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Brownstien M, Lazar M, Botvinnik A, Shevakh C, Blakolmer K, Lerer L, Lifschytz T, Lerer B. Striking Long Term Beneficial Effects of Single Dose Psilocybin and Psychedelic Mushroom Extract in the SAPAP3 Rodent Model of OCD-Like Excessive Self-Grooming. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.25.600634. [PMID: 38979304 PMCID: PMC11230258 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.25.600634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly prevalent disorder that causes serious disability. Available treatments leave 40% or more of people with OCD significantly symptomatic. There is an urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches. Mice that carry a homozygous deletion of the SAPAP3 gene (SAPAP3 KO) manifest a phenotype of excessive self-grooming, tic-like head-body twitches and anxiety. These behaviors closely resemble pathological self-grooming behaviors observed in humans in conditions that overlap with OCD. Following a preliminary report that the tryptaminergic psychedelic, psilocybin, may reduce symptoms in patients with OCD, we undertook a randomized controlled trial of psilocybin in 50 SAPAP3 KO mice (28 male, 22 female). Mice that fulfilled inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to a single intraperitoneal injection of psilocybin (4.4 mg/kg), psychedelic mushroom extract (encompassing the same psilocybin dose) or vehicle control and were evaluated after 2, 4 and 21 days by a rater blind to treatment allocation for grooming characteristics, head-body twitches, anxiety and other behavioral features. Mice treated with vehicle (n=18) manifested a 118.71±95.96 % increase in total self-grooming (the primary outcome measure) over the 21-day observation period. In contrast, total self-grooming decreased by 14.60%±17.90% in mice treated with psilocybin (n=16) and by 19.20±20.05% in mice treated with psychedelic mushroom extract (n=16) (p=.001 for effect of time; p=.0001 for time × treatment interaction). 5 mice were dropped from the vehicle group because they developed skin lesions; 4 from the psilocybin group and none from the psychedelic mushroom extract group. Secondary outcome measures such as head-body twitches and anxiety all showed a significant improvement over 21 days. Notably, in mice that responded to psilocybin (n=12) and psychedelic mushroom extract (n=13), the beneficial effect of a single treatment persisted up to 7 weeks. Mice initially treated with vehicle and non-responsive, showed a clear and lasting therapeutic response when treated with a single dose of psilocybin or psychedelic mushroom extract and followed for a further 3 weeks. While equivalent to psilocybin in overall effect on self-grooming, psychedelic mushroom extract showed superior effects in alleviating head-body twitches and anxiety. These findings strongly justify clinical trials of psilocybin in the treatment of OCD and further studies aimed at elucidating mechanisms that underlie the long-term effects to alleviate excessive self-grooming observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Brownstien
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory and Hadassah BrainLabs Center for Psychedelic Research, Hebrew University, Ein Karem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michal Lazar
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory and Hadassah BrainLabs Center for Psychedelic Research, Hebrew University, Ein Karem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alexander Botvinnik
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory and Hadassah BrainLabs Center for Psychedelic Research, Hebrew University, Ein Karem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chloe Shevakh
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory and Hadassah BrainLabs Center for Psychedelic Research, Hebrew University, Ein Karem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Leonard Lerer
- Parow Entheobiosciences (ParowBio), Chicago, IL, USA
- Back of the Yards Algae Sciences (BYAS), Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tzuri Lifschytz
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory and Hadassah BrainLabs Center for Psychedelic Research, Hebrew University, Ein Karem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bernard Lerer
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory and Hadassah BrainLabs Center for Psychedelic Research, Hebrew University, Ein Karem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Yook Y, Lee KY, Kim E, Lizarazo S, Yu X, Tsai NP. Hyperfunction of post-synaptic density protein 95 promotes seizure response in early-stage aβ pathology. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:1233-1255. [PMID: 38413732 PMCID: PMC10933348 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) can lead to the formation of aggregates that contribute to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite globally reduced neural activity during AD onset, recent studies have suggested that Aβ induces hyperexcitability and seizure-like activity during the early stages of the disease that ultimately exacerbate cognitive decline. However, the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here, we reveal an Aβ-induced elevation of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons in vitro and in an in vivo AD model using APP/PS1 mice at 8 weeks of age. Elevation of PSD-95 occurs as a result of reduced ubiquitination caused by Akt-dependent phosphorylation of E3 ubiquitin ligase murine-double-minute 2 (Mdm2). The elevation of PSD-95 is consistent with the facilitation of excitatory synapses and the surface expression of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors induced by Aβ. Inhibition of PSD-95 corrects these Aβ-induced synaptic defects and reduces seizure activity in APP/PS1 mice. Our results demonstrate a mechanism underlying elevated seizure activity during early-stage Aβ pathology and suggest that PSD-95 could be an early biomarker and novel therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeeun Yook
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Kwan Young Lee
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Eunyoung Kim
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Simon Lizarazo
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Xinzhu Yu
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Nien-Pei Tsai
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Özel F, Di Criscio M, Lupu DI, Sarkisyan D, Hlady RA, Robertson KD, Bakalkin G, Liu Y, Biernacka JM, Karpyak VM, Ekström TJ, Rüegg J. DNA methylation at DLGAP2 and risk for relapse in alcohol dependence during acamprosate treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 256:111116. [PMID: 38364647 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorders are prevalent mental disorders with significant health implications. Epigenetic alterations may play a role in their pathogenesis, as DNA methylation at several genes has been associated with these disorders. We have previously shown that methylation in the DLGAP2 gene, coding for a synaptic density protein, is associated with alcohol dependence. In this study, we aimed to examine the association between DLGAP2 methylation and treatment response among patients undergoing acamprosate treatment. METHODS 102 patients under acamprosate treatment were included. DNA methylation analysis at DLGAP2 was performed by bisulfite pyrosequencing at the start and after 3-month treatment. Treatment outcomes were having a relapse during the treatment and severity of craving at the end of three months. Cox proportional hazard and linear regression models were performed. RESULTS Patients whose methylation levels were decreased during the treatment showed an increased risk for relapse within three months in comparison to the ones without methylation change (hazard ratio [HR]=2.44; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.04, 5.73; p=0.04). For the same group, a positive association for the severity of craving was observed, yet statistical significance was not reached (β=2.97; 95% CI=-0.41, 6.34; p=0.08). CONCLUSION We demonstrate that patients whose DLGAP2 methylation levels decrease during acamprosate treatment are more likely to relapse compared to the ones without changes. This is in line with our previous findings showing that DLGAP2 methylation is lower in alcohol dependent subjects compared to controls, and might suggest a role for changes in DLGAP2 methylation in treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Özel
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Women's Mental Health during the Reproductive Lifespan - Womher, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Diana Ioana Lupu
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniil Sarkisyan
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ryan A Hlady
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Keith D Robertson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yun Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Joanna M Biernacka
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Victor M Karpyak
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tomas J Ekström
- Departments of Clinical Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joëlle Rüegg
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Wang T, Bai Y, Zheng X, Liu X, Xing S, Wang L, Wang H, Feng G, Li C. Sapap4 deficiency leads to postsynaptic defects and abnormal behaviors relevant to hyperkinetic neuropsychiatric disorder in mice. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:1104-1118. [PMID: 35368073 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Postsynaptic proteins play critical roles in synaptic development, function, and plasticity. Dysfunction of postsynaptic proteins is strongly linked to neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. SAP90/PSD95-associated protein 4 (SAPAP4; also known as DLGAP4) is a key component of the PSD95-SAPAP-SHANK excitatory postsynaptic scaffolding complex, which plays important roles at synapses. However, the exact function of the SAPAP4 protein in the brain is poorly understood. Here, we report that Sapap4 knockout (KO) mice have reduced spine density in the prefrontal cortex and abnormal compositions of key postsynaptic proteins in the postsynaptic density (PSD) including reduced PSD95, GluR1, and GluR2 as well as increased SHANK3. These synaptic defects are accompanied by a cluster of abnormal behaviors including hyperactivity, impulsivity, reduced despair/depression-like behavior, hypersensitivity to low dose of amphetamine, memory deficits, and decreased prepulse inhibition, which are reminiscent of mania. Furthermore, the hyperactivity of Sapap4 KO mice could be partially rescued by valproate, a mood stabilizer used for mania treatment in humans. Together, our findings provide evidence that SAPAP4 plays an important role at synapses and reinforce the view that dysfunction of the postsynaptic scaffolding protein SAPAP4 may contribute to the pathogenesis of hyperkinetic neuropsychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (STCSM & MOE), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yunxia Bai
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (STCSM & MOE), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xianjie Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (STCSM & MOE), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xinxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (STCSM & MOE), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Shuang Xing
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (STCSM & MOE), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Linbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (STCSM & MOE), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (STCSM & MOE), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.,NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Guoping Feng
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Chunxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (STCSM & MOE), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
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Bahouth SW, Nooh MM, Mancarella S. Involvement of SAP97 anchored multiprotein complexes in regulating cardiorenal signaling and trafficking networks. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 208:115406. [PMID: 36596415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
SAP97 is a member of the MAGUK family of proteins, but unlike other MAGUK proteins that are selectively expressed in the CNS, SAP97 is also expressed in peripheral organs, like the heart and kidneys. SAP97 has several protein binding cassettes, and this review will describe their involvement in creating SAP97-anchored multiprotein networks. SAP97-anchored networks localized at the inner leaflet of the cell membrane play a major role in trafficking and targeting of membrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), channels, and structural proteins. SAP97 plays a major role in compartmentalizing voltage gated sodium and potassium channels to specific cellular compartments of heart cells. SAP97 undergoes extensive alternative splicing. These splice variants give rise to different SAP97 isoforms that alter its cellular localization, networking, signaling and trafficking effects. Regarding GPCR, SAP97 binds to the β1-adrenergic receptor and recruits AKAP5/PKA and PDE4D8 to create a multiprotein complex that regulates trafficking and signaling of cardiac β1-AR. In the kidneys, SAP97 anchored networks played a role in trafficking of aquaporin-2 water channels. Cardiac specific ablation of SAP97 (SAP97-cKO) resulted in cardiac hypertrophy and failure in aging mice. Similarly, instituting transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in young SAP97 c-KO mice exacerbated TAC-induced cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. These findings highlight a critical role for SAP97 in the pathophysiology of a number of cardiac and renal diseases, suggesting that SAP97 is a relevant target for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleiman W Bahouth
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science and Toxicology, The University of Tennessee-Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, United States.
