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Qin Y, Rodin S, Simonson OE, Hollande F. Laminins and cancer stem cells: Partners in crime? Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 45:3-12. [PMID: 27491691 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
As one of the predominant protein families within the extracellular matrix both structurally and functionally, laminins have been shown to be heavily involved in tumor progression and drug resistance. Laminins participate in key cellular events for tumor angiogenesis, cell invasion and metastasis development, including the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and basement membrane remodeling, which are tightly associated with the phenotypic characteristics of stem-like cells, particularly in the context of cancer. In addition, a great deal of studies and reports has highlighted the critical roles of laminins in modulating stem cell phenotype and differentiation, as part of the stem cell niche. Stemming from these discoveries a growing body of literature suggests that laminins may act as regulators of cancer stem cells, a tumor cell subpopulation that plays an instrumental role in long-term cancer maintenance, metastasis development and therapeutic resistance. The accumulating evidence in this emerging research area suggests that laminins represent potential therapeutic targets for anti-cancer treatments against cancer stem cells, and that they may be used as predictive and prognostic markers to inform clinical management and improve patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Sergey Rodin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Oscar E Simonson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Frédéric Hollande
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Herzog M, Josseaux E, Dedeurwaerder S, Calonne E, Volkmar M, Fuks F. The histone demethylase Kdm3a is essential to progression through differentiation. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:7219-32. [PMID: 22581778 PMCID: PMC3424556 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone demethylation has important roles in regulating gene expression and forms part of the epigenetic memory system that regulates cell fate and identity by still poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we examined the role of histone demethylase Kdm3a during cell differentiation, showing that Kdm3a is essential for differentiation into parietal endoderm-like (PE) cells in the F9 mouse embryonal carcinoma model. We identified a number of target genes regulated by Kdm3a during endoderm differentiation; among the most dysregulated were the three developmental master regulators Dab2, Pdlim4 and FoxQ1. We show that dysregulation of the expression of these genes correlates with Kdm3a H3K9me2 demethylase activity. We further demonstrate that either Dab2 depletion or Kdm3a depletion prevents F9 cells from fully differentiating into PE cells, but that ectopic expression of Dab2 cannot compensate for Kdm3a knockdown; Dab2 is thus necessary, but insufficient on its own, to promote complete terminal differentiation. We conclude that Kdm3a plays a crucial role in progression through PE differentiation by regulating expression of a set of endoderm differentiation master genes. The emergence of Kdm3a as a key modulator of cell fate decision strengthens the view that histone demethylases are essential to cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Herzog
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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3
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Petz M, Them N, Huber H, Beug H, Mikulits W. La enhances IRES-mediated translation of laminin B1 during malignant epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:290-302. [PMID: 21896617 PMCID: PMC3245933 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of transcripts that harbor an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) are involved in cancer development via corresponding proteins. A crucial event in tumor progression referred to as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) allows carcinoma cells to acquire invasive properties. The translational activation of the extracellular matrix component laminin B1 (LamB1) during EMT has been recently reported suggesting an IRES-mediated mechanism. In this study, the IRES activity of LamB1 was determined by independent bicistronic reporter assays. Strong evidences exclude an impact of cryptic promoter or splice sites on IRES-driven translation of LamB1. Furthermore, no other LamB1 mRNA species arising from alternative transcription start sites or polyadenylation signals were detected that account for its translational control. Mapping of the LamB1 5'-untranslated region (UTR) revealed the minimal LamB1 IRES motif between -293 and -1 upstream of the start codon. Notably, RNA affinity purification showed that the La protein interacts with the LamB1 IRES. This interaction and its regulation during EMT were confirmed by ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation. In addition, La was able to positively modulate LamB1 IRES translation. In summary, these data indicate that the LamB1 IRES is activated by binding to La which leads to translational upregulation during hepatocellular EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Petz
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna and Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine I, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Them
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna and Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine I, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidemarie Huber
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna and Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine I, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hartmut Beug
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna and Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine I, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Mikulits
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna and Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine I, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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4
