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Bhattacharyya S, O-Sullivan I, Tobacman JK. N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (Arylsulfatase B) Regulates PD-L1 Expression in Melanoma by an HDAC3-Mediated Epigenetic Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5851. [PMID: 38892038 PMCID: PMC11172302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of the enzyme N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (Arylsulfatase B, ARSB), which removes the 4-sulfate group at the non-reducing end of chondroitin 4-sulfate, on the expression of PD-L1 were determined, and the underlying mechanism of PD-L1 expression was elucidated. Initial experiments in human melanoma cells (A375) showed that PD-L1 expression increased from 357 ± 31 to 796 ± 50 pg/mg protein (p < 10-11) when ARSB was silenced in A375 cells. In subcutaneous B16F10 murine melanomas, PD-L1 declined from 1227 ± 189 to 583 ± 110 pg/mg protein (p = 1.67 × 10-7), a decline of 52%, following treatment with exogenous, bioactive recombinant ARSB. This decline occurred in association with reduced tumor growth and prolongation of survival, as previously reported. The mechanism of regulation of PD-L1 expression by ARSB is attributed to ARSB-mediated alteration in chondroitin 4-sulfation, leading to changes in free galectin-3, c-Jun nuclear localization, HDAC3 expression, and effects of acetyl-H3 on the PD-L1 promoter. These findings indicate that changes in ARSB contribute to the expression of PD-L1 in melanoma and can thereby affect the immune checkpoint response. Exogenous ARSB acted on melanoma cells and normal melanocytes through the IGF2 receptor. The decline in PD-L1 expression by exogenous ARSB may contribute to the impact of ARSB on melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joanne K. Tobacman
- Jesse Brown VAMC and Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.B.); (I.O.-S.)
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2
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Kingma SDK, Jonckheere AI. MPS I: Early diagnosis, bone disease and treatment, where are we now? J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:1289-1310. [PMID: 34480380 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by α-L-iduronidase deficiency. Patients present with a broad spectrum of disease severity ranging from the most severe phenotype (Hurler) with devastating neurocognitive decline, bone disease and early death to intermediate (Hurler-Scheie) and more attenuated (Scheie) phenotypes, with a normal life expectancy. The most severely affected patients are preferably treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which halts the neurocognitive decline. Patients with more attenuated phenotypes are treated with enzyme replacement therapy. There are several challenges to be met in the treatment of MPS I patients. First, to optimize outcome, early recognition of the disease and clinical phenotype is needed to guide decisions on therapeutic strategies. Second, there is thus far no effective treatment available for MPS I bone disease. The pathophysiological mechanisms behind bone disease are largely unknown, limiting the development of effective therapeutic strategies. This article is a state of the art that comprehensively discusses three of the most urgent open issues in MPS I: early diagnosis of MPS I patients, pathophysiology of MPS I bone disease, and emerging therapeutic strategies for MPS I bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D K Kingma
- Centre for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An I Jonckheere
- Centre for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
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3
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Odiparcil, a potential glycosaminoglycans clearance therapy in mucopolysaccharidosis VI-Evidence from in vitro and in vivo models. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233032. [PMID: 32413051 PMCID: PMC7228089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses are a class of lysosomal storage diseases, characterized by enzymatic deficiency in the degradation of specific glycosaminoglycans (GAG). Pathological accumulation of excess GAG leads to multiple clinical symptoms with systemic character, most severely affecting bones, muscles and connective tissues. Current therapies include periodic intravenous infusion of supplementary recombinant enzyme (Enzyme Replacement Therapy–ERT) or bone marrow transplantation. However, ERT has limited efficacy due to poor penetration in some organs and tissues. Here, we investigated the potential of the β-D-xyloside derivative odiparcil as an oral GAG clearance therapy for Maroteaux–Lamy syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI, MPS VI). In vitro, in bovine aortic endothelial cells, odiparcil stimulated the secretion of sulphated GAG into culture media, mainly of chondroitin sulphate (CS) /dermatan sulphate (DS) type. Efficacy of odiparcil in reducing intracellular GAG content was investigated in skin fibroblasts from MPS VI patients where odiparcil was shown to reduce efficiently the accumulation of intracellular CS with an EC50 in the range of 1 μM. In vivo, in wild type rats, after oral administrations, odiparcil was well distributed, achieving μM concentrations in MPS VI disease-relevant tissues and organs (bone, cartilage, heart and cornea). In MPS VI Arylsulphatase B deficient mice (Arsb-), after chronic oral administration, odiparcil consistently stimulated the urinary excretion of sulphated GAG throughout the treatment period and significantly reduced tissue GAG accumulation in liver and kidney. Furthermore, odiparcil diminished the pathological cartilage thickening observed in trachea and femoral growth plates of MPS VI mice. The therapeutic efficacy of odiparcil was similar in models of early (treatment starting in juvenile, 4 weeks old mice) or established disease (treatment starting in adult, 3 months old mice). Our data demonstrate that odiparcil effectively diverts the synthesis of cellular glycosaminoglycans into secreted soluble species and this effect can be used for reducing cellular and tissue GAG accumulation in MPS VI models. Therefore, our data reveal the potential of odiparcil as an oral GAG clearance therapy for MPS VI patients.
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4
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Expansion of B4GALT7 linkeropathy phenotype to include perinatal lethal skeletal dysplasia. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:1569-1577. [PMID: 31278392 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans have a core polypeptide connected to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) via a common tetrasaccharide linker region. Defects in enzymes that synthesize the linker result in a group of autosomal recessive conditions called "linkeropathies". Disease manifests with skeletal and connective tissue features, including short stature, hyperextensible skin, and joint hypermobility. We report a family with three affected pregnancies showing short limbs, cystic hygroma, and perinatal death. Two spontaneously aborted; one survived 1 day after term delivery, and had short limbs, bell-shaped thorax, 11 ribs, absent thumbs, and cleft palate. Exome sequencing of the proband and one affected fetus identified compound heterozygous missense variants, NM_007255.3: c.808C>T (p.(Arg270Cys)) and NM_007255.3: c.398A>G (p.(Gln133Arg)), in B4GALT7, a gene required for GAG linker biosynthesis. Homozygosity for p.(Arg270Cys), associated with partial loss of B4GALT7 function, causes Larsen of Reunion Island syndrome (LRS), however no previous studies have linked p.(Gln133Arg) to disease. The p.(Gln133Arg) and p.(Arg270Cys) variants were transfected into CHO pgsB-618 cells. High protein expression of p.(Gln133Arg) was found, with mislocalization, compared to p.(Arg270Cys) that had a normal Golgi-like pattern. The p.(Gln133Arg) had almost no enzyme activity and little production of heparan sulfate GAGs, while p.(Arg270Cys) only had 17% of wild-type activity. These findings expand the phenotype of B4GALT7-related linkeropathies to include lethal skeletal dysplasia due to more severe loss of function.