| | - Mohammed M Nooh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Salvatore Mancarella
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee-Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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Bai Y, Wang H, Li C. SAPAP Scaffold Proteins: From Synaptic Function to Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233815. [PMID: 36497075 PMCID: PMC9740047 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitatory (glutamatergic) synaptic transmission underlies many aspects of brain activity and the genesis of normal human behavior. The postsynaptic scaffolding proteins SAP90/PSD-95-associated proteins (SAPAPs), which are abundant components of the postsynaptic density (PSD) at excitatory synapses, play critical roles in synaptic structure, formation, development, plasticity, and signaling. The convergence of human genetic data with recent in vitro and in vivo animal model data indicates that mutations in the genes encoding SAPAP1-4 are associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders, and that dysfunction of SAPAP scaffolding proteins may contribute to the pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders, Alzheimer's disease, and bipolar disorder. Here, we review recent major genetic, epigenetic, molecular, behavioral, electrophysiological, and circuitry studies that have advanced our knowledge by clarifying the roles of SAPAP proteins at the synapses, providing new insights into the mechanistic links to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Bai
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (STCSM & MOE), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200335, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (STCSM & MOE), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200335, China
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Chunxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (STCSM & MOE), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200335, China
- Correspondence:
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Liu Y, Zhang L, Mei R, Ai M, Pang R, Xia D, Chen L, Zhong L. The Role of SliTrk5 in Central Nervous System. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4678026. [PMID: 35872846 PMCID: PMC9303146 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4678026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
SLIT and NTRK-like protein-5 (SliTrk5) is one of the six members of SliTrk protein family, which is widely expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), regulating and participating in many essential steps of central nervous system development, including axon and dendritic growth, neuron differentiation, and synaptogenesis. SliTrk5, as a neuron transmembrane protein, contains two important conservative domains consisting of leucine repeats (LRRs) located at the amino terminal in the extracellular region and tyrosine residues (Tyr) located at the carboxyl terminal in the intracellular domains. These special structures make SliTrk5 play an important role in the pathological process of the CNS. A large number of studies have shown that SliTrk5 may be involved in the pathogenesis of CNS diseases, such as obsessive-compulsive-disorder (OCD), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), glioma, autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Targeting SliTrk5 is expected to become a new target for the treatment of CNS diseases, promoting the functional recovery of CNS. The purpose of this article is to review the current research progression of the role of SliTrk5 in CNS and its potential mechanisms in CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Linming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
- Yunnan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Rong Mei
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650034, China
| | - Mingda Ai
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Ruijing Pang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Di Xia
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
- Yunnan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Lianmei Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650034, China
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Novel role of the synaptic scaffold protein Dlgap4 in ventricular surface integrity and neuronal migration during cortical development. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2746. [PMID: 35585091 PMCID: PMC9117333 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30443-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcortical heterotopias are malformations associated with epilepsy and intellectual disability, characterized by the presence of ectopic neurons in the white matter. Mouse and human heterotopia mutations were identified in the microtubule-binding protein Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 1, EML1. Further exploring pathological mechanisms, we identified a patient with an EML1-like phenotype and a novel genetic variation in DLGAP4. The protein belongs to a membrane-associated guanylate kinase family known to function in glutamate synapses. We showed that DLGAP4 is strongly expressed in the mouse ventricular zone (VZ) from early corticogenesis, and interacts with key VZ proteins including EML1. In utero electroporation of Dlgap4 knockdown (KD) and overexpression constructs revealed a ventricular surface phenotype including changes in progenitor cell dynamics, morphology, proliferation and neuronal migration defects. The Dlgap4 KD phenotype was rescued by wild-type but not mutant DLGAP4. Dlgap4 is required for the organization of radial glial cell adherens junction components and actin cytoskeleton dynamics at the apical domain, as well as during neuronal migration. Finally, Dlgap4 heterozygous knockout (KO) mice also show developmental defects in the dorsal telencephalon. We hence identify a synapse-related scaffold protein with pleiotropic functions, influencing the integrity of the developing cerebral cortex.
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SAPAP3 regulates epileptic seizures involving GluN2A in post-synaptic densities. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:437. [PMID: 35513389 PMCID: PMC9072407 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04876-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aberrantly synchronized neuronal discharges in the brain lead to epilepsy, a devastating neurological disease whose pathogenesis and mechanism are unclear. SAPAP3, a cytoskeletal protein expressed at high levels in the postsynaptic density (PSD) of excitatory synapses, has been well studied in the striatum, but the role of SAPAP3 in epilepsy remains elusive. In this study, we sought to investigate the molecular, cellular, electrophysiological and behavioral consequences of SAPAP3 perturbations in the mouse hippocampus. We identified a significant increase in the SAPAP3 levels in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and in mouse models of epilepsy. In addition, behavioral studies showed that the downregulation of SAPAP3 by shRNA decreased the seizure severity and that the overexpression of SAPAP3 by recombinant SAPAP3 yielded the opposite effect. Moreover, SAPAP3 affected action potentials (APs), miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated currents in the CA1 region, which indicated that SAPAP3 plays an important role in excitatory synaptic transmission. Additionally, the levels of the GluN2A protein, which is involved in synaptic function, were perturbed in the hippocampal PSD, and this perturbation was accompanied by ultrastructural morphological changes. These results revealed a previously unknown function of SAPAP3 in epileptogenesis and showed that SAPAP3 may represent a novel target for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Neurodevelopmental Disorders Associated with PSD-95 and Its Interaction Partners. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084390. [PMID: 35457207 PMCID: PMC9025546 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The postsynaptic density (PSD) is a massive protein complex, critical for synaptic strength and plasticity in excitatory neurons. Here, the scaffolding protein PSD-95 plays a crucial role as it organizes key PSD components essential for synaptic signaling, development, and survival. Recently, variants in DLG4 encoding PSD-95 were found to cause a neurodevelopmental disorder with a variety of clinical features including intellectual disability, developmental delay, and epilepsy. Genetic variants in several of the interaction partners of PSD-95 are associated with similar phenotypes, suggesting that deficient PSD-95 may affect the interaction partners, explaining the overlapping symptoms. Here, we review the transmembrane interaction partners of PSD-95 and their association with neurodevelopmental disorders. We assess how the structural changes induced by DLG4 missense variants may disrupt or alter such protein-protein interactions, and we argue that the pathological effect of DLG4 variants is, at least partly, exerted indirectly through interaction partners of PSD-95. This review presents a direction for functional studies to elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of deficient PSD-95, providing clues for therapeutic strategies.
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Krüttner S, Falasconi A, Valbuena S, Galimberti I, Bouwmeester T, Arber S, Caroni P. Absence of familiarity triggers hallmarks of autism in mouse model through aberrant tail-of-striatum and prelimbic cortex signaling. Neuron 2022; 110:1468-1482.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Wichmann C, Kuner T. Heterogeneity of glutamatergic synapses: cellular mechanisms and network consequences. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:269-318. [PMID: 34727002 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical synapses are commonly known as a structurally and functionally highly diverse class of cell-cell contacts specialized to mediate communication between neurons. They represent the smallest "computational" unit of the brain and are typically divided into excitatory and inhibitory as well as modulatory categories. These categories are subdivided into diverse types, each representing a different structure-function repertoire that in turn are thought to endow neuronal networks with distinct computational properties. The diversity of structure and function found among a given category of synapses is referred to as heterogeneity. The main building blocks for this heterogeneity are synaptic vesicles, the active zone, the synaptic cleft, the postsynaptic density, and glial processes associated with the synapse. Each of these five structural modules entails a distinct repertoire of functions, and their combination specifies the range of functional heterogeneity at mammalian excitatory synapses, which are the focus of this review. We describe synapse heterogeneity that is manifested on different levels of complexity ranging from the cellular morphology of the pre- and postsynaptic cells toward the expression of different protein isoforms at individual release sites. We attempt to define the range of structural building blocks that are used to vary the basic functional repertoire of excitatory synaptic contacts and discuss sources and general mechanisms of synapse heterogeneity. Finally, we explore the possible impact of synapse heterogeneity on neuronal network function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Wichmann
- Molecular Architecture of Synapses Group, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience, InnerEarLab and Institute for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuner
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Optogenetic inhibition of indirect pathway neurons in the dorsomedial striatum reduces excessive grooming in Sapap3-knockout mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:477-487. [PMID: 34417544 PMCID: PMC8674346 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Excessive grooming of Sapap3-KO mice has been used as a model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Previous studies suggest that dysregulation of cortico-striatal circuits is critically important in the generation of compulsive behaviors, and it has been proposed that the alteration in the activity patterns of striatal circuitry underlies the excessive grooming observed in Sapap3-KO mice. To test this hypothesis, we used in-vivo calcium imaging of individual cells to record striatal activity in these animals and optogenetic inhibition to manipulate this activity. We identified striatal neurons that are modulated during grooming behavior and found that their proportion is significantly larger in Sapap3-KO mice compared to wild-type littermates. Inhibition of striatal cells in Sapap3-KO mice increased the number of grooming episodes observed. Remarkably, the specific inhibition of indirect pathway neurons decreased the occurrence of grooming events. Our results indicate that there is striatal neural activity related to excessive grooming engagement in Sapap3-KO mice. We also demonstrate, for the first time, that specific inhibition of striatal indirect pathway neurons reduces this compulsive phenotype, suggesting that treatments that alleviate compulsive symptoms in OCD patients may exert their effects through this specific striatal population.