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Langton S, Gudas LJ. CYP26A1 knockout embryonic stem cells exhibit reduced differentiation and growth arrest in response to retinoic acid. Dev Biol 2007; 315:331-54. [PMID: 18241852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CYP26A1, a cytochrome P450 enzyme, metabolizes all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) into polar metabolites, e.g. 4-oxo-RA and 4-OH-RA. To determine if altering RA metabolism affects embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation, we disrupted both alleles of Cyp26a1 by homologous recombination. CYP26a1(-/-) ES cells had a 11.0+/-3.2-fold higher intracellular RA concentration than Wt ES cells after RA treatment for 48 h. RA-treated CYP26A1(-/-) ES cells exhibited 2-3 fold higher mRNA levels of Hoxa1, a primary RA target gene, than Wt ES cells. Despite increased intracellular RA levels, CYP26a1(-/-) ES cells were more resistant than Wt ES cells to RA-induced proliferation arrest. Transcripts for parietal endodermal differentiation markers, including laminin, J6(Hsp 47), and J31(SPARC, osteonectin) were expressed at lower levels in RA-treated CYP26a1(-/-) ES cells, indicating that the lack of CYP26A1 activity inhibits RA-associated differentiation. Microarray analyses revealed that RA-treated CYP26A1(-/-) ES cells exhibited lower mRNA levels than Wt ES cells for genes involved in differentiation, particularly in neural (Epha4, Pmp22, Nrp1, Gap43, Ndn) and smooth muscle differentiation (Madh3, Nrp1, Tagln Calponin, Caldesmon1). In contrast, genes involved in the stress response (e.g. Tlr2, Stk2, Fcgr2b, Bnip3, Pdk1) were expressed at higher levels in CYP26A1(-/-) than in Wt ES cells without RA. Collectively, our results show that CYP26A1 activity regulates intracellular RA levels, cell proliferation, transcriptional regulation of primary RA target genes, and ES cell differentiation to parietal endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simne Langton
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Rm. E-409, New York, NY 10021, USA
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5
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Petz M, Kozina D, Huber H, Siwiec T, Seipelt J, Sommergruber W, Mikulits W. The leader region of Laminin B1 mRNA confers cap-independent translation. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:2473-82. [PMID: 17395640 PMCID: PMC1885646 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation initiation of eukaryotic mRNAs generally occurs by cap-dependent ribosome scanning. However, certain mRNAs contain internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) allowing cap-independent translation. Several of these IRES-competent transcripts and their corresponding proteins are involved in tumourigenesis. This study focused on IRES-driven translation control during the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of hepatocytes that reflects crucial aspects of carcinoma progression. Expression profiling of EMT revealed Laminin B1 (LamB1) to be translationally upregulated. The 5′-untranslated region (UTR) of LamB1 was potent to direct IRES-dependent mRNA utilization of a bicistronic reporter construct. Stringent assays for cryptic promoter and splice sites showed no aberrantly expressed transcripts, suggesting that the reporter activity provided by the leader region of LamB1 mRNA exclusively depends on IRES. In accordance, LamB1 expression increased upon negative interference with cap-dependent translation by expression of human rhinovirus 2A protease or heat shock of cells. Finally, the enhanced expression of LamB1 during EMT correlated with an elevated IRES activity. Together, these data provide first evidence that the 5′-UTR of LamB1 contains a bona fide IRES that directs translational upregulation of LamB1 during stress conditions and neoplastic progression of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Petz
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschke-Gasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Boehringer Ingelheim Austria, Dr Boehringer Gasse 5-10, A-1120 Vienna and Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University Departments at the Vienna Biocenter, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Kozina
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschke-Gasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Boehringer Ingelheim Austria, Dr Boehringer Gasse 5-10, A-1120 Vienna and Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University Departments at the Vienna Biocenter, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidemarie Huber
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschke-Gasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Boehringer Ingelheim Austria, Dr Boehringer Gasse 5-10, A-1120 Vienna and Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University Departments at the Vienna Biocenter, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Siwiec
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschke-Gasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Boehringer Ingelheim Austria, Dr Boehringer Gasse 5-10, A-1120 Vienna and Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University Departments at the Vienna Biocenter, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Seipelt
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschke-Gasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Boehringer Ingelheim Austria, Dr Boehringer Gasse 5-10, A-1120 Vienna and Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University Departments at the Vienna Biocenter, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sommergruber
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschke-Gasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Boehringer Ingelheim Austria, Dr Boehringer Gasse 5-10, A-1120 Vienna and Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University Departments at the Vienna Biocenter, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Mikulits
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschke-Gasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Boehringer Ingelheim Austria, Dr Boehringer Gasse 5-10, A-1120 Vienna and Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University Departments at the Vienna Biocenter, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed +43 1 4277 65250+43 1 4277 65239
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6
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Sell S. Cancer Stem Cells and Differentiation Therapy. Tumour Biol 2006; 27:59-70. [PMID: 16557043 DOI: 10.1159/000092323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers arise from stem cells in adult tissues and the cells that make up a cancer reflect the same stem cell --> progeny --> differentiation progression observed in normal tissues. All adult tissues are made up of lineages of cells consisting of tissue stem cells and their progeny (transit-amplifying cells and terminally differentiated cells); the number of new cells produced in normal tissue lineages roughly equals the number of old cells that die. Cancers result from maturation arrest of this process, resulting in continued proliferation of cells and a failure to differentiate and die. The biological behavior, morphological appearance, and clinical course of a cancer depend on the stage of maturation at which the genetic lesion is activated. This review makes a comparison of cancer cells to embryonic stem cells and to adult tis sue stem cells while addressing two basic questions: (1) Where do cancers come from?, and (2) How do cancers grow? The answers to these questions are critical to the development of approaches to the detection, prevention, and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Sell
- New York State Health Department, Wadsworth Center and Ordway Research Institute, Albany, NY 12201, USA.
