041122 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.69.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin III has been reported to exist in various animals and tissues. The physiological role, however, is still unclear except that brain angiotensin III is a central regulator of vasopressin release. In this study, angiotensin III as well as angiotensin II enhanced an increase in body weight of clam worms of Perinereis sp. under a hypo-osmotic condition and suppressed a decrease in body weight under a hyper-osmotic condition. When clam worms were treated with tetrachloroaurate (III) after angiotensin-treatment, these enhancing and suppressive effects of the angiotensins under hypo- and hyper-osmotic conditions were inhibited. In contrast, when clam worms were pretreated with tetrachloroaurate (III) before angiotensin-treatment, these effects of angiotensins were not inhibited. Since tetrachloroaurate (III) is a representative blocker of aquaporins, these results indicate that angiotensin III as well as angiotensin II regulates water flow through aquaporins in clam worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryousuke Satou
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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4
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Satou R, Nakagawa T, Ido H, Tomomatsu M, Suzuki F, Nakamura Y. Angiotensin II and III upregulate body fluid volume of the clam worm Perinereis sp. via angiotensin II receptors in different manners. Peptides 2005; 26:2452-7. [PMID: 15993982 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Revised: 05/13/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin III (Ang III) as well as angiotensin II (Ang II) suppressed body weight loss of the clam worm Perinereis sp. under a hyper-osmotic condition, and enhanced body weight gain under a hypo-osmotic condition. Under a drying condition where the water inflow from outside the body was eliminated, Ang II suppressed body weight loss, but Ang III did not. Under these conditions, angiotensins I, IV, and (1-7) had no effect, and saralasin blocked the effects of Ang II and Ang III. It is concluded that Ang II and Ang III upregulate body fluid volume of the clam worm via Ang II receptors in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryousuke Satou
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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5
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Rankin JC, Watanabe TX, Nakajima K, Broadhead C, Takei Y. Identification of angiotensin I in a cyclostome, Lampetra fluviatilis. Zoolog Sci 2004; 21:173-9. [PMID: 14993829 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.21.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin I (ANG I) was isolated from incubates of plasma and kidney extracts of the river lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis, using eel vasopressor activity as an assay during purification. Its sequence was Asn-Arg-Val-Tyr-Val-His-Pro-Phe-Thr-Leu as determined by the sequence analysis and mass spectrometry. The sequence was confirmed by identity of the elution profile with the synthetic peptide in two different reverse-phase columns of high-performance liquid chromatography. Lamprey ANG I produced dorsal-aortic pressor responses in L. fluviatilis but the rise was very small in comparison to that produced by angiotensin II. Angiotensin III produced an even bigger increase. It was not possible to demonstrate a difference in response to Asn(1) (lamprey) ANG I and Asp(1) (human) ANG I. The present study directly demonstrated the presence and biological activity of the renin-angiotensin system in the most primitive extant vertebrates, the cyclostomes. Thus the renin-angiotensin system is a phylogenetically old hormonal system that is present throughout the vertebrates.
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Macours N, Poels J, Hens K, Francis C, Huybrechts R. Structure, evolutionary conservation, and functions of angiotensin- and endothelin-converting enzymes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2004; 239:47-97. [PMID: 15464852 PMCID: PMC7126198 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(04)39002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme, a member of the M2 metalloprotease family, and endothelin-converting enzyme, a member of the M13 family, are key components in the regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte balance in mammals. From this point of view, they serve as important drug targets. Recently, the involvement of these enzymes in the development of Alzheimer's disease was discovered. The existence of homologs of these enzymes in invertebrates indicates that these enzyme systems are highly conserved during evolution. Most invertebrates lack a closed circulatory system, which excludes the need for blood pressure regulators. Therefore, these organisms represent excellent targets for gaining new insights and revealing additional physiological roles of these important enzymes. This chapter reviews the structural and functional aspects of ACE and ECE and will particularly focus on these enzyme homologues in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Macours
- Laboratory for Developmental Physiology, Genomics and Proteomics, Katholieke Universteit Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Schnizler M, Krumm S, Clauss W. Annelid epithelia as models for electrogenic Na+ transport. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1566:84-91. [PMID: 12421540 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(02)00588-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The electrogenic Na(+) absorption across tight epithelia from invertebrates follows the principles analog to the mechanisms found in vertebrates. Extracellular Na(+)-ions pass the apical cell membranes through highly selective Na(+) channels and follow an electrochemical gradient which is sustained by the basolateral Na(+)/K(+)-ATPases. These apical Na(+) channels are selectively blocked by amiloride and represent the rate-limiting target for the control of transcellular Na(+) uptake. Although annelids express ADH-like peptide hormones, they lack the osmoregulatory mineralocorticoid system with the vertebrate-specific key hormone aldosterone. Thus, their epithelia may represent interesting models for investigation of ion transport regulation. While the formation of urine in the nephridia of, for example, leeches had been subject to intensive studies, the investigation of ion transport across their body wall was largely neglected. We use dissected segments of integuments from the limnic leech Hirudo medicinalis and, recently, from the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris for Ussing chamber experiments. We investigate transintegumental ion transport with focus on control of electrogenic Na(+) uptake and the amiloride-sensitive part of it and identified several extracellular factors as peptide hormones, tri- and divalent cations or purinergic molecules with regulatory effects on it. Meanwhile, there exists a macroscopic view on Na(+) absorption; however, other ion transport mechanisms across annelid integuments still await scientific effort. Here we present a concise synopsis about the electrophysiology of annelid integuments to illustrate the state of science and to evaluate whether further studies in this particular field may be of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Schnizler
- Institut für Tierphysiologie der Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Wartweg 95, Giessen, Germany.
