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Chen C, Naveed H, Chen K. Research progress on branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases. Front Genet 2023; 14:1233669. [PMID: 38028625 PMCID: PMC10658711 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1233669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases, widely present in natural organisms, catalyze bidirectional amino transfer between branched-chain amino acids and branched-chain α-ketoacids in cells. Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases play an important role in the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids. In this paper, the interspecific evolution and biological characteristics of branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases are introduced, the related research of branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases in animals, plants, microorganisms and humans is summarized and the molecular mechanism of branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase is analyzed. It has been found that branched-chain amino acid metabolism disorders are closely related to various diseases in humans and animals and plants, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, brain diseases, neurological diseases and cancer. In particular, branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases play an important role in the development of various tumors. Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases have been used as potential targets for various cancers. This article reviews the research on branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases, aiming to provide a reference for clinical research on targeted therapy for various diseases and different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hassan Naveed
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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2
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Steyer JT, Todd RB. Branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis in fungi. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:865-876. [PMID: 37455545 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20230003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)-isoleucine, leucine, and valine-are synthesized by fungi. These amino acids are important components of proteins and secondary metabolites. The biochemical pathway for BCAA biosynthesis is well-characterized in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The biosynthesis of these three amino acids is interconnected. Different precursors are metabolized in multiple steps through shared enzymes to produce isoleucine and valine, and the valine biosynthesis pathway branches before the penultimate step to a series of leucine biosynthesis-specific steps to produce leucine. Recent efforts have made advances toward characterization of the BCAA biosynthesis pathway in several fungi, revealing diversity in gene duplication and functional divergence in the genes for these enzymatic steps in different fungi. The BCAA biosynthesis pathway is regulated by the transcription factor LEU3 in S. cerevisiae, and LeuB in Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus fumigatus, and the activity of these transcription factors is modulated by the leucine biosynthesis pathway intermediate α-isopropylmalate. Herein, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the BCAA pathway and its regulation, focusing on filamentous ascomycete fungi and comparison with the well-established process in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Steyer
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan KS, 66506, U.S.A
| | - Richard B Todd
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan KS, 66506, U.S.A
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Blank HM, Reuse C, Schmidt‐Hohagen K, Hammer SE, Hiller K, Polymenis M. Branched-chain amino acid synthesis is coupled to TOR activation early in the cell cycle in yeast. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57372. [PMID: 37497662 PMCID: PMC10481666 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
How cells coordinate their metabolism with division determines the rate of cell proliferation. Dynamic patterns of metabolite synthesis during the cell cycle are unexplored. We report the first isotope tracing analysis in synchronous, growing budding yeast cells. Synthesis of leucine, a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), increases through the G1 phase of the cell cycle, peaking later during DNA replication. Cells lacking Bat1, a mitochondrial aminotransferase that synthesizes BCAAs, grow slower, are smaller, and are delayed in the G1 phase, phenocopying cells in which the growth-promoting kinase complex TORC1 is moderately inhibited. Loss of Bat1 lowers the levels of BCAAs and reduces TORC1 activity. Exogenous provision of valine and, to a lesser extent, leucine to cells lacking Bat1 promotes cell division. Valine addition also increases TORC1 activity. In wild-type cells, TORC1 activity is dynamic in the cell cycle, starting low in early G1 but increasing later in the cell cycle. These results suggest a link between BCAA synthesis from glucose to TORC1 activation in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M Blank
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Carsten Reuse
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, BRICSTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Kerstin Schmidt‐Hohagen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, BRICSTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Staci E Hammer
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Karsten Hiller
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, BRICSTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Michael Polymenis
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
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Improvement of Fusel Alcohol Production by Engineering of the Yeast Branched-Chain Amino Acid Aminotransaminase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0055722. [PMID: 35699439 PMCID: PMC9275217 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00557-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain higher alcohols (BCHAs), or fusel alcohols, including isobutanol, isoamyl alcohol, and active amyl alcohol, are useful compounds in several industries. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can synthesize these compounds via the metabolic pathways of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). Branched-chain amino acid aminotransaminases (BCATs) are the key enzymes for BCHA production via the Ehrlich pathway of BCAAs. BCATs catalyze a bidirectional transamination reaction between branched-chain α-keto acids (BCKAs) and BCAAs. In S. cerevisiae, there are two BCAT isoforms, Bat1 and Bat2, which are encoded by the genes BAT1 and BAT2. Although many studies have shown the effects of deletion or overexpression of BAT1 and BAT2 on BCHA production, there have been no reports on the enhancement of BCHA production by functional variants of BCATs. Here, to improve BCHA productivity, we designed variants of Bat1 and Bat2 with altered enzyme activity by using in silico computational analysis: the Gly333Ser and Gly333Trp Bat1 and corresponding Gly316Ser and Gly316Trp Bat2 variants, respectively. When expressed in S. cerevisiae cells, most of these variants caused a growth defect in minimal medium. Interestingly, the Gly333Trp Bat1 and Gly316Ser Bat2 variants achieved 18.7-fold and 17.4-fold increases in isobutanol above that for the wild-type enzyme, respectively. The enzyme assay revealed that the catalytic activities of all four BCAT variants were lower than that of the wild-type enzyme. Our results indicate that the decreased BCAT activity enhanced BCHA production by reducing BCAA biosynthesis, which occurs via a pathway that directly competes with BCHA production. IMPORTANCE Recently, several studies have attempted to increase the production of branched-chain higher alcohols (BCHAs) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The key enzymes for BCHA biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae are the branched-chain amino acid aminotransaminases (BCATs) Bat1 and Bat2. Deletion or overexpression of the genes encoding BCATs has an impact on the production of BCHAs; however, amino acid substitution variants of Bat1 and Bat2 that could affect enzymatic properties—and ultimately BCHA productivity—have not been fully studied. By using in silico analysis, we designed variants of Bat1 and Bat2 and expressed them in yeast cells. We found that the engineered BCATs decreased catalytic activities and increased BCHA production. Our approach provides new insight into the functions of BCATs and will be useful in the future construction of enzymes optimized for high-level production of BCHAs.
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Toyokawa Y, Koonthongkaew J, Takagi H. An overview of branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases: functional differences between mitochondrial and cytosolic isozymes in yeast and human. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8059-8072. [PMID: 34622336 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11612-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (BCAT) catalyzes bidirectional transamination in the cell between branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs; valine, leucine, and isoleucine) and branched-chain α-keto acids (BCKAs; α-ketoisovalerate, α-ketoisocaproate, and α-keto-β-methylvalerate). Eukaryotic cells contain two types of paralogous BCATs: mitochondrial BCAT (BCATm) and cytosolic BCAT (BCATc). Both isozymes have identical enzymatic functions, so they have long been considered to perform similar physiological functions in the cells. However, many studies have gradually revealed the differences in physiological functions and regulatory mechanisms between them. In this article, we present overviews of BCATm and BCATc in both yeast and human. We also introduce BCAT variants found natively or constructed artificially, which could have significant implications for research into the relationship between the primary structures and protein functions of BCATs. KEY POINTS: • BCAT catalyzes bidirectional transamination in the cell between BCAAs and BCKAs. • BCATm and BCATc are different in the metabolic roles and regulatory mechanisms. • BCAT variants offer insight into a relationship between the structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Toyokawa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Jirasin Koonthongkaew
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
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Duplication and Functional Divergence of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Biosynthesis Genes in Aspergillus nidulans. mBio 2021; 12:e0076821. [PMID: 34154419 PMCID: PMC8262921 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00768-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi, bacteria, and plants, but not animals, synthesize the branched-chain amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, and valine. While branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) biosynthesis has been well characterized in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it is incompletely understood in filamentous fungi. The three BCAAs share several early biosynthesis steps before divergence into specific pathways. In Aspergillus nidulans, the genes for the first two dedicated steps in leucine biosynthesis have been characterized, but the final two have not. We used sequence searches of the A. nidulans genome to identify two genes encoding β-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the penultimate step of leucine biosynthesis, and six genes encoding BCAA aminotransferase, which catalyzes the final step in biosynthesis of all three BCAA. We have used combinations of gene knockouts to determine the relative contribution of each of these genes to BCAA biosynthesis. While both β-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase genes act in leucine biosynthesis, the two most highly expressed BCAA aminotransferases are responsible for BCAA biosynthesis. We have also characterized the expression of leucine biosynthesis genes using reverse transcriptase-quantitative PCR and found regulation in response to leucine availability is mediated through the Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factor LeuB. IMPORTANCE Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) biosynthesis is important for pathogenic fungi to successfully cause disease in human and plant hosts. The enzymes for their production are absent from humans and, therefore, provide potential antifungal targets. While BCAA biosynthesis is well characterized in yeasts, it is poorly understood in filamentous fungal pathogens. Developing a thorough understanding of both the genes encoding the metabolic enzymes for BCAA biosynthesis and how their expression is regulated will inform target selection for antifungal drug development.