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7
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Mehta S, Gittes GK. Pancreatic differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 12:208-17. [PMID: 15995809 DOI: 10.1007/s00534-005-0981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, with the advent of new techniques and technologies in modern molecular biology, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms responsible for organ differentiation has developed rapidly. Despite this, our knowledge of these signaling pathways is still far from complete. Some of these advances, such as the creation of transgenic mouse models, have given us new tools to help us understand the interactions of the various transcription factors that are responsible for the creation of various cell types from a single cell type during embryogenesis. This knowledge then gives rise to the concept of creating new ways to manipulate stem cells in order to correct the deficiencies present in various disease processes. Here, we present work that focuses specifically on pancreatic development. The ultimate goal of our research in studying the mechanisms of the basic differentiation of pancreatic precursor cells is to gain the knowledge necessary to be able to engineer stem cells specifically into beta-cells in the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheilendra Mehta
- Laboratory of Surgical Organogenesis, The Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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8
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Shirai T, Miyagi S, Horiuchi D, Okuda-Katayanagi T, Nishimoto M, Muramatsu M, Sakamoto Y, Nagata M, Hagiwara K, Okuda A. Identification of an Enhancer That Controls Up-regulation of Fibronectin during Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Extraembryonic Endoderm. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:7244-52. [PMID: 15590650 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410731200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The extraembryonic endoderm is derived from inner cell mass cells of the blastocyst during early mouse embryogenesis. Formation of the extraembryonic endoderm, which later contributes to the yolk sac, appears to be a prerequisite for subsequent differentiation of the inner cell mass. While embryonic stem cells can be induced to differentiate into extraembryonic endoderm cells in vitro, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. We used a promoter trap approach to search for genes that are expressed in embryonic stem cells and are highly up-regulated during differentiation to the extraembryonic endoderm fate. We showed that fibronectin fits this expression profile. Moreover we identified an enhancer in the 12th intron of the fibronectin locus that recapitulated the endogenous pattern of fibronectin expression. This enhancer carries Sox protein-binding sequences, and our analysis demonstrated that Sox7 and Sox17, which are highly expressed in the extraembryonic endoderm, were involved in enhancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Shirai
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical School, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan
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9
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Abstract
Our forefathers in pathology, on observing cancer tissue under the microscope in the mid-19th century, noticed the similarity between embryonic tissue and cancer, and suggested that tumors arise from embryo-like cells [Recherches dur le Traitement du Cancer, etc. Paris. (1829); Editoral Archiv fuer pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und fuer klinische Medizin 8 (1855) 23]. The concept that adult tissues contain embryonic remnants that generally lie dormant, but that could be activated to become cancer was later formalized by Cohnheim [Path. Anat. Physiol. Klin. Med. 40 (1867) 1-79; Virchows Arch. 65 (1875) 64] and Durante [Arch. Memori ed Osservazioni di Chirugia Practica 11 (1874) 217-226], as the "embryonal rest" theory of cancer. An updated version of the embryonal rest theory of cancer is that cancers arise from tissue stem cells in adults. Analysis of the cellular origin of carcinomas of different organs indicates that there is, in each instance, a determined stem cell required for normal tissue renewal that is the most likely cell of origin of carcinomas [Lab. Investig. 70 (1994) 6-22]. In the present review, the nature of normal stem cells (embryonal, germinal and somatic) is presented and their relationships to cancer are further expanded. Cell signaling pathways shared by embryonic cells and cancer cells suggest a possible link between embryonic cells and cancer cells. Wilm's tumors (nephroblastomas) and neuroblastomas are presented as possible tumors of embryonic rests in children. Teratocarcinoma is used as the classic example of the totipotent cancer stem cell which can be influenced by its environment to differentiate into a mature adult cell. The observation that "promotion" of an epidermal cancer may be accomplished months or even years after the initial exposure to carcinogen ("initiation"), implies that the original carcinogenic event occurs in a long-lived epithelial stem cell population. The cellular events during hepatocarcinogenesis illustrate that cancers may arise from cells at various stages of differentiation in the hepatocyte lineage. Examples of genetic mutations in epithelial and hematopoietic cancers show how specific alterations in gene expression may be manifested as maturation arrest of a cell lineage at a specific stage of differentiation. Understanding the signals that control normal development may eventually lead us to insights in treating cancer by inducing its differentiation (differentiation therapy). Retinoid acid (RA) induced differentiation therapy has acquired a therapeutic niche in treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia and the ability of RA to prevent cancer is currently under examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Sell
- Center and Ordway Research Institute, New York State Health Department, Wadsworth Center, P.O. Box 509, Room C-400, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201, USA.
