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Chen H, Guan X, He C, Lu T, Lin X, Liao X. Current strategies for targeting HPK1 in cancer and the barriers to preclinical progress. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2024; 28:237-250. [PMID: 38650383 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2024.2344697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1), a 97-kDa serine/threonine Ste20-related protein kinase, functions as an intracellular negative regulator, primarily in hematopoietic lineage cells, where it regulates T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and other immune cells. Loss of HPK1 kinase activity results in exacerbated cytokine secretion, enhanced T cell signaling, improved viral clearance, and thus increased restraint of tumor growth. These findings highlight HPK1 as a promising target for immuno-oncology treatments, culminating in the advancement of candidate compounds targeting HPK1 to clinical trials by several biotech enterprises. AREAS COVERED Through searching PubMed, Espacenet-patent search, and clinicaltrials.gov, this review provides a comprehensive analysis of HPK1, encompassing its structure and roles in various downstream signaling pathways, the consequences of constitutive activation of HPK1, and potential therapeutic strategies to treat HPK1-driven malignancies. Moreover, the review outlines the patents issued for small molecule inhibitors and clinical investigations of HPK1. EXPERT OPINION To enhance the success of tumor immunotherapy in clinical trials, it is important to develop protein degraders, allosteric inhibitors, and antibody-drug conjugates based on the crystal structure of HPK1, and to explore combination therapy approaches. Although several challenges remain, the development of HPK1 inhibitors display promising in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangna Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chi He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Lu
- Zhuhai Yufan Biotechnologies Co., Ltd, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingyu Lin
- Zhuhai Yufan Biotechnologies Co., Ltd, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuebin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Lofrumento F, Irrera N, Licordari R, Perfetti S, Nasso E, Liotta P, Isgrò G, Garcia-Ruiz V, Squadrito F, Carerj S, Di Bella G, Micari A, Costa F. Off-Target Effects of P2Y12 Receptor Inhibitors: Focus on Early Myocardial Fibrosis Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17546. [PMID: 38139379 PMCID: PMC10743395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that, beyond their antithrombotic effects, P2Y12 receptor inhibitors may provide additional off-target effects through different mechanisms. These effects range from the preservation of endothelial barrier function to the modulation of inflammation or stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques, with an impact on different cell types, including endothelial and immune cells. Many P2Y12 inhibitors have been developed, from ticlopidine, the first thienopyridine, to the more potent non-thienopyridine derivatives such as ticagrelor which may promote cardioprotective effects following myocardial infarction (MI) by inhibiting adenosine reuptake through sodium-independent equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1). Adenosine may affect different molecular pathways involved in cardiac fibrosis, such as the Wnt (wingless-type)/beta (β)-catenin signaling. An early pro-fibrotic response of the epicardium and activation of cardiac fibroblasts with the involvement of Wnt1 (wingless-type family member 1)/β-catenin, are critically required for preserving cardiac function after acute ischemic cardiac injury. This review discusses molecular signaling pathways involved in cardiac fibrosis post MI, focusing on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and the off-target effect of P2Y12 receptor inhibition. A potential role of ticagrelor was speculated in the early modulation of cardiac fibrosis, thanks to its off-target effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lofrumento
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (F.L.); (R.L.); (S.P.); (E.N.); (P.L.); (G.I.); (F.S.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Natasha Irrera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (F.L.); (R.L.); (S.P.); (E.N.); (P.L.); (G.I.); (F.S.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Roberto Licordari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (F.L.); (R.L.); (S.P.); (E.N.); (P.L.); (G.I.); (F.S.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Silvia Perfetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (F.L.); (R.L.); (S.P.); (E.N.); (P.L.); (G.I.); (F.S.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Enrica Nasso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (F.L.); (R.L.); (S.P.); (E.N.); (P.L.); (G.I.); (F.S.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Paolo Liotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (F.L.); (R.L.); (S.P.); (E.N.); (P.L.); (G.I.); (F.S.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Giovanni Isgrò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (F.L.); (R.L.); (S.P.); (E.N.); (P.L.); (G.I.); (F.S.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.)
| | | | - Francesco Squadrito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (F.L.); (R.L.); (S.P.); (E.N.); (P.L.); (G.I.); (F.S.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Scipione Carerj
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (F.L.); (R.L.); (S.P.); (E.N.); (P.L.); (G.I.); (F.S.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Gianluca Di Bella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (F.L.); (R.L.); (S.P.); (E.N.); (P.L.); (G.I.); (F.S.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Antonio Micari
- BIOMORF Department, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (A.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Costa
- BIOMORF Department, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (A.M.); (F.C.)
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Liu X, Lin L, Cai Q, Sheng H, Zeng R, Zhao Y, Qiu X, Liu H, Huang L, Liang W, He J. Construction and Validation of a Prognostic Model Based on Novel Senescence-Related Genes in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients with Drug Sensitivity and Tumor Microenvironment. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2300190. [PMID: 37518773 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence contributes to cancer pathogenesis and immune regulation. Using the LASSO Cox regression, we developed a 12-gene prognostic signature for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and a Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset. We assessed gene expression, drug sensitivity, immune infiltration, and conducted cell line experiments. High-risk LUAD patients showed increased mortality risk and shorter survival (P < 0.001). Senescence-related gene analysis indicated differences in protein phosphorylation and DNA methylation between normal individuals and LUAD patients. The high-risk group showed a positive association with PD-L1 expression (P = 0.003). Single-cell sequencing data suggested PEBP1 might significantly impact T cell infiltration. We predicted potential sensitive compounds for 12 senescence genes and found GAPDH promoted cell line proliferation. We established a novel prognostic system based on a newly identified senescence gene. High-risk patients had elevated immunosuppressive markers, and PEBP1 might influence T cell infiltration significantly. GAPDH, expressed at higher levels in tumors, could affect cancer progression. Our drug prediction model may guide treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Lixuan Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, China
| | - Qi Cai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Hongxu Sheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Ruiqi Zeng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Nanshan School, Guangzhou Medical University, Jingxiu Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xinyi Qiu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- First Clinical School, Guangzhou Medical University, Jingxiu Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Huiting Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Linchong Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Wenhua Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- The First People's Hospital of Zhaoqing, Zhaoqing, 526000, China
| | - Jianxing He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
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Schlicher L, Green LG, Romagnani A, Renner F. Small molecule inhibitors for cancer immunotherapy and associated biomarkers - the current status. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1297175. [PMID: 38022587 PMCID: PMC10644399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1297175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the success of cancer immunotherapy using large molecules against immune checkpoint inhibitors, the concept of using small molecules to interfere with intracellular negative regulators of anti-tumor immune responses has emerged in recent years. The main targets for small molecule drugs currently include enzymes of negative feedback loops in signaling pathways of immune cells and proteins that promote immunosuppressive signals within the tumor microenvironment. In the adaptive immune system, negative regulators of T cell receptor signaling (MAP4K1, DGKα/ζ, CBL-B, PTPN2, PTPN22, SHP1), co-receptor signaling (CBL-B) and cytokine signaling (PTPN2) have been preclinically validated as promising targets and initial clinical trials with small molecule inhibitors are underway. To enhance innate anti-tumor immune responses, inhibitory immunomodulation of cGAS/STING has been in the focus, and inhibitors of ENPP1 and TREX1 have reached the clinic. In addition, immunosuppressive signals via adenosine can be counteracted by CD39 and CD73 inhibition, while suppression via intratumoral immunosuppressive prostaglandin E can be targeted by EP2/EP4 antagonists. Here, we present the status of the most promising small molecule drug candidates for cancer immunotherapy, all residing relatively early in development, and the potential of relevant biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schlicher
- Cancer Cell Targeted Therapy, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luke G. Green
- Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Romagnani
- Cancer Cell Targeted Therapy, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Renner
- Cancer Cell Targeted Therapy, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Zhou L, Wang T, Zhang K, Zhang X, Jiang S. The development of small-molecule inhibitors targeting HPK1. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 244:114819. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sarohi V, Chakraborty S, Basak T. Exploring the cardiac ECM during fibrosis: A new era with next-gen proteomics. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1030226. [PMID: 36483540 PMCID: PMC9722982 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1030226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a critical role in maintaining elasticity in cardiac tissues. Elasticity is required in the heart for properly pumping blood to the whole body. Dysregulated ECM remodeling causes fibrosis in the cardiac tissues. Cardiac fibrosis leads to stiffness in the heart tissues, resulting in heart failure. During cardiac fibrosis, ECM proteins get excessively deposited in the cardiac tissues. In the ECM, cardiac fibroblast proliferates into myofibroblast upon various kinds of stimulations. Fibroblast activation (myofibroblast) contributes majorly toward cardiac fibrosis. Other than cardiac fibroblasts, cardiomyocytes, epithelial/endothelial cells, and immune system cells can also contribute to cardiac fibrosis. Alteration in the expression of the ECM core and ECM-modifier proteins causes different types of cardiac fibrosis. These different components of ECM culminated into different pathways inducing transdifferentiation of cardiac fibroblast into myofibroblast. In this review, we summarize the role of different ECM components during cardiac fibrosis progression leading to heart failure. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of applying mass-spectrometry-based proteomics to understand the key changes occurring in the ECM during fibrotic progression. Next-gen proteomics studies will broaden the potential to identify key targets to combat cardiac fibrosis in order to achieve precise medicine-development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Sarohi
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)- Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
- BioX Center, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)- Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sanchari Chakraborty
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)- Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
- BioX Center, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)- Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Trayambak Basak
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)- Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
- BioX Center, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)- Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
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7
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Sarohi V, Srivastava S, Basak T. A Comprehensive Outlook on Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM): State-Of-The-Art Developments with Special Emphasis on OMICS-Based Approaches. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9060174. [PMID: 35735803 PMCID: PMC9225617 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9060174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) remains an enigmatic cardiovascular disease (CVD) condition characterized by contractile dysfunction of the myocardium due to dilation of the ventricles. DCM is one of the major forms of CVD contributing to heart failure. Dilation of the left or both ventricles with systolic dysfunction, not explained by known causes, is a hallmark of DCM. Progression of DCM leads to heart failure. Genetic and various other factors greatly contribute to the development of DCM, but the etiology has still remained elusive in a large number of cases. A significant number of studies have been carried out to identify the genetic causes of DCM. These candidate-gene studies revealed that mutations in the genes of the fibrous, cytoskeletal, and sarcomeric proteins of cardiomyocytes result in the development of DCM. However, a significant proportion of DCM patients are idiopathic in nature. In this review, we holistically described the symptoms, causes (in adults and newborns), genetic basis, and mechanistic progression of DCM. Further, we also summarized the state-of-the-art diagnosis, available biomarkers, treatments, and ongoing clinical trials of potential drug regimens. DCM-mediated heart failure is on the rise worldwide including in India. The discovery of biomarkers with a better prognostic value is the need of the hour for better management of DCM-mediated heart failure patients. With the advent of next-generation omics-based technologies, it is now possible to probe systems-level alterations in DCM patients pertaining to the identification of novel proteomic and lipidomic biomarkers. Here, we also highlight the onset of a systems-level study in Indian DCM patients by applying state-of-the-art mass-spectrometry-based “clinical proteomics” and “clinical lipidomics”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Sarohi
- Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)-Mandi, School of Basic Sciences (SBS), Mandi 175075, HP, India; (V.S.); (S.S.)