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8
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Salzet M, Verger-Bocquet M. Elements of angiotensin system are involved in leeches and mollusks immune response modulation. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 94:137-47. [PMID: 11597774 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(01)00229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present immunocytochemical, biochemical and cellular evidences for the presence of a renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in coelomocytes of invertebrates (leech, Theromyzon tessulatum and mollusk Mytilus edulis). Leech coelomocytes are immunoreactive to polyclonal antisera raised against the T. tessulatum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and leech brain angiotensin II (AII) and a commercial anti-AT1 receptor. Biochemically, renin, ACE- and AT1-like receptor were identified in the leech immune cells. We further demonstrate that leech AII (10(-6) M) alone does not initiate nitric oxide (NO) release in invertebrate immunocytes but does only after pre-exposing the cells to IL-1 (15.9+/-2.6 nM; P<0.005 vs. 1.1 nM when AII is added alone). Similar results were obtained with human leukocytes (14.5+/-2.7 nM; P<0.005 IL-1+AII vs. 0.9 nM when AII is added alone). Then, an immunocytochemical study performed at the structural and ultrastructural levels confirmed the presence in same immune cells all the molecules of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in leeches as epitopes to IL-1-like protein and IL-1-like receptor. This is the first report in invertebrates and of a co-action between cytokines like substances and neuropeptides in an immune process and the involvement of the RAS in modulation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salzet
- Laboratoire de Neuroimmunologie des Annélides, ESA CNRS 8017, SN3, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Cedex, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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Salzet M, Deloffre L, Breton C, Vieau D, Schoofs L. The angiotensin system elements in invertebrates. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 2001; 36:35-45. [PMID: 11516771 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(01)00063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the different components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in invertebrates are discussed. This system is implicated in osmoregulation, reproduction, memory processes and immune system regulation. As the elements of this hormone-enzymatic system also exist in invertebrates, it appears that the RAS originated very early in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salzet
- Laboratoire d'Endocrinologie des Annélides, UPRES-A 8017 CNRS, SN3, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille, F-59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
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10
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Takei Y. Does the natriuretic peptide system exist throughout the animal and plant kingdom? Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 129:559-73. [PMID: 11399492 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(01)00366-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Natriuretic peptides (NPs) and their receptors have been identified in vertebrate species ranging from elasmobranchs to mammals. Atrial, brain and ventricular NP (ANP, BNP and VNP) are endocrine hormones secreted from the heart, while C-type NP (CNP) is principally a paracrine factor in the brain and periphery. In elasmobranchs, only CNP is present in the heart and brain and it functions as a circulating hormone as well as a paracrine factor. Four types of NP receptors are cloned in vertebrates. NPR-A and NPR-B are guanylyl cyclase-coupled receptors, whereas NPR-C and NPR-D have only a short cytoplasmic domain. NPs are hormones important for volume regulation in mammals, while they act more specifically for Na(+) regulation in fishes. The presence of NP and its receptor has also been suggested in the most primitive vertebrate group, cyclostomes, and its molecular identification is in progress. The presence of ANP or its mRNA has been reported in the hearts and ganglia of various invertebrate species such as mollusks and arthropods using either antisera raised against mammalian ANP or rat ANP cDNA as probes. Immunoreactive ANP has also been detected in the unicellular Paramecium and in various species of plants including Metasequoia. Furthermore, the N-terminal prosegments of ANP, whose sequences are scarcely conserved even in vertebrates, have also been detected by the radioimmunoassay for human ANP prosegments in all invertebrate and plant species examined including Paramecium. Although these data are highly attractive, the current evidence is too circumstantial to be convincing that the immunoreactivity truly originates from ANP and its prosegments in such diverse organisms. The caution that has to be exercised in identification of vertebrate hormones from phylogenetically distant organisms is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Takei
- Division of Physiology, Department of Marine Bioscience, Ocean Research Institute, the University of Tokyo, 1-15-1 Minamidai, Nakano, 164-8639, Tokyo, Japan.
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11
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Milde H, Weber WM, Salzet M, Clauss W. Regulation of Na(+) transport across leech skin by peptide hormones and neurotransmitters. J Exp Biol 2001; 204:1509-17. [PMID: 11273812 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.204.8.1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An increase in intracellular cyclic AMP concentration stimulates transepithelial Na(+) transport across the skin of the leech Hirudo medicinalis, but it is unclear how cytosolic cyclic AMP levels are elevated in vivo. In search of this external stimulus, we performed Ussing chamber experiments to test several peptide hormones and neurotransmitters for their effect on Na(+) transport across leech dorsal integument. Although all the peptide hormones under investigation significantly affected ion transport across leech integument, none of them mimicked the effect of an experimental rise in intracellular cyclic AMP level. The invertebrate peptides conopressin and angiotensin II amide inhibited short-circuit-current- (I(sc)) and amiloride-sensitive Na(+) transport (I(amil)), although to slightly different degrees. The vertebrate peptide hormones 8-arginine-vasopressin and 8-lysine-vasopressin both produced an inhibition of I(amil) comparable with that caused by angiotensin II amide. However, 8-lysine-vasopressin reduced I(sc), whereas 8-arginine-vasopressin induced a moderate increase in I(sc). The neurotransmitter dopamine, which occurs in the leech central nervous system in relatively large amounts, and its precursor l-dopamine both induced large decreases in I(sc) and I(amil). However, the reactions evoked by the catecholamines showed no pronounced similarity to the effects of intracellular cyclic AMP. Two other neurotransmitters known to occur in leeches, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) and gamma-n-aminobutyric acid (GABA), had no influence on transepithelial ion transport in leech skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Milde
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Wartweg 95, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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12
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Abstract
In vertebrates the neuroendocrine system is based on chemical signaling between neural and endocrine structures. Final outcomes may be realized via chemical messengers traveling through circulatory conduits to their specific target sites. This process may rely, in part, on neurosecretion of the signaling molecules. The complexity of this system can be readily visualized when one considers the way in which interactions among classical neurotransmitters, cytokines, growth factors, and neuroendocrine hormones, in combination with autocrine and paracrine communication, can regulate cells and tissues. Apart from the neuroendocrine system there is also neuroimmune communication, consisting of reciprocal signaling between neuroendocrine and immune cells, which use the same molecules to coordinate their activity. Thus, our concept of the neuroendocrine system is constantly growing, despite its complexity, but it may be simply summarized as allowing bidirectional communication between neural and endocrine structures over distances greater than that achieved by synaptic communication. In the light of this, I demonstrate in this review that annelids, which are considered "simple" animals, also possess a neuroendocrine system.