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10
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Sharif KA, Baker H, Gudas LJ. Differential regulation of laminin b1 transgene expression in the neonatal and adult mouse brain. Neuroscience 2004; 126:967-78. [PMID: 15207330 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Laminins are the major glycoproteins present in basement membrane, a type of extracellular matrix. We showed that the LAMB1 gene, which encodes the laminin beta1 subunit, is transcriptionally activated by retinoic acid in embryonic stem cells. However, little information is available concerning LAMB1 developmental regulation and spatial expression in the adult mouse brain. In this study we used transgenic mice expressing different lengths of LAMB1 promoter driving beta-galactosidase to investigate developmental and adult transcriptional regulation in the regions of the brain in which the laminin beta1 protein is expressed. CNS expression was not observed in transgenic mice carrying a 1.4LAMB1betagal construct. Mice carrying a 2.5LAMB1betagal construct expressed the LAMB1 transgene, as assayed by X-gal staining, only in the molecular layer of the neonatal cerebellum. In contrast, a 3.9LAMB1betagal transgene showed broad regional expression in the adult mouse brain, including the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, colliculi, striatum, and substantia nigra. Similar expression patterns were observed for the endogenous laminin beta1 protein and for the 3.9LAMB1betagal transgene, analyzed with an antibody against the beta-galactosidase protein. The 3.9LAMB1betagal transgene expression in the hippocampal tri-synaptic circuit suggests a role for the LAMB1 gene in learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Sharif
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Murray P, Edgar D. The topographical regulation of embryonic stem cell differentiation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2004; 359:1009-20. [PMID: 15306413 PMCID: PMC1693374 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2003.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential use of pluripotent stem cells for tissue repair or replacement is now well recognized. While the ability of embryonic stem (ES) cells to differentiate into all cells of the body is undisputed, their use is currently restricted by our limited knowledge of the mechanisms controlling their differentiation. This review discusses recent work by ourselves and others investigating the intercellular signalling events that occur within aggregates of mouse ES cells. The work illustrates that the processes of ES cell differentiation, epithelialization and programmed cell death are dependent upon their location within the aggregates and coordinated by the extracellular matrix. Establishment of the mechanisms involved in these events is not only of use for the manipulation of ES cells themselves, but it also throws light on the ways in which differentiation is coordinated during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Murray
- School of Biological Sciences and Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
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12
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Abstract
Our understanding of basic mechanisms of differentiation has evolved rapidly in the last two decades. Spurred by advances in molecular biology and other research technologies, these advances have become of heightened importance with the recent advent of the possibility of engineering different types of stem cells into needed cell and tissue sources. As pediatric surgeons, we have the potential to play a key role in interfacing between the basic science necessary to understand differentiation processes, and its application at the bedside. In this brief article, we outline our in-depth analysis of mechanisms of basic differentiation of pancreatic precursor cells in an effort to better understand ways in which we can engineer a stem cell pool to form mature pancreatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheilendra S Mehta
- Department of Surgical Research, The Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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13
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Watanabe K, Toda S, Yonemitsu N, Sugihara H. Effects of extracellular matrices on F9 teratocarcinoma stem cells: a crucial role of type IV collagen in the early stage of differentiation of F9 stem cells. Pathobiology 2003; 70:219-28. [PMID: 12679600 DOI: 10.1159/000069333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2002] [Accepted: 10/22/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
F9 teratocarcinoma stem cells treated with retinoic acid (RA) differentiate into visceral endoderm, and this process affects the expression of some extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. As the direct influence of ECM molecules on the differentiation of F9 stem cells has not been studied, we investigated the effects of various ECM proteins on the early differentiation of these cells. Monolayers of F9 stem cells were cultured on dishes coated with various ECM, such as type I or IV collagen, fibronectin, or laminin. They aggregated and formed spheroid bodies in the absence of RA only on type IV collagen. The outer layer cells of the spheroid bodies exhibited numerous microvilli, junctional complexes and mature cell organelles. Alpha-fetoprotein was positive in the outer layer cells. A small amount of laminin was detected in the matrix of the spheroid bodies. These data suggest that type IV collagen promoted the early stage of the differentiation of F9 stem cells without RA. The other ECM molecules failed to induce them to form spheroid bodies. The reversibility of the structure of the spheroid bodies to a monolayer was also examined. When the spheroid bodies were reseeded only on fibronectin- or laminin-coated culture dishes, they broke down and the cells spread to the surface in the absence of RA. The differentiation of F9 stem cells induced by type IV collagen seemed to be reversible and to take place at an early stage of their morphogenesis. These findings suggest that type IV collagen plays an important role in early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Watanabe
- Department of Pathology and Biodefense, Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan.