- BioX Centre, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)-Mandi, Mandi 175075, HP, India
| | - Shriya Srivastava
- Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)-Mandi, School of Basic Sciences (SBS), Mandi 175075, HP, India; (V.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Trayambak Basak
- Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)-Mandi, School of Basic Sciences (SBS), Mandi 175075, HP, India; (V.S.); (S.S.)
- BioX Centre, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)-Mandi, Mandi 175075, HP, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-1905-267826
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Association of miR-499 Polymorphism and Its Regulatory Networks with Hashimoto Thyroiditis Susceptibility: A Population-Based Case-Control Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810094. [PMID: 34576267 PMCID: PMC8470033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is a common autoimmune disorder with a strong genetic background. Several genetic factors have been suggested, yet numerous genetic contributors remain to be fully understood in HT pathogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRs) are gene expression regulators critically involved in biological processes, of which polymorphisms can alter their function, leading to pathologic conditions, including autoimmune diseases. We examined whether miR-499 rs3746444 polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to HT in an Iranian subpopulation. Furthermore, we investigated the potential interacting regulatory network of the miR-499. This case-control study included 150 HT patients and 152 healthy subjects. Genotyping of rs3746444 was performed by the PCR-RFLP method. Also, target genomic sites of the polymorphism were predicted using bioinformatics. Our results showed that miR-499 rs3746444 was positively associated with HT risk in heterozygous (OR = 3.32, 95%CI = 2.00–5.53, p < 0.001, CT vs. TT), homozygous (OR = 2.81, 95%CI = 1.30–6.10, p = 0.014, CC vs. TT), dominant (OR = 3.22, 95%CI = 1.97–5.25, p < 0.001, CT + CC vs. TT), overdominant (OR = 2.57, 95%CI = 1.62–4.09, p < 0.001, CC + TT vs. CT), and allelic (OR = 1.92, 95%CI = 1.37–2.69, p < 0.001, C vs. T) models. Mapping predicted target genes of miR-499 on tissue-specific-, co-expression-, and miR-TF networks indicated that main hub-driver nodes are implicated in regulating immune system functions, including immunorecognition and complement activity. We demonstrated that miR-499 rs3746444 is linked to HT susceptibility in our population. However, predicted regulatory networks revealed that this polymorphism is contributing to the regulation of immune system pathways.
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The Impact of microRNAs in Renin-Angiotensin-System-Induced Cardiac Remodelling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094762. [PMID: 33946230 PMCID: PMC8124994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) indicates its central role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular remodelling via both hemodynamic alterations and direct growth and the proliferation effects of angiotensin II or aldosterone resulting in the hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes, the proliferation of fibroblasts, and inflammatory immune cell activation. The noncoding regulatory microRNAs has recently emerged as a completely novel approach to the study of the RAS. A growing number of microRNAs serve as mediators and/or regulators of RAS-induced cardiac remodelling by directly targeting RAS enzymes, receptors, signalling molecules, or inhibitors of signalling pathways. Specifically, microRNAs that directly modulate pro-hypertrophic, pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory signalling initiated by angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) stimulation are of particular relevance in mediating the cardiovascular effects of the RAS. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge in the field that is still in the early stage of preclinical investigation with occasionally conflicting reports. Understanding the big picture of microRNAs not only aids in the improved understanding of cardiac response to injury but also leads to better therapeutic strategies utilizing microRNAs as biomarkers, therapeutic agents and pharmacological targets.
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Scalise RFM, De Sarro R, Caracciolo A, Lauro R, Squadrito F, Carerj S, Bitto A, Micari A, Bella GD, Costa F, Irrera N. Fibrosis after Myocardial Infarction: An Overview on Cellular Processes, Molecular Pathways, Clinical Evaluation and Prognostic Value. Med Sci (Basel) 2021; 9:medsci9010016. [PMID: 33804308 PMCID: PMC7931027 DOI: 10.3390/medsci9010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ischemic injury caused by myocardial infarction activates a complex healing process wherein a powerful inflammatory response and a reparative phase follow and balance each other. An intricate network of mediators finely orchestrate a large variety of cellular subtypes throughout molecular signaling pathways that determine the intensity and duration of each phase. At the end of this process, the necrotic tissue is replaced with a fibrotic scar whose quality strictly depends on the delicate balance resulting from the interaction between multiple actors involved in fibrogenesis. An inflammatory or reparative dysregulation, both in term of excess and deficiency, may cause ventricular dysfunction and life-threatening arrhythmias that heavily affect clinical outcome. This review discusses cellular process and molecular signaling pathways that determine fibrosis and the imaging technique that can characterize the clinical impact of this process in-vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Francesco Maria Scalise
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (R.F.M.S.); (R.D.S.); (A.C.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.); (N.I.)
| | - Rosalba De Sarro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (R.F.M.S.); (R.D.S.); (A.C.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.); (N.I.)
| | - Alessandro Caracciolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (R.F.M.S.); (R.D.S.); (A.C.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.); (N.I.)
| | - Rita Lauro
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (R.L.); (F.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Francesco Squadrito
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (R.L.); (F.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Scipione Carerj
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (R.F.M.S.); (R.D.S.); (A.C.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.); (N.I.)
| | - Alessandra Bitto
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (R.L.); (F.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Antonio Micari
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, A.O.U. Policlinico “G. Martino”, 98100 Messina, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Di Bella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (R.F.M.S.); (R.D.S.); (A.C.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.); (N.I.)
| | - Francesco Costa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (R.F.M.S.); (R.D.S.); (A.C.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.); (N.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-090-221-23-41; Fax: +39-090-221-23-81
| | - Natasha Irrera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (R.F.M.S.); (R.D.S.); (A.C.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.); (N.I.)