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Abstract
Significance: Unique to the branched-chain aminotransferase (BCAT) proteins is their redox-active CXXC motif. Subjected to post-translational modification by reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, these proteins have the potential to adopt numerous cellular roles, which may be fundamental to their role in oncogenesis and neurodegenerative diseases. An understanding of the interplay of the redox regulation of BCAT with important cell signaling mechanisms will identify new targets for future therapeutics. Recent Advances: The BCAT proteins have been assigned novel thiol oxidoreductase activity that can accelerate the refolding of proteins, in particular when S-glutathionylated, supporting a chaperone role for BCAT in protein folding. Other metabolic proteins were also shown to have peroxide-mediated redox associations with BCAT, indicating that the cellular function of BCAT is more diverse. Critical Issues: While the role of branched-chain amino acid metabolism and its metabolites has dominated aspects of cancer research, less is known about the role of BCAT. The importance of the CXXC motif in regulating the BCAT activity under hypoxic conditions, a characteristic of tumors, has not been addressed. Understanding how these proteins operate under various cellular redox conditions will become important, in particular with respect to their moonlighting roles. Future Directions: Advances in the quantification of thiols, their measurement, and the manipulation of metabolons that rely on redox-based interactions should accelerate the investigation of the cellular role of moonlighting proteins such as BCAT. Given the importance of cross talk between signaling pathways, research should focus more on these "housekeeping" proteins paying attention to their wider application. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 1048-1067.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra Elizabeth Conway
- Department of Applied Science, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
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8
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The Effect of Apple Juice Concentration on Cider Fermentation and Properties of the Final Product. Foods 2020; 9:foods9101401. [PMID: 33023161 PMCID: PMC7600676 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
European legislation overall agrees that apple juice concentrate is allowed to be used to some extent in cider production. However, no comprehensive research is available to date on the differences in suitability for fermentation between fresh apple juice and that of reconstituted apple juice concentrate. This study aimed to apply freshly pressed juice and juice concentrate made from the same apple cultivar as a substrate for cider fermentation. Differences in yeast performance in terms of fermentation kinetics and consumption of nutrients have been assessed. Fermented ciders were compared according to volatile ester composition and off-flavor formation related to hydrogen sulfide. Based on the results, in the samples fermented with the concentrate, the yeasts consumed less fructose. The formation of long-chain fatty acid esters increased with the use of reconstituted juice concentrate while the differences in off-flavor formation could not be determined. Overall, the use of the concentrate can be considered efficient enough for the purpose of cider fermentation. However, some nutritional supplementation might be required to support the vitality of yeast.
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Schultzhaus ZS, Schultzhaus JN, Romsdahl J, Chen A, Hervey IV WJ, Leary DH, Wang Z. Proteomics Reveals Distinct Changes Associated with Increased Gamma Radiation Resistance in the Black Yeast Exophiala dermatitidis. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101128. [PMID: 32992890 PMCID: PMC7650708 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Exophiala dermatitidis exhibits high resistance to γ-radiation in comparison to many other fungi. Several aspects of this phenotype have been characterized, including its dependence on homologous recombination for the repair of radiation-induced DNA damage, and the transcriptomic response invoked by acute γ-radiation exposure in this organism. However, these findings have yet to identify unique γ-radiation exposure survival strategies-many genes that are induced by γ-radiation exposure do not appear to be important for recovery, and the homologous recombination machinery of this organism is not unique compared to more sensitive species. To identify features associated with γ-radiation resistance, here we characterized the proteomes of two E. dermatitidis strains-the wild type and a hyper-resistant strain developed through adaptive laboratory evolution-before and after γ-radiation exposure. The results demonstrate that protein intensities do not change substantially in response to this stress. Rather, the increased resistance exhibited by the evolved strain may be due in part to increased basal levels of single-stranded binding proteins and a large increase in ribosomal content, possibly allowing for a more robust, induced response during recovery. This experiment provides evidence enabling us to focus on DNA replication, protein production, and ribosome levels for further studies into the mechanism of γ-radiation resistance in E. dermatitidis and other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Schultzhaus
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (Z.S.S.); (J.N.S.); (W.J.H.IV); (D.H.L.)
| | - Janna N. Schultzhaus
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (Z.S.S.); (J.N.S.); (W.J.H.IV); (D.H.L.)
| | - Jillian Romsdahl
- National Research Council, Postdoctoral Fellowship Program, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20744, USA;
| | - Amy Chen
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA;
| | - W. Judson Hervey IV
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (Z.S.S.); (J.N.S.); (W.J.H.IV); (D.H.L.)
| | - Dagmar H. Leary
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (Z.S.S.); (J.N.S.); (W.J.H.IV); (D.H.L.)
| | - Zheng Wang
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (Z.S.S.); (J.N.S.); (W.J.H.IV); (D.H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-202-404-1007
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Effect of the Ala234Asp replacement in mitochondrial branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase on the production of BCAAs and fusel alcohols in yeast. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7915-7925. [PMID: 32776205 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10800-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the mitochondrial branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) aminotransferase Bat1 plays an important role in the synthesis of BCAAs (valine, leucine, and isoleucine). Our upcoming study (Large et al. bioRχiv. 10.1101/2020.06.26.166157, Large et al. 2020) will show that the heterozygous tetraploid beer yeast strain, Wyeast 1056, which natively has a variant causing one amino acid substitution of Ala234Asp in Bat1 on one of the four chromosomes, produced higher levels of BCAA-derived fusel alcohols in the brewer's wort medium than a derived strain lacking this mutation. Here, we investigated the physiological role of the A234D variant Bat1 in S. cerevisiae. Both bat1∆ and bat1A234D cells exhibited the same phenotypes relative to the wild-type Bat1 strain-namely, a repressive growth rate in the logarithmic phase; decreases in intracellular valine and leucine content in the logarithmic and stationary growth phases, respectively; an increase in fusel alcohol content in culture medium; and a decrease in the carbon dioxide productivity. These results indicate that amino acid change from Ala to Asp at position 234 led to a functional impairment of Bat1, although homology modeling suggests that Asp234 in the variant Bat1 did not inhibit enzymatic activity directly. KEY POINTS: • Yeast cells expressing Bat1A234D exhibited a slower growth phenotype. • The Val and Leu levels were decreased in yeast cells expressing Bat1A234D. • The A234D substitution causes a loss-of-function in Bat1. • The A234D substitution in Bat1 increased fusel alcohol production in yeast cells.