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14
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Niimi T, Hayashi Y, Sekiguchi K. Identification of an upstream enhancer in the mouse laminin alpha 1 gene defining its high level of expression in parietal endoderm cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:9332-8. [PMID: 12519763 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212578200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminin-1 is the major component of the embryonic basement membrane and consists of alpha1, beta1, and gamma1 chains. The expression of laminin-1 is induced in mouse F9 embryonal carcinoma cells upon differentiation into parietal endoderm through transcriptional up-regulation of the genes encoding these subunits. Here, we identified a 435-bp enhancer in the 5'-flanking region of the mouse laminin alpha1 (LAMA1) gene that activated its transcription in a differentiation-dependent manner. This enhancer was also active in PYS-2 parietal yolk sac-derived cells but not in NIH/3T3 fibroblasts, indicating that it was a parietal endoderm-specific enhancer. This enhancer was also active in Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) tumor-derived cells characterized by excessive production of laminin-1 and other basement membrane components, suggesting that EHS tumors have a transcriptional control mechanism similar to that of parietal endoderm cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift analyses revealed four protein binding sites (PBS1-PBS4) in the 435-bp region. However, these DNA-binding proteins were detected not only in parietal endoderm cells (i.e. differentiated F9 cells, PYS-2 cells, and EHS tumor-derived cells) but also in undifferentiated F9 cells and NIH/3T3 cells. Mutational analyses revealed that three of these binding sites (PBS2, PBS3, and PBS4) function synergistically to confer the parietal endoderm-specific enhancer activity. The proteins binding to PBS2 and PBS4 were identified as the Sp1/Sp3 family of transcription factors and YY1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Niimi
- Sekiguchi Biomatrix Signaling Project, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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15
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Chen Y, Keller JM. Transcriptional state and chromatin structure of the murine entactin and laminin gamma1 genes. J Cell Biochem 2002; 82:225-33. [PMID: 11527148 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The positions of nucleosomes in the proximal 5' regions of the coordinately regulated murine entactin/nidogen and laminin gamma1 genes have been identified in four different transcriptional states--constitutively off, basal, induced, and constitutively induced. In the entactin gene a 450 base pair (bp) region of open chromatin is present between three positioned nucleosomes and the transcriptional start site in the basal, induced, and constitutively induced states. Additionally there is a 200 bp open chromatin region at approximately -2.1 kbp that is only present in the induced and constitutively induced states. In the laminin gamma1 gene, a 650 bp region of nucleosome-free chromatin is present between nucleosomes positioned at approximately -750 and +120 in all transcriptionally active states. These results suggest that basal co-expression of these genes requires sites present in these near upstream regions. The induction to high levels appears to involve additional sites and possibly the production of new and/or the modification of existing trans-acting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Finch University of Health Sciences/The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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16
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Sharif KA, Li C, Gudas LJ. cis-acting DNA regulatory elements, including the retinoic acid response element, are required for tissue specific laminin B1 promoter/lacZ expression in transgenic mice. Mech Dev 2001; 103:13-25. [PMID: 11335108 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(01)00326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The LAMB1 gene encodes the laminin beta1 subunit of laminin, an extracellular matrix protein. Using several transgenic mouse lines containing various lengths of the LAMB1 promoter driving lacZ reporter gene expression, regions of LAMB1 promoter that contain cis-acting DNA regulatory element(s) have been identified. The 3.9LAMB1betagal transgene is expressed in various tissues during development. LAMB1 transgene expression is observed in a selective set of nephrons of the neonatal and adult kidneys. The cis-acting DNA regulatory elements responsible for LAMB1 transgene expression in ovaries and in juvenile kidneys are present between -'1.4 and -0.7 kb relative to the transcription start site, while those of adult kidneys are located between -2.5 and -1.4 kb. The LAMB1 transgene is also expressed in the epididymis of 1 week old transgenic mice. Mutation of the retinoic acid response element (RARE) in the context of the 3.9LAMB1betagal transgene results in loss of LAMB1 transgene expression in all tissues. Thus, sequences between -2.5 and -0.7 kb plus the RARE are required for appropriate expression of the LAMB1 transgene in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Sharif
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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17
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Abstract
Laminins are the most abundant structural non-collagenous glycoproteins ubiquitously present in basement membranes. They are multidomain molecules consisting of of alpha, beta, and gamma chains. Although the precise functional differences between the laminin variants are not well understood, the diversity of laminin isoforms may reflect the formation of distinct basement membranes. The laminins display a remarkable restricted expression profile, suggesting a fine regulation of their genes. In this review, we focus on the most recent developments of laminin biology, centering on transcriptional and posttranscriptional controls. We discuss only those laminin chains whose gene organization and promoter elements have been characterized and proved to be functional. When possible, we correlate the effects of growth factors, cytokines, retinoids, and transcription factors on laminin gene expression with the identity of cis-acting elements in their genomic control regions.
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Abstract