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Aujla PK, Kassiri Z. Diverse origins and activation of fibroblasts in cardiac fibrosis. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109869. [PMID: 33278559 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (cFBs) have emerged as a heterogenous cell population. Fibroblasts are considered the main cell source for synthesis of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and as such a dysregulation in cFB function, activity, or viability can lead to disrupted ECM structure or fibrosis. Fibrosis can be initiated in response to different injuries and stimuli, and can be reparative (beneficial) or reactive (damaging). FBs need to be activated to myofibroblasts (MyoFBs) which have augmented capacity in synthesizing ECM proteins, causing fibrosis. In addition to the resident FBs in the myocardium, a number of other cells (pericytes, fibrocytes, mesenchymal, and hematopoietic cells) can transform into MyoFBs, further driving the fibrotic response. Multiple molecules including hormones, cytokines, and growth factors stimulate this process leading to generation of activated MyoFBs. Contribution of different cell types to cFBs and MyoFBs can result in an exponential increase in the number of MyoFBs and an accelerated pro-fibrotic response. Given the diversity of the cell sources, and the array of interconnected signalling pathways that lead to formation of MyoFBs and subsequently fibrosis, identifying a single target to limit the fibrotic response in the myocardium has been challenging. This review article will delineate the importance and relevance of fibroblast heterogeneity in mediating fibrosis in different models of heart failure and will highlight important signalling pathways implicated in myofibroblast activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetinder K Aujla
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zamaneh Kassiri
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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12
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Sawasdikosol S, Burakoff S. A perspective on HPK1 as a novel immuno-oncology drug target. eLife 2020; 9:55122. [PMID: 32896273 PMCID: PMC7478889 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this perspective review, the role Hematopoietic Progenitor Kinase 1 (HPK1) in tumor immunity will be reviewed, with special emphasis on how T cells are negatively-regulated at different junctures of cancer-immunity cycle by this regulatory kinase. The review will highlight the strengths and weaknesses of HPK1 as a candidate target for novel immuno-oncology (IO) drug development that is centered on the use of small molecule kinase inhibitor to modulate the immune response against cancer. Such a therapeutic approach, if proven successful, could supplement the cancer cell-centric standard of care therapies in order to fully meet the therapeutic needs of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sansana Sawasdikosol
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Steven Burakoff
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, New York, United States
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13
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Yang CY, Chuang HC, Tsai CY, Xiao YZ, Yang JY, Huang RH, Shih YC, Tan TH. DUSP11 Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Macrophage Activation by Targeting TAK1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1644-1652. [PMID: 32796023 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dual-specificity phosphatase 11 (DUSP11, also named as PIR1) is a member of the atypical DUSP protein tyrosine phosphatase family. DUSP11 is only known to be an RNA phosphatase that regulates noncoding RNA stability. To date, the role of DUSP11 in immune cell signaling and immune responses remains unknown. In this study, we generated and characterized the immune cell functions of DUSP11-deficient mice. We identified TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) as a DUSP11-targeted protein. DUSP11 interacted directly with TAK1, and the DUSP11-TAK1 interaction was enhanced by LPS stimulation in bone marrow-derived macrophages. DUSP11 deficiency enhanced the LPS-induced TAK1 phosphorylation and cytokine production in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Furthermore, DUSP11-deficient mice were more susceptible to LPS-induced endotoxic shock. The LPS-induced serum levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 were significantly elevated in DUSP11-deficient mice compared with those of wild-type mice. The data indicate that DUSP11 inhibits LPS-induced macrophage activation by targeting TAK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Yang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35053 Zhunan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 33302 Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; and
| | - Huai-Chia Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35053 Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Tsai
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35053 Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Zhi Xiao
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35053 Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Yu Yang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35053 Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Rou-Huei Huang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35053 Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chun Shih
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35053 Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Hua Tan
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35053 Zhunan, Taiwan; .,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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14
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Fu J, Zang Y, Zhou Y, Chen C, Shao S, Hu M, Shi G, Wu L, Zhang D, Zhang T. A novel triptolide derivative ZT01 exerts anti-inflammatory effects by targeting TAK1 to prevent macrophage polarization into pro-inflammatory phenotype. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 126:110084. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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15
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Qi Y, Zhao X, Chen J, Pradipta AR, Wei J, Ruan H, Zhou L, Hsung RP, Tanaka K. In vitro and in vivo cancer cell apoptosis triggered by competitive binding of Cinchona alkaloids to the RING domain of TRAF6. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1011-1026. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1559030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
TRAF6 is highly expressed in many tumors and plays an important role in the immune system. The aim of this study is to confirm anti-tumor activities of all naturally occurring Cinchona alkaloids that have been screened using computational docking program, and to validate the accuracy and specificity of the RING domain of TRAF6 as a potential anti-tumor target, and to explore their effect on the immune system. Results reported herein would demonstrate that Cinchona alkaloids could induce apoptosis in HeLa cells, inhibit the ubiquitination and phosphorylation of both AKT and TAK1, and up-regulate the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. In addition, these compounds could induce apoptosis in vivo, and increase the secretion of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IgG, while not significantly impacting the ratio of CD4+T/CD8+T. These investigations suggest that the RING domain of TRAF6 could serve as a de novo biological target for therapeutic treatment in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghao Qi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Jiaying Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Ambara R Pradipta
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jing Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Haihua Ruan
- Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Richard P Hsung
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Biofunctional Chemistry Laboratory, A. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- JST-PRESTO, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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16
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Fleskens V, Minutti CM, Wu X, Wei P, Pals CEGM, McCrae J, Hemmers S, Groenewold V, Vos HJ, Rudensky A, Pan F, Li H, Zaiss DM, Coffer PJ. Nemo-like Kinase Drives Foxp3 Stability and Is Critical for Maintenance of Immune Tolerance by Regulatory T Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 26:3600-3612.e6. [PMID: 30917315 PMCID: PMC6444001 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Foxp3 transcription factor is a crucial determinant of both regulatory T (TREG) cell development and their functional maintenance. Appropriate modulation of tolerogenic immune responses therefore requires the tight regulation of Foxp3 transcriptional output, and this involves both transcriptional and post-translational regulation. Here, we show that during T cell activation, phosphorylation of Foxp3 in TREG cells can be regulated by a TGF-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-Nemo-like kinase (NLK) signaling pathway. NLK interacts and phosphorylates Foxp3 in TREG cells, resulting in the stabilization of protein levels by preventing association with the STUB1 E3-ubiquitin protein ligase. Conditional TREG cell NLK-knockout (NLKΔTREG) results in decreased TREG cell-mediated immunosuppression in vivo, and NLK-deficient TREG cell animals develop more severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Our data suggest a molecular mechanism, in which stimulation of TCR-mediated signaling can induce a TAK1-NLK pathway to sustain Foxp3 transcriptional activity through the stabilization of protein levels, thereby maintaining TREG cell suppressive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Fleskens
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carlos M Minutti
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xingmei Wu
- ENT Department, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshaner Road, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Cornelieke E G M Pals
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - James McCrae
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Saskia Hemmers
- Immunology Program, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vincent Groenewold
- Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Harm-Jan Vos
- Proteins at Work, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Rudensky
- Immunology Program, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fan Pan
- Immunology and Hematopoiesis Division, Department of Oncology, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Huabin Li
- ENT Department, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dietmar M Zaiss
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Paul J Coffer
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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17
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Bai Y, Liu X, Qi X, Liu X, Peng F, Li H, Fu H, Pei S, Chen L, Chi X, Zhang L, Zhu X, Song Y, Wang Y, Meng S, Jiang T, Shao S. PDIA6 modulates apoptosis and autophagy of non-small cell lung cancer cells via the MAP4K1/JNK signaling pathway. EBioMedicine 2019; 42:311-325. [PMID: 30922965 PMCID: PMC6491656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer with a poor prognosis. We previously found that protein disulfide isomerase family 6 (PDIA6) is upregulated in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). This study aimed to elucidate the clinical relevance, biological functions, and molecular mechanisms of PDIA6 in NSCLC. METHODS The expression of PDIA6 in NSCLC was assessed using the TCGA database, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Correlations of PDIA6 expression with clinicopathological and survival features were evaluated. The functions of PDIA6 in regulating NSCLC cell growth, apoptosis, and autophagy were investigated using gain-and loss-of-function strategies in vitro or in vivo. The underlying molecular mechanisms of PDIA6 function were examined by human phospho-kinase array and co-immunoprecipitation. FINDINGS PDIA6 expression was upregulated in NSCLC compared with adjacent normal tissues, and the higher PDIA6 expression was correlated with poor prognosis. PDIA6 knockdown decreased NSCLC cell proliferation and increased cisplatin-induced intrinsic apoptosis, while PDIA6 overexpression had the opposite effects. In addition, PDIA6 regulated cisplatin-induced autophagy, and this contributed to PDIA6-mediated apoptosis in NSCLC cells. Mechanistically, PDIA6 reduced the phosphorylation levels of JNK and c-Jun. Moreover, PDIA6 interacted with MAP4K1 and inhibited its phosphorylation, ultimately inhibiting the JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway. INTERPRETATION PDIA6 is overexpressed in NSCLC and inhibits cisplatin-induced NSCLC cell apoptosis and autophagy via the MAP4K1/JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway, suggesting that PDIA6 may serve as a biomarker and therapeutic target for NSCLC patients. FUND: National Natural Science Foundation of China and Institutions of higher learning of innovation team from Liaoning province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaoyu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Fang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Hailu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Shimei Pei
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Liying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xinming Chi
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xinbing Zhu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Songshu Meng
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Andrology, The First Hospital Affiliated of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China.
| | - Shujuan Shao
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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18
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Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is mediated by both TGF-β canonical and non-canonical signaling during axolotl limb regeneration. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1144. [PMID: 30718780 PMCID: PMC6362101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Axolotls have the amazing ability to regenerate. When compared to humans, axolotls display a very fast wound closure, no scarring and are capable to replace lost appendages perfectly. Understanding the signaling mechanism leading to this perfect healing is a key step to help develop regenerative treatments for humans. In this paper, we studied cellular pathways leading to axolotl limb regeneration. We focus on the wound closure phase where keratinocytes migrate to close the lesion site and how epithelial to mesenchymal transitions are involved in this process. We observe a correlation between wound closure and EMT marker expression. Functional analyses using pharmacological inhibitors showed that the TGF-β/SMAD (canonical) and the TGF-β/p38/JNK (non-canonical) pathways play a role in the rate to which the keratinocytes can migrate. When we treat the animals with a combination of inhibitors blocking both canonical and non-canonical TGF-β pathways, it greatly reduced the rate of wound closure and had significant effects on certain known EMT genes.