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5
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Dahbi S, Jacquinet JC, Bertin-Jung I, Robert A, Ramalanjaona N, Gulberti S, Fournel-Gigleux S, Lopin-Bon C. Synthesis of a library of variously modified 4-methylumbelliferyl xylosides and a structure-activity study of human β4GalT7. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:9653-9669. [PMID: 29116283 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02530k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are complex macromolecules that are composed of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains covalently attached to a core protein through a tetrasaccharide linker. The biosynthesis of PGs is complex and involves a large number of glycosyltranferases. Here we present a structure-activity study of human β4GalT7, which transfers the first Gal residue onto a xyloside moiety of the linkage region. An efficient and regiocontrolled synthesis of a library of modified analogs of 4-methylumbelliferyl xyloside (XylMU) is reported herein. Hydroxyl groups at the position C-2, C-3 or C-4 have been epimerized and/or replaced by a hydrogen or a fluorine, while the anomeric oxygen was replaced by either a sulfur or a sulfone. The effect of these compounds on human β4GalT7 activity in vitro and on GAG biosynthesis in cellulo was then evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Dahbi
- Univ. Orléans et CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067 Orléans, France.
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6
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Ruthenium(II)- and copper(I)-catalyzed synthesis of click-xylosides and assessment of their glycosaminoglycan priming activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5027-5030. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Ghiselli G. Drug-Mediated Regulation of Glycosaminoglycan Biosynthesis. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:1051-1094. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Ghiselli
- Glyconova Srl; Parco Scientifico Silvano Fumero; Via Ribes 5 Colleretto Giacosa, (TO) Italy
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8
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Thorsheim K, Siegbahn A, Johnsson RE, Stålbrand H, Manner S, Widmalm G, Ellervik U. Chemistry of xylopyranosides. Carbohydr Res 2015; 418:65-88. [PMID: 26580709 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Xylose is one of the few monosaccharidic building blocks that are used by mammalian cells. In comparison with other monosaccharides, xylose is rather unusual and, so far, only found in two different mammalian structures, i.e. in the Notch receptor and as the linker between protein and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains in proteoglycans. Interestingly, simple soluble xylopyranosides can not only initiate the biosynthesis of soluble GAG chains but also function as inhibitors of important enzymes in the biosynthesis of proteoglycans. Furthermore, xylose is a major constituent of hemicellulosic xylans and thus one of the most abundant carbohydrates on Earth. Altogether, this has spurred a strong interest in xylose chemistry. The scope of this review is to describe synthesis of xylopyranosyl donors, as well as protective group chemistry, modifications, and conformational analysis of xylose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Thorsheim
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Siegbahn
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Richard E Johnsson
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Stålbrand
- Centre for Molecular Protein Science, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sophie Manner
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Ellervik
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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9
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Saliba M, Ramalanjaona N, Gulberti S, Bertin-Jung I, Thomas A, Dahbi S, Lopin-Bon C, Jacquinet JC, Breton C, Ouzzine M, Fournel-Gigleux S. Probing the acceptor active site organization of the human recombinant β1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 and design of xyloside-based inhibitors. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7658-70. [PMID: 25568325 PMCID: PMC4367269 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.628123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Among glycosaminoglycan (GAG) biosynthetic enzymes, the human β1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 (hβ4GalT7) is characterized by its unique capacity to take over xyloside derivatives linked to a hydrophobic aglycone as substrates and/or inhibitors. This glycosyltransferase is thus a prime target for the development of regulators of GAG synthesis in therapeutics. Here, we report the structure-guided design of hβ4GalT7 inhibitors. By combining molecular modeling, in vitro mutagenesis, and kinetic measurements, and in cellulo analysis of GAG anabolism and decorin glycosylation, we mapped the organization of the acceptor binding pocket, in complex with 4-methylumbelliferone-xylopyranoside as prototype substrate. We show that its organization is governed, on one side, by three tyrosine residues, Tyr194, Tyr196, and Tyr199, which create a hydrophobic environment and provide stacking interactions with both xylopyranoside and aglycone rings. On the opposite side, a hydrogen-bond network is established between the charged amino acids Asp228, Asp229, and Arg226, and the hydroxyl groups of xylose. We identified two key structural features, i.e. the strategic position of Tyr194 forming stacking interactions with the aglycone, and the hydrogen bond between the His195 nitrogen backbone and the carbonyl group of the coumarinyl molecule to develop a tight binder of hβ4GalT7. This led to the synthesis of 4-deoxy-4-fluoroxylose linked to 4-methylumbelliferone that inhibited hβ4GalT7 activity in vitro with a Ki 10 times lower than the Km value and efficiently impaired GAG synthesis in a cell assay. This study provides a valuable probe for the investigation of GAG biology and opens avenues toward the development of bioactive compounds to correct GAG synthesis disorders implicated in different types of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineem Saliba
- From the UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Biopôle-Faculté de Médecine, CS 50184, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex
| | - Nick Ramalanjaona
- From the UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Biopôle-Faculté de Médecine, CS 50184, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex
| | - Sandrine Gulberti
- From the UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Biopôle-Faculté de Médecine, CS 50184, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex
| | - Isabelle Bertin-Jung
- From the UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Biopôle-Faculté de Médecine, CS 50184, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex
| | - Aline Thomas
- the University Grenoble Alpes, CERMAV, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, and
| | - Samir Dahbi
- the UMR 7311 CNRS-Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d'Orléans-Pôle de Chimie, Rue de Chartres, 45067 Orléans Cedex 02, France
| | - Chrystel Lopin-Bon
- the UMR 7311 CNRS-Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d'Orléans-Pôle de Chimie, Rue de Chartres, 45067 Orléans Cedex 02, France
| | - Jean-Claude Jacquinet
- the UMR 7311 CNRS-Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d'Orléans-Pôle de Chimie, Rue de Chartres, 45067 Orléans Cedex 02, France
| | - Christelle Breton
- the University Grenoble Alpes, CERMAV, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, and
| | - Mohamed Ouzzine
- From the UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Biopôle-Faculté de Médecine, CS 50184, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex
| | - Sylvie Fournel-Gigleux
- From the UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Biopôle-Faculté de Médecine, CS 50184, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex,
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10
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Brusa C, Muzard M, Rémond C, Plantier-Royon R. β-Xylopyranosides: synthesis and applications. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14023d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, β-xylopyranosides have attracted interest due to the development of biomass-derived molecules. This review focuses on general routes for the preparation of β-xylopyranosides by chemical and enzymatic pathways and their main uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Brusa