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Delorenzi A, Dimant B, Frenkel L, Nahmod VE, Nässel DR, Maldonado H. High environmental salinity induces memory enhancement and increases levels of brain angiotensin-like peptides in the crab Chasmagnathus granulatus. J Exp Biol 2000; 203:3369-79. [PMID: 11044376 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.203.22.3369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous work on the brackish-water crab Chasmagnathus granulatus demonstrated that an endogenous peptide similar to angiotensin II plays a significant role in enhancing long-term memory that involves an association between context and an iterative danger stimulus (context-signal memory). The present results show that this memory enhancement could be produced by moving crabs from brackish water to sea water (33.0%) and keeping them there for at least 4 days. The possibility that such a facilitatory effect is due to osmotic stress is ruled out. Coincidentally, the level of angiotensin-II-like peptides in crab brain, measured by radioimmunoassay, increases with the length of exposure to sea water, reaching a significantly different level at the fourth day. The presence of angiotensin-II-like immunoreactive material in neural structures of the supraoesophageal and eyestalk ganglia was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis. The results are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that exposure to water of high salinity is an external cue triggering a process mediated by angiotensins that leads to enhanced memory in these crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Delorenzi
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Depto Biología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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14
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Laurent V, Salzet B, Verger-Bocquet M, Bernet F, Salzet M. Morphine-like substance in leech ganglia. Evidence and immune modulation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:2354-61. [PMID: 10759861 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Binding experiments followed by measurement of nitric oxide release revealed an opiate alkaloid high affinity receptor with no affinity to opioids, representing a new mu-subtype receptor in the brain of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum. In addition, evidence of morphine-like substances was found in immunocytochemical studies and HPLC coupled to electrochemical detection (500 mV and 0.02 Hz). Based on previous evidence of the involvement of morphine as an immune response inhibitor, we demonstrate that in leech ganglia injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; a potent immunostimulatory agent derived from bacteria) provoked an increase in the level of ganglionic morphine-like substances after a prolonged latency period of 24 h (from 2.4 +/- 1.1 pmol per ganglion to 78 +/- 12.3 pmol per ganglion; P < 0.005; LPS injected 1 microg x mL-1); this effect is both concentration- and time-dependent. Finally, we have demonstrated that morphine, after binding to its own receptor, inhibits leech immunocyte activation through adenylate cyclase inhibition and nitric oxide release. This report confirms that morphine is an evolutionarily stable potent immunomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Laurent
- Laboratoire d'Endocrinologie des annélides, UPRESA 8017 CNRS, SN3, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille, France
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Tomsic D, Romano A, Maldonado H. Behavioral and mechanistic bases of long-term habituation in the crab Chasmagnathus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 446:17-35. [PMID: 10079835 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4869-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Tomsic
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Depto Biología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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16
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Stefano GB, Salzet-Raveillon B, Salzet M. Mytilus edulis hemolymph contains pro-opiomelanocortin: LPS and morphine stimulate differential processing. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1999; 63:340-50. [PMID: 9878818 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(98)00252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mytilus edulis hemolymph contains mammalian-like proopiomelanocortin (POMC). The 20 kDa protein was purified by high pressure gel permeation chromatography, anti-adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-affinity column and reverse-phase HPLC. The amino acid sequence determination was by Edman degradation, enzymatic treatments and Western blot analysis. Of the six peptides found in this opioid precursor, methionine-enkephalin, gamma-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), alpha-MSH and ACTH exhibited 100, 80, 85 and 74% sequence identity, respectively, with the mammalian counterparts. beta-Endorphin and gamma-LPH exhibited only 25 and 10% sequence identity. Dibasic amino acid residues were found at the C-terminus of MSH and ACTH, indicating cleavage sites. The alpha-MSH is flanked at the C-terminus by Gly-Lys-Lys, representing an amidation signal. ACTH and CLIP (80% sequence identity) are also C-terminally flanked by dibasic amino acid residues. Furthermore, morphine, in a dose-dependent manner, increased the hemolymph levels of alpha-MSH and ACTH (1-39) in a naloxone and phosphoramidon antagonizable manner, indicating a neutral endopeptidase (24.11; NEP) mediated cleavage. Lipopolysaccharide (10 microg/animal) stimulated the processing of ACTH (1-39) yielding ACTH (1-24) in a cleavage that is independent of NEP, but dependent on aspartyl proteases, demonstrating differential enzymatic cleavage of ACTH (1-39). Taken together, POMC is present in invertebrates and its processing can be altered depending on the signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Stefano
- Multidisciplinary Center for the study of Aging, Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York, College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568-0210, USA
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Salzet B, Stefano GB, Verger-Bocquet M, Salzet M. Putative leech dopamine1-like receptor molecular characterization: sequence homologies between dopamine and serotonin leech CNS receptors explain pharmacological cross-reactivities. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1998; 58:47-58. [PMID: 9685582 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(98)00103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical characterization of a serotonin (5HT) receptor and the cloning of a dopamine (DA) receptor in the central nervous system (CNS) of the leech, Theromyzon tessulatum, is presented. Additionally, DA and 5HT binding sites were examined in the CNS by Scatchard analysis which showed a single, relatively high-affinity binding site with a Kd 1.1 nM and a Bmax 126+18 fmol/mg protein for [3H]DA and a Kd 2.1 nM and a Bmax 225 fmol/mg protein for [3H]5HT. The first 88 amino acids of the 5HT receptor, isolated by a 5HT-affinity column followed by anion exchange chromatography and C3 reverse-phase HPLC exhibited a 43% sequence homology with Lymnaea stagnalis 5HT-receptor. The isolated DA receptor revealed a single protein of 45 kDa with an anti-D1-R in Western blot. The first 80 N-terminal amino acid residues and a trypsin digested fragment of 31 residues were obtained, and based on these sequencing data, a molecular biology strategy using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, was developed. An amplified 1-kb segment was obtained. The complete deduced sequence of 416 amino acid residues exhibited about 30.6% sequence homology with the vertebrate D1 receptor family. Moreover, we further demonstrate that the leech 5HT and DA receptors also exhibit 30% sequence identity with each other, explaining their pharmacological cross-reactivity. Finally, anti-D1-R immunocytochemistry revealed positive structures in the peripheral and central nervous system, e.g., neurons, sensory fibers and immune cells. This is the first biochemical and molecular characterization of a DA receptor in leeches.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Chromatography, Affinity