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19
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Wang C, Peng J, Zhou M, Liao G, Yang X, Wu H, Xiao J, Feng H. TAK1 of black carp positively regulates IRF7-mediated antiviral signaling in innate immune activation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:83-90. [PMID: 30273651 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) plays a vital role in IL-1-mediated NF-κB, JNK, and p38 activation in human and mammals. However, the function of TAK1 in teleost fish still remains largely unknown. To explore the role of TAK1 during the antiviral innate immune response of teleost fish, TAK1 of black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) was cloned and characterized in this paper. The open reading frame (ORF) of black carp TAK1 (bcTAK1) consists of 1626 nucleotides and the predicted bcTAK1 protein contains 541 amino acids, which includes a N-terminal Serine/Threonine protein kinases (S/TKc) and a C-terminal coiled-coil region. bcTAK1 migrated around 75 kDa in immunoblotting assay and was identified as a cytosolic protein by immunofluorescence staining. bcTAK1 transcription in Mylopharyngodon piceus kidney (MPK) cells varied in response to the stimulation of poly (I:C), LPS, grass carp reovirus (GCRV), and spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). bcTAK1 showed deficient IFN-inducing ability in reporter assay and feeble antiviral activity against GCRV and SVCV in plaque assay. However, when co-expressed with bcIRF7 in EPC cells, bcTAK1 obviously enhanced bcIRF7-mediated IFN promoter induction in reporter assay. Accordingly, the data of plaque assay demonstrated that the antiviral activity of bcIRF7 against both GCRV and SVCV was unregulated by bcTAK1. Thus, the data generated in this study support the conclusion that bcTAK1 up-regulates bcIRF7-mediated antiviral signaling during host innate immune activation, which is reported for the first time in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Minyu Zhou
- College of Bioscience and Biology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Guancheng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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20
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HIV-1 capsids from B27/B57+ elite controllers escape Mx2 but are targeted by TRIM5α, leading to the induction of an antiviral state. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007398. [PMID: 30419009 PMCID: PMC6258467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elite controllers (ECs) are a rare subset of HIV-1 slow progressors characterized by prolonged viremia suppression. HLA alleles B27 and B57 promote the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated depletion of infected cells in ECs, leading to the emergence of escape mutations in the viral capsid (CA). Whether those mutations modulate CA detection by innate sensors and effectors is poorly known. Here, we investigated the targeting of CA from B27/B57+ individuals by cytosolic antiviral factors Mx2 and TRIM5α. Toward that aim, we constructed chimeric HIV-1 vectors using CA isolated from B27/B57+ or control subjects. HIV-1 vectors containing B27/B57+-specific CA had increased sensitivity to TRIM5α but not to Mx2. Following exposure to those vectors, cells showed increased resistance against both TRIM5α-sensitive and -insensitive HIV-1 strains. Induction of the antiviral state did not require productive infection by the TRIM5α-sensitive virus, as shown using chemically inactivated virions. Depletion experiments revealed that TAK1 and Ubc13 were essential to the TRIM5α-dependent antiviral state. Accordingly, induction of the antiviral state was accompanied by the activation of NF-κB and AP-1 in THP-1 cells. Secretion of IFN-I was involved in the antiviral state in THP-1 cells, as shown using a receptor blocking antibody. This work identifies innate activation pathways that are likely to play a role in the natural resistance to HIV-1 progression in ECs. Some HIV-1-infected individuals show a natural capacity to control viral propagation. In individuals that have the HLA B27 or B57 allele, HIV-1 control is associated with mutations in viral proteins that arise as a result of immune pressure from cytotoxic T lymphocytes. HIV-1 capsid protein mutations found in these subjects render HIV-1 more sensitive to detection by TRIM5α, a cytoplasmic innate effector that targets retroviral capsids. We show here that HIV-1 bearing such mutations is restricted by TRIM5α but not by Mx2, another capsid-targeting innate effector. As a result, cells have decreased permissiveness to subsequent HIV-1 infections, a phenomenon that could contribute to the inefficient disease progression observed in these individuals. This knowledge might find applications in the development of immune interventions to increase human cells resistance to HIV-1.
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21
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Ma ZG, Yuan YP, Wu HM, Zhang X, Tang QZ. Cardiac fibrosis: new insights into the pathogenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1645-1657. [PMID: 30416379 PMCID: PMC6216032 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.28103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is defined as the imbalance of extracellular matrix (ECM) production and degradation, thus contributing to cardiac dysfunction in many cardiac pathophysiologic conditions. This review discusses specific markers and origin of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), and the underlying mechanism involved in the development of cardiac fibrosis. Currently, there are no CFs-specific molecular markers. Most studies use co-labelling with panels of antibodies that can recognize CFs. Origin of fibroblasts is heterogeneous. After fibrotic stimuli, the levels of myocardial pro-fibrotic growth factors and cytokines are increased. These pro-fibrotic growth factors and cytokines bind to its receptors and then trigger the activation of signaling pathway and transcriptional factors via Smad-dependent or Smad independent-manners. These fibrosis-related transcriptional factors regulate gene expression that are involved in the fibrosis to amplify the fibrotic response. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for initiation, progression, and amplification of cardiac fibrosis are of great clinical significance to find drugs that can prevent the progression of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Guo Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, RP China
| | - Yu-Pei Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, RP China
| | - Hai-Ming Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, RP China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, RP China
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, RP China
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22
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Ao J, Yuan T, Gao L, Yu X, Zhao X, Tian Y, Ding W, Ma Y, Shen Z. Organic UV filters exposure induces the production of inflammatory cytokines in human macrophages. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:926-935. [PMID: 29710614 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters, found in many personal care products, are considered emerging contaminants due to growing concerns about potential long-term deleterious effects. We investigated the immunomodulatory effects of four commonly used organic UV filters (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, BP-3; 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, 4-MBC; 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate, EHMC; and butyl-methoxydibenzoylmethane, BDM) on human macrophages. Our results indicated that exposure to these four UV filters significantly increased the production of various inflammatory cytokines in macrophages, particular tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). After exposure to the UV filters, a significant 1.1-1.5 fold increase were found in TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression. In addition, both the p38 MAPK and the NF-κB signaling pathways were enhanced 2 to 10 times in terms of phosphorylation after exposure to the UV filters, suggesting that these pathways are involved in the release of TNF-α and IL-6. Molecular docking analysis predicted that all four UV filter molecules would efficiently bind transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), which is responsible for the activation of the p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Our results therefore demonstrate that exposure to the four organic UV filters investigated may alter human immune system function. It provides new clue for the development of asthma or allergic diseases in terms of the environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Ao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Li Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Resource and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xiaodan Yu
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Ministry of Education Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenjin Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuning Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhemin Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Sun J, Mu Y, Jiang Y, Song R, Yi J, Zhou J, Sun J, Jiao X, Prinz RA, Li Y, Xu X. Inhibition of p70 S6 kinase activity by A77 1726 induces autophagy and enhances the degradation of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) protein aggregates. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:407. [PMID: 29540819 PMCID: PMC5851998 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a central role in degrading misfolded proteins such as mutated superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), which forms aggregates in motor neurons and is involved in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Autophagy is activated when UNC-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) is phosphorylated at S555 and activated by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Autophagy is suppressed when ULK1 is phosphorylated at S757 by the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Whether p70 S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), a serine/threonine kinase downstream of mTOR, can also regulate autophagy remains uncertain. Here we report that inhibition of S6K1 by A77 1726, the active metabolite of an anti-inflammatory drug leflunomide, induced mTOR feedback activation and ULK1S757 phosphorylation in NSC34 cells, a hybrid mouse motoneuron cell line. Unexpectedly, A77 1726 did not suppress but rather induced autophagy by increasing AMPKT172 and ULK1S555 phosphorylation. Similar observations were made with PF-4708671, a specific S6K1 inhibitor, or with S6K1 siRNA. Further studies showed that A77 1726 induced AMPK phosphorylation by activating the TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1). Functional studies revealed that A77 1726 induced co-localization of mutant SOD1G93A protein aggregates with autophagosomes and accelerated SOD1G93A protein degradation, which was blocked by inhibition of autophagy through autophagy-related protein 7 (ATG7) siRNA. Our study suggests that S6K1 inhibition induces autophagy through TAK1-mediated AMPK activation in NSC34 cells, and that blocking S6K1 activity by a small molecule inhibitor such as leflunomide may offer a new strategy for ALS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yarong Mu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ruilong Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianxin Yi