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Wang J, Hao F, Song K, Jin W, Fu B, Wei Y, Shi Y, Guo H, Liu W. Identification of a Novel NtLRR-RLK and Biological Pathways That Contribute to Tolerance of TMV in Nicotiana tabacum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:996-1006. [PMID: 32196398 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-19-0343-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection can causes serious damage to tobacco crops. To explore the approach of preventing TMV infection of plants, two tobacco cultivars with different resistances to TMV were used to analyze transcription profiling before and after TMV infection. The involvement of biological pathways differed between the tolerant variety (Yuyan8) and the susceptible variety (NC89). In particular, the plant-virus interaction pathway was rapidly activated in Yuyan8, and specific resistance genes were enriched. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis detected large quantities of antiviral substances in the tolerant Yuyan8. A novel Nicotiana tabacum leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (NtLRR-RLK) gene was identified as being methylated and this was verified using bisulfite sequencing. Transient expression of TMV-green fluorescent protein in pRNAi-NtLRR-RLK transgenic plants confirmed that NtLRR-RLK was important for susceptibility to TMV. The specific protein interaction map generated from our study revealed that levels of BIP1, E3 ubiquitin ligase, and LRR-RLK were significantly elevated, and all were represented at node positions in the protein interaction map. The same expression tendency of these proteins was also found in pRNAi-NtLRR-RLK transgenic plants at 24 h after TMV inoculation. These data suggested that specific genes in the infection process can activate the immune signal cascade through different resistance genes, and the integration of signal pathways could produce resistance to the virus. These results contribute to the overall understanding of the molecular basis of plant resistance to TMV and in the long term could identify new strategies for prevention and control virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fengsheng Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kunfeng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weihuan Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bo Fu
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuanfang Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongchun Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongxiang Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weiqun Liu
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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12
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Perli T, Wronska AK, Ortiz‐Merino RA, Pronk JT, Daran J. Vitamin requirements and biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 2020; 37:283-304. [PMID: 31972058 PMCID: PMC7187267 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically defined media for yeast cultivation (CDMY) were developed to support fast growth, experimental reproducibility, and quantitative analysis of growth rates and biomass yields. In addition to mineral salts and a carbon substrate, popular CDMYs contain seven to nine B-group vitamins, which are either enzyme cofactors or precursors for their synthesis. Despite the widespread use of CDMY in fundamental and applied yeast research, the relation of their design and composition to the actual vitamin requirements of yeasts has not been subjected to critical review since their first development in the 1940s. Vitamins are formally defined as essential organic molecules that cannot be synthesized by an organism. In yeast physiology, use of the term "vitamin" is primarily based on essentiality for humans, but the genome of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae reference strain S288C harbours most of the structural genes required for synthesis of the vitamins included in popular CDMY. Here, we review the biochemistry and genetics of the biosynthesis of these compounds by S. cerevisiae and, based on a comparative genomics analysis, assess the diversity within the Saccharomyces genus with respect to vitamin prototrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Perli
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Anna K. Wronska
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyDelftThe Netherlands
| | | | - Jack T. Pronk
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Jean‐Marc Daran
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyDelftThe Netherlands
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13
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[Synthesis and regulation of flavor compounds derived from brewing yeast: fusel alcohols]. Rev Argent Microbiol 2019; 51:386-397. [PMID: 30712956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the main beer components, fusel alcohols are important because of their influence on the flavor of the final product, and therefore on its quality. During the production process, these compounds are generated by yeasts through the metabolism of amino acids. The yeasts, fermentation conditions and wort composition affect fusel alcohols profiles and their concentrations. In this review, we provide detailed information about the enzymes involved in fusel alcohols formation and their regulation. Moreover, we describe how the type of yeast used, the fermentation temperature and the composition of carbohydrates and nitrogen source in wort, among other fermentation parameters, affect the biosynthesis of these alcohols. Knowing how fusel alcohol levels vary during beer production provides a relevant tool for brewers to achieve the desired characteristics in the final product and at the same time highlights the aspects still unknown to science.
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14
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Deed RC, Hou R, Kinzurik MI, Gardner RC, Fedrizzi B. The role of yeast ARO8, ARO9 and ARO10 genes in the biosynthesis of 3-(methylthio)-1-propanol from L-methionine during fermentation in synthetic grape medium. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 19:5113456. [PMID: 30277518 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
3-(methylthio)-1-propanol (methionol), produced by yeast as an end-product of L-methionine (L-Met) catabolism, imparts off-odours reminiscent of cauliflower and potato to wine. Saccharomyces cerevisiae ARO genes, including transaminases Aro8p and Aro9p, and decarboxylase Aro10p, catalyse two key steps forming methionol via the Ehrlich pathway. We compared methionol concentrations in wines fermented by single Δaro8, Δaro9 and Δaro10 deletants in lab strain BY4743 versus wine strain Zymaflore F15, and F15 double- and triple-aro deletants versus single-aro deletants, using headspace-solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.Deletion of two or more aro genes increased growth lag phase, with the greatest delay exhibited by F15 Δaro8 Δaro9. The single Δaro8 deletion decreased methionol by 44% in BY4743 and 92% in F15, while the Δaro9 deletion increased methionol by 46% in F15 but not BY4743. Single deletion of Δaro10 had no effect on methionol.Unexpectedly, F15 Δaro8 Δaro9 and F15 Δaro8 Δaro9 Δaro10 produced more methionol than F15 Δaro8. In the absence of Aro8p and Aro9p, other transaminases may compensate or an alternative pathway may convert methanethiol to methionol. Our results confirm that Ehrlich pathway genes differ greatly between lab and wine yeast strains, impacting downstream products such as methionol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Deed
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 32 Symonds St, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ruoyu Hou
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 32 Symonds St, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Matias I Kinzurik
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 32 Symonds St, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,New Zealand Winegrowers, 52 Symonds St, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Richard C Gardner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Bruno Fedrizzi
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 32 Symonds St, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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15
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The effects of apple variety, ripening stage, and yeast strain on the volatile composition of apple cider. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01953. [PMID: 31211267 PMCID: PMC6562328 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This work examined the degree of influence of apple variety, apple ripening stage, and yeast strain on the volatile composition of apple cider. Four apple varieties grown in Estonia were selected for the study – Antei, Melba, Kulikovskoye, and Orlovski Sinap. The must from the apples at various stages of ripening (unripe, ripe, overripe) underwent alcoholic fermentation using commercially available yeast strains. Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry was employed to assess the differences in volatile composition between the samples. Out of the variables analyzed in this work, apple variety turned out to be the primary attribute influencing the quality and aroma properties of apple cider. The effect of yeast strain and the maturity of the fruit was variety-specific where the volatile profiles of ciders made with Melba variety were the least influenced by the ripening stage of apples and yeast strains used for the fermentation.
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16
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Holt S, Miks MH, de Carvalho BT, Foulquié-Moreno MR, Thevelein JM. The molecular biology of fruity and floral aromas in beer and other alcoholic beverages. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:193-222. [PMID: 30445501 PMCID: PMC6524682 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aroma compounds provide attractiveness and variety to alcoholic beverages. We discuss the molecular biology of a major subset of beer aroma volatiles, fruity and floral compounds, originating from raw materials (malt and hops), or formed by yeast during fermentation. We introduce aroma perception, describe the most aroma-active, fruity and floral compounds in fruits and their presence and origin in beer. They are classified into categories based on their functional groups and biosynthesis pathways: (1) higher alcohols and esters, (2) polyfunctional thiols, (3) lactones and furanones, and (4) terpenoids. Yeast and hops are the main sources of fruity and flowery aroma compounds in beer. For yeast, the focus is on higher alcohols and esters, and particularly the complex regulation of the alcohol acetyl transferase ATF1 gene. We discuss the release of polyfunctional thiols and monoterpenoids from cysteine- and glutathione-S-conjugated compounds and glucosides, respectively, the primary biological functions of the yeast enzymes involved, their mode of action and mechanisms of regulation that control aroma compound production. Furthermore, we discuss biochemistry and genetics of terpenoid production and formation of non-volatile precursors in Humulus lupulus (hops). Insight in these pathways provides a toolbox for creating innovative products with a diversity of pleasant aromas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester Holt
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Marta H Miks
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
- Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10–726 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Bruna Trindade de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Maria R Foulquié-Moreno
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Johan M Thevelein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
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17
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Daghino S, Di Vietro L, Petiti L, Martino E, Dallabona C, Lodi T, Perotto S. Yeast expression of mammalian Onzin and fungal FCR1 suggests ancestral functions of PLAC8 proteins in mitochondrial metabolism and DNA repair. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6629. [PMID: 31036870 PMCID: PMC6488628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cysteine-rich PLAC8 domain of unknown function occurs in proteins found in most Eukaryotes. PLAC8-proteins play important yet diverse roles in different organisms, such as control of cell proliferation in animals and plants or heavy metal resistance in plants and fungi. Mammalian Onzin can be either pro-proliferative or pro-apoptotic, depending on the cell type, whereas fungal FCR1 confers cadmium tolerance. Despite their different role in different organisms, we hypothesized common ancestral functions linked to the PLAC8 domain. To address this hypothesis, and to investigate the molecular function of the PLAC8 domain, murine Onzin and fungal FCR1 were expressed in the PLAC8-free yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The two PLAC8-proteins localized in the nucleus and induced almost identical phenotypes and transcriptional changes when exposed to cadmium stress. Like FCR1, Onzin also reduced DNA damage and increased cadmium tolerance by a DUN1-dependent pathway. Both proteins activated transcription of ancient mitochondrial pathways such as leucine and Fe-S cluster biosynthesis, known to regulate cell proliferation and DNA repair in yeast. These results strongly suggest a common ancestral function of PLAC8 proteins and open new perspectives to understand the role of the PLAC8 domain in the cellular biology of Eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Daghino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Luigi Di Vietro
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Bayer SAS, centre de recherche "la Dargoire" 14, impasse Pierre Baizet CS 99163, 69263, Lyon, CEDEX 09, France
| | - Luca Petiti
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Martino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Cristina Dallabona
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 11/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Tiziana Lodi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 11/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Perotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy.