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14
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Unarta IC, Xu J, Shang Y, Cheung CHP, Zhu R, Chen X, Cao S, Cheung PPH, Bierer D, Zhang M, Huang X, Li X. Entropy of stapled peptide inhibitors in free state is the major contributor to the improvement of binding affinity with the GK domain. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1274-1284. [PMID: 34458841 PMCID: PMC8341669 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00087j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Stapled peptides are promising protein–protein interaction (PPI) inhibitors that can increase the binding potency. Different from small-molecule inhibitors in which the binding mainly depends on energetic interactions with their protein targets, the binding of stapled peptides has long been suggested to be benefited from entropy. However, it remains challenging to reveal the molecular features that lead to this entropy gain, which could originate from the stabilization of the stapled peptide in solution or from the increased flexibility of the complex upon binding. This hinders the rational design of stapled peptides as PPI inhibitors. Using the guanylate kinase (GK) domain of the postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) as the target, we quantified the enthalpic and entropic contributions by combining isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), X-ray crystallography, and free energy calculations based on all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We successfully designed a stapled peptide inhibitor (staple 1) of the PSD-95 GK domain that led to a 25-fold increase in the binding affinity (from tens of μMs to 1.36 μM) with high cell permeability. We showed that entropy indeed greatly enhanced the binding affinity and the entropy gain was mainly due to the constrained-helix structure of the stapled peptide in solution (free state). Based on staple 1, we further designed two other stapled peptides (staple 2 and 3), which exerted even larger entropy gains compared to staple 1 because of their more flexible bound complexes (bound state). However, for staple 2 and 3, the overall binding affinities were not improved, as the loose binding in their bound states led to an enthalpic loss that largely compensated the excess entropy gain. Our work suggests that increasing the stability of the stapled peptide in free solution is an effective strategy for the rational design of stapled peptides as PPI inhibitors. The significant improvement in the binding affinity of the stapled peptide to the PSD-95 GK domain is mostly contributed by the reduction in the entropy penalty of the stapled peptide due to the restriction in the α-helical structure by stapling in the free state.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Christy Unarta
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong .,Centre of Systems Biology and Human Health, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Jianchao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Lab of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Yuan Shang
- Centre of Systems Biology and Human Health, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong .,Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Carina Hey Pui Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Lab of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Ruichi Zhu
- Centre of Systems Biology and Human Health, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong .,Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Xudong Chen
- Centre of Systems Biology and Human Health, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong .,Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Siqin Cao
- Centre of Systems Biology and Human Health, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong .,Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Peter Pak-Hang Cheung
- Centre of Systems Biology and Human Health, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong .,Department of Chemistry, State Key Lab of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Donald Bierer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Bayer AG Aprather Weg 18A 42096 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Centre of Systems Biology and Human Health, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong .,Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Xuhui Huang
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong .,Centre of Systems Biology and Human Health, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong .,Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Kowloon Hong Kong.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Lab of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
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15
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Genotype-dependent epigenetic regulation of DLGAP2 in alcohol use and dependence. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4367-4382. [PMID: 31745236 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0588-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol misuse is a major public health problem originating from genetic and environmental risk factors. Alterations in the brain epigenome may orchestrate changes in gene expression that lead to alcohol misuse and dependence. Through epigenome-wide association analysis of DNA methylation from human brain tissues, we identified a differentially methylated region, DMR-DLGAP2, associated with alcohol dependence. Methylation within DMR-DLGAP2 was found to be genotype-dependent, allele-specific and associated with reward processing in brain. Methylation at the DMR-DLGAP2 regulated expression of DLGAP2 in vitro, and Dlgap2-deficient mice showed reduced alcohol consumption compared with wild-type controls. These results suggest that DLGAP2 may be an interface for genetic and epigenetic factors controlling alcohol use and dependence.
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16
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Early Functional Impairment in Experimental Glaucoma Is Accompanied by Disruption of the GABAergic System and Inceptive Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147581. [PMID: 34299211 PMCID: PMC8306430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, and increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor. We aimed to determine if early functional and molecular differences in the glaucomatous retina manifest before significant retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss is apparent. Adenoviral vectors expressing a pathogenic form of myocilin (Ad5.MYOC) were used to induce IOP elevation in C57BL/6 mice. IOP and pattern electroretinograms (pERG) were recorded, and retinas were prepared for RNA sequencing, immunohistochemistry, or to determine RGC loss. Ocular injection of Ad5.MYOC leads to reliable IOP elevation, resulting in significant loss of RGC after nine weeks. A significant decrease in the pERG amplitude was evident in eyes three weeks after IOP elevation. Retinal gene expression analysis revealed increased expression for 291 genes related to complement cascade, inflammation, and antigen presentation in hypertensive eyes. Decreased expression was found for 378 genes associated with the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic and glutamatergic systems and axon guidance. These data suggest that early functional changes in RGC might be due to reduced GABAA receptor signaling and neuroinflammation that precedes RGC loss in this glaucoma model. These initial changes may offer new targets for early detection of glaucoma and the development of new interventions.
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17
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Hu TM, Wang YC, Wu CL, Hsu SH, Tsai HY, Cheng MC. Multiple Rare Risk Coding Variants in Postsynaptic Density-Related Genes Associated With Schizophrenia Susceptibility. Front Genet 2020; 11:524258. [PMID: 33343614 PMCID: PMC7746813 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.524258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Schizophrenia is a chronic debilitating neurobiological disorder of aberrant synaptic connectivity and synaptogenesis. Postsynaptic density (PSD)–related proteins in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor–postsynaptic signaling complexes are crucial to regulating the synaptic transmission and functions of various synaptic receptors. This study examined the role of PSD-related genes in susceptibility to schizophrenia. Methods We resequenced 18 genes encoding the disks large-associated protein (DLGAP), HOMER, neuroligin (NLGN), neurexin, and SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains (SHANK) protein families in 98 schizophrenic patients with family psychiatric history using semiconductor sequencing. We analyzed the protein function of the identified rare schizophrenia-associated mutants via immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry. Results We identified 50 missense heterozygous mutations in 98 schizophrenic patients with family psychiatric history, and in silico analysis revealed some as damaging or pathological to the protein function. Ten missense mutations were absent from the dbSNP database, the gnomAD (non-neuro) dataset, and 1,517 healthy controls from Taiwan BioBank. Immunoblotting revealed eight missense mutants with altered protein expressions in cultured cells compared with the wild type. Conclusion Our findings suggest that PSD-related genes, especially the NLGN, SHANK, and DLGAP families, harbor rare functional mutations that might alter protein expression in some patients with schizophrenia, supporting contributing rare coding variants into the genetic architecture of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Ming Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Future Studies and LOHAS Industry, Fo Guang University, Jiaosi, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chieh Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Liang Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsin Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yao Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chih Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
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18
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Szechtman H, Harvey BH, Woody EZ, Hoffman KL. The Psychopharmacology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Preclinical Roadmap. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:80-151. [PMID: 31826934 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review evaluates current knowledge about obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), with the goal of providing a roadmap for future directions in research on the psychopharmacology of the disorder. It first addresses issues in the description and diagnosis of OCD, including the structure, measurement, and appropriate description of the disorder and issues of differential diagnosis. Current pharmacotherapies for OCD are then reviewed, including monotherapy with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and augmentation with antipsychotic medication and with psychologic treatment. Neuromodulatory therapies for OCD are also described, including psychosurgery, deep brain stimulation, and noninvasive brain stimulation. Psychotherapies for OCD are then reviewed, focusing on behavior therapy, including exposure and response prevention and cognitive therapy, and the efficacy of these interventions is discussed, touching on issues such as the timing of sessions, the adjunctive role of pharmacotherapy, and the underlying mechanisms. Next, current research on the neurobiology of OCD is examined, including work probing the role of various neurotransmitters and other endogenous processes and etiology as clues to the neurobiological fault that may underlie OCD. A new perspective on preclinical research is advanced, using the Research Domain Criteria to propose an adaptationist viewpoint that regards OCD as the dysfunction of a normal motivational system. A systems-design approach introduces the security motivation system (SMS) theory of OCD as a framework for research. Finally, a new perspective on psychopharmacological research for OCD is advanced, exploring three approaches: boosting infrastructure facilities of the brain, facilitating psychotherapeutic relearning, and targeting specific pathways of the SMS network to fix deficient SMS shut-down processes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A significant proportion of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) do not achieve remission with current treatments, indicating the need for innovations in psychopharmacology for the disorder. OCD may be conceptualized as the dysfunction of a normal, special motivation system that evolved to manage the prospect of potential danger. This perspective, together with a wide-ranging review of the literature, suggests novel directions for psychopharmacological research, including boosting support systems of the brain, facilitating relearning that occurs in psychotherapy, and targeting specific pathways in the brain that provide deficient stopping processes in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Szechtman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (H.S.); SAMRC Unit on Risk Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa (B.H.H.); Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (E.Z.W.); and Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico (K.L.H.)