Endothelial cells (EC) express several members of the Homeobox (Hox) gene family, suggesting a role for these morphoregulatory mediators during angiogenesis. We have previously established that Hox D3 is required for expression of integrin alphavbeta3 and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), which contribute to EC adhesion, invasion, and migration during angiogenesis. We now report that the paralogous gene, Hox B3, influences angiogenic behavior in a manner that is distinct from Hox D3. Antisense against Hox B3 impaired capillary morphogenesis of dermal microvascular EC cultured on basement membrane extracellular matrices. Although levels of Hox D3-dependent genes were maintained in these cells, levels of the ephrin A1 ligand were markedly attenuated. Capillary morphogenesis could be restored, however, by addition of recombinant ephrin A1/Fc fusion proteins. To test the impact of Hox B3 on angiogenesis in vivo, we constitutively expressed Hox B3 in the chick chorioallantoic membrane using avian retroviruses that resulted in an increase in vascular density and angiogenesis. Thus, while Hox D3 promotes the invasive or migratory behavior of EC, Hox B3 is required for the subsequent capillary morphogenesis of these new vascular sprouts and, together, these results support the hypothesis that paralogous Hox genes perform complementary functions within a particular tissue type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Myers
- Surgical Research Laboratories, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Aubri Charboneau
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Nancy Boudreau
- Surgical Research Laboratories, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
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Kaiser A, Brembeck FH, Nicke B, Wiedenmann B, Riecken EO, Rosewicz S. All-trans-retinoic acid-mediated growth inhibition involves inhibition of human kinesin-related protein HsEg5. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:18925-31. [PMID: 10383390 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.27.18925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we used differential display reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to search for differentially expressed all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)-responsive genes in pancreatic carcinoma cells. We identified the kinesin-related protein HsEg5, which plays an essential role in spindle assembly and spindle function during mitosis, as a novel molecule involved in ATRA-mediated growth inhibition. Using Northern and Western blot analysis we demonstrated that ATRA significantly inhibits HsEg5 expression in various pancreatic carcinoma cell lines as well as in HaCat keratinocytes. Inhibition of HsEg5 expression by ATRA occurs at the posttranscriptional level. As a consequence, tumor cells synchronized in S-phase revealed a retarded progression through G2/M phase of the cell cycle indicating that HsEg5 inhibition results in a delayed progression through mitosis. Furthermore, a significant decrease of HsEg5 protein expression achieved by antisense transfection revealed a significant growth inhibition compared with control cells. Therefore, HsEg5 represents a novel molecule involved in ATRA-mediated growth inhibition, suggesting that vitamin A derivatives can interact with the bipolar spindle apparatus during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kaiser
- Department of Gastroenterology, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Kaiser A, Brembeck FH, v Marschall Z, Riecken EO, Wiedenmann B, Rosewicz S. Fra-1: a novel target for retinoid action. FEBS Lett 1999; 448:45-8. [PMID: 10217407 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Using a cDNA gene expression array system, we identified fra-1 as a novel target molecule for retinoid action in the human pancreatic carcinoma cell line Dan-G. Retinoid treatment resulted in a significant and time-dependent induction of the fra-1 expression on the post-transcriptional level. Supershift assays revealed that fra-1 participates in the activator protein 1 complex together with c-fos, c-jun and junB. Transient transfection experiments using a reporter plasmid containing an activator protein site upstream of the CAT reporter gene revealed that the phorbolester-induced CAT activity was suppressed by retinoids. Since fra-1 lacks a transactivation function, we therefore suggest that the retinoid-mediated induction of fra-1 might function as a negative regulator of the activator protein 1 activity in human pancreatic carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kaiser
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie/Hepatologie, Department of Gastroenterology, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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21
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Koo JS, Yoon JH, Gray T, Norford D, Jetten AM, Nettesheim P. Restoration of the mucous phenotype by retinoic acid in retinoid-deficient human bronchial cell cultures: changes in mucin gene expression. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20:43-52. [PMID: 9870916 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.20.1.3310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid-deficient cultures of airway epithelial cells undergo squamous differentiation. Treatment of such cultures with retinoic acid (RA) leads to restoration of the mucous phenotype. The purpose of our study was to characterize the cellular and molecular changes following RA treatment of retinoid-deficient human tracheobronchial epithelial cell cultures. Of particular interest was to determine when during the conversion of the squamous to the mucous phenotype the mucin genes MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC5B were expressed. We used cornifin alpha and secreted mucin as markers to monitor the squamous and mucous phenotypes, respectively. Our studies showed that the RA responsiveness of the cultures progressively decreased with protracted retinoid deficiency, requiring higher RA concentrations to restore the mucous phenotype. Within 12 h after the start of RA treatment, cornifin alpha expression decreased, signaling the beginning of a change in cellular phenotype. At 24 h after addition of RA to the cultures, a significant number of mucous cells appeared, and at 72 h mucin was secreted in measurable amounts. Induction of mucin gene expression occurred sequentially: MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC5B mRNAs were upregulated at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. When cultures maintained in 10(-8) M RA were treated with 10(-6) M RA, MUC2 but not MUC5AC and MUC5B mRNA levels were upregulated within 6 h. Our study indicates that MUC2 mRNA is an early marker of mucous differentiation, whereas MUC5AC and MUC5B mRNAs are expressed during more advanced stages of mucous differentiation. Our studies further suggest that each of the mucin genes is regulated by distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Koo
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Pathobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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22