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18
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Humia BV, Santos KS, Barbosa AM, Sawata M, Mendonça MDC, Padilha FF. Beer Molecules and Its Sensory and Biological Properties: A Review. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081568. [PMID: 31009997 PMCID: PMC6515478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The production and consumption of beer plays a significant role in the social, political, and economic activities of many societies. During brewing fermentation step, many volatile and phenolic compounds are produced. They bring several organoleptic characteristics to beer and also provide an identity for regional producers. In this review, the beer compounds synthesis, and their role in the chemical and sensory properties of craft beers, and potential health benefits are described. This review also describes the importance of fermentation for the brewing process, since alcohol and many volatile esters are produced and metabolized in this step, thus requiring strict control. Phenolic compounds are also present in beer and are important for human health since it was proved that many of them have antitumor and antioxidant activities, which provides valuable data for moderate dietary beer inclusion studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Vieira Humia
- Biomaterials Laboratory (LBMat), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil.
- Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - Klebson Silva Santos
- Center for Study on Colloidal Systems (NUESC)/Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - Andriele Mendonça Barbosa
- Biomaterials Laboratory (LBMat), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil.
- Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - Monize Sawata
- Biomaterials Laboratory (LBMat), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil.
- Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo da Costa Mendonça
- Biomaterials Laboratory (LBMat), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil.
- Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil.
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Avenida Beira-mar, 3.250, Aracaju 49025-040, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - Francine Ferreira Padilha
- Biomaterials Laboratory (LBMat), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil.
- Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil.
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19
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Abstract
Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are building blocks for all life-forms. We review here the fundamentals of BCAA metabolism in mammalian physiology. Decades of studies have elicited a deep understanding of biochemical reactions involved in BCAA catabolism. In addition, BCAAs and various catabolic products act as signaling molecules, activating programs ranging from protein synthesis to insulin secretion. How these processes are integrated at an organismal level is less clear. Inborn errors of metabolism highlight the importance of organismal regulation of BCAA physiology. More recently, subtle alterations of BCAA metabolism have been suggested to contribute to numerous prevalent diseases, including diabetes, cancer, and heart failure. Understanding the mechanisms underlying altered BCAA metabolism and how they contribute to disease pathophysiology will keep researchers busy for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Neinast
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Danielle Murashige
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
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20
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Qi LN, Xiang BD, Wu FX, Ye JZ, Zhong JH, Wang YY, Chen YY, Chen ZS, Ma L, Chen J, Gong WF, Han ZG, Lu Y, Shang JJ, Li LQ. Circulating Tumor Cells Undergoing EMT Provide a Metric for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2018; 78:4731-4744. [PMID: 29915159 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the significance of circulating tumor cells (CTC) undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we used an advanced CanPatrol CTC-enrichment technique and in situ hybridization to enrich and classify CTC from blood samples. One hundred and one of 112 (90.18%) patients with HCC were CTC positive, even with early-stage disease. CTCs were also detected in 2 of 12 patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV), both of whom had small HCC tumors detected within 5 months. CTC count ≥16 and mesenchymal-CTC (M-CTC) percentage ≥2% prior to resection were significantly associated with early recurrence, multi-intrahepatic recurrence, and lung metastasis. Postoperative CTC monitoring in 10 patients found that most had an increased CTC count and M-CTC percentage before clinically detectable recurrence nodules appeared. Analysis of HCC with high CTC count and high M-CTC percentage identified 67 differentially expressed cancer-related genes involved in cancer-related biological pathways (e.g., cell adhesion and migration, tumor angiogenesis, and apoptosis). One of the identified genes, BCAT1, was significantly upregulated, and knockdown in Hepg2, Hep3B, and Huh7 cells reduced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion while promoting apoptosis. A concomitant increase in epithelial marker expression (EpCAM and E-cadherin) and reduced mesenchymal marker expression (vimentin and Twist) suggest that BCAT1 may trigger the EMT process. Overall, CTCs were highly correlated with HCC characteristics, representing a novel marker for early diagnosis and a prognostic factor for early recurrence. BCAT1 overexpression may induce CTC release by triggering EMT and may be an important biomarker of HCC metastasis.Significance: In liver cancer, CTC examination may represent an important "liquid biopsy" tool to detect both early disease and recurrent or metastatic disease, providing cues for early intervention or adjuvant therapy. Cancer Res; 78(16); 4731-44. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Nan Qi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China.,Guangxi Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering and Technology research center, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Bang-De Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China.,Guangxi Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering and Technology research center, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Fei-Xiang Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China.,Guangxi Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering and Technology research center, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Jia-Zhou Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Jian-Hong Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Yan-Yan Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zu-Shun Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Wen-Feng Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Ze-Guang Han
- China National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, Shanghai City, China
| | - Yan Lu
- SurExam Bio-Tech, Guangzhou Technology Innovation Base, Science City, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jin-Jie Shang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Le-Qun Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China. .,Guangxi Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering and Technology research center, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
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21
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Liu Y, Yang F, Li S, Dai J, Deng H. Glutaredoxin Deletion Shortens Chronological Life Span in Saccharomyces cerevisiae via ROS-Mediated Ras/PKA Activation. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2318-2327. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fan Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Siying Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States,
| | - Junbiao Dai
- Center for Synthetic Genomics, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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22
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Querol A, Pérez-Torrado R, Alonso-Del-Real J, Minebois R, Stribny J, Oliveira BM, Barrio E. New Trends in the Uses of Yeasts in Oenology. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2018; 85:177-210. [PMID: 29860974 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The most important factor in winemaking is the quality of the final product and the new trends in oenology are dictated by wine consumers and producers. Traditionally the red wine is the most consumed and more popular; however, in the last times, the wine companies try to attract other groups of populations, especially young people and women that prefer sweet, whites or rosé wines, very fruity and with low alcohol content. Besides the new trends in consumer preferences, there are also increased concerns on the effects of alcohol consumption on health and the effects of global climate change on grape ripening and wine composition producing wines with high alcohol content. Although S. cerevisiae is the most frequent species in wines, and the subject of most studies, S. uvarum and hybrids between Saccharomyces species such as S. cerevisiae×S. kudriavzevii and S. cerevisiae×S. uvarum are also involved in wine fermentations and can be preponderant in certain wine regions. New yeast starters of non-cerevisiae strains (S. uvarum) or hybrids (S. cerevisiae×S. uvarum and S. cerevisiae×S. kudriavzevii) can contribute to solve some problems of the wineries. They exhibit good fermentative capabilities at low temperatures, producing wines with lower alcohol and higher glycerol amounts, while fulfilling the requirements of the commercial yeasts, such as a good fermentative performance and aromatic profiles that are of great interest for the wine industry. In this review, we will analyze different applications of nonconventional yeasts to solve the current winemaking demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Querol
- Departamento de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, Grupo de Biología de Sistemas en Levaduras de Interés Biotecnológico, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA)-CSIC, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Roberto Pérez-Torrado
- Departamento de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, Grupo de Biología de Sistemas en Levaduras de Interés Biotecnológico, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA)-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Alonso-Del-Real
- Departamento de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, Grupo de Biología de Sistemas en Levaduras de Interés Biotecnológico, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA)-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Romain Minebois
- Departamento de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, Grupo de Biología de Sistemas en Levaduras de Interés Biotecnológico, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA)-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jiri Stribny
- Departamento de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, Grupo de Biología de Sistemas en Levaduras de Interés Biotecnológico, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA)-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Bruno M Oliveira
- Departamento de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, Grupo de Biología de Sistemas en Levaduras de Interés Biotecnológico, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA)-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eladio Barrio
- Departamento de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, Grupo de Biología de Sistemas en Levaduras de Interés Biotecnológico, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA)-CSIC, Valencia, Spain; Departament de Genètica, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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23
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Takpho N, Watanabe D, Takagi H. Valine biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by the mitochondrial branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase Bat1. MICROBIAL CELL 2018; 5:293-299. [PMID: 29850466 PMCID: PMC5972033 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.06.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases (BCATs) Bat1 and Bat2 catalyze the conversion of α-ketoisovalerate, α-keto-β-methylvalerate, and α-ketoisokaproate and into valine, isoleucine, and leucine, respectively, as the final step of branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis. Bat1 and Bat2 are homologous proteins that share 77% identity, but Bat1 localizes in the mitochondria and Bat2 in the cytosol. Based on our preliminary finding that only disruption of the BAT1 gene led to slow-growth phenotype, we hypothesized that Bat1 and Bat2 play distinct roles in valine biosynthesis and the regulation of cell growth. In this study, we found that intracellular valine content was dramatically decreased in Δbat1 cells, whereas Δbat2 cells exhibited no changes in the valine level. To further examine the distinct roles of Bat1 and Bat2, we constructed two artificial genes encoding the mitochondrial-targeting signal (MTS)-deleted Bat1 (Bat1-MTS) and the MTS of Bat1-fused Bat2 (Bat2+MTS). Interestingly, Bat2+MTS was relocalized into the mitochondria, because Bat2 localization was changed to the mitochondria by addition of MTS, and could partially restore the valine content and growth in Δbat1Δbat2 cells. These results suggest that the mitochondria are the major site of valine biosynthesis, and mitochondrial BCAT is important for valine biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthaporn Takpho
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Daisuke Watanabe
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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24
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Xu Y, Yu W, Yang T, Zhang M, Liang C, Cai X, Shao Q. Overexpression of BCAT1 is a prognostic marker in gastric cancer. Hum Pathol 2018; 75:41-46. [PMID: 29447920 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As one form of branched-chain amino-acid transaminase (BCAT) enzymes, It has been found that up-regulation of BCAT1 is associated with poor prognosis in numerous types of tumors, but studies on the role of BCAT1 expression in gastric cancer (GC) are rare. The aims of this study were to detect BCAT1 expression in GC and to analyze its association with prognosis of GC patients. Microarray experiments were performed on the Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 GeneChip Array. The protein and messenger RNA levels of BCAT1 were validated by immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in GC tissues and adjacent noncancerous tissues. Our study shows that the expression of BCAT1 significantly increased in human GC. Furthermore, it can also be found that BCAT1 overexpression was associated with TNM stage (P < .05), local invasion (P < .05), Lauren type (P < .05), tumor classification (P < .05), lymph node metastasis (P < .05), and presence of distant metastasis (P < .05). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that high BCAT1 expression predicted significantly worse overall survival (P < .05), whereas multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that BCAT1 affects GC independently. In conclusion, up-regulation of BCAT1 indicated a poor survival rate of GC and may serve as a useful marker for predicting the outcome of patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ningbo City Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, PR China.