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Chromatography, Ion Exchange
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cross Reactions
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Drosophila melanogaster
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Leeches
- Lymnaea
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nervous System/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/chemistry
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, Serotonin/chemistry
- Receptors, Serotonin/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
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Affiliation(s)
- B Salzet
- Centre de Biologie Cellulaire, Laboratoire d'Endocrinologie des Annélides, Groupe de Neuroimmunitè des Hirudinèes, SN3, Universitè des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cédex, France
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18
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Salzet M, Salzet B, Sáutière P, Lésage J, Beauvillain JC, Bilfinger TV, Rialas C, Bjenning C, Stefano GB. Isolation and characterization of a leech neuropeptide in rat brains: coupling to nitric oxide release in leech, rat and human tissues. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1998; 55:173-9. [PMID: 9645973 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(97)00156-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The osmoregulator peptide (leech osmoregulatory factor, LORF; IPEPYVWD) was first found in the leech central nervous system (CNS). Given the fact that certain peptides can be found in mammals and invertebrates, e.g., opioid, we examined rat brains to determine if LORF was present. This peptide was found and isolated by successive reversed-phase HPLC purification steps and characterized by electrospray mass spectrometry measurement. It was sequenced by Edman degradation and quantified in different tissues by ELISA. Our results demonstrate the presence of LORF in the hypothalamus, thalamus, and striatum (6 pmol/mg of protein extract) and in other brain areas at lower levels. This octapeptide is also present in the rat duodenum and liver (10 to 14 pmol/mg) and at lower levels in heart, lung, pancreas and caudal spinal cord (< 5 pmol/mg). The testes, adrenals and kidneys have the lowest levels of all the tissues examined (ca. 0.5 pmol/mg of protein). Furthermore, we also demonstrate that LORF is coupled to nitric oxide (NO) release in leech CNS, rat hypothalamus and human saphenous vein in a manner which is inhibited by a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor as well as an antibody directed toward LORF. The study demonstrates that LORF, and its function in relation to NO release, has been conserved over more than 400 million years of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salzet
- Centre de Biologie Cellulaire, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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19
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Salzet M, Verger-Bocquet M, Vandenbulcke F, Van Minnen J. Leech egg-laying-like hormone: structure, neuronal distribution and phylogeny. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1997; 49:211-21. [PMID: 9387880 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(97)00145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cells immunoreactive to antisera specifically directed against Lymnaea stagnalis caudo dorsal cells egg-laying hormone (CDCH) or against alpha- and beta-peptides (CDCP), encoded on the egg-laying hormone precursor, were detected in central nervous system (CNS) of the rhynchobdellid leech Theromyzon tessulatum. A co-localization of the CDC-like hormone and CDC-like peptides was found in T. tessulatum as in L. stagnalis CNS. approximately 45 immunoreactive cells to the anti-CDCH were detected in leech brain but this number varies according to the stage of the animal life cycle, i.e. it reaches a maximum just before egg-laying while after it decreases to 2-3 cells. CDCH and alpha-CDCP epitopes recognized by anti-CDCH and anti-alpha-CDCP were contained in neurosecretory granules. Following an extensive purification, including HPGPC and reverse-phase HPLC, the CDC-like hormone contained in the T. tessulatum CNA was isolated. The sequence (GSGVSNGGTEMIQLSHIRERQRYWAQDNLRRRFLEK-amide) was established by a combination of automated Edman degradation, arginyl-endopeptidase digestion, electrospray mass spectrometry measurement and carboxypeptidase A treatment. The results demonstrate that the peptide recognized by the anti-CDCH in the leech CNS possesses 27.8, 37.2 and 47.2% sequence identity with Aplysia parvula, Lymnaea stagnalis and Aplysia californica ELH, respectively. This molecule was named the leech egg-laying-like hormone (L-ELH). The secondary structure prediction of the L-ELH and all mollusks ELH, revealed the existence of a conserved segment (segment 29-34) in a strong helicoidal bend that might be important for receptor recognition and/or activation. This finding constitutes the first biochemical characterization of an egg-laying hormone in other invertebrates than mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salzet
- Centre de Biologie Cellulaire, Laboratoire de Phylogénie Moléculaire des Annélides, EA DRED 1027, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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20
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Abstract
We report on the biochemical isolation and characterization of a 32 kDa aspartyl protease from the leech Theromyzon tessulatum. Following a three step purification (gel permeation chromatography, pepstatin A-sepharose affinity column separation followed by reversed-phase HPLC) a renin-like enzyme was purified to homogeneity. The first 124 amino acid residues of the N-terminal part of the purified S-pyridylethylated leech renin exhibits a 26.5-35.5% sequence identity with that of mammals. The 20-81 region of leech renin exhibits a 80% sequence homology with the 175-232 region in mammals. This highly conserved region, which is also found in all aspartic proteases, possesses the aspartyl catalytic residue (D11TGSS). Leech renin hydrolyses at neutral pH and at 37 degrees C the Leu10-Leu11 bond of synthetic porcine angiotensinogen tetradecapeptide yielding the angiotensin I and the Leu11-Val12-Tyr13-Ser14 peptides, with a specific activity of 115 microg AI/min/mg (K[M] 22 microM; K[cat], 2.7). This hydrolysis is inhibited by pepstatin A (IC50: 4.6 microM). Moreover, this enzyme is found on a multiple hormone precursor of 19 kDa which exhibits a specific activity of 850 pmol AI/min/mg of renin. This is the first biochemical characterization of a renin-like enzyme in invertebrates and non-mammalian vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salzet
- Centre de Biologie Cellulaire, Laboratoire de Phylogénie moléculaire des Annélides, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d' Ascq, France.