- Department of Physiology, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, MO, 64106, USA
| | - Jingsong Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, MO, 64106, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Xinan Jiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Richard A Prinz
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiulong Xu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Xu X, Sun J, Song R, Doscas ME, Williamson AJ, Zhou J, Sun J, Jiao X, Liu X, Li Y. Inhibition of p70 S6 kinase (S6K1) activity by A77 1726, the active metabolite of leflunomide, induces autophagy through TAK1-mediated AMPK and JNK activation. Oncotarget 2018; 8:30438-30454. [PMID: 28389629 PMCID: PMC5444754 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
mTOR activation suppresses autophagy by phosphorylating ULK1 at S757 and suppressing its enzymatic activity. Here we report that feedback activation of mTOR in the PI-3 kinase pathway by two p70 S6 kinase (S6K1) inhibitors (PF-4708671 and A77 1726, the active metabolite of an immunosuppressive drug leflunomide) or by S6K1 knockdown did not suppress but rather induced autophagy. Suppression of S6K1 activity led to the phosphorylation and activation of AMPK, which then phosphorylated ULK1 at S555. While mTOR feedback activation led to increased phosphorylation of ULK1 at S757, this modification did not the disrupt ULK1-AMPK interaction nor dampen ULK1 S555 phosphorylation and the induction of autophagy. In addition, inhibition of S6K1 activity led to JNK activation, which also contributed to autophagy. 5Z-7-oxozeaenol, a specific inhibitor of TAK1, or TAK1 siRNA blocked A77 1726-induced activation of AMPK and JNK, and LC3 lipidation. Taken together, our study establishes S6K1 as a key player in the PI-3 kinase pathway to suppress autophagy through inhibiting AMPK and JNK in a TAK1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulong Xu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Ruilong Song
- Core Facility, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Michelle E Doscas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Jingsong Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China.,Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yi Li
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Zhang Q, Ding S, Zhang H. Interactions between hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 and its adaptor proteins. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:6472-6482. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Qi Y, Pradipta AR, Li M, Zhao X, Lu L, Fu X, Wei J, Hsung RP, Tanaka K, Zhou L. Cinchonine induces apoptosis of HeLa and A549 cells through targeting TRAF6. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2017; 36:35. [PMID: 28231796 PMCID: PMC5324264 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cells are known to over-express TRAF6 that is critical for both AKT and TAK1 activations. The Really Interesting New Gene (RING) domain of TRAF6 is believed to be responsible for the E3 ligase activity, ZINC fingers of TRAF6 provide critical support for the activity of the RING domain which is critical for both AKT and TAK1 activations. METHODS We employed computational docking program to identify small molecules that could effectively and competitively bind with the RING domain of TRAF6, which is believed to be responsible for its E3 ligase activity. MTT assay and flow cytometry were employed to analyze apoptosis of cancer cells. Signaling pathways were detected using immunoprecipitation and western blotting, and immunofluorescence was pursued to assess the nature of binding of cinchonine to TRAF6. We also performed animal experiments to test effect of cinchonine in vivo. RESULTS Cinchonine, a naturally occurring Cinchona alkaloid identified from the docking study, could bind to TRAF6 in HeLa and A549 cells and induce apoptosis of these cancer cells. We found that AKT ubiquitination and phosphorylation as well as phosphorylation of TAK1 were decreased. These activities would lead to subsequent suppression anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, while elevating pro-apoptotic protein Bax. Immunofluorescence staining unambiguously demonstrated the binding of cinchonine specifically at the RING domain of TRAF6 in cells, thereby validating the computational modeling. Animal experiments showed that cinchonine could suppress tumor growth in mice without showing significant acute toxicity. CONCLUSION These investigations suggest that through competitive binding with the RING domain of TRAF6, cinchonine could induce apoptosis via inhibiting AKT and TAK1 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghao Qi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, Nankai District 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ambara R. Pradipta
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2–1 Hirosawa, Saitama, Wako 351-0198 Japan
| | - Miao Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, Nankai District 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, Nankai District 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lulu Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, Nankai District 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuegang Fu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, Nankai District 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, Nankai District 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Richard P. Hsung
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2222 USA
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2–1 Hirosawa, Saitama, Wako 351-0198 Japan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2222 USA
- Biofunctional Chemistry Laboratory, A. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya street, Kazan, 420008 Russia
- JST-PRESTO, 2-1 Hirosawa, Saitama, Wako 351-0198 Japan
| | - Lijun Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, Nankai District 300072 People’s Republic of China
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Ren K, Mo ZC, Liu X, Tang ZL, Jiang Y, Peng XS, Zhang QH, Shi JF, Yi GH. TGF-β Down-regulates Apolipoprotein M Expression through the TAK-1-JNK-c-Jun Pathway in HepG2 Cells. Lipids 2016; 52:109-117. [PMID: 28039587 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is a relatively novel apolipoprotein that plays pivotal roles in many dyslipidemia-associated diseases; however, its regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. Many cytokines have been identified that down-regulate apoM expression in HepG2 cells, among which transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) exerts the most potent effects. In addition, c-Jun, a member of the activated protein 1 (AP-1) family whose activity is modulated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), decreases apoM expression at the transcriptional level by binding to the regulatory element in the proximal apoM promoter. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms through which TGF-β decreases the apoM level in HepG2 cells. The results revealed that TGF-β inhibited apoM expression at both the mRNA and protein levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner and that it suppressed apoM secretion. These effects were attenuated by treatment of cells with either SP600125 (JNK inhibitor) or c-Jun siRNA. 5Z-7-oxozeaenol [(a TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK-1) inhibitor)] also attenuated the TGF-β-mediated inhibition of apoM expression and suppressed the activation of JNK and c-Jun. These results have demonstrated that TGF-β suppresses apoM expression through the TAK-1-JNK-c-Jun pathway in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ren
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zhong-Cheng Mo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Xing Liu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Zhen-Li Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Shan Peng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Qing-Hai Zhang
- Clinical Research Institution, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Jin-Feng Shi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Guang-Hui Yi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
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Lovicu FJ, Shin EH, McAvoy JW. Fibrosis in the lens. Sprouty regulation of TGFβ-signaling prevents lens EMT leading to cataract. Exp Eye Res 2015; 142:92-101. [PMID: 26003864 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cataract is a common age-related condition that is caused by progressive clouding of the normally clear lens. Cataract can be effectively treated by surgery; however, like any surgery, there can be complications and the development of a secondary cataract, known as posterior capsule opacification (PCO), is the most common. PCO is caused by aberrant growth of lens epithelial cells that are left behind in the capsular bag after surgical removal of the fiber mass. An epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is central to fibrotic PCO and forms of fibrotic cataract, including anterior/posterior polar cataracts. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) has been shown to induce lens EMT and consequently research has focused on identifying ways of blocking its action. Intriguingly, recent studies in animal models have shown that EMT and cataract developed when a class of negative-feedback regulators, Sprouty (Spry)1 and Spry2, were conditionally deleted from the lens. Members of the Spry family act as general antagonists of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-mediated MAPK signaling pathway that is involved in many physiological and developmental processes. As the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway is a well established target of Spry proteins, and overexpression of Spry can block aberrant TGFβ-Smad signaling responsible for EMT and anterior subcapsular cataract, this indicates a role for the ERK/MAPK pathway in TGFβ-induced EMT. Given this and other supporting evidence, a case is made for focusing on RTK antagonists, such as Spry, for cataract prevention. In addition, and looking to the future, this review also looks at possibilities for supplanting EMT with normal fiber differentiation and thereby promoting lens regenerative processes after cataract surgery. Whilst it is now known that the epithelial to fiber differentiation process is driven by FGF, little is known about factors that coordinate the precise assembly of fibers into a functional lens. However, recent research provides key insights into an FGF-activated mechanism intrinsic to the lens that involves interactions between the Wnt-Frizzled and Jagged/Notch signaling pathways. This reciprocal epithelial-fiber cell interaction appears to be critical for the assembly and maintenance of the highly ordered three-dimensional architecture that is central to lens function. This information is fundamental to defining the specific conditions and stimuli needed to recapitulate developmental programs and promote regeneration of lens structure and function after cataract surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Lovicu
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney 2001, NSW, Australia.