| | - Weiming Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ningbo City Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, PR China
| | - Taotao Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo City Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, PR China
| | - Miaozun Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ningbo City Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, PR China
| | - Chao Liang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ningbo City Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, PR China
| | - Xianlei Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ningbo City Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, PR China
| | - Qinshu Shao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
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25
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Petersen EE, Margaritis A, Stewart RJ, Pilkington PH, Mensour NA. The Effects of Wort Valine Concentration on the Total Diacetyl Profile and Levels Late in Batch Fermentations with Brewing YeastSaccharomyces Carlsbergensis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-62-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Petersen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London N6A 5B9, Ontario, Canada
| | - Argyrios Margaritis
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London N6A 5B9, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert J. Stewart
- Interbrew, Science and Technology Development, 197 Richmond Street, London N6A 4M3, Ontario, Canada
| | - P. Heather Pilkington
- Interbrew, Science and Technology Development, 197 Richmond Street, London N6A 4M3, Ontario, Canada
| | - Normand A. Mensour
- Interbrew, Science and Technology Development, 197 Richmond Street, London N6A 4M3, Ontario, Canada
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Kodama Y, Omura F, Miyajima K, Ashikari T. Control of Higher Alcohol Production by Manipulation of theBAP2Gene in Brewing Yeast. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-59-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kodama
- Institute for Fundamental Research, Suntory Research Center, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8503, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Omura
- Institute for Fundamental Research, Suntory Research Center, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8503, Japan
| | - Keiji Miyajima
- Institute for Fundamental Research, Suntory Research Center, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8503, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ashikari
- Institute for Fundamental Research, Suntory Research Center, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8503, Japan
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27
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Uncovering the role of branched-chain amino acid transaminases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae isobutanol biosynthesis. Metab Eng 2017; 44:302-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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赖 爱, 谢 斌. BCAT1促进肿瘤发生发展的研究进展. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:1536-1542. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i17.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
支链氨基酸转移酶1(branched-chain amino acid transaminase 1, BCAT1)是催化支链氨基酸代谢的关键酶. 国内外研究已证实BCAT1在多种恶性肿瘤中呈现高表达, 并提示与肿瘤细胞增殖、转移及侵袭密切相关. 本文拟就BCAT1的理化性质、生物学功能及其与肿瘤发生、发展的相关研究进行简要综述, 为进一步研究BCAT1与恶性肿瘤的关系提供线索.
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29
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Zhu W, Shao Y, Peng Y. MicroRNA-218 inhibits tumor growth and increases chemosensitivity to CDDP treatment by targeting BCAT1 in prostate cancer. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:1570-1577. [PMID: 28052414 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs have been reported to be associated with chemosensitivity of several types of cancers. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we explored miR-218 increased the chemosensitivity to cis-diaminedichloroplatinum treatment of prostate cancer. We found that the expression level of miR-218 was down-regulated in the human prostate cancer specimens. Moreover, overexpression of miR-218 inhibited cell viability, migration, and invasion in PC3 and DU145 cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the tumor suppressive role of miR-218 was mediated by negatively regulating branched-chain amino acid transaminase 1 (BCAT1) protein expression. Importantly, overexpression of BCAT1 decreased the chemosensitivity to CDDP treatment of PC3 and DU145 cells. Our study is the first to identify the positive role of miR-218 in chemosensitivity, which will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhu
- Department of Urology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqun Shao
- Department of Urology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Department of Urology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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30
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Michel M, Meier-Dörnberg T, Jacob F, Methner FJ, Wagner RS, Hutzler M. Review: Pure non-Saccharomycesstarter cultures for beer fermentation with a focus on secondary metabolites and practical applications. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Michel
- Research Centre Weihenstephan for Beer and Food Quality; Technische Universität München; Alte Akademie 3 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Tim Meier-Dörnberg
- Research Centre Weihenstephan for Beer and Food Quality; Technische Universität München; Alte Akademie 3 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Fritz Jacob
- Research Centre Weihenstephan for Beer and Food Quality; Technische Universität München; Alte Akademie 3 85354 Freising Germany
| | | | - R. Steven Wagner
- Brewing Program; Central Washington University; 400 E University Way, Ellensburg Washington USA
| | - Mathias Hutzler
- Research Centre Weihenstephan for Beer and Food Quality; Technische Universität München; Alte Akademie 3 85354 Freising Germany
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31
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Wang ZQ, Faddaoui A, Bachvarova M, Plante M, Gregoire J, Renaud MC, Sebastianelli A, Guillemette C, Gobeil S, Macdonald E, Vanderhyden B, Bachvarov D. BCAT1 expression associates with ovarian cancer progression: possible implications in altered disease metabolism. Oncotarget 2016; 6:31522-43. [PMID: 26372729 PMCID: PMC4741622 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have identified the branched chain amino-acid transaminase 1 (BCAT1) gene as notably hypomethylated in low-malignant potential (LMP) and high-grade (HG) serous epithelial ovarian tumors, compared to normal ovarian tissues. Here we show that BCAT1 is strongly overexpressed in both LMP and HG serous epithelial ovarian tumors, which probably correlates with its hypomethylated status. Knockdown of the BCAT1 expression in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells led to sharp decrease of cell proliferation, migration and invasion and inhibited cell cycle progression. BCAT1 silencing was associated with the suppression of numerous genes and pathways known previously to be implicated in ovarian tumorigenesis, and the induction of some tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). Moreover, BCAT1 suppression resulted in downregulation of numerous genes implicated in lipid production and protein synthesis, suggesting its important role in controlling EOC metabolism. Further metabolomic analyses were indicative for significant depletion of most amino acids and different phospho- and sphingolipids following BCAT1 knockdown. Finally, BCAT1 suppression led to significantly prolonged survival time in xenograft model of advanced peritoneal EOC. Taken together, our findings provide new insights about the functional role of BCAT1 in ovarian carcinogenesis and identify this transaminase as a novel EOC biomarker and putative EOC therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec PQ, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec PQ, Canada
| | - Adnen Faddaoui
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec PQ, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec PQ, Canada
| | | | - Marie Plante
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec PQ, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Laval University, Québec PQ, Canada
| | - Jean Gregoire
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec PQ, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Laval University, Québec PQ, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Renaud
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec PQ, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Laval University, Québec PQ, Canada
| | - Alexandra Sebastianelli
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec PQ, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Laval University, Québec PQ, Canada
| | - Chantal Guillemette
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec PQ, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec PQ, Canada
| | - Stéphane Gobeil
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec PQ, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec PQ, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Macdonald
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Barbara Vanderhyden
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dimcho Bachvarov
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec PQ, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec PQ, Canada