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR)
- CNRS UMR 7312
- UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles
- F-51687 Reims Cedex 2
| | - Murielle Muzard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR)
- CNRS UMR 7312
- UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles
- F-51687 Reims Cedex 2
| | - Caroline Rémond
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne
- UMR 614
- Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement
- France
- INRA
| | - Richard Plantier-Royon
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR)
- CNRS UMR 7312
- UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles
- F-51687 Reims Cedex 2
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11
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Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on Earth, and certain organisms from bacteria to plants and animals synthesize cellulose as an extracellular polymer for various biological functions. Humans have used cellulose for millennia as a material and an energy source, and the advent of a lignocellulosic fuel industry will elevate it to the primary carbon source for the burgeoning renewable energy sector. Despite the biological and societal importance of cellulose, the molecular mechanism by which it is synthesized is now only beginning to emerge. On the basis of recent advances in structural and molecular biology on bacterial cellulose synthases, we review emerging concepts of how the enzymes polymerize glucose molecules, how the nascent polymer is transported across the plasma membrane, and how bacterial cellulose biosynthesis is regulated during biofilm formation. Additionally, we review evolutionary commonalities and differences between cellulose synthases that modulate the nature of the cellulose product formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T. McNamara
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Jacob L.W. Morgan
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
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12
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Siegbahn A, Manner S, Persson A, Tykesson E, Holmqvist K, Ochocinska A, Rönnols J, Sundin A, Mani K, Westergren-Thorsson G, Widmalm G, Ellervik U. Rules for priming and inhibition of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis; probing the β4GalT7 active site. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01244e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylose is the optimal substrate for β4GalT7, an essential enzyme in GAG biosynthesis, but analogs act as effective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Siegbahn
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sophie Manner
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Andrea Persson
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Experimental Medical Science
| | - Emil Tykesson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Holmqvist
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Agata Ochocinska
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jerk Rönnols
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Arrhenius Laboratory
- Stockholm University
- SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sundin
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Katrin Mani
- Department of Experimental Medical Science
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Arrhenius Laboratory
- Stockholm University
- SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Ellervik
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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13
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Benzyl 3-deoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylamino)-β-L-xylopyranoside. MOLBANK 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/m793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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14
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Vassal-Stermann E, Duranton A, Black AF, Azadiguian G, Demaude J, Lortat-Jacob H, Breton L, Vivès RR. A New C-Xyloside induces modifications of GAG expression, structure and functional properties. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47933. [PMID: 23110134 PMCID: PMC3482234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are critically involved in major cellular processes. Most PG activities are due to the large interactive properties of their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) polysaccharide chains, whose expression and fine structural features are tightly controlled by a complex and highly regulated biosynthesis machinery. Xylosides are known to bypass PG-associated GAG biosynthesis and prime the assembly of free polysaccharide chains. These are, therefore, attractive molecules to interfere with GAG expression and function. Recently, we have developed a new xyloside derivative, C-Xyloside, that shares classical GAG-inducing xyloside activities while exhibiting improved metabolic stability. We have previously shown that C-Xyloside had beneficial effects on skin homoeostasis/regeneration using a number of models, but its precise effects on GAG expression and fine structure remained to be addressed. In this study, we have therefore investigated this in details, using a reconstructed dermal tissue as model. Our results first confirmed that C-Xyloside strongly enhanced synthesis of GAG chains, but also induced significant changes in their structure. C-Xyloside primed GAGs were exclusively chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) that featured reduced chain size, increased O-sulfation, and changes in iduronate content and distribution. Surprisingly, C-Xyloside also affected PG-borne GAGs, the main difference being observed in CS/DS 4-O/6-O-sulfation ratio. Such changes were found to affect the biological properties of CS/DS, as revealed by the significant reduction in binding to Hepatocyte Growth Factor observed upon C-Xyloside treatment. Overall, this study provides new insights into the effect of C-Xyloside on GAG structure and activities, which opens up perspectives and applications of such compound in skin repair/regeneration. It also provides a new illustration about the use of xylosides as tools for modifying GAG fine structure/function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Vassal-Stermann
- Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5075, CNRS-CEA-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5075, CNRS-CEA-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Romain R. Vivès
- Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5075, CNRS-CEA-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
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15
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Hayano S, Kurosaka H, Yanagita T, Kalus I, Milz F, Ishihara Y, Islam MN, Kawanabe N, Saito M, Kamioka H, Adachi T, Dierks T, Yamashiro T. Roles of heparan sulfate sulfation in dentinogenesis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:12217-29. [PMID: 22351753 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.332924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) is an essential regulator of cell signaling and development. HS traps signaling molecules, like Wnt in the glycosaminoglycan side chains of HS proteoglycans (HSPGs), and regulates their functions. Endosulfatases Sulf1 and Sulf2 are secreted at the cell surface to selectively remove 6-O-sulfate groups from HSPGs, thereby modifying the affinity of cell surface HSPGs for its ligands. This study provides molecular evidence for the functional roles of HSPG sulfation and desulfation in dentinogenesis. We show that odontogenic cells are highly sulfated on the cell surface and become desulfated during their differentiation to odontoblasts, which produce tooth dentin. Sulf1/Sulf2 double null mutant mice exhibit a thin dentin matrix and short roots combined with reduced expression of dentin sialophosphoprotein (Dspp) mRNA, encoding a dentin-specific extracellular matrix precursor protein, whereas single Sulf mutants do not show such defective phenotypes. In odontoblast cell lines, Dspp mRNA expression is potentiated by the activation of the Wnt canonical signaling pathway. In addition, pharmacological interference with HS sulfation promotes Dspp mRNA expression through activation of Wnt signaling. On the contrary, the silencing of Sulf suppresses the Wnt signaling pathway and subsequently Dspp mRNA expression. We also show that Wnt10a protein binds to cell surface HSPGs in odontoblasts, and interference with HS sulfation decreases the binding affinity of Wnt10a for HSPGs, which facilitates the binding of Wnt10a to its receptor and potentiates the Wnt signaling pathway, thereby up-regulating Dspp mRNA expression. These results demonstrate that Sulf-mediated desulfation of cellular HSPGs is an important modification that is critical for the activation of the Wnt signaling in odontoblasts and for production of the dentin matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Hayano