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Boudreau N, Bissell MJ. Extracellular matrix signaling: integration of form and function in normal and malignant cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1998; 10:640-6. [PMID: 9818175 PMCID: PMC2933204 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-0674(98)80040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of studies have established reciprocal linkages between extracellular matrix (ECM)-integrins, growth factor signaling and cell-cell adhesion molecules. ECM-dependent tissue-specific gene expression has also been linked to chromatin remodeling. With respect to tissue morphogenesis and differentiation, crosstalk has been established between the ECM and the homeobox morphoregulatory genes. Each of these linkages is profoundly influenced by the cell's microenvironment and the resulting tissue form. Thus for a cell to achieve a differentiated phenotype, the ECM molecules and their receptors must integrate both form and function. In contrast, mutated genes and aberrant interactions with the microenvironment conspire to undermine this integration, often resulting in malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Boudreau
- Surgical Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mina J Bissell
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, One Cyclotron Road, MS 83-101, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
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Faria TN, LaRosa GJ, Wilen E, Liao J, Gudas LJ. Characterization of genes which exhibit reduced expression during the retinoic acid-induced differentiation of F9 teratocarcinoma cells: involvement of cyclin D3 in RA-mediated growth arrest. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1998; 143:155-66. [PMID: 9806360 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(98)00127-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In the presence of retinoic acid (RA), F9 murine teratocarcinoma cells differentiate into cells resembling the extra-embryonic endoderm of the early mouse embryo. Using differential hybridization, we have cloned and characterized six cDNAs corresponding to mRNAs that exhibit reduced expression in F9 cells following RA treatment. Two of these cDNAs encode novel genes (REX-2 and REX-3). The other isolated cDNAs encode genes that have been previously described in other contexts: 1-4 (cyclin D3); 2-10 (pyruvate kinase); 2-12 (glutathione S-transferase); and 2-17 (GLUT 3). The mRNA levels of these genes are reduced by RA or RA plus theophylline and cAMP (RACT) only after 48 h of treatment, and continue to decrease at 96 h. The half-lives of these mRNAs are not changed by RA treatment, indicating that these mRNAs may be regulated through a transcriptional mechanism. In isoleucine-deprived cells, which are growth arrested but do not differentiate, the steady state mRNA levels of genes Rex 2, Rex 3, pyruvate kinase and GLUT 3 are not reduced, in contrast to cyclin D3 and glutathione S-transferase. The expression of the REX-2, REX-3, pyruvate kinase, glutathione S-transferase and GLUT 3 genes is reduced by RACT to the same extent in F9 RARgamma-/- and RARalpha-/- lines as in F9-Wt. In contrast, cyclin D3 exhibits lower mRNA expression in F9 RARgamma-/- and RARalpha-/- stem cells, and this mRNA is not decreased by RACT treatment. Overexpression of cyclin D3 blocks the RA-induced growth arrest of F9 cells, indicating that the downregulation of this gene following RA treatment may constitute a necessary step in the cascade of events leading to growth inhibition by RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Faria
- Department of Pharmacology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
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24
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Bossenbroek NM, Sulahian TH, Ubels JL. Expression of nuclear retinoic acid receptor and retinoid X receptor mRNA in the cornea and conjunctiva. Curr Eye Res 1998; 17:462-9. [PMID: 9617539 DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.17.5.462.5189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of retinoic acid in cells are mediated by the nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs). Although vitamin A is essential for the normal development and maintenance of the ocular surface, the RARs and RXRs have not been studied in cornea and conjunctiva. The purpose of this study was to identify the mRNA for these receptors in corneal and conjunctival cells in culture and to determine whether all-trans retinoic acid is able to induce expression of RAR mRNA. METHODS Total RNA was extracted from cultured rabbit corneal stroma and conjunctival fibroblasts and rabbit corneal epithelial cells. RNA was analyzed by Northern blotting using the cDNA probes for RAR alpha, RAR beta, RAR gamma, RXR alpha, RXR beta and RXR gamma mRNA. To investigate induction of retinoid receptors, cells were exposed to 10(-6) M all-trans retinoic acid for 2-48 h before preparation of RNA. Effects of retinoic acid on cell proliferation were also investigated. RESULTS RAR alpha mRNA transcripts (3.7 kb), RAR beta mRNA transcripts (3.3 kb) and RAR gamma mRNA transcripts (3.3 kb) are expressed by all the cell types studied, as are the RXR alpha mRNA transcripts (5.0 kb) and RXR beta mRNA transcripts (3.3 kb). RXR gamma mRNA is not detectable in corneal and conjunctival cells. All-trans retinoic acid induced RAR beta mRNA expression in corneal and conjunctival fibroblasts. Increased mRNA levels were detectable after 4-8 h and peaked by 24 h. RAR beta mRNA was not induced by retinoic acid in corneal epithelial cells. Retinoic acid also inhibited proliferation of conjunctival and corneal fibroblasts but had no effect on growth of corneal epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS The expression of RARs and RXRs in the cornea and conjunctiva is similar to that reported in other tissues. The identification of these receptors may lead to a better understanding of gene transcription pathways in the cornea and conjunctiva and of the mechanisms that control keratinization, differentiation and proliferation of the cells of these tissues. The data suggest a relationship between the induction of RAR beta mRNA expression and inhibition of cell proliferation by retinoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Bossenbroek
- Biology Department, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA
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25