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Xu M, Liu Q, Jia Y, Tu K, Yao Y, Liu Q, Guo C. BCAT1 promotes tumor cell migration and invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2648-2656. [PMID: 27698837 PMCID: PMC5038498 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acid transaminase 1 (BCAT1) has been associated with numerous types of tumors; however, few previous studies have evaluated the expression and role of BCAT1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the present study, the expression of BCAT1 was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting in six HCC cell lines and 74 pairs of HCC and adjacent non-cancerous liver tissues. In addition, the correlation between the expression levels of c-Myc and BCAT1 was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, RNA silencing was performed using c-Myc-specific or BCAT1-specific small interfering RNA, after which wound healing and Transwell cell invasion assays were performed. Finally, the clinicopathological characteristics of BCAT1 in patients with HCC were analyzed. It was shown that the expression of BCAT1 was significantly higher in HCC tissues compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues (P<0.001), and in HCC cell lines compared within the L-02 hepatic cell line (P<0.001). In addition, immunohistochemical analyses indicated that the expression of BCAT1 was positively correlated with c-Myc (r=0.706, P<0.001). BCAT1 expression was shown to be downregulated in c-Myc-knockdown cells, and silencing of BCAT1 expression reduced the invasion and migration of HCC cells. Furthermore, a clinical analysis indicated that BCAT1 expression in HCC tissues was significantly associated with the tumor-node-metastasis stage, tumor number and tumor differentiation (all P<0.05), and that BCAT1 was able to predict the 5-year survival and disease-free survival rates of patients with HCC (both P<0.001). The results of the present study suggested that BCAT1 expression is upregulated in patients with HCC, and that BCAT1 may serve as a potential molecular target for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qingquan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yuli Jia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Kangsheng Tu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yingmin Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qingguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Stribny J, Romagnoli G, Pérez-Torrado R, Daran JM, Querol A. Characterisation of the broad substrate specificity 2-keto acid decarboxylase Aro10p of Saccharomyces kudriavzevii and its implication in aroma development. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:51. [PMID: 26971319 PMCID: PMC4789280 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0449-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The yeast amino acid catabolism plays an important role in flavour generation since higher alcohols and acetate esters, amino acid catabolism end products, are key components of overall flavour and aroma in fermented products. Comparative studies have shown that other Saccharomyces species, such as S. kudriavzevii, differ during the production of aroma-active higher alcohols and their esters compared to S. cerevisiae. Results In this study, we performed a comparative analysis of the enzymes involved in the amino acid catabolism of S. kudriavzevii with their potential to improve the flavour production capacity of S. cerevisiae. In silico screening, based on the severity of amino acid substitutions evaluated by Grantham matrix, revealed four candidates, of which S. kudriavzevii Aro10p (SkAro10p) had the highest score. The analysis of higher alcohols and esters produced by S. cerevisiae then revealed enhanced formation of isobutanol, isoamyl alcohol and their esters when endogenous ARO10 was replaced with ARO10 from S. kudriavzevii. Also, significant differences in the aroma profile were found in fermentations of synthetic wine must. Substrate specificities of SkAro10p were compared with those of S. cerevisiae Aro10p (ScAro10p) by their expression in a 2-keto acid decarboxylase-null S. cerevisiae strain. Unlike the cell extracts with expressed ScAro10p which showed greater activity for phenylpyruvate, which suggests this phenylalanine-derivative to be the preferred substrate, the decarboxylation activities measured in the cell extracts with SkAro10p ranged with all the tested substrates at the same level. The activities of SkAro10p towards substrates (except phenylpyruvate) were higher than of those for ScAro10p. Conclusions The results indicate that the amino acid variations observed between the orthologues decarboxylases encoded by SkARO10 and ScARO10 could be the reason for the distinct enzyme properties, which possibly lead to the enhanced production of several flavour compounds. The knowledge on the important enzyme involved in higher alcohols biosynthesis by S. kudriavzevii could be of scientific as well as of applied interest. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0449-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Stribny
- Food Biotechnology Department, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, (IATA-CSIC) Avda, Agustín Escardino, 7, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gabriele Romagnoli
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.,Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Pérez-Torrado
- Food Biotechnology Department, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, (IATA-CSIC) Avda, Agustín Escardino, 7, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jean-Marc Daran
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.,Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Delft, The Netherlands.,Platform Green Synthetic Biology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Amparo Querol
- Food Biotechnology Department, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, (IATA-CSIC) Avda, Agustín Escardino, 7, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain.
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34
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Kingsbury JM, Sen ND, Cardenas ME. Branched-Chain Aminotransferases Control TORC1 Signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005714. [PMID: 26659116 PMCID: PMC4684349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) integrates nutrient signals to orchestrate cell growth and proliferation. Leucine availability is conveyed to control TORC1 activity via the leu-tRNA synthetase/EGOC-GTPase module in yeast and mammals, but the mechanisms sensing leucine remain only partially understood. We show here that both leucine and its α-ketoacid metabolite, α-ketoisocaproate, effectively activate the yeast TORC1 kinase via both EGOC GTPase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Leucine and α-ketoisocaproate are interconverted by ubiquitous branched-chain aminotransferases (BCAT), which in yeast are represented by the mitochondrial and cytosolic enzymes Bat1 and Bat2, respectively. BCAT yeast mutants exhibit severely compromised TORC1 activity, which is partially restored by expression of Bat1 active site mutants, implicating both catalytic and structural roles of BCATs in TORC1 control. We find that Bat1 interacts with branched-chain amino acid metabolic enzymes and, in a leucine-dependent fashion, with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA)-cycle enzyme aconitase. BCAT mutation perturbed TCA-cycle intermediate levels, consistent with a TCA-cycle block, and resulted in low ATP levels, activation of AMPK, and TORC1 inhibition. We propose the biosynthetic capacity of BCAT and its role in forming multicomplex metabolons connecting branched-chain amino acids and TCA-cycle metabolism governs TCA-cycle flux to activate TORC1 signaling. Because mammalian mitochondrial BCAT is known to form a supramolecular branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase enzyme complex that links leucine metabolism to the TCA-cycle, these findings establish a precedent for understanding TORC1 signaling in mammals. In all organisms from yeasts to mammals the target of rapamycin TORC1 pathway controls growth in response to nutrients such as leucine, but the leucine sensing mechanisms are only partially characterized. We show that both leucine and its α-ketoacid metabolite, α-ketoisocaproate, are similarly capable of activating TORC1 kinase via EGOC GTPase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Activation of TORC1 by leucine or α-ketoisocaproate is only partially mediated via EGOC-GTPase. Leucine and α-ketoisocaproate are interconverted by ubiquitous branched-chain aminotransferases (BCAT). Disruption of BCAT caused reduced TORC1 activity, which was partially restored by expression of BCAT active site mutants, arguing for both structural and catalytic roles of BCAT in TORC1 control. We find BCAT interacts with several branched-chain amino acid metabolic enzymes, and in a leucine-dependent fashion with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA)-cycle enzyme aconitase. Both aconitase mutation or TCA-cycle inhibition impaired TORC1 activity. Mutation of BCAT resulted in a TCA-cycle intermediate profile consistent with a TCA-cycle block, low ATP levels, activation of AMPK, and TORC1 inhibition. Our results suggest a model whereby BCAT coordinates leucine and TCA cycle metabolism to control TORC1 signaling. Taken together, our findings forge key insights into how the TORC1 signaling cascade senses nutrients to control cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Kingsbury
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Neelam D Sen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maria E Cardenas
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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35
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Montalvo-Arredondo J, Jiménez-Benítez Á, Colón-González M, González-Flores J, Flores-Villegas M, González A, Riego-Ruiz L. Functional roles of a predicted branched chain aminotransferase encoded by the LkBAT1 gene of the yeast Lachancea kluyveri. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 85:71-82. [PMID: 26563416 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Branched chain amino acid aminotransferases (BCATs) catalyze the last step of the biosynthesis and the first step of the catabolism of branched chain amino acids. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, BCATs are encoded by the ScBAT1 and ScBAT2 paralogous genes. Analysis of Lachancea kluyveri genome sequence, allowed the identification of the LkBAT1 locus, which could presumably encode a BCAT. A second unlinked locus (LkBAT1bis), exhibiting sequence similarity to LkBAT1 was also identified. To determine the function of these putative BCATs, L. kluyveri mutant strains lacking LkBAT1, LkBAT1bis or both genes were generated and tested for VIL metabolism. LkBat1 displayed branched chain aminotransferase activity and is required for VIL biosynthesis and catabolism. However, Lkbat1Δ mutant is a valine and isoleucine auxotroph and a leucine bradytroph indicating that L. kluyveri harbors an alternative enzyme(s) involved in leucine biosynthesis. Additionally, heterologous reciprocal gene complementation between S. cerevisiae and L. kluyveri orthologous LkBAT1, ScBAT1 and ScBAT2 genes, confirmed that the mitochondrial LkBat1 functions as BCAT in S. cerevisiae, restoring wild type phenotype to the ScBAT1 null mutant. Conversely, LkBAT1bis did not display a role in BCAAs metabolism. However, when ethanol was used as carbon source, deletion of LkBAT1bis in an Lkbat1Δ null strain resulted in an extended 'lag' growth phase, pointing to a potential function of LkBAT1 and LkBAT1bis in the aerobic metabolism of L. kluyveri. These results confirm the BCAT function of LkBAT1 in L. kluyveri, and further support the proposition that the BCAT function in ancestral-type yeasts has been distributed in the two paralogous genes present in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Montalvo-Arredondo
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José, no. 2055, Col. Lomas 4 Sección, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78216, Mexico.