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
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16
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Weinstein T, Evron Z, Trebicz-Geffen M, Aviv M, Robinson D, Kollander Y, Nevo Z. β-D-xylosides stimulate GAG synthesis in chondrocyte cultures due to elevation of the extracellular GAG domains, accompanied by the depletion of the intra-pericellular GAG pools, with alterations in the GAG profiles. Connect Tissue Res 2011; 53:169-79. [PMID: 22149722 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2011.620190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The familial disease of hereditary multiple exostoses is characterized by abnormal skeletal deformities requiring extensive surgical procedures. In hereditary multiple exostoses patients there is a shortage in the pericellular glycosaminoglycan (GAG) of heparan sulfate (HS), related to defective activity of HS glycosyltransferases, mainly in the pericellular regions of chondrocytes. This study searched for a novel approach employing xylosides with different aglycone groups priming a variety of GAG chains, in attempting to alter the GAG compositional profile. Cell cultures of patients with osteochondroma responded to p-nitrophenyl β-D-xyloside by a significant increase in total GAG synthesis, expressed mainly in the extracellular domains, limited to chondroitin sulfate). The different β-D-xylosides, in addition to increasing the synthesis of extracellular GAGs, led to a significant depletion of the intracellular GAG domains. In mouse chondrocyte cultures, β-D-xylosides with different aglycones created a unique distribution of the GAG pools. Of special interest was the finding that the naphthalene methanol β-D-xyloside showed the highest absolute levels of HS-GAGs in both extracellular and intra-pericellular moieties compared with other β-D-xylosides and with controls without xyloside. In summary, β-D-xylosides can be utilized in chondrocyte cultures to modify the distribution of GAGs between the extracellular and intracellular compartments. In addition, xylosides may alter the profile of specific GAG chains in each moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Weinstein
- Department of Nephrology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
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17
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O'Connell MP, Weeraratna AT. A spoonful of sugar makes the melanoma go: the role of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in melanoma metastasis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011; 24:1133-47. [PMID: 21978367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00918.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) have been shown to regulate signaling in many systems and are of increasing interest in cancer. While these are not the only sugars to drive melanoma metastasis, HSPGs play important roles in driving metastatic signaling cascades in melanoma. The ability of these proteins to modulate ligand-receptor interactions in melanoma has been quite understudied. Recent data from several groups indicate the importance of these ligands in modulating key signaling pathways including Wnt and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the structure and function of these proteoglycans and their role in melanoma. Understanding how HSPGs modulate signaling in melanoma could lead to new therapeutic approaches via the dampening or heightening of key signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P O'Connell
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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18
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Becker HF, Piffeteau A, Thellend A. Saccharomyces cerevisiae chitin biosynthesis activation by N-acetylchitooses depends on size and structure of chito-oligosaccharides. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:454. [PMID: 22032207 PMCID: PMC3221556 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To explore chitin synthesis initiation, the effect of addition of exogenous oligosaccharides on in vitro chitin synthesis was studied. Oligosaccharides of various natures and lengths were added to a chitin synthase assay performed on a Saccharomyces cerevisiae membrane fraction. Findings N-acetylchito-tetra, -penta and -octaoses resulted in 11 to 25% [14C]-GlcNAc incorporation into [14C]-chitin, corresponding to an increase in the initial velocity. The activation appeared specific to N-acetylchitooses as it was not observed with oligosaccharides in other series, such as beta-(1,4), beta-(1,3) or alpha-(1,6) glucooligosaccharides. Conclusions The effect induced by the N-acetylchitooses was a saturable phenomenon and did not interfere with free GlcNAc and trypsin which are two known activators of yeast chitin synthase activity in vitro. The magnitude of the activation was dependent on both oligosaccharide concentration and oligosaccharide size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert F Becker
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, INSERM U696, CNRS UMR7645, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France.
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19
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García-García JF, Corrales G, Casas J, Fernández-Mayoralas A, García-Junceda E. Synthesis and evaluation of xylopyranoside derivatives as “decoy acceptors” of human β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:1312-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00206b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Biochemical and thermodynamic characterization of mutated β1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 involved in the progeroid form of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Biochem J 2010; 432:303-11. [PMID: 20809901 DOI: 10.1042/bj20100921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Three mutations of the B4GALT7 gene [encoding β1,4-GalT7 (β1,4-galactosyltransferase 7)], corresponding to A186D, L206P and R270C, have been identified in patients with the progeroid form of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and are described as being associated with the reduction or loss of β1,4-GalT7 activity. However, the molecular basis of the reduction or loss of activity remained to be determined. In the present study, wild-type, A186D, L206P and R270C β1,4-GalT7 were expressed in CHO618 cells as membrane proteins and in Escherichia coli as soluble proteins fused to MBP (maltose-binding protein). The ability of the expressed proteins to transfer galactose from donor to acceptor substrates was systematically characterized by kinetic analysis. The physicochemical properties of soluble proteins were explored by isothermal titration calorimetry, which is a method of choice when determining the thermodynamic parameters of the binding of substrates. Together, the results showed that: (i) the L206P mutation abolished the activity when L206P β1,4GalT7 was either inserted in the membrane or expressed as a soluble MBP-full-length fusion protein; (ii) the A186D mutation weakly impaired the binding of the donor substrate; and (iii) the R270C mutation strongly impaired the binding of the acceptor substrate. Moreover, the ex vivo consequences of the mutations were investigated by evaluating the priming efficiency of xylosides on GAG (glycosaminoglycan) chain initiation. The results demonstrate a quantitative effect on GAG biosynthesis, depending on the mutation; GAG biosynthesis was fully inhibited by the L206P mutation and decreased by the R270C mutation, whereas the A186D mutation did not affect GAG biosynthesis severely.