| | - E H Shin
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - J W McAvoy
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney 2001, NSW, Australia
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Dvashi Z, Goldberg M, Adir O, Shapira M, Pollack A. TGF-β1 induced transdifferentiation of rpe cells is mediated by TAK1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122229. [PMID: 25849436 PMCID: PMC4388737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is an active process that develops as a complication upon retinal detachment (RD), accompanied by formation of fibrotic tissue. The main cells involved in the development of fibrotic tissue during PVR are the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. The RPE cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) which leads to complex retinal detachment and loss of vision. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is considered as the main player in the EMT of RPE cells, even though the mechanism is not fully understood. This study was performed to determine the possible involvement of transforming growth factor β activated kinase 1 (TAK1) in the EMT process of the RPE cells. METHODOLOGY ARPE-19 Cells were treated with 5Z-7 oxozeaenol (TAK1 inhibitor) or SB431542 (TGF-β1 receptor kinase inhibitor) followed by TGF-β1 stimulation. Immunofluorescence, scratch assay Real time PCR and collagen contraction assay assessed the EMT features. The phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and p38 was examined using western blots analysis. RESULTS This study demonstrates that stimulation of RPE cells with TGF-β1 increases α-SMA expression, cell migration and cell contractility, all of which are EMT features. Remarkably, addition of TAK1 inhibitor abolishes all these processes. Furthermore, we show hereby that TAK1 regulates not only the activation of the non-canonical cascade of TGF-β1 (p38), but also the canonical cascade, the Smad2/3 activation. Thus, the outcome of the TGF-β response in RPE cells is TAK1 dependent. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This work demonstrated TAK1, a component of the non-canonical pathway of TGF-β1, is a key player in the EMT process, thus provides deep insight into the pathogenesis of PVR. The ability to halt the process of EMT in RPE cells may reduce the severity of the fibrotic response that occurs upon PVR, leading to a better prognosis and increase the probability of success in RD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeev Dvashi
- Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, affiliated with Hadassah-Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mordechai Goldberg
- Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, affiliated with Hadassah-Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orit Adir
- Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, affiliated with Hadassah-Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Shapira
- Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, affiliated with Hadassah-Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ayala Pollack
- Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, affiliated with Hadassah-Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Bracken CP, Li X, Wright JA, Lawrence DM, Pillman KA, Salmanidis M, Anderson MA, Dredge BK, Gregory PA, Tsykin A, Neilsen C, Thomson DW, Bert AG, Leerberg JM, Yap AS, Jensen KB, Khew-Goodall Y, Goodall GJ. Genome-wide identification of miR-200 targets reveals a regulatory network controlling cell invasion. EMBO J 2014; 33:2040-56. [PMID: 25069772 PMCID: PMC4195771 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201488641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The microRNAs of the miR-200 family maintain the central characteristics of epithelia and inhibit tumor cell motility and invasiveness. Using the Ago-HITS-CLIP technology for transcriptome-wide identification of direct microRNA targets in living cells, along with extensive validation to verify the reliability of the approach, we have identified hundreds of miR-200a and miR-200b targets, providing insights into general features of miRNA target site selection. Gene ontology analysis revealed a predominant effect of miR-200 targets in widespread coordinate control of actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Functional characterization of the miR-200 targets indicates that they constitute subnetworks that underlie the ability of cancer cells to migrate and invade, including coordinate effects on Rho-ROCK signaling, invadopodia formation, MMP activity, and focal adhesions. Thus, the miR-200 family maintains the central characteristics of the epithelial phenotype by acting on numerous targets at multiple levels, encompassing both cytoskeletal effectors that control actin filament organization and dynamics, and upstream signals that locally regulate the cytoskeleton to maintain cell morphology and prevent cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron P Bracken
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Josephine A Wright
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David M Lawrence
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Katherine A Pillman
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Marika Salmanidis
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew A Anderson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - B Kate Dredge
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Philip A Gregory
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anna Tsykin
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Corine Neilsen
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Daniel W Thomson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew G Bert
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Joanne M Leerberg
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Alpha S Yap
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Kirk B Jensen
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Yeesim Khew-Goodall
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gregory J Goodall
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Ebelt ND, Cantrell MA, Van Den Berg CL. c-Jun N-Terminal Kinases Mediate a Wide Range of Targets in the Metastatic Cascade. Genes Cancer 2014; 4:378-87. [PMID: 24349635 DOI: 10.1177/1947601913485413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated cancer cells rely on intricate interactions among diverse cell types in the tumor-associated stroma, vasculature, and immune system for survival and growth. Ubiquitous expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (jnk) genes in various cell types permits their control of metastasis. In early stages of metastasis, JNKs affect tumor-associated inflammation and angiogenesis as well as tumor cell migration and intravasation. Within the tumor stroma, JNKs are essential for the release of growth factors that promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor cells. JNK3, the least ubiquitous isoform, facilitates angiogenesis by increasing endothelial cell migration. Importantly, JNK expression in tumor cells integrates stromal signals to promote tumor cell invasion. However, JNK isoforms differentially regulate migration toward the endothelial barrier. Once tumor cells enter the bloodstream, JNKs increase circulating tumor cell (CTC) survival and homing to tissues. By promoting fibrosis, JNKs improve CTC attachment to the endothelium. Once anchored, JNKs stimulate EMT to facilitate tumor cell extravasation and enhance the secretion of endothelial barrier disrupters. Tumor cells attract barrier-disrupting macrophages by JNK-dependent transcription of macrophage chemoattractant molecules. In the secondary tissue, JNKs are instrumental in the premetastatic niche and stimulate tumor cell proliferation. JNK expression in cancer cells stimulates tissue-remodeling macrophages to improve tumor colonization. However, in T-cells, JNKs alter cytokine production that increases tumor surveillance and inhibits the recruitment of tissue-remodeling macrophages. Therapeutically targeting JNKs for metastatic disease is attractive considering their promotion of metastasis; however, specific JNK tools are needed to determine their definitive actions within the context of the entire metastatic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy D Ebelt
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Michael A Cantrell
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Carla L Van Den Berg
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA ; Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Zhang X, Zhang W, Ma SF, Desai AA, Saraf S, Miasniakova G, Sergueeva A, Ammosova T, Xu M, Nekhai S, Abbasi T, Casanova NG, Steinberg MH, Baldwin CT, Sebastiani P, Prchal JT, Kittles R, Garcia JGN, Machado RF, Gordeuk VR. Hypoxic response contributes to altered gene expression and precapillary pulmonary hypertension in patients with sickle cell disease. Circulation 2014; 129:1650-8. [PMID: 24515990 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.005296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We postulated that the hypoxic response in sickle cell disease (SCD) contributes to altered gene expression and pulmonary hypertension, a complication associated with early mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS To identify genes regulated by the hypoxic response and not other effects of chronic anemia, we compared expression variation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 13 subjects with SCD with hemoglobin SS genotype and 15 subjects with Chuvash polycythemia (VHL(R200W) homozygotes with constitutive upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factors in the absence of anemia or hypoxia). At a 5% false discovery rate, 1040 genes exhibited >1.15-fold change in both conditions; 297 were upregulated and 743 downregulated including MAPK8 encoding a mitogen-activated protein kinase important for apoptosis, T-cell differentiation, and inflammatory responses. Association mapping with a focus on local regulatory polymorphisms in 61 patients with SCD identified expression quantitative trait loci for 103 of these hypoxia response genes. In a University of Illinois SCD cohort, the A allele of a MAPK8 expression quantitative trait locus, rs10857560, was associated with precapillary pulmonary hypertension defined as mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥25 mm Hg and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure ≤15 mm Hg at right heart catheterization (allele frequency, 0.66; odds ratio, 13.8; n=238). This association was confirmed in an independent Walk-Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension and Sickle Cell Disease With Sildenafil Therapy cohort (allele frequency, 0.65; odds ratio, 11.3; n=519). The homozygous AA genotype of rs10857560 was associated with decreased MAPK8 expression and present in all 14 of the identified precapillary pulmonary hypertension cases among the combined 757 patients. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates a prominent hypoxic transcription component in SCD and a MAPK8 expression quantitative trait locus associated with precapillary pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, Section of Hematology/Oncology (X.Z., S.S., V.R.G.), Section of Cardiology (A.A.D.), and Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J.G.N.G., R.F.M.), Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics (W.Z., R.K.), Department of Pediatrics (W.Z.), and Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine (A.A.D., T.A., N.G.C., J.G.N.G., R.F.M.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (S-F.M.); Chuvash Republic Clinical Hospital 2, Cheboksary, Russia (G.M.); Cheboksary Children's Hospital, Cheboksary, Russia (A.S.); Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Howard University, Washington, DC (T.A., M.X., S.N.); Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (M.H.S., C.T.B.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (P.S.); Hematology Division, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (J.T.P.)
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Lu Y, Zhang Y, Li L, Feng X, Ding S, Zheng W, Li J, Shen P. TAB1: A Target of Triptolide in Macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:246-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Wang H, Chen Y, Lin P, Li L, Zhou G, Liu G, Logsdon C, Jin J, Abbruzzese JL, Tan TH, Wang H. The CUL7/F-box and WD repeat domain containing 8 (CUL7/Fbxw8) ubiquitin ligase promotes degradation of hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:4009-17. [PMID: 24362026 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.520106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HPK1, a member of mammalian Ste20-like serine/threonine kinases, is lost in >95% pancreatic cancer through proteasome-mediated degradation. However, the mechanism of HPK1 loss has not been defined. The aims of this study are to identify the ubiquitin ligase and to examine the mechanisms that targets HPK1 degradation. We found that the CUL7/Fbxw8 ubiquitin ligase targeted HPK1 for degradation via the 26 S proteasome. The ubiquitination of HPK1 required its kinase activity and autophosphorylation. Wild-type protein phosphatase 4 (PP4), but not the phosphatase-dead PP4 mutant, PP4-RL, inhibits the interaction of Fbxw8 with HPK1 and Fbxw8-mediated ubiquitination of HPK1. In addition, we showed that Thr-355 of HPK1 is a key PP4 dephosphorylation site, through which CUL7/Fbxw8 ubiquitin ligase and PP4 regulates HPK1 stability. Knockdown of Fbxw8 restores endogenous HPK1 protein expression and inhibits cell proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells. Our study demonstrated that targeted degradation of HPK1 by the CUL7/Fbxw8 ubiquitin ligase constitutes a negative-feedback loop to restrain the activity of HPK1 and that CUL7/Fbxw8 ubiquitin ligase promotes pancreatic cancer cell proliferation. CUL7/Fbxw8 ubiquitin ligase-mediated HPK1 degradation revealed a direct link and novel role of CUL7/Fbxw8 ubiquitin ligase in the MAPK pathway, which plays a critical role in cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- From the Departments of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology
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Signaling by Fyn-ADAP via the Carma1-Bcl-10-MAP3K7 signalosome exclusively regulates inflammatory cytokine production in NK cells. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:1127-36. [PMID: 24036998 PMCID: PMC3855032 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a critical component of the immune response. However, acute or chronic inflammation can be highly destructive. Uncontrolled inflammation forms the basis for allergy, asthma, and multiple autoimmune disorders. Here, we identify a signaling pathway that is exclusively responsible for inflammatory cytokine production but not for cytotoxicity. Recognition of H60+ or CD137L+ tumor cells by murine NK cells led to efficient cytotoxicity and inflammatory cytokine production. Both of these effector functions required Lck, Fyn, PI(3)K-p85α, PI(3)K-p110δ, and PLC-γ2. However, the complex of Fyn and the adapter ADAP exclusively regulated inflammatory cytokine production but not cytotoxicity in NK cells. This unique function of ADAP required a Carma1-Bcl10-MAP3K7 signaling axis. Our results identify molecules that can be targeted to regulate inflammation without compromising NK cell cytotoxicity.