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21
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Maldonado H, Romano A, Tomsic D. Long-term habituation (LTH) in the crab Chasmagnathus: a model for behavioral and mechanistic studies of memory. Braz J Med Biol Res 1997; 30:813-26. [PMID: 9361704 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x1997000700001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A decade of studies on long-term habituation (LTH) in the crab Chasmagnathus is reviewed. Upon sudden presentation of a passing object overhead, the crab reacts with an escape response that habituates promptly and for at least five days. LTH proved to be an instance of associative memory and showed context, stimulus frequency and circadian phase specificity. A strong training protocol (STP) (> or = 15 trials, intertrial interval (ITI) of 171 s) invariably yielded LTH, while a weak training protocol (WTP) (< or = 10 trials, ITI = 171 s) invariably failed. STP was used with a presumably amnestic agent and WTP with a presumably hypermnestic agent. Remarkably, systemic administration of low doses was effective, which is likely to be due to the lack of an endothelial blood-brain barrier. LTH was blocked by inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis, enhanced by protein kinase A (PKA) activators and reduced by PKA inhibitors, facilitated by angiotensin II and IV and disrupted by saralasin. The presence of angiotensins and related compounds in the crab brain was demonstrated. Diverse results suggest that LTH includes two components: an initial memory produced by spaced training and mainly expressed at an initial phase of testing, and a retraining memory produced by massed training and expressed at a later phase of testing (retraining). The initial memory would be associative, context specific and sensitive to cycloheximide, while the retraining memory would be nonassociative, context independent and insensitive to cycloheximide.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Maldonado
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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22
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Minakata H, Fujita T, Kawano T, Nagahama T, Oumi T, Ukena K, Matsushima O, Muneoka Y, Nomoto K. The leech excitatory peptide, a member of the GGNG peptide family: isolation and comparison with the earthworm GGNG peptides. FEBS Lett 1997; 410:437-42. [PMID: 9237678 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00567-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A member of the GGNG peptide family was isolated from Hirudo nipponia (leech). GGNG peptides had only been isolated previously from earthworms. The C-terminus structure of the leech peptide, LEP (leech excitatory peptide), was -Gly-Gly-Asn-amide, while that of the earthworm peptides, EEP (earthworm excitatory peptide), was -Gly-Gly-Asn-Gly. LEP exerted 1000-fold more potent activities on leech gut than did EEP-2. On the other hand, EEP-2 was 1000-fold more potent than LEP on the crop-gizzard of the earthworm. Analog peptides of LEP and EEP-2 were synthesized, and the myoactive potency of each analog on the leech and earthworm tissues was compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Minakata
- Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Osaka, Japan.