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (H.S.); SAMRC Unit on Risk Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa (B.H.H.); Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (E.Z.W.); and Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico (K.L.H.)
| | - Erik Z Woody
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (H.S.); SAMRC Unit on Risk Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa (B.H.H.); Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (E.Z.W.); and Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico (K.L.H.)
| | - Kurt Leroy Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (H.S.); SAMRC Unit on Risk Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa (B.H.H.); Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (E.Z.W.); and Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico (K.L.H.)
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19
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Wilkinson B, Coba MP. Molecular architecture of postsynaptic Interactomes. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109782. [PMID: 32941943 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The postsynaptic density (PSD) plays an essential role in the organization of the synaptic signaling machinery. It contains a set of core scaffolding proteins that provide the backbone to PSD protein-protein interaction networks (PINs). These core scaffolding proteins can be seen as three principal layers classified by protein family, with DLG proteins being at the top, SHANKs along the bottom, and DLGAPs connecting the two layers. Early studies utilizing yeast two hybrid enabled the identification of direct protein-protein interactions (PPIs) within the multiple layers of scaffolding proteins. More recently, mass-spectrometry has allowed the characterization of whole interactomes within the PSD. This expansion of knowledge has further solidified the centrality of core scaffolding family members within synaptic PINs and provided context for their role in neuronal development and synaptic function. Here, we discuss the scaffolding machinery of the PSD, their essential functions in the organization of synaptic PINs, along with their relationship to neuronal processes found to be impaired in complex brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Wilkinson
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Marcelo P Coba
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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20
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Woodbury-Smith M, Zarrei M, Wei J, Thiruvahindrapuram B, O'Connor I, Paterson AD, Yuen RKC, Dastan J, Stavropoulos DJ, Howe JL, Thompson A, Parlier M, Fernandez B, Piven J, Anagnostou E, Scherer SW, Vieland VJ, Szatmari P. Segregating patterns of copy number variations in extended autism spectrum disorder (ASD) pedigrees. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2020; 183:268-276. [PMID: 32372567 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a relatively common childhood onset neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex genetic etiology. While progress has been made in identifying the de novo mutational landscape of ASD, the genetic factors that underpin the ASD's tendency to run in families are not well understood. In this study, nine extended pedigrees each with three or more individuals with ASD, and others with a lesser autism phenotype, were phenotyped and genotyped in an attempt to identify heritable copy number variants (CNVs). Although these families have previously generated linkage signals, no rare CNV segregated with these signals in any family. A small number of clinically relevant CNVs were identified. Only one CNV was identified that segregated with ASD phenotype; namely, a duplication overlapping DLGAP2 in three male offspring each with an ASD diagnosis. This gene encodes a synaptic scaffolding protein, part of a group of proteins known to be pathologically implicated in ASD. On the whole, however, the heritable nature of ASD in the families studied remains poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Woodbury-Smith
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehdi Zarrei
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Wei
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Irene O'Connor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew D Paterson
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan K C Yuen
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jila Dastan
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dimitri J Stavropoulos
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Howe
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ann Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Morgan Parlier
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bridget Fernandez
- Provincial Medical Genetics Program, Health Sciences Center, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Joseph Piven
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Stephen W Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,McLaughlin Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Veronica J Vieland
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter Szatmari
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children & University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Zhang J, Yang J, Yang N, Ma J, Lu D, Dong Y, Liang H, Liu D, Cang M. Dlgap1 negatively regulates browning of white fat cells through effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:39. [PMID: 32169116 PMCID: PMC7068870 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01230-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is a metabolic imbalance characterized by excessive deposition of white fat. The browning of white fat can effectively treat obesity and related diseases. Although Dlgap1 (Discs, Large (Drosophila) Homolog-Associated Protein 1) is suspected to have an effect on this process, no empirical evidence is available. Methods To understand the role of Dlgap1, we cultured white and brown fat cells, then performed overexpression and knockout experiments. Results We found that Dlgap1 overexpression in brown adipocytes inhibits brown-fat-related gene expression, promotes white-fat-related genes, while also increasing brown-adipocyte proliferation and apoptosis. However, the gene overexpression has no effect on brown adipocyte maturation. Knocking out Dlgap1 in white fat cells promotes the expression and inhibition of brown-fat-related and white-fat-related genes, respectively. Additionally, the knockout inhibits white fat cell proliferation and apoptosis, while also promoting their maturation. Conclusions Dlgap1 negatively regulates the browning of white adipocytes by influencing cell proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Nan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Jianfei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Datong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Yanhua Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Hao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Dongjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Ming Cang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China. .,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China.
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22
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Modified Glutamatergic Postsynapse in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Neuroscience 2019; 454:116-139. [PMID: 31887357 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The postsynaptic density (PSD) is a complex subcellular domain important for postsynaptic signaling, function, and plasticity. The PSD is present at excitatory synapses and specialized to allow for precise neuron-to-neuron transmission of information. The PSD is localized immediately underneath the postsynaptic membrane forming a major protein network that regulates postsynaptic signaling and synaptic plasticity. Glutamatergic synaptic dysfunction affecting PSD morphology and signaling events have been described in many neurodegenerative disorders, either sporadic or familial forms. Thus, in this review we describe the main protein players forming the PSD and their activity, as well as relevant modifications in key components of the postsynaptic architecture occurring in Huntington's, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.
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23
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Dong JX, Lee Y, Kirmiz M, Palacio S, Dumitras C, Moreno CM, Sando R, Santana LF, Südhof TC, Gong B, Murray KD, Trimmer JS. A toolbox of nanobodies developed and validated for use as intrabodies and nanoscale immunolabels in mammalian brain neurons. eLife 2019; 8:48750. [PMID: 31566565 PMCID: PMC6785268 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies (nAbs) are small, minimal antibodies that have distinct attributes that make them uniquely suited for certain biomedical research, diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Prominent uses include as intracellular antibodies or intrabodies to bind and deliver cargo to specific proteins and/or subcellular sites within cells, and as nanoscale immunolabels for enhanced tissue penetration and improved spatial imaging resolution. Here, we report the generation and validation of nAbs against a set of proteins prominently expressed at specific subcellular sites in mammalian brain neurons. We describe a novel hierarchical validation pipeline to systematically evaluate nAbs isolated by phage display for effective and specific use as intrabodies and immunolabels in mammalian cells including brain neurons. These nAbs form part of a robust toolbox for targeting proteins with distinct and highly spatially-restricted subcellular localization in mammalian brain neurons, allowing for visualization and/or modulation of structure and function at those sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Xian Dong
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Yongam Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Michael Kirmiz
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Stephanie Palacio
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Camelia Dumitras
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Claudia M Moreno
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Richard Sando
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - L Fernando Santana
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Belvin Gong
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Karl D Murray
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - James S Trimmer
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States.,Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
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24
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Christensen NR, Čalyševa J, Fernandes EFA, Lüchow S, Clemmensen LS, Haugaard‐Kedström LM, Strømgaard K. PDZ Domains as Drug Targets. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019; 2:1800143. [PMID: 32313833 PMCID: PMC7161847 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions within protein networks shape the human interactome, which often is promoted by specialized protein interaction modules, such as the postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95), discs-large, zona occludens 1 (ZO-1) (PDZ) domains. PDZ domains play a role in several cellular functions, from cell-cell communication and polarization, to regulation of protein transport and protein metabolism. PDZ domain proteins are also crucial in the formation and stability of protein complexes, establishing an important bridge between extracellular stimuli detected by transmembrane receptors and intracellular responses. PDZ domains have been suggested as promising drug targets in several diseases, ranging from neurological and oncological disorders to viral infections. In this review, the authors describe structural and genetic aspects of PDZ-containing proteins and discuss the current status of the development of small-molecule and peptide modulators of PDZ domains. An overview of potential new therapeutic interventions in PDZ-mediated protein networks is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj R. Christensen
- Center for BiopharmaceuticalsDepartment of Drug Design and PharmacologyUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 22100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jelena Čalyševa
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)Structural and Computational Biology UnitMeyerhofstraße 169117HeidelbergGermany
- EMBL International PhD ProgrammeFaculty of BiosciencesEMBL–Heidelberg UniversityGermany
| | - Eduardo F. A. Fernandes
- Center for BiopharmaceuticalsDepartment of Drug Design and PharmacologyUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 22100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Susanne Lüchow
- Department of Chemistry – BMCUppsala UniversityBox 576SE75123UppsalaSweden
| | - Louise S. Clemmensen
- Center for BiopharmaceuticalsDepartment of Drug Design and PharmacologyUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 22100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Linda M. Haugaard‐Kedström
- Center for BiopharmaceuticalsDepartment of Drug Design and PharmacologyUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 22100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Center for BiopharmaceuticalsDepartment of Drug Design and PharmacologyUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 22100CopenhagenDenmark
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25