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Abu-Abed SS, Beckett BR, Chiba H, Chithalen JV, Jones G, Metzger D, Chambon P, Petkovich M. Mouse P450RAI (CYP26) expression and retinoic acid-inducible retinoic acid metabolism in F9 cells are regulated by retinoic acid receptor gamma and retinoid X receptor alpha. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:2409-15. [PMID: 9442090 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.4.2409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have cloned a mouse cDNA homolog of P450RAI, a cytochrome P450 belonging to a new family (CYP26), which has previously been isolated from zebrafish and human cDNAs and found to encode a retinoic acid-inducible retinoic acid hydroxylase activity. The cross-species conservation of the amino acid sequence is high, particularly between the mouse and the human enzymes, in which it is over 90%. Like its human and zibrafish counterparts, the mouse P450RAI cDNA catalyzes metabolism of retinoic acid into 4-OH-retinoic acid, 4-oxo-retinoic acid, 18-OH-retinoic acid, and unidentified water-soluble metabolites when transfected into COS-1 cells. Retinoic acid-inducible retinoic acid metabolism has previously been observed in F9 murine embryonal carcinoma cells and some derivatives lacking retinoid receptors. We were interested in determining whether P450RAI could be responsible for retinoic acid metabolism in F9 cells and in studying the effect of retinoid receptor ablation on P450RAI expression. In wild-type F9 cells and derivatives lacking RAR gamma, RAR alpha, and/or RXR alpha, we observed a direct relationship between the level of retinoic acid metabolic activity and retinoic acid-induced P450RAI mRNA. These experiments, as well as others using synthetic receptor subtype-specific retinoids, suggest that the RAR gamma and RXR alpha receptors mediate the effects of retinoic acid on the expression of the P450RAI gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Abu-Abed
- Cancer Research Laboratories, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Bahouth SW, Beauchamp MJ, Park EA. Identification of a retinoic acid response domain involved in the activation of the beta 1-adrenergic receptor gene by retinoic acid in F9 teratocarcinoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1998; 55:215-25. [PMID: 9448745 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(97)00459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The density of beta 1-adrenergic receptors (beta 1-AR) is up-regulated upon differentiation of embryonic F9 teratocarcinoma cells by retinoic acid (RA) to the primitive endodermal phenotype. To identify the domains involved in RA-mediated activation of beta 1-AR gene transcription, three kb of 5'-flanking sequence of the beta 1-AR gene were ligated to a luciferase reporter gene and transiently transfected into F9 cells that were pre-exposed to 100 nM RA for 2 days. By generating deletions in the beta 1-AR promoter, a region between -125 and -100 was found to mediate a 3-fold induction in cells exposed to RA for an additional 2 days. Through site-directed mutagenesis of this region, it was determined that the RA responsive element (RARE) was organized as a direct repeat separated by 5 nucleotides in which the 5'-most AGGTCG half-site was between nucleotides -106 and -101 and the 3'-most AGGTCA half-site was between nucleotides -117 and -112. The RA receptor alpha (RAR alpha) isoform bound to the oligomer representing the sequences between -125 and -100 as a heterodimer complex with the retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR alpha). In a separate study, it was determined that the nucleotides between -125 and -100 are involved in thyroid hormone-mediated activation of the beta 1-AR gene in ventricular myocytes. Therefore, transcriptional activation of the beta 1-AR gene by thyroid hormone or RA involves a single binding site in the promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Bahouth
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163, USA
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Li C, Gudas LJ. Sequences 5' of the basement membrane laminin beta 1 chain gene (LAMB1) direct the expression of beta-galactosidase during development of the mouse testis and ovary. Differentiation 1997; 62:129-37. [PMID: 9447707 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-0436.1997.6230129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The murine LAMB1 gene encoding laminin beta 1 is expressed in the developing male and female gonads and mesonephros. To identify the cis-acting elements regulating the expression of LAMB1, murine transgenic lines were generated by fusing regions of the LAMB1 gene to the Eschericia coli lacZ gene. The p3.9LAM beta gal construct contained approximately 4 kb of 5' flanking sequence and directed beta-galactosidase expression in many different organs including the kidney, mammary gland, and the male and female genital systems, the focus of this report. In male embryos, between gestational ages E 14.5 and birth beta-galactosidase was transiently expressed in the prospermatogonia cells of the testis and in the differentiating epithelial cells in the ductus deferens, ductus epididymis, and seminal vesicles. In female embryos, beta-galactosidase was not detected in the ovary until about 1 week after birth; at this time, beta-galactosidase was expressed by oocytes of primary and secondary follicles. In contrast, transgenic mice carrying the first 0.7 kb of LAMB1 fused to the lacZ gene expressed beta-galactosidase only in the prospermatogonia cells of the testis. Thus, the cis-acting element(s) necessary for the expression of the LAMB1 gene in prospermatogonia cells are located in the first 0.7 kb of LAMB1 5' flanking sequence; element(s) required for expression of the LAMB1 gene in oocytes and epithelial cells of the mesonephric ducts, mesonephric tubules, the ductus deferens, ductus epididymis, and seminal vesicles are located with 4 kb 5' of the transcription initiation site.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Palmatier RN, Henry T, Rennard SI, Beckmann JD. Induction and prevention of squamous transformation of bronchial epithelial cells by phenolic compounds. Xenobiotica 1997; 27:1201-14. [PMID: 9460226 DOI: 10.1080/004982597239796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
1. The exposure of cultured bovine bronchial epithelial cells to 2-naphthol and catechol (10-100 microM) induced a squamous phenotype and inhibited cell proliferation. Phenol and cresol did not have these effects at up to 100 microM. 2. These effects occurred below cytotoxic levels and cell proliferation resumed subsequent to removal of the exposures. 3. Induction of the squamous phenotype was antagonized by retinoic acid, a known morphogenic hormone for several airway epithelial cell culture model systems. 4. Purified recombinant bovine phenol sulphotransferase was used to ablate the antiproliferative and squamous inductive effects of catechol on the cultured airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Palmatier
- Department of Biochemistry, Alma College, MI 48801, USA
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