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23
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Salzet M, Vandenbulcke F, Verger-Bocquet M. Structural characterization of osmoregulator peptides from the brain of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum: IPEPYVWD and IPEPYVWD-amide. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1996; 43:301-10. [PMID: 9037546 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(96)00185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurons immunoreactive to an antiserum (a-OT) directed specifically against the C-terminal part (prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide) of vertebrate oxytocin (OT) were detected in the brain of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum. With high pressure gel permeation chromatography followed by reversed-phase HPLC on brain extracts, evidence was given of the presence of three peptides (P1, P2, P3) immunoreactive to a-OT. Results of injection experiments in T. tessulatum and of titrations of each peptide at the different physiological stages of the animals which showed a peak in peptide P1 amount at stage 3B, indicated that P1 is the active OT-like peptide. Using three steps of reversed-phase HPLC, Edman degradation and electrospray mass spectrometry, two sequences for P1 (IPEPYVWD and IPEPYVWD-amide) were found. These peptides differ from peptides to the oxytocin/vasopressin family and are unique in the animal kingdom. Confirmation of their action on the hydric balance and their distribution in the CNS were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salzet
- Centre de Biologie Cellulalaire, EA DRED 1027, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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Laurent V, Salzet M. Metabolism of enkephalins in head membranes of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum by peptidases: isolation of an enkephalin-degrading aminopeptidase. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 1996; 65:123-31. [PMID: 8884979 DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(96)00081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism of leucine and methionine enkephalins by enzyme preparations from head parts of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum was investigated. Leech homogenate degraded enkephalins by cleavage of the Tyr1-Gly2 and Gly3-Phe4 bonds. The Tyr1-Gly2-Gly3 was detected as a major metabolite when amastatin (aminopeptidase inhibitor) was present to prevent Tyr1-Gly2 breakdown. Around 50% of enkephalin-degrading activity was isolated in a 20000 x g membrane fraction and was shown to be almost entirely due to an aminopeptidase activity. This enzyme, a homodimer of approx. 70 kDa, has been purified to homogeneity by a combined approach including gel permeation and anion exchange chromatographies followed by reversed-phase HPLC. This enkephalin-degrading aminopeptidase is a typical integral membrane 'zincin' metalloprotein with an apparent k(m) of 30 microM, a specific activity of 12 nmol GGFM min-1 mg protein-1 and a catalytic efficiency (kcat/k(m)) of 46 x 10(6) mol-1 min-1. This enzyme is specifically inhibited by amastatin (IC50 = 0.5 microM), but not by bestatin and actinonin. In leech membranes, the other degrading activities performed at the same time were due to a neuropeptide-endopeptidase (NEP)-like enzyme attack, inhibited by phosphoramidon (IC50 = 0.1 microM) and in the case of the Met-enkephalin by a combined action of an angiotensin-converting-like enzyme, inhibited by captopril (IC50 = 0.2 microM) and the NEP-like enzyme. These two enzymes were previously isolated from head membranes of T. tessulatum and possess towards Met-enkephalin a catalytic efficiency (kcat/k(m)) of, respectively, 12 x 10(6) mol-1 min-1 and 78 x 10(6) mol-1 min-1. These findings constitute the first report in leeches on the nature and the sites of attack of the membrane peptidases involved in the metabolism of enkephalins and also the first biochemical evidence for a novel member of the aminopeptidase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Laurent
- Laboratoire de Phylogénie Moléculaire des Annélides, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ER 87 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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25
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Salzet M, Verger-Bocquet M. Biochemical evidence of the sodium influx stimulating related peptide in the brain of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum. Neurosci Lett 1996; 213:161-4. [PMID: 8873139 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(96)12861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the immunocytochemical and biochemical evidence of a sodium influx stimulating related peptide (SIS-like peptide) in the brain of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum. Cells immunoreactive to both polyclonal antisera raised against the N-terminal (fragment 10-19) or the C-terminal (fragment 67-76) sequences of the purified freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis sodium influx stimulating peptide (SISP) was detected in the brain of this leech. These immunocytochemical data were strengthened by biochemical results at the level of the protein and by in vitro translated RNA. By combined techniques i.e. high performance gel permeation chromatography, electrophoresis followed by immunoblot analysis with the two antisera and immunoprecipitation, we established the existence in leeches of a protein of ca 11 kDa and its precursor, a protein of ca 13 kDa related to the SISP. Moreover, results of injections of anti-SISP (10-19) preabsorbed or not with its homologous antigen to Theromyzon tessulatum confirmed the SIS-like substance involvement in osmoregulation by an anti-diuretic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salzet
- Centre de Biologie Cellulaire, EA DRED 1027, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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26
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Salzet M, Verger-Bocquet M, Bulet P, Beauvillain JC, Malecha J. Purification, sequence analysis, and cellular localization of a prodynorphin-derived peptide related to the alpha-neo-endorphin in the rhynchobdellid leech Theromyzon tessulatum. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:13191-6. [PMID: 8662671 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.22.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells immunoreactive to an antiserum specifically directed against vertebrate alpha-Neo-endorphin (alpha-NE) were detected in the internal wall of anterior and posterior suckers of the rhynchobdellid leech Theromyzon tessulatum. These cells have morphological and ultrastructural characteristics close to the "releasing gland cells" of adhesive organs. The epitope recognized by anti-alpha-NE was contained in granules having a diameter of 0.2-0.3 microm. Previous works involving the brain of this leech demonstrate the existence of approximately 14 neurons immunoreactive to the anti-alpha-NE. Following an extensive purification including high pressure gel permeation and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, epitopes contained in both suckers and central nervous system were isolated. Purity of the isolated peptides was controlled by capillary electrophoresis. Their sequences were determined by a combination of automated Edman degradation, electrospray mass spectrometry measurement, and coelution experiments in reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with synthetic alpha-NE. The results demonstrate that epitopes recognized by the anti-alpha-NE in the suckers and the central nervous system are identical to vertebrate alpha-NE (YGGFLRKYPK). This finding constitutes the first biochemical characterization of a prodynorphin-derived peptide in invertebrates. Moreover the isolation of this peptide in the annelida establishes the very ancient phylogenetic origin of alpha-NE as well as its conservation in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salzet