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Wilson RS, Rauniyar N, Sakaue F, Lam TT, Williams KR, Nairn AC. Development of Targeted Mass Spectrometry-Based Approaches for Quantitation of Proteins Enriched in the Postsynaptic Density (PSD). Proteomes 2019; 7:12. [PMID: 30986977 PMCID: PMC6630806 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes7020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The postsynaptic density (PSD) is a structural, electron-dense region of excitatory glutamatergic synapses, which is involved in a variety of cellular and signaling processes in neurons. The PSD is comprised of a large network of proteins, many of which have been implicated in a wide variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. Biochemical fractionation combined with mass spectrometry analyses have enabled an in-depth understanding of the protein composition of the PSD. However, the PSD composition may change rapidly in response to stimuli, and robust and reproducible methods to thoroughly quantify changes in protein abundance are warranted. Here, we report on the development of two types of targeted mass spectrometry-based assays for quantitation of PSD-enriched proteins. In total, we quantified 50 PSD proteins in a targeted, parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) assay using heavy-labeled, synthetic internal peptide standards and identified and quantified over 2100 proteins through a pre-determined spectral library using a data-independent acquisition (DIA) approach in PSD fractions isolated from mouse cortical brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashaun S Wilson
- Yale/NIDA Neuroproteomics Center, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
- W.M Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | | | - Fumika Sakaue
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - TuKiet T Lam
- Yale/NIDA Neuroproteomics Center, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
- W.M Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Kenneth R Williams
- Yale/NIDA Neuroproteomics Center, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Angus C Nairn
- Yale/NIDA Neuroproteomics Center, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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26
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Rademacher N, Kuropka B, Kunde SA, Wahl MC, Freund C, Shoichet SA. Intramolecular domain dynamics regulate synaptic MAGUK protein interactions. eLife 2019; 8:41299. [PMID: 30864948 PMCID: PMC6438691 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PSD-95 MAGUK family scaffold proteins are multi-domain organisers of synaptic transmission that contain three PDZ domains followed by an SH3-GK domain tandem. This domain architecture allows coordinated assembly of protein complexes composed of neurotransmitter receptors, synaptic adhesion molecules and downstream signalling effectors. Here we show that binding of monomeric CRIPT-derived PDZ3 ligands to the third PDZ domain of PSD-95 induces functional changes in the intramolecular SH3-GK domain assembly that influence subsequent homotypic and heterotypic complex formation. We identify PSD-95 interactors that differentially bind to the SH3-GK domain tandem depending on its conformational state. Among these interactors, we further establish the heterotrimeric G protein subunit Gnb5 as a PSD-95 complex partner at dendritic spines of rat hippocampal neurons. The PSD-95 GK domain binds to Gnb5, and this interaction is triggered by CRIPT-derived PDZ3 ligands binding to the third PDZ domain of PSD-95, unraveling a hierarchical binding mechanism of PSD-95 complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Rademacher
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benno Kuropka
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stella-Amrei Kunde
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus C Wahl
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Macromolecular Crystallography, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Freund
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah A Shoichet
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Schob C, Morellini F, Ohana O, Bakota L, Hrynchak MV, Brandt R, Brockmann MD, Cichon N, Hartung H, Hanganu-Opatz IL, Kraus V, Scharf S, Herrmans-Borgmeyer I, Schweizer M, Kuhl D, Wöhr M, Vörckel KJ, Calzada-Wack J, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Hrabě de Angelis M, Garner CC, Kreienkamp HJ, Kindler S. Cognitive impairment and autistic-like behaviour in SAPAP4-deficient mice. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:7. [PMID: 30664629 PMCID: PMC6341115 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, genetic variants of DLGAP1-4 have been linked with neuropsychiatric conditions, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While these findings implicate the encoded postsynaptic proteins, SAPAP1-4, in the etiology of neuropsychiatric conditions, underlying neurobiological mechanisms are unknown. To assess the contribution of SAPAP4 to these disorders, we characterized SAPAP4-deficient mice. Our study reveals that the loss of SAPAP4 triggers profound behavioural abnormalities, including cognitive deficits combined with impaired vocal communication and social interaction, phenotypes reminiscent of ASD in humans. These behavioural alterations of SAPAP4-deficient mice are associated with dramatic changes in synapse morphology, function and plasticity, indicating that SAPAP4 is critical for the development of functional neuronal networks and that mutations in the corresponding human gene, DLGAP4, may cause deficits in social and cognitive functioning relevant to ASD-like neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schob
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabio Morellini
- Behavioral Biology, Centre for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ora Ohana
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Cognition, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lidia Bakota
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Mariya V Hrynchak
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Roland Brandt
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Marco D Brockmann
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Cichon
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henrike Hartung
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ileana L Hanganu-Opatz
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Kraus
- Behavioral Biology, Centre for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Scharf
- Behavioral Biology, Centre for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irm Herrmans-Borgmeyer
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Morphology and Electron Microscopy, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Kuhl
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Cognition, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Wöhr
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Karl J Vörckel
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia Calzada-Wack
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Valérie Gailus-Durner
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Craig C Garner
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), c/o Charité University Medical Centre, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Kreienkamp
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kindler
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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28
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Wood J, LaPalombara Z, Ahmari SE. Monoamine abnormalities in the SAPAP3 knockout model of obsessive-compulsive disorder-related behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0023. [PMID: 29352023 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a leading cause of illness-related disability, but the neural mechanisms underlying OCD symptoms are unclear. One potential mechanism of OCD pathology is monoamine dysregulation. Because of the difficulty of studying monoamine signalling in patients, animal models offer a viable alternative to understanding this aspect of OCD pathophysiology. We used HPLC to characterize post-mortem monoamine levels in lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), medial OFC, medial prefrontal cortex and dorsal and ventral striatum of SAPAP-3 knockout (KO) mice, a well-validated model of compulsive-like behaviours in OCD. As predicted from previous studies, excessive grooming was significantly increased in SAPAP-3 KO mice. Overall levels of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (HIAA) and the ratio of 5HIAA/serotonin (serotonin turnover) were increased in all cortical and striatal regions examined. In addition, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid/dopamine ratio was increased in lateral OFC, and HVA/dopamine ratio was increased in lateral and medial OFC. No baseline differences in serotonin or dopamine tissue content were observed. These data provide evidence of monoaminergic dysregulation in a translational model of OCD symptoms and are consistent with aberrant cortical and striatal serotonin and dopamine release/metabolism in SAPAP-3 KO mice. These results are guiding ongoing experiments using circuit and cell-type specific manipulations of dopamine and serotonin to determine the contributions of these monoaminergic systems to compulsive behaviours, and serve here as a touchstone for an expanded discussion of these techniques for precise circuit dissection.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Of mice and mental health: facilitating dialogue between basic and clinical neuroscientists'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Wood
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Room 227, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.,Center for Neuroscience Program and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Room 227, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Zoe LaPalombara
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Room 227, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.,Center for Neuroscience Program and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Room 227, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Susanne E Ahmari
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Room 227, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA .,Center for Neuroscience Program and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Room 227, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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29
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An opposing function of paralogs in balancing developmental synapse maturation. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006838. [PMID: 30586380 PMCID: PMC6324823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The disc-large (DLG)-membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family of proteins forms a central signaling hub of the glutamate receptor complex. Among this family, some proteins regulate developmental maturation of glutamatergic synapses, a process vulnerable to aberrations, which may lead to neurodevelopmental disorders. As is typical for paralogs, the DLG-MAGUK proteins postsynaptic density (PSD)-95 and PSD-93 share similar functional domains and were previously thought to regulate glutamatergic synapses similarly. Here, we show that they play opposing roles in glutamatergic synapse maturation. Specifically, PSD-95 promoted, whereas PSD-93 inhibited maturation of immature α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid-type glutamate receptor (AMPAR)-silent synapses in mouse cortex during development. Furthermore, through experience-dependent regulation of its protein levels, PSD-93 directly inhibited PSD-95's promoting effect on silent synapse maturation in the visual cortex. The concerted function of these two paralogs governed the critical period of juvenile ocular dominance plasticity (jODP), and fine-tuned visual perception during development. In contrast to the silent synapse-based mechanism of adjusting visual perception, visual acuity improved by different mechanisms. Thus, by controlling the pace of silent synapse maturation, the opposing but properly balanced actions of PSD-93 and PSD-95 are essential for fine-tuning cortical networks for receptive field integration during developmental critical periods, and imply aberrations in either direction of this process as potential causes for neurodevelopmental disorders.
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30
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Synaptic structural protein dysfunction leads to altered excitation inhibition ratios in models of autism spectrum disorder. Pharmacol Res 2018; 139:207-214. [PMID: 30465851 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetics is believed to play a key role in the development of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and a plethora of potential candidate genes have been identified by genetic characterization of patients, their family members and controls. To make sense of this information investigators have searched for common pathways and downstream properties of neural networks that are regulated by these genes. For instance, several candidate genes encode synaptic proteins, and one hypothesis that has emerged is that disruption of the synaptic excitation and inhibition (E/I) balance would destabilize neural processing and lead to ASD phenotypes. Some compelling evidence for this has come from the analyses of mouse and culture models with defects in synaptic structural proteins, which influence several aspects of synapse biology and is the subject of this review. Remaining challenges include identifying the specifics that distinguish ASD from other psychiatric diseases and designing more direct tests of the E/I balance hypothesis.