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21
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Talhaoui I, Bui C, Oriol R, Mulliert G, Gulberti S, Netter P, Coughtrie MWH, Ouzzine M, Fournel-Gigleux S. Identification of key functional residues in the active site of human {beta}1,4-galactosyltransferase 7: a major enzyme in the glycosaminoglycan synthesis pathway. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:37342-58. [PMID: 20843813 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.151951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play a central role in many pathophysiological events, and exogenous xyloside substrates of β1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 (β4GalT7), a major enzyme of GAG biosynthesis, have interesting biomedical applications. To predict functional peptide regions important for substrate binding and activity of human β4GalT7, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the β1,4-galactosyltransferase family and generated a molecular model using the x-ray structure of Drosophila β4GalT7-UDP as template. Two evolutionary conserved motifs, (163)DVD(165) and (221)FWGWGREDDE(230), are central in the organization of the enzyme active site. This model was challenged by systematic engineering of point mutations, combined with in vitro and ex vivo functional assays. Investigation of the kinetic properties of purified recombinant wild-type β4GalT7 and selected mutants identified Trp(224) as a key residue governing both donor and acceptor substrate binding. Our results also suggested the involvement of the canonical carboxylate residue Asp(228) acting as general base in the reaction catalyzed by human β4GalT7. Importantly, ex vivo functional tests demonstrated that regulation of GAG synthesis is highly responsive to modification of these key active site amino acids. Interestingly, engineering mutants at position 224 allowed us to modify the affinity and to modulate the specificity of human β4GalT7 toward UDP-sugars and xyloside acceptors. Furthermore, the W224H mutant was able to sustain decorin GAG chain substitution but not GAG synthesis from exogenously added xyloside. Altogether, this study provides novel insight into human β4GalT7 active site functional domains, allowing manipulation of this enzyme critical for the regulation of GAG synthesis. A better understanding of the mechanism underlying GAG assembly paves the way toward GAG-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtissam Talhaoui
- Faculté de Médecine, UMR 7561 CNRS-Université de Nancy I, BP 184, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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22
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Victor XV, Nguyen TKN, Ethirajan M, Tran VM, Nguyen KV, Kuberan B. Investigating the elusive mechanism of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:25842-53. [PMID: 19628873 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.043208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) biosynthesis requires numerous biosynthetic enzymes and activated sulfate and sugar donors. Although the sequence of biosynthetic events is resolved using reconstituted systems, little is known about the emergence of cell-specific GAG chains (heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and dermatan sulfate) with distinct sulfation patterns. We have utilized a library of click-xylosides that have various aglycones to decipher the mechanism of GAG biosynthesis in a cellular system. Earlier studies have shown that both the concentration of the primers and the structure of the aglycone moieties can affect the composition of the newly synthesized GAG chains. However, it is largely unknown whether structural features of aglycone affect the extent of sulfation, sulfation pattern, disaccharide composition, and chain length of GAG chains. In this study, we show that aglycones can switch not only the type of GAG chains, but also their fine structures. Our findings provide suggestive evidence for the presence of GAGOSOMES that have different combinations of enzymes and their isoforms regulating the synthesis of cell-specific combinatorial structures. We surmise that click-xylosides are differentially recognized by the GAGOSOMES to generate distinct GAG structures as observed in this study. These novel click-xylosides offer new avenues to profile the cell-specific GAG chains, elucidate the mechanism of GAG biosynthesis, and to decipher the biological actions of GAG chains in model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xylophone V Victor
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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23
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Thermodynamic insights into the structural basis governing the donor substrate recognition by human beta1,4-galactosyltransferase 7. Biochem J 2009; 418:605-14. [PMID: 19032152 DOI: 10.1042/bj20081093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human beta1,4-GalT (galactosyltransferase)7 is involved in the biosynthesis of the tetrasaccharide linker protein region (GlcAbeta1-->3Galbeta1-->3Galbeta1-->4Xylbeta1) (where GlcA is glucuronic acid and Xyl is xylose) of proteoglycans, by catalysing the transfer of Gal (galactose) from the uridine 5'-diphosphogalactose to a Xyl residue. This reaction is rate-limiting in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. In the present study, we established a large-scale production system of beta1,4-GalT7 fused with the maltose-binding protein to study substrate recognition. Calorimetric binding studies showed that the binding of the donor substrate UDP-Gal largely promoted binding of the acceptor substrate. To identify the structural basis governing substrate recognition, we used a fragment-based approach involving the artificial breakdown of the donor substrate into smaller fragments and characterization of their respective binding to the enzyme by isothermal titration calorimetry. The beta-phosphate, and to a lesser extent the alpha-phosphate, largely contributed to the binding energy. However, the uridine moiety was found to be essential for the optimal positioning of the donor substrate within the binding site. Unexpectedly, the contribution of the Gal moiety in substrate recognition was found to be negligible. Indeed, UDP-Gal, but also various UDP-sugars, could bind to beta1,4-GalT7. Surprisingly, in contrast with other GalTs, soluble beta1,4-GalT7 was able to transfer Glc (glucose), Xyl and, to a lesser extent GlcA and GlcNAc (N-acetyl glucosamine), to acceptor sugars, whereas UDP-Man (mannose) and UDP-GalNAc (N-acetyl galactosamine) were not substrates.
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24
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Kuberan B, Ethirajan M, Victor XV, Tran V, Nguyen K, Do A. "Click" xylosides initiate glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis in a mammalian cell line. Chembiochem 2008; 9:198-200. [PMID: 18085541 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Balagurunathan Kuberan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E, Skaggs Hall 307, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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25
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Lugemwa FN, Denison L. Synthesis of 3-Substituted Xylopyrnosides from 2,3-Anhydropentosides. J Carbohydr Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328309708005759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fulgentius N. Lugemwa
- a Department of Chemistry , Murray State University , P.O. Box 9, Murray, KY, 42071-0009
| | - Laura Denison
- a Department of Chemistry , Murray State University , P.O. Box 9, Murray, KY, 42071-0009
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26
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Upreti VV, Khurana M, Cox DS, Eddington ND. Determination of endogenous glycosaminoglycans derived disaccharides in human plasma by HPLC: Validation and application in a clinical study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 831:156-62. [PMID: 16378767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