- Centre de Biologie Cellulaire, Groupe de Neuroendocrinologie des Hirudinées, SN3, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Lille, France
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27
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Abstract
Angiotensins (angiotensin I, angiotensin II, angiotensin II-amide) have been isolated in leeches and such peptides are involved in diuresis in these animals. To explore possible inactivation mechanisms of these peptides, angiotensins were incubated with head membranes of the leech T. tessulatum. Membranes derived from head parts of this leech are very rich in peptidases. They contain endopeptidase-24.11-like enzyme (NEP-like) associated with a battery of exopeptidase. The way that angiotensins are degraded by the combined attack of these membrane peptidases has been investigated. The contribution of individual peptidases was assessed by adding inhibitors (phosphoramidon, captopril and amastatin) to the membrane fractions, when they were incubated with the peptides. In the case of angiotensin I, the primary attack was performed by a combined action of the NEP-like and the ACE-like enzymes, followed by aminopeptidase attacks. Angiotensin II and III were hydrolyzed by NEP-like enzyme at the same Tyr-Ile bond, whereas the N-terminal arginine residue of angiotensin III was removed by an arginyl aminopeptidase. These results show that angiotensins are efficiently degraded by membranes and that NEP-like enzyme plays a key role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Laurent
- Centre de Biologie Cellulaire, Laboratoire de Phylogénie Moléculaire des Annélides, EA DRED 1027, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Salzet M, Bulet P, Weber WM, Clauss W, Verger-Bocquet M, Malecha J. Structural characterization of a novel neuropeptide from the central nervous system of the leech Erpobdella octoculata. The leech osmoregulator factor. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:7237-43. [PMID: 8636163 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.12.7237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purification of a material immunoreactive to an antiserum against the C-terminal part of the oxytocin (Pro-Leu-Gly-amide) and present in the central nervous system of the Pharyngobdellid leech Erpobdella octoculata was performed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography combined with both enzyme-linked immunosorbent and dot immunobinding assays for oxytocin. The amino acid sequence of the purified peptide (Ile-Pro-Glu-Pro-Tyr-Val-Trp-Asp) was established by Edman degradation and confirmed by electrospray mass spectrometry measurement. When injected in leeches, purified or synthetic peptides exert an anti-diuretic effect, the most effective ranged between 10 pmol and 1 nmol. They provoked an uptake of water 1-2 h post-injection. Furthermore, electrophysiological experiments conducted in the leech Hirudo medicinalis revealed an inhibition of the potency of Na+ conductances of leech skin by this peptide. Immunocytochemical studies with an antiserum against synthetic oxytocin-like molecule provided the cytological basis for existence of a neuropeptide, since large amounts of immunoreactive neurons were detected in the central nervous systems of E. octoculata. The purified molecule is both different to peptides of the oxytocin/vasopressin family and is a novel neuropeptide in the animal kingdom. It was named the leech osmoregulator factor (LORF). An identification of the proteins immunoreactive to an antiserum against oxytocin performed at the level of both central nervous systems extracts and in vitro central nervous system-translated RNA products indicated that in the two cases, a single protein was detected. These proteins with a molecular masses of, respectively, approximately 34 kDa (homodimer of 17 kDa) for the central nervous systems extracts and approximately 19 kDa for in vitro central nervous system-translated RNA products were not recognized by the antiserum against MSEL- and VLDV-neurophysin (proteins associated to oxytocin and vasopressin), confirming that LORF did not belong to the oxytocin/vasopressin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salzet
- Laboratoire de Phylogénie moléculaire des Annélides ER 87 CNRS, Groupe de Neuroendocrinologie des Hirudinées, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cédex, France
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29
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Delorenzi A, Pedreira ME, Romano A, Garcia SI, Pirola CJ, Nahmod VE, Maldonado H. Angiotensin II enhances long-term memory in the crab Chasmagnathus. Brain Res Bull 1996; 41:211-20. [PMID: 8924030 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(96)00178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An opaque screen moving overhead provokes an escape response in the crab Chasmagnathus granulatus that habituates after a few presentations of the eliciting stimulus. Fifteen trials with a 180-s intertrial interval or 30 trials with a 90-s interval (strong training protocol) ensures long-term habituation (LTH) of the response for 24 h, whereas 10 trials (weak training protocol) fail to induce it. However, robust LTH is obtained when crabs are injected with human angiotensin (All; 50 pmol) immediately after a weak training protocol. This memory-enhancing effect of All is dose-dependent, reversible by saralasin (5 pmol), and vanishes either when the weak training protocol is reduced to only five trials, or when the peptide is given before training or 1 h after. LTH is impaired by saralasin (5 pmol) administered before or after the strong training protocol, but no amnestic effect is disclosed when the antagonist is given 1 h after. On the other hand, both All-like immunoreactivity and angiotensin-converting enzyme-like activity are described in diverse tissues of Chasmagnathus, namely, in gills and in both thoracic and supraesophageal ganglia. Results support the view that some components of the renin-angiotensin system and their influence on memory might have emerged early in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Delorenzi
- Laboratorio de Sustancias Vasoactivas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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30