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31
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Wu B, Li C, Lei H. SAPAP4 Deletion Causes Synaptic Dysfunction in the nucleus accumbens. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:1223-1227. [PMID: 30322620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SAP90/PSD95-associated proteins (SAPAPs) are one type of scaffold protein in the postsynaptic density (PSD). Scaffold proteins play an important role in synaptic function. Recently, many studies have shown that mutations associated with scaffold proteins cause dysfunction in neuronal circuitry and in behavior. SAPAP4, as a protein in the SAPAP family, may have an impact on synaptic functions and on behaviors. To test this hypothesis, mice with a genetic deletion of SAPAP4 were used in our study. SAPAP4-/- mice displayed decreased cocaine sensitivity behavior after an acute injection of 20 mg/kg cocaine. We also found that the spine density of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell was reduced in SAPAP4-/- mice. Furthermore, SAPAP4-/- mice displayed altered synaptic transmission and a decreased frequency and amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in the NAc. Our findings demonstrate that SAPAP4 plays a critical role in cocaine-related behavior and in the synaptic function of the NAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beijun Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Chunxia Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Huimeng Lei
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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32
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Liu J, Liu Z, Zhang X, Gong T, Yao D. Examination of the expression and prognostic significance of DLGAPs in gastric cancer using the TCGA database and bioinformatic analysis. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:5621-5629. [PMID: 30365066 PMCID: PMC6236227 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The discs large-associated protein (DLGAP) family has been implicated in psychological and neurological diseases. However, few studies have explored the association between the expression of DLGAPs and different types of cancer. Therefore, the present study analyzed the status of DLGAPs in gastric cancer (GC) using bioinformatic tools. Analyses of data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases revealed that there was selective upregulation of DLGAP4 and DLGAP5 expression in GC tissues when compared with normal gastric tissues. In addition, survival analysis using OncoLnc indicated that high expression of DLGAP4 was significantly correlated with shorter overall survival for all GC patients. However, Kaplan-Meier plots demonstrated that the expression of all DLGAPs, except for DLGAP3, was correlated with patient prognosis; DLGAP4 was consistently associated with GC. DLGAP4 mRNA and protein distributions were examined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemsitry. Furthermore, its mutation rate and associated biological processes and signaling pathways were assessed in GC with cBioPortal and FunRich analyses. Taken together, these results indicated that DLGAP4 may serve an oncogenic role in GC development and may be a monitoring target for GC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Liu
- Department of Gerontological Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Oncological Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhi Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Tuotuo Gong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Demao Yao
- Department of Gerontological Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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33
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Vajana E, Barbato M, Colli L, Milanesi M, Rochat E, Fabrizi E, Mukasa C, Del Corvo M, Masembe C, Muwanika VB, Kabi F, Sonstegard TS, Huson HJ, Negrini R, Joost S, Ajmone-Marsan P. Combining Landscape Genomics and Ecological Modelling to Investigate Local Adaptation of Indigenous Ugandan Cattle to East Coast Fever. Front Genet 2018; 9:385. [PMID: 30333851 PMCID: PMC6177531 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
East Coast fever (ECF) is a fatal sickness affecting cattle populations of eastern, central, and southern Africa. The disease is transmitted by the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, and caused by the protozoan Theileria parva parva, which invades host lymphocytes and promotes their clonal expansion. Importantly, indigenous cattle show tolerance to infection in ECF-endemically stable areas. Here, the putative genetic bases underlying ECF-tolerance were investigated using molecular data and epidemiological information from 823 indigenous cattle from Uganda. Vector distribution and host infection risk were estimated over the study area and subsequently tested as triggers of local adaptation by means of landscape genomics analysis. We identified 41 and seven candidate adaptive loci for tick resistance and infection tolerance, respectively. Among the genes associated with the candidate adaptive loci are PRKG1 and SLA2. PRKG1 was already described as associated with tick resistance in indigenous South African cattle, due to its role into inflammatory response. SLA2 is part of the regulatory pathways involved into lymphocytes' proliferation. Additionally, local ancestry analysis suggested the zebuine origin of the genomic region candidate for tick resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Vajana
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Biodiversity and Ancient DNA Research Centre (BioDNA), and Proteomics and Nutrigenomics Research Centre (PRONUTRIGEN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
- Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mario Barbato
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Biodiversity and Ancient DNA Research Centre (BioDNA), and Proteomics and Nutrigenomics Research Centre (PRONUTRIGEN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Licia Colli
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Biodiversity and Ancient DNA Research Centre (BioDNA), and Proteomics and Nutrigenomics Research Centre (PRONUTRIGEN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Marco Milanesi
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Biodiversity and Ancient DNA Research Centre (BioDNA), and Proteomics and Nutrigenomics Research Centre (PRONUTRIGEN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
- Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, Brazil
- International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Collaborating Centre on Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Estelle Rochat
- Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Fabrizi
- Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | | | - Marcello Del Corvo
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Biodiversity and Ancient DNA Research Centre (BioDNA), and Proteomics and Nutrigenomics Research Centre (PRONUTRIGEN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Charles Masembe
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Vincent B. Muwanika
- Department of Environmental Management, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fredrick Kabi
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute (NaLIRRI), National Agricultural Research Organisation, Tororo, Uganda
| | | | - Heather Jay Huson
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Riccardo Negrini
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Biodiversity and Ancient DNA Research Centre (BioDNA), and Proteomics and Nutrigenomics Research Centre (PRONUTRIGEN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
- Associazione Italiana Allevatori (AIA), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stéphane Joost
- Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Ajmone-Marsan
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Biodiversity and Ancient DNA Research Centre (BioDNA), and Proteomics and Nutrigenomics Research Centre (PRONUTRIGEN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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Soler J, Fañanás L, Parellada M, Krebs MO, Rouleau GA, Fatjó-Vilas M. Genetic variability in scaffolding proteins and risk for schizophrenia and autism-spectrum disorders: a systematic review. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2018; 43:223-244. [PMID: 29947605 PMCID: PMC6019351 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.170066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaffolding proteins represent an evolutionary solution to controlling the specificity of information transfer in intracellular networks. They are highly concentrated in complexes located in specific subcellular locations. One of these complexes is the postsynaptic density of the excitatory synapses. There, scaffolding proteins regulate various processes related to synaptic plasticity, such as glutamate receptor trafficking and signalling, and dendritic structure and function. Most scaffolding proteins can be grouped into 4 main families: discs large (DLG), discs-large-associated protein (DLGAP), Shank and Homer. Owing to the importance of scaffolding proteins in postsynaptic density architecture, it is not surprising that variants in the genes that code for these proteins have been associated with neuropsychiatric diagnoses, including schizophrenia and autism-spectrum disorders. Such evidence, together with the clinical, neurobiological and genetic overlap described between schizophrenia and autism-spectrum disorders, suggest that alteration of scaffolding protein dynamics could be part of the pathophysiology of both. However, despite the potential importance of scaffolding proteins in these psychiatric conditions, no systematic review has integrated the genetic and molecular data from studies conducted in the last decade. This review has the following goals: to systematically analyze the literature in which common and/or rare genetic variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms, single nucleotide variants and copy number variants) in the scaffolding family genes are associated with the risk for either schizophrenia or autism-spectrum disorders; to explore the implications of the reported genetic variants for gene expression and/or protein function; and to discuss the relationship of these genetic variants to the shared genetic, clinical and cognitive traits of schizophrenia and autism-spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Soler
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Lourdes Fañanás
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Mara Parellada
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Mar Fatjó-Vilas
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
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Luo J, Norris RH, Gordon SL, Nithianantharajah J. Neurodevelopmental synaptopathies: Insights from behaviour in rodent models of synapse gene mutations. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:424-439. [PMID: 29217145 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The genomic revolution has begun to unveil the enormous complexity and heterogeneity of the genetic basis of neurodevelopmental disorders such as such epilepsy, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. Increasingly, human mutations in synapse genes are being identified across these disorders. These neurodevelopmental synaptopathies highlight synaptic homeostasis pathways as a convergence point underlying disease mechanisms. Here, we review some of the key pre- and postsynaptic genes in which penetrant human mutations have been identified in neurodevelopmental disorders for which genetic rodent models have been generated. Specifically, we focus on the main behavioural phenotypes that have been documented in these animal models, to consolidate our current understanding of how synapse genes regulate key behavioural and cognitive domains. These studies provide insights into better understanding the basis of the overlapping genetic and cognitive heterogeneity observed in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luo
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - R H Norris
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - S L Gordon
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - J Nithianantharajah
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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nArgBP2-SAPAP-SHANK, the core postsynaptic triad associated with psychiatric disorders. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-9. [PMID: 29628500 PMCID: PMC5938024 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-017-0018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the complex genetic architecture, a broad spectrum of psychiatric disorders can still be caused by mutation(s) in the same gene. These disorders are interrelated with overlapping causative mechanisms including variations in the interaction among the risk-associated proteins that may give rise to the specific spectrum of each disorder. Additionally, multiple lines of evidence implicate an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neuronal activity (E/I imbalance) as the shared key etiology. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying E/I imbalance provides essential insight into the etiology of these disorders. One important class of candidate risk genes is the postsynaptic scaffolding proteins, such as nArgBP2, SAPAP, and SHANK that regulate the actin cytoskeleton in dendritic spines of excitatory synapses. This review will cover and discuss recent studies that examined how these proteins, especially nArgBP2, are associated with psychiatric disorders. Next, we propose a possibility that variations in the interaction among these proteins in a specific brain region might contribute to the onset of diverse phenotypes of psychiatric disorders. The assembly of scaffolding proteins, key regulators of many signaling pathways, found in the brain’s synapses underpin a diverse range of neuropsychiatric disorders. Sunghoe Chang and colleagues from Seoul National University, South Korea, review how these postsynaptic proteins regulate the cellular cytoskeleton in nerve cell protrusions to maintain the balance between excitatory and inhibitory inputs in the brain. They discuss how perturbations in three particular proteins can cause an imbalance in synaptic signals that leads to conditions such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and autism. The authors propose that these proteins form a “core scaffolding triad” and interact in different ways to cause different mental illnesses. Dysregulation of these proteins could explain how mutations in the same genes, depending on whether they boost or decrease gene expression, contribute to the onset of diverse psychiatric disorders.