SB-424323 is a new, orally active anti-thrombotic agent presently in phase-II clinical development, with limited hemorrhagic risk and a unique mechanism of action involving the induction of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) biosynthesis. The objective of the present study was to develop a simple and rapid high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for determination of endogenous GAGs derived disaccharides in plasma samples from a phase-II clinical study of SB-424323. Sample preparation was a simple heat treatment of the diluted plasma followed by digestion of endogenous GAGs with chondroitinase ABC to yield unsaturated disaccharides, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-D-galactose (DeltaDi-0S), 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-4-O-sulfo-D-galactose (DeltaDi-4S), and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-6-O-sulfo-D-galactose (DeltaDi-6S). These disaccharides were recovered and purified using centrifugal filtration through a filter with 3000 molecular weight cut-off along with externally added internal standard 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(2-O-sulfo-beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-D-galactose (DeltaDi-UA2S). A gradient reverse phase HPLC separation was developed on a Waters Symmetry C(18) column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 microm) with a gradient mobile phase system consisting of 0.8 mM tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate and 2mM sodium chloride and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The eluate was monitored with an ultraviolet detector set at 230 nm. Plasma standard curves were linear (r(2)> or =0.994) in the concentration range 1.0-20 microg/mL with a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 1.0 microg/mL for each of the disaccharide. The mean measured quality control (QC) concentrations for the disaccharides deviated from the nominal concentrations in the range of -8.92 to 5.61% and -16.3 to 16.7%, for inter and intra-day, respectively. The inter and intra-day precision in the measurement of QC samples, were in the range of 3.21 to 18.2% relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) and 0.32 to 20.9% R.S.D., respectively. The inter and intra-day precision in the measurement of endogenous GAGs derived disaccharides in human control plasma, were in the range of 5.8 to 15.9% R.S.D. and 1.17 to 7.74% R.S.D., respectively. Stability of the processed samples was confirmed up to 48 h in the auto-sampler. The method is simple, reliable, and easily adaptable to analysis of large number of samples under logistics of a clinical study. The present method has been used to investigate the GAGs levels in the plasma of patients in a phase II clinical study of SB-424323.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay V Upreti
- Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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27
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Wilsie LC, Chanchani S, Navaratna D, Orlando RA. Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans contribute to intracellular lipid accumulation in adipocytes. Lipids Health Dis 2005; 4:2. [PMID: 15636641 PMCID: PMC545935 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 01/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transport of fatty acids within the cytosol of adipocytes and their subsequent assimilation into lipid droplets has been thoroughly investigated; however, the mechanism by which fatty acids are transported across the plasma membrane from the extracellular environment remains unclear. Since triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins represent an abundant source of fatty acids for adipocyte utilization, we have investigated the expression levels of cell surface lipoprotein receptors and their functional contributions toward intracellular lipid accumulation; these include very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDL-R), low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). RESULTS We found that expression of these three lipoprotein receptors increased 5-fold, 2-fold, and 2.5-fold, respectively, during adipocyte differentiation. The major proteoglycans expressed by mature adipocytes are of high molecular weight (>500 kD) and contain both heparan and chondroitin sulfate moieties. Using ligand binding antagonists, we observed that HSPG, rather than VLDL-R or LRP, play a primary role in the uptake of DiI-labeled apoE-VLDL by mature adipocytes. In addition, inhibitors of HSPG maturation resulted in a significant reduction (>85%) in intracellular lipid accumulation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cell surface HSPG is required for fatty acid transport across the plasma membrane of adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa C Wilsie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Shree Chanchani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Deepti Navaratna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Robert A Orlando
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
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28
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Wilsie LC, Orlando RA. The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein complexes with cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans to regulate proteoglycan-mediated lipoprotein catabolism. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:15758-64. [PMID: 12598530 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208786200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that clearance of cholesterol-enriched very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles occurs through a multistep process beginning with their initial binding to cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), followed by their uptake into cells by a receptor-mediated process that utilizes members of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family, including the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP). We have further explored the relationship between HSPG binding of VLDL and its subsequent internalization by focusing on the LRP pathway using a cell line deficient in LDLR. In this study, we show that LRP and HSPG are part of a co-immunoprecipitable complex at the cell surface demonstrating a novel association for these two cell surface receptors. Cell surface binding assays show that this complex can be disrupted by an LRP-specific ligand binding antagonist, which in turn leads to increased VLDL binding and degradation. The increase in VLDL binding results from an increase in the availability of HSPG sites as treatment with heparinase or competitors of glycosaminoglycan chain addition eliminated the augmented binding. From these results we propose a model whereby LRP regulates the availability of VLDL binding sites at the cell surface by complexing with HSPG. Once HSPG dissociates from LRP, it is then able to bind and internalize VLDL independent of LRP endocytic activity. We conclude that HSPG and LRP together participate in VLDL clearance by means of a synergistic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa C Wilsie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
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29
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Nakamura Y, Haines N, Chen J, Okajima T, Furukawa K, Urano T, Stanley P, Irvine KD, Furukawa K. Identification of a Drosophila gene encoding xylosylprotein beta4-galactosyltransferase that is essential for the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and for morphogenesis. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:46280-8. [PMID: 12215432 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203873200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the xylosylprotein beta4-galactosyltransferase termed beta4GalT7 (XgalT-1, EC ) participates in proteoglycan biosynthesis through the transfer of galactose to the xylose that initiates each glycosaminoglycan chain. A Drosophila cDNA homologous to mammalian beta4-galactosyltransferases was identified using a human beta4GalT7 cDNA as a probe in a BLAST analysis of expressed sequence tags. The Drosophila cDNA encodes a type II membrane protein with 322 amino acids and shows 49% identity to human beta4GalT7. Extracts from L cells transfected with the cDNA exhibited marked galactosyltransferase activity specific for a xylopyranoside acceptor. Moreover, transfection with the cloned cDNA restored glycosaminoglycan synthesis in beta4GalT7-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells. In transfectant lysates the properties of Drosophila and human beta4GalT7 resembled each other, except that Drosophila beta4GalT7 showed a less restricted specificity and was active at a wider range of temperatures. Drosophila beta4GalT7 is expressed throughout development, with higher expression levels in adults. Reduction of Drosophila beta4GalT7 levels using expressed RNA interference (RNAi) in imaginal discs resulted in an abnormal wing and leg morphology similar to that of flies with defective Hedgehog and Decapentaplegic signaling, which are known to depend on intact proteoglycan biosynthesis. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissues confirmed that both heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis were impaired. Our results demonstrate that Drosophila beta4GalT7 has the in vitro and in vivo properties predicted for an ortholog of human beta4GalT7 and is essential for normal animal development through its role in proteoglycan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan
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30
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Fernandez-Bolaños JG, al-Masoudi NA, Maya I. Sugar derivatives having sulfur in the ring. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2002; 57:21-98. [PMID: 11836944 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(01)57015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J G Fernandez-Bolaños
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla Apartado 553, E-41071 Seville, Spain
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31