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Wang X, Li JP, Chiu LL, Lan JL, Chen DY, Boomer J, Tan TH. Attenuation of T cell receptor signaling by serine phosphorylation-mediated lysine 30 ubiquitination of SLP-76 protein. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:34091-100. [PMID: 22902619 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.371062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SLP-76 (SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa) is an adaptor protein that is essential for T cell development and T cell receptor (TCR) signaling activation. Previous studies have identified an important negative feedback regulation of SLP-76 by HPK1 (hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1; MAP4K1)-induced Ser-376 phosphorylation. Ser-376 phosphorylation of SLP-76 mediates 14-3-3 binding, resulting in the attenuation of SLP-76 activation and downstream signaling; however, the underlying mechanism of this action remains unknown. Here, we report that phosphorylated SLP-76 is ubiquitinated and targeted for proteasomal degradation during TCR signaling. SLP-76 ubiquitination is mediated by Ser-376 phosphorylation. Furthermore, Lys-30 is identified as a ubiquitination site of SLP-76. Loss of Lys-30 ubiquitination of SLP-76 results in enhanced anti-CD3 antibody-induced ERK and JNK activation. These results reveal a novel regulation mechanism of SLP-76 by ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of activated SLP-76, which is mediated by Ser-376 phosphorylation, leading to down-regulation of TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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38
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Hough C, Radu M, Doré JJE. Tgf-beta induced Erk phosphorylation of smad linker region regulates smad signaling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42513. [PMID: 22880011 PMCID: PMC3412844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) family is involved in regulating a variety of cellular processes such as apoptosis, differentiation, and proliferation. TGF-β binding to a Serine/Threonine kinase receptor complex causes the recruitment and subsequent activation of transcription factors known as smad2 and smad3. These proteins subsequently translocate into the nucleus to negatively or positively regulate gene expression. In this study, we define a second signaling pathway leading to TGF-β receptor activation of Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase (Erk) in a cell-type dependent manner. TGF-β induced Erk activation was found in phenotypically normal mesenchymal cells, but not normal epithelial cells. By activating phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), TGF-β stimulates p21-activated kinase2 (Pak2) to phosphorylate c-Raf, ultimately resulting in Erk activation. Activation of Erk was necessary for TGF-β induced fibroblast replication. In addition, Erk phosphorylated the linker region of nuclear localized smads, resulting in increased half-life of C-terminal phospho-smad 2 and 3 and increased duration of smad target gene transcription. Together, these data show that in mesenchymal cell types the TGF-β/PI3K/Pak2/Raf/MEK/Erk pathway regulates smad signaling, is critical for TGF-β-induced growth and is part of an integrated signaling web containing multiple interacting pathways rather than discrete smad/non-smad pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Hough
- BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Maria Radu
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jules J. E. Doré
- BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Meng LQ, Tang JW, Wang Y, Zhao JR, Shang MY, Zhang M, Liu SY, Qu L, Cai SQ, Li XM. Astragaloside IV synergizes with ferulic acid to inhibit renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in rats with obstructive nephropathy. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:1805-18. [PMID: 21232035 PMCID: PMC3081123 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The combination of Chinese herbs, Astragali Radix and Angelicae Sinensis Radix, could alleviate renal interstitial fibrosis. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) and ferulic acid (FA) are the two major active constituents in this combination. In this study, we employed rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction to determine whether AS-IV and FA have the same renoprotective effects and investigated the mechanisms of this action. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Renal pathological changes were evaluated after treatment with AS-IV, FA or AS-IV + FA (AF) for 10 days. Meanwhile, the expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), phosphorylation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (p-JNK) and nitric oxide (NO) production in kidney were determined. The expressions of fibronectin, α-SMA, mitogen-activated protein kinases [JNK, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), P38] in TGF-β1-treated NRK-49F cells or interleukin-1-treated HK-2 cells after AS-IV, FA or AF were assessed. KEY RESULTS AF alleviated the infiltration of mononuclear cells, tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis; reduced the expression of fibronectin, α-SMA, TGF-β1 and p-JNK; and dramatically increased the production of NO in obstructed kidneys. Neither AS-IV nor FA alone improved renal damage, but both increased NO production. AF inhibited α-SMA and fibronectin expression in NRK-49F or HK-2 cells. Furthermore, AF significantly inhibited IL-1β-induced JNK phosphorylation, without affecting ERK or P38 phosphorylation. Neither AS-IV nor FA alone had any effect on the cells. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS AS-IV synergizes with FA to alleviate renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis; this was associated with inhibition of tubular epithelial–mesenchymal transdifferentiation (EMT) and fibroblast activation, as well as an increase in NO production in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Q Meng
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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40
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L'Abbate C, Cipriano I, Pérez-Hurtado EC, Leão SC, Carneiro CRW, Machado J. TGF-β-mediated sustained ERK1/2 activity promotes the inhibition of intracellular growth of Mycobacterium avium in epithelioid cells surrogates. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21465. [PMID: 21731758 PMCID: PMC3120888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases including infection with intracellular pathogens such as the Mycobacterium avium complex. Infection of macrophages with M. avium induces TGF-β production and neutralization of this cytokine has been associated with decreased intracellular bacterial growth. We have previously demonstrated that epithelioid cell surrogates (ECs) derived from primary murine peritoneal macrophages through a process of differentiation induced by IL-4 overlap several features of epithelioid cells found in granulomas. In contrast to undifferentiated macrophages, ECs produce larger amounts of TGF-β and inhibit the intracellular growth of M. avium. Here we asked whether the levels of TGF-β produced by ECs are sufficient to induce a self-sustaining autocrine TGF-β signaling controlling mycobacterial replication in infected-cells. We showed that while exogenous addition of increased concentration of TGF-β to infected-macrophages counteracted M. avium replication, pharmacological blockage of TGF-β receptor kinase activity with SB-431542 augmented bacterial load in infected-ECs. Moreover, the levels of TGF-β produced by ECs correlated with high and sustained levels of ERK1/2 activity. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activity with U0126 increased M. avium replication in infected-cells, suggesting that modulation of intracellular bacterial growth is dependent on the activation of ERK1/2. Interestingly, blockage of TGF-β receptor kinase activity with SB-431542 in infected-ECs inhibited ERK1/2 activity, enhanced intracellular M. avium burden and these effects were followed by a severe decrease in TGF-β production. In summary, our findings indicate that the amplitude of TGF-β signaling coordinates the strength and duration of ERK1/2 activity that is determinant for the control of intracellular mycobacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina L'Abbate
- Disciplina de Imunologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ivone Cipriano
- Disciplina de Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Elizabeth Cristina Pérez-Hurtado
- Disciplina de Imunologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Sylvia Cardoso Leão
- Disciplina de Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Célia Regina Whitaker Carneiro
- Disciplina de Imunologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Joel Machado
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Campus de Diadema, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Dual specificity phosphatase 1 regulates human inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by p38 MAP kinase. Mediators Inflamm 2011; 2011:127587. [PMID: 21547253 PMCID: PMC3086212 DOI: 10.1155/2011/127587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in A549 human pulmonary epithelial cells, J774 mouse macrophages and primary mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) was investigated. iNOS expression was induced by a cytokine mixture (TNF, IFNγ and IL-1β) in A549 cells and by LPS in J774 cells, and it was inhibited by p38 MAPK inhibitors SB202190 and BIRB 796. Stimulation with cytokine mixture or LPS enhanced also DUSP1 expression. Down-regulation of DUSP1 by siRNA increased p38 MAPK phosphorylation and iNOS expression in A549 and J774 cells. In addition, LPS-induced iNOS expression was enhanced in BMMs from DUSP1(−/−) mice as compared to that in BMMs from wild-type mice. The results indicate that DUSP1 suppresses iNOS expression by limiting p38 MAPK activity in human and mouse cells. Compounds that enhance DUSP1 expression or modulate its function may be beneficial in diseases complicated with increased iNOS-mediated NO production.