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Stephens R, Lim K, Portela M, Kvansakul M, Humbert PO, Richardson HE. The Scribble Cell Polarity Module in the Regulation of Cell Signaling in Tissue Development and Tumorigenesis. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3585-3612. [PMID: 29409995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Scribble cell polarity module, comprising Scribbled (Scrib), Discs-large (Dlg) and Lethal-2-giant larvae (Lgl), has a tumor suppressive role in mammalian epithelial cancers. The Scribble module proteins play key functions in the establishment and maintenance of different modes of cell polarity, as well as in the control of tissue growth, differentiation and directed cell migration, and therefore are major regulators of tissue development and homeostasis. Whilst molecular details are known regarding the roles of Scribble module proteins in cell polarity regulation, their precise mode of action in the regulation of other key cellular processes remains enigmatic. An accumulating body of evidence indicates that Scribble module proteins play scaffolding roles in the control of various signaling pathways, which are linked to the control of tissue growth, differentiation and cell migration. Multiple Scrib, Dlg and Lgl interacting proteins have been discovered, which are involved in diverse processes, however many function in the regulation of cellular signaling. Herein, we review the components of the Scrib, Dlg and Lgl protein interactomes, and focus on the mechanism by which they regulate cellular signaling pathways in metazoans, and how their disruption leads to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Stephens
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Krystle Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marta Portela
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Helena E Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Shen FY, Song YC, Guo F, Xu ZD, Li Q, Zhang B, Ma YQ, Zhang YQ, Lin R, Li Y, Liu ZQ. Cognitive Impairment and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Induced by Repeated Short-Term Sevoflurane Exposure in Early Life of Rats. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:332. [PMID: 30116207 PMCID: PMC6083612 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sevoflurane is one of the most commonly used volatile anaesthetics for children, but the safety of prolonged or repeated clinical use of sevoflurane in infants or children is controversial. Here, we investigated the effects of sevoflurane on rats in early life and the time scale of those effects. Our behavioral results indicated that repeated short-term exposure of new-born rats to sevoflurane caused learning and memory impairment, while a single exposure of rats to sevoflurane was relatively safe. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that repeated sevoflurane exposure impaired long-term potentiation (LTP), downregulated the expression of certain synaptogenesis-related proteins (GluR1, PSD95) and upregulated proteins related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the hippocampus. An ER stress inhibitor, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), reversed the changes in the levels of synaptic plasticity proteins. Our results provide new evidence for the clinical concerns regarding repeated sevoflurane anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Yi Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Cai Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Dong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Qin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Qi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Zhu J, Zhou Q, Shang Y, Li H, Peng M, Ke X, Weng Z, Zhang R, Huang X, Li SS, Feng G, Lu Y, Zhang M. Synaptic Targeting and Function of SAPAPs Mediated by Phosphorylation-Dependent Binding to PSD-95 MAGUKs. Cell Rep 2017; 21:3781-3793. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Sevoflurane Acts on Ubiquitination-Proteasome Pathway to Reduce Postsynaptic Density 95 Protein Levels in Young Mice. Anesthesiology 2017; 127:961-975. [PMID: 28968276 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000001889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with multiple exposures to anesthesia and surgery may have an increased risk of developing cognitive impairment. Sevoflurane, a commonly used anesthetic in children, has been reported to decrease levels of postsynaptic density 95 protein. However, the upstream mechanisms and downstream consequences of the sevoflurane-induced reduction in postsynaptic density 95 protein levels remains largely unknown. We therefore set out to assess whether sevoflurane acts on ubiquitination-proteasome pathway to facilitate postsynaptic density 95 protein degradation. METHODS Six-day-old wild-type mice received anesthesia with 3% sevoflurane 2 h daily for 3 days starting on postnatal day 6. We determined the effects of the sevoflurane anesthesia on mRNA, protein and ubiquitinated levels of postsynaptic density 95 protein in neurons, and synaptosomes and hippocampus of young mice. Cognitive function in the mice was determined at postnatal day 31 by using a Morris water maze. Proteasome inhibitor MG132 and E3 ligase mouse double mutant 2 homolog inhibitor Nutlin-3 were used for the interaction studies. RESULTS The sevoflurane anesthesia decreased protein, but not mRNA, levels of postsynaptic density 95, and reduced ubiquitinated postsynaptic density 95 protein levels in neurons, synaptosomes, and hippocampus of young mice. Both MG132 and Nutlin-3 blocked these sevoflurane-induced effects. Sevoflurane promoted the interaction of mouse double mutant 2 homolog and postsynaptic density 95 protein in neurons. Finally, MG132 and Nutlin-3 ameliorated the sevoflurane-induced cognitive impairment in the mice. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that sevoflurane acts on the ubiquitination-proteasome pathway to facilitate postsynaptic density 95 protein degradation, which then decreases postsynaptic density 95 protein levels, leading to cognitive impairment in young mice. These studies would further promote the mechanistic investigation of anesthesia neurotoxicity in the developing brain.
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Sundell GN, Vögeli B, Ivarsson Y, Chi CN. The Sign of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Chemical Shift Difference as a Determinant of the Origin of Binding Selectivity: Elucidation of the Position Dependence of Phosphorylation in Ligands Binding to Scribble PDZ1. Biochemistry 2017; 57:66-71. [PMID: 29144123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift perturbation to monitor changes taking place around the binding site of a ligand-protein interaction is a routine and widely applied methodology in the field of protein biochemistry. Shifts are often acquired by titrating various concentrations of ligand to a fixed concentration of the receptor and may serve the purpose, among others, of determining affinity constants, locating binding surfaces, or differentiating between binding mechanisms. Shifts are quantified by the so-called combined chemical shift difference. Although the directionality of shift changes is often used for detailed analysis of specific cases, the approach has not been adapted in standard chemical shift monitoring. This is surprising as it would not require additional effort. Here, we demonstrate the importance of the sign of the chemical shift difference induced by ligand-protein interaction. We analyze the sign of the 15N/1H shift changes of the PDZ1 domain of Scribble upon interaction with two pairs of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated peptides. We find that detailed differences in the molecular basis of this PDZ-ligand interaction can be obtained from our analysis to which the classical method of combined chemical shift perturbation analysis is insensitive. In addition, we find a correlation between affinity and millisecond motions. Application of the methodology to Cyclophilin a, a cis-trans isomerase, reveals molecular details of peptide recognition. We consider our directionality vector chemical shift analysis as a method of choice when distinguishing the molecular origin of binding specificities of a class of similar ligands, which is often done in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav N Sundell
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University , BMC Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Beat Vögeli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado at Denver , 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Ylva Ivarsson
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University , BMC Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Celestine N Chi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University , BMC Box 582, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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Proteasome-independent polyubiquitin linkage regulates synapse scaffolding, efficacy, and plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E8760-E8769. [PMID: 28973854 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620153114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination-directed proteasomal degradation of synaptic proteins, presumably mediated by lysine 48 (K48) of ubiquitin, is a key mechanism in synapse and neural circuit remodeling. However, more than half of polyubiquitin (polyUb) species in the mammalian brain are estimated to be non-K48; among them, the most abundant is Lys 63 (K63)-linked polyUb chains that do not tag substrates for degradation but rather modify their properties and activity. Virtually nothing is known about the role of these nonproteolytic polyUb chains at the synapse. Here we report that K63-polyUb chains play a significant role in postsynaptic protein scaffolding and synaptic strength and plasticity. We found that the postsynaptic scaffold PSD-95 (postsynaptic density protein 95) undergoes K63 polyubiquitination, which markedly modifies PSD-95's scaffolding potentials, enables its synaptic targeting, and promotes synapse maturation and efficacy. TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is identified as a direct E3 ligase for PSD-95, which, together with the E2 complex Ubc13/Uev1a, assembles K63-chains on PSD-95. In contrast, CYLD (cylindromatosis tumor-suppressor protein), a K63-specific deubiquitinase enriched in postsynaptic densities, cleaves K63-chains from PSD-95. We found that neuronal activity exerts potent control of global and synaptic K63-polyUb levels and, through NMDA receptors, drives rapid, CYLD-mediated PSD-95 deubiquitination, mobilizing and depleting PSD-95 from synapses. Silencing CYLD in hippocampal neurons abolishes NMDA-induced chemical long-term depression. Our results unveil a previously unsuspected role for nonproteolytic polyUb chains in the synapse and illustrate a mechanism by which a PSD-associated K63-linkage-specific ubiquitin machinery acts on a major postsynaptic scaffold to regulate synapse organization, function, and plasticity.