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Peng L, Kawagoe Y, Hogan P, Delmer D. Sitosterol-beta-glucoside as primer for cellulose synthesis in plants. Science 2002; 295:147-50. [PMID: 11778054 DOI: 10.1126/science.1064281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose synthesis in plants requires beta-1,4-glucan chain initiation, elongation, and termination. The process of chain elongation is likely to be distinct from the process of chain initiation. We demonstrate that a CesA glucosyltransferase initiates glucan polymerization by using sitosterol-beta-glucoside (SG) as primer. Cotton fiber membranes synthesize sitosterol-cellodextrins (SCDs) from SG and uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucose (UDP-Glc) under conditions that also favor cellulose synthesis. The cellulase encoded by the Korrigan (Kor) gene, required for cellulose synthesis in plants, may function to cleave SG from the growing polymer chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangcai Peng
- Section of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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32
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Bai X, Zhou D, Brown JR, Crawford BE, Hennet T, Esko JD. Biosynthesis of the linkage region of glycosaminoglycans: cloning and activity of galactosyltransferase II, the sixth member of the beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase family (beta 3GalT6). J Biol Chem 2001; 276:48189-95. [PMID: 11551958 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107339200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A family of five beta1,3-galactosyltransferases has been characterized that catalyze the formation of Galbeta1,3GlcNAcbeta and Galbeta1,3GalNAcbeta linkages present in glycoproteins and glycolipids (beta3GalT1, -2, -3, -4, and -5). We now report a new member of the family (beta3GalT6), involved in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. The human and mouse genes were located on chromosomes 1p36.3 and 4E2, respectively, and homologs are found in Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. Unlike other members of the family, beta3GalT6 showed a broad mRNA expression pattern by Northern blot analysis. Although a high degree of homology across several subdomains exists among other members of the beta3-galactosyltransferase family, recombinant enzyme did not utilize glucosamine- or galactosamine-containing acceptors. Instead, the enzyme transferred galactose from UDP-galactose to acceptors containing a terminal beta-linked galactose residue. This product, Galbeta1,3Galbeta is found in the linkage region of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate (GlcAbeta1,3Galbeta1,3Galbeta1,4Xylbeta-O-Ser), indicating that beta3GalT6 is the so-called galactosyltransferase II involved in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. Its identity was confirmed in vivo by siRNA-mediated inhibition of glycosaminoglycan synthesis in HeLa S3 cells. Its localization in the medial Golgi indicates that this is the major site for assembly of the linkage region.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Bai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687, USA
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Metzler DE, Metzler CM, Sauke DJ. Some Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hassan H, Reis CA, Bennett EP, Mirgorodskaya E, Roepstorff P, Hollingsworth MA, Burchell J, Taylor-Papadimitriou J, Clausen H. The lectin domain of UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-T4 directs its glycopeptide specificities. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:38197-205. [PMID: 10984485 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m005783200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation step of mucin-type O-glycosylation is controlled by a large family of homologous UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (GalNAc-transferases). Differences in kinetic properties, substrate specificities, and expression patterns of these isoenzymes provide for differential regulation of O-glycan attachment sites and density. Recently, it has emerged that some GalNAc-transferase isoforms in vitro selectively function with partially GalNAc O-glycosylated acceptor peptides rather than with the corresponding unglycosylated peptides. O-Glycan attachment to selected sites, most notably two sites in the MUC1 tandem repeat, is entirely dependent on the glycosylation-dependent function of GalNAc-T4. Here we present data that a putative lectin domain found in the C terminus of GalNAc-T4 functions as a GalNAc lectin and confers its glycopeptide specificity. A single amino acid substitution in the lectin domain of a secreted form of GalNAc-T4 selectively blocked GalNAc-glycopeptide activity, while the general activity to peptides exerted by this enzyme was unaffected. Furthermore, the GalNAc-glycopeptide activity of wild-type secreted GalNAc-T4 was selectively inhibited by free GalNAc, while the activity with peptides was unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hassan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
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35
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Bulik DA, Wei G, Toyoda H, Kinoshita-Toyoda A, Waldrip WR, Esko JD, Robbins PW, Selleck SB. sqv-3, -7, and -8, a set of genes affecting morphogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans, encode enzymes required for glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:10838-43. [PMID: 11005858 PMCID: PMC27110 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.20.10838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
sqv (squashed vulva) genes comprise a set of eight independent loci in Caenorhabditis elegans required zygotically for the invagination of vulval epithelial cells and maternally for normal oocyte formation and embryogenesis. Sequencing of sqv-3, sqv-7, and sqv-8 suggested a role for the encoded proteins in glycolipid or glycoprotein biosynthesis. Using a combination of in vitro analysis of SQV enzymatic activities, sqv(+)-mediated rescue of vertebrate cell lines, and biochemical characterization of sqv mutants, we show that sqv-3, -7, and -8 all affect the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans and therefore compromise the function of one specific class of glycoconjugates, proteoglycans. These findings establish the importance of proteoglycans and their associated glycosaminoglycans in epithelial morphogenesis and patterning during C. elegans development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Bulik
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Okajima T, Fukumoto S, Furukawa K, Urano T. Molecular basis for the progeroid variant of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Identification and characterization of two mutations in galactosyltransferase I gene. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:28841-4. [PMID: 10506123 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.41.28841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Progeroid type Ehlers-Danlos (E-D) syndrome was reported to be caused by defects in galactosyltransferase I (EC 2.4.1.133), which is involved in the synthesis of common linkage regions of proteoglycans. Recently, we isolated cDNA of the galactosyltransferase I (XGalT-1) (Okajima, T., Yoshida, K., Kondo, T., and Furukawa, K. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 22915-22918). Therefore, we analyzed mutations in this gene of a patient with progeroid type E-D syndrome by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. Two changes of G and T to A and C at 186 and 206, respectively, were detected. Then, we determined the genomic DNA sequences encompassing the A186D and L206P mutations, revealing that the unaffected parents and two siblings were heterozygous for either one of the two different mutations and normal, while the patient had both of two different mutant genes. Enzymatic functions of cDNA clones of XGalT-1 containing the individual mutations were examined, elucidating that L206P clone completely lost the activity, while A186D retained approximately 50% or 10% of the activity when analyzed with extracts from cDNA transfectant cells or recombinant soluble enzymes, respectively. Moreover, L206P enzyme showed diffuse staining in the cytoplasm of transfectant cells, while the wild type or A186D clones showed Golgi pattern. These results indicated that the mutations in XGalT-1 were at least one of main molecular basis for progeroid type E-D syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Okajima
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Tsurumai, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan
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Okajima T, Yoshida K, Kondo T, Furukawa K. Human homolog of Caenorhabditis elegans sqv-3 gene is galactosyltransferase I involved in the biosynthesis of the glycosaminoglycan-protein linkage region of proteoglycans. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:22915-8. [PMID: 10438455 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.33.22915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A cDNA encoding a novel galactosyltransferase was identified based on BLAST analysis of expressed sequence tags, and the cDNA clones were isolated from a human melanoma line library. The new cDNA sequence encoded a type II membrane protein with 327 amino acid sequence and showed 38% homology to the Caenorhabditis elegans sqv-3 gene involved in the vulval invagination and oocyte development. Extracts from L cells transfected with the galactosyltransferase cDNA in an expression vector and a fusion protein with protein A exhibited marked galactosyltransferase activity specific for p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside. Moreover, transfection with the cloned cDNA restored glycosaminoglycan synthesis of galactosyltransferase I-deficient Chinese hamster ovary mutant pgsB-761 cells. Analysis of the enzyme product by beta-galactosidase digestion, mass spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy revealed that the reaction product was formed via beta-1,4 linkage, indicating that the enzyme is galactosyltransferase I (UDP-galactose:O-beta-D-xylosylprotein 4-beta-D-galactosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.133) involved in the synthesis of the glycosaminoglycan-protein linkage region of proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Okajima