| | - Ángel Jiménez-Benítez
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José, no. 2055, Col. Lomas 4 Sección, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78216, Mexico.
| | - Maritrini Colón-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-242, México D.F. 04510, Mexico.
| | - James González-Flores
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-242, México D.F. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Mirelle Flores-Villegas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-242, México D.F. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Alicia González
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-242, México D.F. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Lina Riego-Ruiz
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José, no. 2055, Col. Lomas 4 Sección, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78216, Mexico.
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Both BAT1 and ARO8 are responsible for unpleasant odor generation in halo-tolerant yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7685-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6673-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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37
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Lichti CF, Mostovenko E, Wadsworth PA, Lynch GC, Pettitt BM, Sulman EP, Wang Q, Lang FF, Rezeli M, Marko-Varga G, Végvári Á, Nilsson CL. Systematic identification of single amino acid variants in glioma stem-cell-derived chromosome 19 proteins. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:778-86. [PMID: 25399873 PMCID: PMC4324435 DOI: 10.1021/pr500810g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Novel
proteoforms with single amino acid variations represent proteins
that often have altered biological functions but are less explored
in the human proteome. We have developed an approach, searching high
quality shotgun proteomic data against an extended protein database,
to identify expressed mutant proteoforms in glioma stem cell (GSC)
lines. The systematic search of MS/MS spectra using PEAKS 7.0 as the
search engine has recognized 17 chromosome 19 proteins in GSCs with
altered amino acid sequences. The results were further verified by
manual spectral examination, validating 19 proteoforms. One of the
novel findings, a mutant form of branched-chain aminotransferase 2
(p.Thr186Arg), was verified at the transcript level
and by targeted proteomics in several glioma stem cell lines. The
structure of this proteoform was examined by molecular modeling in
order to estimate conformational changes due to mutation that might
lead to functional modifications potentially linked to glioma. Based
on our initial findings, we believe that our approach presented could
contribute to construct a more complete map of the human functional
proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl F Lichti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and ‡Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTMB Cancer Center, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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Förster J, Halbfeld C, Zimmermann M, Blank LM. A blueprint of the amino acid biosynthesis network of hemiascomycetes. FEMS Yeast Res 2014; 14:1090-100. [PMID: 25187056 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure and regulation of biosynthesis pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been detailed extensively. For other hemiascomycetes, genomic sequences are primarily available, whereas biochemical information on them is scarce. The resulting biochemical networks that are used for research in basic science and biotechnology are often biased by data from S. cerevisiae, assuming that there are often implicitly conserved structures between species. We examined the structure of the amino acid biosynthesis network in nine hemiascomycetes, spanning the phylogenetic clade. Differences in the genetic inventory included the presence and absence of isoenzymes and compartmentation of the pathways. Notably, no two hemiascomycetes had identical genetic inventories. For example, the lack of the mitochondrial αIPMS isoenzyme and presence of only one copy of the BCAA aminotransferase in Pichia pastoris indicate a disparately compartmented leucine biosynthesis pathway. Our findings suggest that αIPMS and BCAA aminotransferase are solely located in the cytosol of P. pastoris, requiring correction of the leucine biosynthesis pathway layout in this species. Our results argue for careful use of information from S. cerevisiae and for joint efforts to fill the knowledge gaps in other species. Such analysis will lead to contributions in biotechnology disciplines, such as protein production and compartment engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Förster
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Park SH, Kim S, Hahn JS. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of isobutanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:9139-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Differential transcribed yeast genes involved in flavour formation and its associated amino acid metabolism during brewery fermentation. Eur Food Res Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-014-2236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sieg AG, Trotter PJ. Differential contribution of the proline and glutamine pathways to glutamate biosynthesis and nitrogen assimilation in yeast lacking glutamate dehydrogenase. Microbiol Res 2014; 169:709-16. [PMID: 24629525 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) enzymes play a pivotal role in glutamate biosynthesis and nitrogen assimilation. It has been proposed that, in GDH-deficient yeast, either the proline utilization (PUT) or the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase (GS/GOGAT) pathway serves as the alternative pathway for glutamate production and nitrogen assimilation to the exclusion of the other. Using a gdh-null mutant (gdh1Δ2Δ3Δ), this ambiguity was addressed using a combination of growth studies and pathway-specific enzyme assays on a variety of nitrogen sources (ammonia, glutamine, proline and urea). The GDH-null mutant was viable on all nitrogen sources tested, confirming that alternate pathways for nitrogen assimilation exist in the gdh-null strain. Enzyme assays point to GS/GOGAT as the primary alternative pathway on the preferred nitrogen sources ammonia and glutamine, whereas growth on proline required both the PUT and GS/GOGAT pathways. In contrast, growth on glucose-urea media elicited a decrease in GOGAT activity along with an increase in activity of the PUT pathway specific enzyme Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDH). Together, these results suggest the alternative pathway for nitrogen assimilation in strains lacking the preferred GDH-dependent route is nitrogen source dependent and that neither GS/GOGAT nor PUT serves as the sole compensatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G Sieg
- Guehler Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Augustana College, 639-38th Street, Rock Island, IL 61201, United States
| | - Pamela J Trotter
- Guehler Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Augustana College, 639-38th Street, Rock Island, IL 61201, United States.
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Pires EJ, Teixeira JA, Brányik T, Vicente AA. Yeast: the soul of beer's aroma--a review of flavour-active esters and higher alcohols produced by the brewing yeast. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:1937-49. [PMID: 24384752 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5470-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Among the most important factors influencing beer quality is the presence of well-adjusted amounts of higher alcohols and esters. Thus, a heavy body of literature focuses on these substances and on the parameters influencing their production by the brewing yeast. Additionally, the complex metabolic pathways involved in their synthesis require special attention. More than a century of data, mainly in genetic and proteomic fields, has built up enough information to describe in detail each step in the pathway for the synthesis of higher alcohols and their esters, but there is still place for more. Higher alcohols are formed either by anabolism or catabolism (Ehrlich pathway) of amino acids. Esters are formed by enzymatic condensation of organic acids and alcohols. The current paper reviews the up-to-date knowledge in the pathways involving the synthesis of higher alcohols and esters by brewing yeasts. Fermentation parameters affecting yeast response during biosynthesis of these aromatic substances are also fully reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J Pires
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal,
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Over-expression of BCAT1, a c-Myc target gene, induces cell proliferation, migration and invasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:53. [PMID: 23758864 PMCID: PMC3698204 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common malignant tumor in southern China and Southeast Asia, but its molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis are poorly understood. Our previous work has demonstrated that BCAT1 mRNA is over expressed in NPC and knocking down its expression in 5-8F NPC cell line can potently inhibit cell cycle progression and cell proliferation. However, the mechanism of BCAT1 up-regulation and its functional role in NPC development remain to be elucidated yet. METHODS Immunohistochemistry (IHC) method was utilized to detect the expression of BCAT1 protein in NPC at different pathological stages. The roles of gene mutation, DNA amplification and transcription factor c-Myc in regulating BCAT1 expression were analyzed using PCR-sequencing, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), IHC, ChIP and luciferase reporter system, respectively. The functions of BCAT1 in colony formation, cell migration and invasion properties were evaluated by RNA interference (RNAi). RESULTS The positive rates of BCAT1 protein expression in normal epithelia, low-to-moderate grade atypical hyperplasia tissues, high-grade atypical hyperplasia tissues and NPC tissues were 23.6% (17/72), 75% (18/24), 88.9% (8/9) and 88.8% (71/80), respectively. Only one SNP site in exon1 was detected, and 42.4% (12/28) of the NPC tissues displayed the amplification of microsatellite loci in BCAT1. C-Myc could directly bind to the c-Myc binding site in promoter region of BCAT1 and up-regulate its expression. The mRNA and protein of c-Myc and BCAT1 were co-expressed in 53.6% (15/28) and 59.1% (13/22) of NPC tissues, respectively, and BCAT1 mRNA expression was also down-regulated in c-Myc knockdown cell lines. In addition, BCAT1 knockdown cells demonstrated reduced proliferation and decreased cell migration and invasion abilities. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that gene amplification and c-Myc up-regulation are responsible for BCAT1 overexpression in primary NPC, and overexpression of BCAT1 induces cell proliferation, migration and invasion. The results suggest that BCAT1 may be a novel molecular target for the diagnosis and treatment of NPC.