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Rasmussen AH, Rasmussen HB, Silahtaroglu A. The DLGAP family: neuronal expression, function and role in brain disorders. Mol Brain 2017; 10:43. [PMID: 28870203 PMCID: PMC5583998 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter glutamate facilitates neuronal signalling at excitatory synapses. Glutamate is released from the presynaptic membrane into the synaptic cleft. Across the synaptic cleft glutamate binds to both ion channels and metabotropic glutamate receptors at the postsynapse, which expedite downstream signalling in the neuron. The postsynaptic density, a highly specialized matrix, which is attached to the postsynaptic membrane, controls this downstream signalling. The postsynaptic density also resets the synapse after each synaptic firing. It is composed of numerous proteins including a family of Discs large associated protein 1, 2, 3 and 4 (DLGAP1-4) that act as scaffold proteins in the postsynaptic density. They link the glutamate receptors in the postsynaptic membrane to other glutamate receptors, to signalling proteins and to components of the cytoskeleton. With the central localisation in the postsynapse, the DLGAP family seems to play a vital role in synaptic scaling by regulating the turnover of both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors in response to synaptic activity. DLGAP family has been directly linked to a variety of psychological and neurological disorders. In this review we focus on the direct and indirect role of DLGAP family on schizophrenia as well as other brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas H Rasmussen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne B Rasmussen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asli Silahtaroglu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Xu G, Lu H, Dong Y, Shapoval D, Soriano S, Liu X, Zhang Y, Xie Z. Coenzyme Q10 reduces sevoflurane-induced cognitive deficiency in young mice. Br J Anaesth 2017; 119:481-491. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aex071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Cerebellar Shank2 Regulates Excitatory Synapse Density, Motor Coordination, and Specific Repetitive and Anxiety-Like Behaviors. J Neurosci 2017; 36:12129-12143. [PMID: 27903723 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1849-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Shank2 is a multidomain scaffolding protein implicated in the structural and functional coordination of multiprotein complexes at excitatory postsynaptic sites as well as in psychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders. While Shank2 is strongly expressed in the cerebellum, whether Shank2 regulates cerebellar excitatory synapses, or contributes to the behavioral abnormalities observed in Shank2-/- mice, remains unexplored. Here we show that Shank2-/- mice show reduced excitatory synapse density in cerebellar Purkinje cells in association with reduced levels of excitatory postsynaptic proteins, including GluD2 and PSD-93, and impaired motor coordination in the Erasmus test. Shank2 deletion restricted to Purkinje cells (Pcp2-Cre;Shank2fl/fl mice) leads to similar reductions in excitatory synapse density, synaptic protein levels, and motor coordination. Pcp2-Cre;Shank2fl/fl mice do not recapitulate autistic-like behaviors observed in Shank2-/- mice, such as social interaction deficits, altered ultrasonic vocalizations, repetitive behaviors, and hyperactivity. However, Pcp2-Cre;Shank2fl/fl mice display enhanced repetitive behavior in the hole-board test and anxiety-like behavior in the light-dark test, which are not observed in Shank2-/- mice. These results implicate Shank2 in the regulation of cerebellar excitatory synapse density, motor coordination, and specific repetitive and anxiety-like behaviors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The postsynaptic side of excitatory synapses contains multiprotein complexes, termed the postsynaptic density, which contains receptors, scaffolding/adaptor proteins, and signaling molecules. Shank2 is an excitatory postsynaptic scaffolding protein implicated in the formation and functional coordination of the postsynaptic density and has been linked to autism spectrum disorders. Using Shank2-null mice and Shank2-conditional knock-out mice with a gene deletion restricted to cerebellar Purkinje cells, we explored functions of Shank2 in the cerebellum. We found that Shank2 regulates excitatory synapse density, motor coordination, and specific repetitive and anxiety-like behaviors, but is not associated with autistic-like social deficits or repetitive behaviors.
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Shank Modulates Postsynaptic Wnt Signaling to Regulate Synaptic Development. J Neurosci 2017; 36:5820-32. [PMID: 27225771 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4279-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Prosap/Shank scaffolding proteins regulate the formation, organization, and plasticity of excitatory synapses. Mutations in SHANK family genes are implicated in autism spectrum disorder and other neuropsychiatric conditions. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying Shank function are not fully understood, and no study to date has examined the consequences of complete loss of all Shank proteins in vivo Here we characterize the single Drosophila Prosap/Shank family homolog. Shank is enriched at the postsynaptic membrane of glutamatergic neuromuscular junctions and controls multiple parameters of synapse biology in a dose-dependent manner. Both loss and overexpression of Shank result in defects in synaptic bouton number and maturation. We find that Shank regulates a noncanonical Wnt signaling pathway in the postsynaptic cell by modulating the internalization of the Wnt receptor Fz2. This study identifies Shank as a key component of synaptic Wnt signaling, defining a novel mechanism for how Shank contributes to synapse maturation during neuronal development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Haploinsufficiency for SHANK3 is one of the most prevalent monogenic causes of autism spectrum disorder, making it imperative to understand how the Shank family regulates neurodevelopment and synapse function. We created the first animal model lacking all Shank proteins and used the Drosophila neuromuscular junction, a model glutamatergic synapse, to characterize the role of Shank at synapses. We identified a novel function of Shank in synapse maturation via regulation of Wnt signaling in the postsynaptic cell.
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Shiotani H, Maruo T, Sakakibara S, Miyata M, Mandai K, Mochizuki H, Takai Y. Aging-dependent expression of synapse-related proteins in the mouse brain. Genes Cells 2017; 22:472-484. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Shiotani
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
- Department of Neurology; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Suita 565-0871 Japan
| | - Tomohiko Maruo
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Shotaro Sakakibara
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Muneaki Miyata
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Kenji Mandai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Suita 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
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Won S, Levy JM, Nicoll RA, Roche KW. MAGUKs: multifaceted synaptic organizers. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 43:94-101. [PMID: 28236779 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The PSD-95 family of proteins, known as MAGUKs, have long been recognized to be central building blocks of the PSD. They are categorized as scaffolding proteins, which link surface-expressed receptors to the intracellular signaling molecules. Although the four members of the PSD-95 family (PSD-95, PSD-93, SAP102, and SAP97) have many shared roles in regulating synaptic function, recent studies have begun to delineate specific binding partners and roles in plasticity. In the current review, we will highlight the conserved and unique roles of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehoon Won
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Jon M Levy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Roger A Nicoll
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States; Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Katherine W Roche
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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Zhang C, Zhang Y, Shen Y, Zhao G, Xie Z, Dong Y. Anesthesia/Surgery Induces Cognitive Impairment in Female Alzheimer's Disease Transgenic Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 57:505-518. [PMID: 28269788 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Anesthesia and/or surgery may promote Alzheimer's disease (AD) by accelerating its neuropathogenesis. Other studies showed different findings. However, the potential sex difference among these studies has not been well considered, and it is unknown whether male or female AD patients are more vulnerable to develop postoperative cognitive dysfunction. We therefore set out to perform a proof of concept study to determine whether anesthesia and surgery can have different effects in male and female AD transgenic (Tg) mice, and in female AD Tg plus Cyclophilin D knockout (CypD KO) mice. The mice received an abdominal surgery under sevoflurane anesthesia (anesthesia/surgery). Fear Conditioning System (FCS) was used to assess the cognitive function. Hippocampal levels of synaptic marker postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) and synaptophysin (SVP) were measured using western blot analysis. Here we showed that the anesthesia/surgery decreased the freezing time in context test of FCS at 7 days after the anesthesia/surgery in female, but not male, mice. The anesthesia/surgery reduced hippocampus levels of synaptic marker PSD-95 and SVP in female, but not male, mice. The anesthesia/surgery induced neither reduction in freezing time in FCS nor decreased hippocampus levels of PSD-95 and SVP in the AD Tg plus CypD KO mice. These data suggest that the anesthesia/surgery induced a sex-dependent cognitive impairment and reduction in hippocampus levels of synaptic markers in AD Tg mice, potentially via a mitochondria-associated mechanism. These findings could promote clinical investigations to determine whether female AD patients are more vulnerable to the development of postoperative cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Yuan Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Guoqing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesia, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Zhongcong Xie
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Yuanlin Dong
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Biochemical Purification of Binding Partners of Synaptic Scaffold Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 27943184 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6688-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The chemical synapse displays specialized intercellular adhesion between pre- and potsynaptic plasma membranes mediated by synaptic cell adhesion proteins. In this asymmetric cell adhesion, pre- and postsynapses have their own unique functions; the presynaptic terminal releases neurotransmitter, which diffuses through the synaptic cleft and is received by receptors accumulated at the postsynapse. Such distinct modes of actions of pre- and postsynapses in synaptic neurotransmission are the rate-limiting factors in signal processing in the brain, and thus protein-protein interactions within the pre- and postsynaptic scaffold are of particular importance for brain function by regulating the pre- and postsynaptic function. In the present paper, we outline a method to screen for binding partners of synaptic scaffold proteins biochemically.
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