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Tsurumai, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan
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Ding Y, Miura Y, Etchison JR, Freeze HH, Hindsgaul O. Communication: Synthesis of a Library of β-GlcNAc Glycosides to Screen for Efficient in Vivo Glycosyltransferase Acceptors. J Carbohydr Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/07328309908544011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Taylor WH, Sinha A, Khan IA, McDaniel ST, Esko JD. Primers of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis from Peruvian rain forest plants. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:22260-6. [PMID: 9712841 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.35.22260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a rapid, high throughput screening assay for compounds that alter the assembly of glycosaminoglycan chains in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The assay uses autoradiography to measure the binding of newly synthesized [35S]proteoglycans and [35S]glycosaminoglycans to a positively charged membrane. Screening over 1000 extracts from a random plant collection obtained from the Amazon rain forest yielded five plants that stimulated glycosaminoglycan assembly in both wild-type cells and a mutant cell line defective in xylosyltransferase (the first committed enzyme involved in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis). Fractionation of an extract of Maieta guianensis by silica gel and reverse-phase chromatography yielded two pure compounds with stimulatory activity. Spectroscopic analysis by NMR and mass spectrometry revealed that the active principles were xylosides of dimethylated ellagic acid. One of the compounds also contained a galloyl group at C-3 of the xylose moiety. These findings suggest that plants and other natural products may be a source of agents that can potentially alter glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan formation in animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Taylor
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Glycobiology Program, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093-0687, USA
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Jeanneret V, Vogel P, Renaut P, Millet J, Theveniaux J, Barberousse V. Carbaxylosides of 4-ethyl-2-oxo-2H-benzopyran-7-yl as non-hydrolyzable, orally active venous antithrombotic agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:1687-8. [PMID: 9873415 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A (-)-conduritol F derivative was condensed with 4-ethyl-7-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one and converted into (+)-4-ethyl-7-[(1'R,2'S,3'S,4'R)-2',3',4'- trihydroxycyclohexyloxy]-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one ((+)-2). Enantiomer (-)-2 was obtained from a (+)-conduritol F derivative. The carbaxyloside (-)-2 with the L-xylose configuration was more active than (+)-2 in the Wessler's model.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Jeanneret
- Institut de chimie organique de l'Université de Lausanne, BCH, Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- A D'Andrea
- DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Immunobiology, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Miura Y, Yamagata T. Glycosylation of lactosylceramide analogs in animal cells: amphipathic disaccharide primers for glycosphingolipid synthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 241:698-703. [PMID: 9434771 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
N-Acylaminoethyl lactosides as lactosylceramide analogs as well as n-alkyl lactosides were examined for their ability to prime glycosphingolipid (GSL) synthesis in mouse melanoma B16 cells. Using compounds radiolabeled in a galactose residue and having nondegradable thioglucosidic linkages in lactoside, direct glycosylation was shown to occur at the terminal galactose residue of lactosides subsequent to uptake by cells and dissemination into Golgi compartments. B16 cells took in lactosides temperature-dependently to the point of saturation. All lactosides were taken up and glycosylated by B16 cells. C8-lactosides could not settle on the plasma membrane, while C16-lactosides remained within the cells. Glycosylation in all cases was cellular GSL-specific, suggesting the involvement of glycosyltransferases in GSL synthesis during glycosylation of lactosides. The priming of GSL synthesis by lactosides inhibited the cell surface expression of endogenous GM3 in B16 cells. Lactosylceramide analogs are thus shown useful as primers for glycosylation and to modify GSL expression, and these features should facilitate clarification of the functions of GSLs which have yet to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Miura
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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Abstract
The development and function of the immune system is precisely regulated to assure the generation of protective immune responses while avoiding autoimmunity. This regulation is accomplished by the engagement of a multitude of cell-surface receptors which transduce signals that activate or regulate cell differentiative and proliferative pathways. In some cases biologic responses reflect the integration of signals generated by co-aggregation of multiple receptors by complex ligands. For example, B-cell responses to antigen receptor aggregation can be modulated by co-aggregation of receptors for immunoglobulin G (Fc gamma RIIB1), complement components (CR2), and alpha 2, 6-sialoglycoproteins (CD22). Here we review our recent studies of molecular mechanisms underlying co-receptor modulation of B-cell antigen receptor signaling. Our results define interesting circuitry involving interactions among the B-cell antigen receptor, CD19 and Fc gamma RIIB1. CD19 may function as an important integrator of positive and negative signals that regulate B-cell antigen receptor signal output.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Buhl
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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Tridandapani S, Kelley T, Cooney D, Pradhan M, Coggeshall KM. Negative signaling in B cells: SHIP Grbs Shc. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1997; 18:424-7. [PMID: 9293157 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(97)01112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Negative signaling in B cells is initiated by co-crosslinking of the antigen receptor and the Fcy receptor, resulting in cessation of B-cell signaling events and, in turn, inhibiting B-cell proliferation and antibody secretion. Here, a competitive role is proposed for SHIP in blocking the interaction of Shc with the Grb2-Sos complex of proteins that lead to Ras activation in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tridandapani
- Ohio State University, Dept of Microbiology, Columbus 43210, USA
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Vetere A, Ferro S, Bosco M, Cescutti P, Paoletti S. All-transglycolytic synthesis and characterization of sialyl(alpha2-3)galactosyl(beta1-4)xylosyl-p-nitrophenyl(beta1-), an oligosaccharide derivative related to glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 247:1083-90. [PMID: 9288934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.01083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Beta-D-Xylopyranosides, such as p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside (Xyl-Np) or 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside (Xyl-MeUmb), when added to the culture medium of human skin fibroblasts have previously been shown to produce some Np- or MeUmb-oligosaccharides related to the regulation of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. Among these oligosaccharide derivatives, we synthesized the trisaccharide derivative NeuAc(alpha2-3)Gal(beta1-4)Xyl-Np(beta1- as a potential inhibitor of human skin fibroblast glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. This synthesis was achieved by sequential use of transglycosylating activities of Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase and Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase. The structure of the oligosaccharide obtained was determined by HPLC, ion-spray mass spectrometry, and NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vetere
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Trieste, Italy.
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