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Siligardi G, Ruzza P, Hussain R, Cesaro L, Brunati AM, Pinna LA, Donella-Deana A. The SH3 domain of HS1 protein recognizes lysine-rich polyproline motifs. Amino Acids 2011; 42:1361-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0831-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ostuni R, Zanoni I, Granucci F. Deciphering the complexity of Toll-like receptor signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:4109-34. [PMID: 20680392 PMCID: PMC11115668 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential players in the innate immune response to invading pathogens. Although extensive research efforts have provided a considerable wealth of information on how TLRs function, substantial gaps in our knowledge still prevent the definition of a complete picture of TLR signaling. However, several recent studies describe additional layers of complexity in the regulation of TLR ligand recognition, adaptor recruitment, posttranslational modifications of signaling proteins, and the newly described, autonomous role of the TLR4 co-receptor CD14. In this review, by using it as model system for the whole TLR family, we attempt to provide a complete description of the signal transduction pathways triggered by TLR4, with a particular emphasis on the molecular and cell biological aspects regulating its function. Finally, we discuss a recently reported model of CD14-dependent signaling and highlight its biological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Ostuni
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
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Allison CC, Kufer TA, Kremmer E, Kaparakis M, Ferrero RL. Helicobacter pylori induces MAPK phosphorylation and AP-1 activation via a NOD1-dependent mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 183:8099-109. [PMID: 20007577 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori rapidly activates MAPKs and transcription factors, NF-kappaB and AP-1, in gastric epithelial cells following host attachment. Activation of these signal transducers is largely dependent on the cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI)-encoded Type IV Secretion System. H. pylori was shown to translocate peptidoglycan through the Type IV Secretion System, which is recognized by the pathogen recognition molecule, NOD1, thus resulting in NF-kappaB activation. The mechanisms of H. pylori-induced MAPK and AP-1 activation, however, are less well defined and therefore, we assessed the contribution of NOD1 to their activation. For this, we used gastric epithelial cell lines, stably expressing siRNA to either NOD1 or a control gene. In siNOD1-expressing cells stimulated with cagPAI(+) H. pylori, we observed significant reductions in p38 and ERK phosphorylation (p < 0.05), whereas the levels of Jnk phosphorylation remained unchanged. Consistent with a previous report, however, we were able to demonstrate NOD1-dependent Jnk phosphorylation by the invasive pathogen Shigella flexneri, highlighting pathogen-specific host responses to infection. We also show that NOD1 was essential for H. pylori induction of not only NF-kappaB, but also AP-1 activation, implying that NOD1 induces robust proinflammatory responses, in an attempt to rapidly control infection. Pharmacological inhibition of p38 and ERK activity significantly reduced IL-8 production in response to H. pylori, further emphasizing the importance of MAPKs in innate immune responses to the pathogen. Thus, for the first time we have shown the important role for NOD1 in MAPK and AP-1 activation in response to cagPAI(+) H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody C Allison
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Rubini C, Ruzza P, Spaller MR, Siligardi G, Hussain R, Udugamasooriya DG, Bellanda M, Mammi S, Borgogno A, Calderan A, Cesaro L, Brunati AM, Donella-Deana A. Recognition of lysine-rich peptide ligands by murine cortactin SH3 domain: CD, ITC, and NMR studies. Biopolymers 2009; 94:298-306. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Kim SI, Kwak JH, Na HJ, Kim JK, Ding Y, Choi ME. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta1) activates TAK1 via TAB1-mediated autophosphorylation, independent of TGF-beta receptor kinase activity in mesangial cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:22285-22296. [PMID: 19556242 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.007146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) is a multifunctional cytokine that signals through the interaction of type I (TbetaRI) and type II (TbetaRII) receptors to activate distinct intracellular pathways. TAK1 is a serine/threonine kinase that is rapidly activated by TGF-beta1. However, the molecular mechanism of TAK1 activation is incompletely understood. Here, we propose a mechanism whereby TAK1 is activated by TGF-beta1 in primary mouse mesangial cells. Under unstimulated conditions, endogenous TAK1 is stably associated with TbetaRI. TGF-beta1 stimulation causes rapid dissociation from the receptor and induces TAK1 phosphorylation. Deletion mutant analysis indicates that the juxtamembrane region including the GS domain of TbetaRI is crucial for its interaction with TAK1. Both TbetaRI-mediated TAK1 phosphorylation and TGF-beta1-induced TAK1 phosphorylation do not require kinase activity of TbetaRI. Moreover, TbetaRI-mediated TAK1 phosphorylation correlates with the degree of its association with TbetaRI and requires kinase activity of TAK1. TAB1 does not interact with TGF-beta receptors, but TAB1 is indispensable for TGF-beta1-induced TAK1 activation. We also show that TRAF6 and TAB2 are required for the interaction of TAK1 with TbetaRI and TGF-beta1-induced TAK1 activation in mouse mesangial cells. Taken together, our data indicate that TGF-beta1-induced interaction of TbetaRI and TbetaRII triggers dissociation of TAK1 from TbetaRI, and subsequently TAK1 is phosphorylated through TAB1-mediated autophosphorylation and not by the receptor kinase activity of TbetaRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Il Kim
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Joon Hyeok Kwak
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Hee-Jun Na
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jin Kuk Kim
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon, 420-767, Korea
| | - Yan Ding
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Mary E Choi
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Alzabin S, Bhardwaj N, Kiefer F, Sawasdikosol S, Burakoff S. Hematopoietic Progenitor Kinase 1 Is a Negative Regulator of Dendritic Cell Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:6187-94. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Xu J, Lamouille S, Derynck R. TGF-beta-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Cell Res 2009; 19:156-72. [PMID: 19153598 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2007] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During development and in the context of different morphogenetic events, epithelial cells undergo a process called epithelial to mesenchymal transition or transdifferentiation (EMT). In this process, the cells lose their epithelial characteristics, including their polarity and specialized cell-cell contacts, and acquire a migratory behavior, allowing them to move away from their epithelial cell community and to integrate into surrounding tissue, even at remote locations. EMT illustrates the differentiation plasticity during development and is complemented by another process, called mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET). While being an integral process during development, EMT is also recapitulated under pathological conditions, prominently in fibrosis and in invasion and metastasis of carcinomas. Accordingly, EMT is considered as an important step in tumor progression. TGF-beta signaling has been shown to play an important role in EMT. In fact, adding TGF-beta to epithelial cells in culture is a convenient way to induce EMT in various epithelial cells. Although much less characterized, epithelial plasticity can also be regulated by TGF-beta-related bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and BMPs have been shown to induce EMT or MET depending on the developmental context. In this review, we will discuss the induction of EMT in response to TGF-beta, and focus on the underlying signaling and transcription mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Programs in Cell Biology and Developmental Biology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Wang H, Song X, Logsdon C, Zhou G, Evans DB, Abbruzzese JL, Hamilton SR, Tan TH, Wang H. Proteasome-mediated degradation and functions of hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2009; 69:1063-70. [PMID: 19141650 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) regulates stress responses, proliferation, and apoptosis in hematopoietic cells. In this study, we examined the expression, regulation, and functions of HPK1 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDA). We found that loss of HPK1 protein expression correlated significantly with the progression of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (P = 0.001) and development of invasive PDA. Similarly, HPK1 protein was not expressed in any of eight PDA cell lines examined but was expressed in immortalized human pancreatic duct epithelial (HPDE) cells. There was no difference in HPK1 mRNA levels in PDA cell lines or primary PDA compared with those in HPDE cells or ductal epithelium in chronic pancreatitis and normal pancreas, respectively. Treatment of Panc-1 cells with a proteasome inhibitor, MG132, increased the HPK1 protein levels in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that alteration in proteasome activity contributes to the loss of HPK1 protein expression in pancreatic cancer. Like the endogenous HPK1, both wild-type HPK1 and its kinase-dead mutant, HPK1-M46, overexpressed in Panc-1 cells, were also targeted by proteasome-mediated degradation. After MG132 withdrawal, wild-type HPK1 protein expression was markedly decreased within 24 hours, but kinase-dead HPK1 mutant protein expression was sustained for up to 96 hours. Therefore, HPK1 kinase activities were required for the loss of HPK1 protein in PDAs. Furthermore, restoring wild-type HPK1 protein in PDA cells led to the increase in p21 and p27 protein expression and cell cycle arrest. Thus, HPK1 may function as a novel tumor suppressor and its loss plays a critical role in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Khimji AK, Shao R, Rockey DC. Divergent transforming growth factor-beta signaling in hepatic stellate cells after liver injury: functional effects on ECE-1 regulation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:716-27. [PMID: 18753413 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.071121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In liver wound healing, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) plays a critical role in stellate cell activation as well as signaling cascades in the fibrogenic response to injury. We postulate that the TGF-beta-dependent downstream signaling pathway may vary according to the mechanism of stellate cell activation; this study was undertaken to ascertain whether the downstream signaling pathways mediated by TGF-beta vary in different liver injury models. We measured Smad3 and MAP kinase activation after isolating stellate cells from rat livers injured by either bile duct ligation (BDL) or repeated carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) administration. Phospho-Smad3 was dramatically up-regulated in stellate cells after CCl(4) injury, but not after BDL-induced injury. TGF-beta signaling in stellate cells activated after BDL was mediated prominently through ERK activation, whereas activation induced by CCl(4) injury or culture led to a cross-signaling mechanism involving both Smad3 and p38. The divergent Smad signaling pathways observed appeared to be attributable to the differential regulation of the early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1), an apparent negative transcriptional factor for Smad3 in our system. In addition, inhibition of ERK activation in stellate cells from BDL-injured liver led to a decrease in expression of endothelin-converting enzyme-1, a critical regulator of endothelin-1. We speculate that TGF-beta signaling proceeds through differential signaling pathways depending on the mechanism of liver injury that leads to stellate cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al-Karim Khimji
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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