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Procopio S, Krause D, Hofmann T, Becker T. Significant amino acids in aroma compound profiling during yeast fermentation analyzed by PLS regression. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhang CY, Liu YL, Qi YN, Zhang JW, Dai LH, Lin X, Xiao DG. Increased esters and decreased higher alcohols production by engineered brewer’s yeast strains. Eur Food Res Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-013-1966-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Styger G, Jacobson D, Prior BA, Bauer FF. Genetic analysis of the metabolic pathways responsible for aroma metabolite production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:4429-42. [PMID: 23111598 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During alcoholic fermentation, higher alcohols, esters, and acids are formed from amino acids via the Ehrlich pathway by yeast, but many of the genes encoding the enzymes have not yet been identified. When the BAT1/2 genes, encoding transaminases that deaminate amino acids in the first step of the Ehrlich pathway are deleted, higher metabolite formation is significantly decreased. Screening yeast strains with deletions of genes encoding decarboxylases, dehydrogenases, and reductases revealed nine genes whose absence had the most significant impact on higher alcohol production. The seven most promising genes (AAD6, BAT2, HOM2, PAD1, PRO2, SPE1, and THI3) were further investigated by constructing double- and triple-deletion mutants. All double-deletion strains showed a greater decrease in isobutanol, isoamyl alcohol, isobutyric, and isovaleric acid production than the corresponding single deletion strains with the double-deletion strains in combination with ∆bat2 and the ∆hom2-∆aad6 strain revealing the greatest impact. BAT2 is the dominant gene in these deletion strains and this suggests the initial transaminase step of the Ehrlich pathway is rate-limiting. The triple-deletion strains in combination with BAT2 (∆bat2-∆thi3-∆aad6 and ∆bat2-∆thi3-∆hom2) had the greatest impact on the end metabolite production with the exception of isoamyl alcohol and isovaleric acid. The strain deleted for two dehydrogenases and a reductase (∆hom2-∆pro2-∆aad6) had a greater effect on the levels of these two compounds. This study contributes to the elucidation of the Ehrlich pathway and its significance for aroma production by fermenting yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Styger
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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Cordente AG, Curtin CD, Varela C, Pretorius IS. Flavour-active wine yeasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:601-18. [PMID: 22940803 PMCID: PMC3466427 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The flavour of fermented beverages such as beer, cider, saké and wine owe much to the primary fermentation yeast used in their production, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Where once the role of yeast in fermented beverage flavour was thought to be limited to a small number of volatile esters and higher alcohols, the discovery that wine yeast release highly potent sulfur compounds from non-volatile precursors found in grapes has driven researchers to look more closely at how choice of yeast can influence wine style. This review explores recent progress towards understanding the range of ‘flavour phenotypes’ that wine yeast exhibit, and how this knowledge has been used to develop novel flavour-active yeasts. In addition, emerging opportunities to augment these phenotypes by engineering yeast to produce so-called grape varietal compounds, such as monoterpenoids, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio G. Cordente
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, PO Box 197, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Christopher D. Curtin
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, PO Box 197, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Cristian Varela
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, PO Box 197, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Isak S. Pretorius
- University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001 Australia
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Function and regulation of yeast genes involved in higher alcohol and ester metabolism during beverage fermentation. Eur Food Res Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-011-1567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cellular effects and epistasis among three determinants of adaptation in experimental populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2011; 10:1348-56. [PMID: 21856932 DOI: 10.1128/ec.05083-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Epistatic interactions in which the phenotypic effect of an allele is conditional on its genetic background have been shown to play a central part in various evolutionary processes. In a previous study (J. B. Anderson et al., Curr. Biol. 20:1383-1388, 2010; J. R. Dettman, C. Sirjusingh, L. M. Kohn, and J. B. Anderson, Nature 447:585-588, 2007), beginning with a common ancestor, we identified three determinants of fitness as mutant alleles (each designated with the letter "e") that arose in replicate Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations propagated in two different environments, a low-glucose and a high-salt environment. In a low-glucose environment, MDS3e and MKT1e interacted positively to confer a fitness advantage. Also, PMA1e from a high-salt environment interacted negatively with MKT1e in a low-glucose environment, an example of a Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibility that confers reproductive isolation. Here we showed that the negative interaction between PMA1e and MKT1e is mediated by alterations in intracellular pH, while the positive interaction between MDS3e and MKT1e is mediated by changes in gene expression affecting glucose transporter genes. We specifically addressed the evolutionary significance of the positive interaction by showing that the presence of the MDS3 mutation is a necessary condition for the spread and fixation of the new mutations at the identical site in MKT1. The expected mutations in MKT1 rose to high frequencies in two of three experimental populations carrying MDS3e but not in any of three populations carrying the ancestral allele. These data show how positive and negative epistasis can contribute to adaptation and reproductive isolation.
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Chen X, Nielsen KF, Borodina I, Kielland-Brandt MC, Karhumaa K. Increased isobutanol production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by overexpression of genes in valine metabolism. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2011; 4:21. [PMID: 21798060 PMCID: PMC3162486 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-4-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isobutanol can be a better biofuel than ethanol due to its higher energy density and lower hygroscopicity. Furthermore, the branched-chain structure of isobutanol gives a higher octane number than the isomeric n-butanol. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was chosen as the production host because of its relative tolerance to alcohols, robustness in industrial fermentations, and the possibility for future combination of isobutanol production with fermentation of lignocellulosic materials. RESULTS The yield of isobutanol was improved from 0.16 to 0.97 mg per g glucose by simultaneous overexpression of biosynthetic genes ILV2, ILV3, and ILV5 in valine metabolism in anaerobic fermentation of glucose in mineral medium in S. cerevisiae. Isobutanol yield was further improved by twofold by the additional overexpression of BAT2, encoding the cytoplasmic branched-chain amino-acid aminotransferase. Overexpression of ILV6, encoding the regulatory subunit of Ilv2, in the ILV2 ILV3 ILV5 overexpression strain decreased isobutanol production yield by threefold. In aerobic cultivations in shake flasks in mineral medium, the isobutanol yield of the ILV2 ILV3 ILV5 overexpression strain and the reference strain were 3.86 and 0.28 mg per g glucose, respectively. They increased to 4.12 and 2.4 mg per g glucose in yeast extract/peptone/dextrose (YPD) complex medium under aerobic conditions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of genes ILV2, ILV3, ILV5, and BAT2 in valine metabolism led to an increase in isobutanol production in S. cerevisiae. Additional overexpression of ILV6 in the ILV2 ILV3 ILV5 overexpression strain had a negative effect, presumably by increasing the sensitivity of Ilv2 to valine inhibition, thus weakening the positive impact of overexpression of ILV2, ILV3, and ILV5 on isobutanol production. Aerobic cultivations of the ILV2 ILV3 ILV5 overexpression strain and the reference strain showed that supplying amino acids in cultivation media gave a substantial improvement in isobutanol production for the reference strain, but not for the ILV2 ILV3 ILV5 overexpression strain. This result implies that other constraints besides the enzyme activities for the supply of 2-ketoisovalerate may become bottlenecks for isobutanol production after ILV2, ILV3, and ILV5 have been overexpressed, which most probably includes the valine inhibition to Ilv2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristian F Nielsen
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Irina Borodina
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Morten C Kielland-Brandt
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kaisa Karhumaa
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
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