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Laurent V, Salzet M. Biochemical properties of the angiotensin-converting-like enzyme from the leech Theromyzon tessulatum. Peptides 1996; 17:737-45. [PMID: 8844761 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(96)00074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This article reports the evidence and the biochemical properties of an angiotensin-converting (ACE)-like enzyme from head parts of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum. After solubilization from membranes with Triton X-114, the ACE-like enzyme was purified from the detergent-poor fraction. Four steps of purification including gel permeation and anion exchange chromatographies followed by a reversed-phase HPLC were needed. This poor glycosylated peptidyl dipeptidase (of ca. 120 kDa) hydrolyzes, at pH 8.4 and at 37 degrees C, the Phe8-His9 bond of angiotensin I with a high catalytic activity (i.e., K(m): 830 microM and Kcat/K(m): 153 s-1 mM-1). The hydrolysis of angiotensin I is inhibitable at 80% by captopril (IC50 = 175 nM) and lisinopril (IC50 = 35 nM). This activity is strictly dependent on the presence of NaCl and is increased by Zn2+. This zinc metallopeptidase also attacks peptides that have in their sequence either Gly-His, Gly-Phe, or Phe-His bond [e.g., enkephalins (Kcat/K(m): 12 s-1 mM-1) or bradykinin (Kcat/K(m): 2200 s-1 mM-1]. Taken together, these arguments are consistent with an ACE-like activity implicated in metabolism of angiotensins and bradykinin in leeches.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Laurent
- Centre de biologie cellulaire, Laboratoire de Phylogénie moléculaire des Annélides, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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31
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Laurent V, Salzet M. Isolation of a neuropeptide-degrading endopeptidase from the leech Theromyzon tessulatum. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1995; 233:186-91. [PMID: 7588745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.186_1.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Extracts of head parts prepared from the leech Theromyzon tessulatum hydrolyse the Gly3-Phe4 bond of synthetic [D-Ala2, Leu5]enkephalin and the Gly-His bond of benzoyl-Gly-His-Leu. The metabolism of benzoyl-Gly-His-Leu was completely inhibited by captopril, consistent with an angiotensin-converting enzyme activity. Such an enzyme has recently been isolated from T. tessulatum. However, the enkephalin hydrolysis by captopril (100 microM) was inhibited to a maximum of 70%. The residual activity hydrolyzing enkephalin was inhibited by phosphoramidon, consistent with the presence of endopeptidase-24.11, a mammalian enzyme implicated in the metabolism of neuropeptides. This enzyme was isolated using four steps of purification including gel-permeation and anion-exchange chromatographies followed by reverse-phase HPLC. This neuropeptide endopeptidase (of approximate molecular mass 45 kDa) hydrolyses, at pH 7 and 37 degrees C, both the Gly3-Phe4 bond of synthetic [D-Ala2, Leu5]enkephalin and the Phe8-His9 bond of angiotensin I. Cleavage of [D-Ala2, Leu5]enkephalin yields, respectively, the Tyr-D-Ala-Gly and Phe-Leu peptides with a specific activity of 29 nmol Tyr-D-Ala-Gly.min-1.mg protein-1 (Km 95 microM). The hydrolysis of angiotensin I yields angiotensin II and the dipeptide His-Leu with a specific activity of 1.2 nmol angiotensin min-1.mg protein-1 (Km 330 microM). The metabolism of these peptides was totally inhibited by phosphoramidon. This study therefore provides biochemical evidence for neuropeptide-degrading endopeptidases in leeches.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Laurent
- Laboratoire de Phylogénie moléculaire des Annélides, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, France
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32
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Laurent V, Salzet M. A comparison of the N-terminal sequence of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum angiotensin converting-like enzyme with forms of vertebrate angiotensin converting enzymes. Neurosci Lett 1995; 198:60-4. [PMID: 8570098 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(95)11954-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the purification of an angiotensing-converting like enzyme (ACE) of ca. 120 kDa from extracts of head membranes of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum. After solubilization with Triton X-114, the ACE-like enzyme contained in the detergent-poor fraction was separated using five steps of purification including gel permeation and anion exchange chromatographies followed by reverse-phase HPLC. The first 23 amino acid residues of the N-terminal part (GLDPELSPGCFSADEAGAQLFAE) of the purified S-pyridylethylated leech ACE established by automated Edman degradation revealed ca. 87% sequence identity with the N-terminal sequence of the guinea pig ACE. This enzyme cleaves the hyppuryl-His-Leu substrate with a specific activity of 5600 nmol hyppurate min-1 mg protein-1. Hydrolysis of this substrate by ACE-like enzyme is inhibited at 80% by 10 microM captopril or 10 microM lisinopril (IC50 of 200 nM and 50 nM, respectively). This enzyme is close in sequence and in activity to single domain vertebrate ACE. This is the first N-terminal sequence of an ACE-like enzyme determined in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Laurent
- Laboratoire de Phylogénie moléculaire des Annélides, ER 87 CNRS, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Laurent V, Bulet P, Salzet M. A comparison of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum angiotensin I-like molecule with forms of vertebrate angiotensinogens: a hormonal system conserved in the course of evolution. Neurosci Lett 1995; 190:175-8. [PMID: 7637887 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(95)11533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
After five steps of purification including gel permeation, anti-angiotensin I affinity column chromatography followed by reverse-phase HPLC, a peptide immunoreactive to two different antisera (anti-angiotensin II and anti-angiotensin I) was purified to homogeneity from extracts of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum. The first 14 amino acid residues of the purified peptide (DRVYIHPFHLLXWG) established by automated Edman degradation, reveal the existence in leeches of an angiotensin I-like molecule close to human angiotensin I. The sequence of the purified peptide presents 78.5% of homology with the N-terminal part of human angiotensinogen. Moreover, in its sequence, this peptide presents the cleavage sites of vertebrate angiotensin metabolic enzymes, i.e. the renin and the angiotensin-converting enzyme. This finding constitutes the first biochemical characterization of an angiotensin I in Invertebrates. It also reflects the high conservation of angiotensins in the course of evolution, suggesting a fundamental role of this family in fluid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Laurent
- Laboratoire de Phylogénie moléculaire des Annélides, ER 87 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Abstract
This article reports the purification of a renin-like enzyme (an aspartyl protease) from head parts of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum. After four steps of purification including gel permeation and anion exchange chromatographies followed by reversed-phase HPLC, this enzyme was purified to homogeneity. The renin-like enzyme (of 32 kDa) hydrolyses at neutral pH and at 37 degrees C, the Leu10-Leu11 bond of synthetic porcine angiotensinogen tetradecapeptide yielding the angiotensin I and the Leu11-Val12-Tyr13-Ser14 peptide as products, with a specific activity of 1.35 pmol AI/min/mg (Km 22 microM; Kcat 2.7). The hydrolysis of angiotensinogen is inhibitable at 90% by pepstatin A (IC50 = 4.6 microM), consistent with a renin activity. This is the first biochemical evidence of renin-like enzyme in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Laurent
- Laboratoire de Phylogénie moléculaire des Annélides, ER 87 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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