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Rahlwes KC, Dias BR, Campos PC, Alvarez-Arguedas S, Shiloh MU. Pathogenicity and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Virulence 2023; 14:2150449. [PMID: 36419223 PMCID: PMC9817126 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis, an infectious disease with one of the highest morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Leveraging its highly evolved repertoire of non-protein and protein virulence factors, Mtb invades through the airway, subverts host immunity, establishes its survival niche, and ultimately escapes in the setting of active disease to initiate another round of infection in a naive host. In this review, we will provide a concise synopsis of the infectious life cycle of Mtb and its clinical and epidemiologic significance. We will also take stock of its virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms that modulate host immunity and facilitate its spread. Developing a greater understanding of the interface between Mtb virulence factors and host defences will enable progress toward improved vaccines and therapeutics to prevent and treat tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C. Rahlwes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Beatriz R.S. Dias
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Priscila C. Campos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Samuel Alvarez-Arguedas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael U. Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,CONTACT Michael U. Shiloh
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2
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Wu JZ, Zeziulia M, Kwon W, Jentsch TJ, Grinstein S, Freeman SA. ClC-7 drives intraphagosomal chloride accumulation to support hydrolase activity and phagosome resolution. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202208155. [PMID: 37010469 PMCID: PMC10072274 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202208155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Degradative organelles contain enzymes that function optimally at the acidic pH generated by the V-ATPase. The resulting transmembrane H+ gradient also energizes the secondary transport of several solutes, including Cl-. We report that Cl- influx, driven by the 2Cl-/H+ exchanger ClC-7, is necessary for the resolution of phagolysosomes formed by macrophages. Cl- transported via ClC-7 had been proposed to provide the counterions required for electrogenic H+ pumping. However, we found that deletion of ClC-7 had a negligible effect on phagosomal acidification. Instead, luminal Cl- was found to be required for activation of a wide range of phagosomal hydrolases including proteases, nucleases, and glycosidases. These findings argue that the primary role of ClC-7 is the accumulation of (phago)lysosomal Cl- and that the V-ATPases not only optimize the activity of degradative hydrolases by lowering the pH but, importantly, also play an indirect role in their activation by providing the driving force for accumulation of luminal Cl- that stimulates hydrolase activity allosterically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ze Wu
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mariia Zeziulia
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany
- Graduate Program of the Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Whijin Kwon
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Thomas J. Jentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Spencer A. Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Gilliland HN, Beckman OK, Olive AJ. A Genome-Wide Screen in Macrophages Defines Host Genes Regulating the Uptake of Mycobacterium abscessus. mSphere 2023; 8:e0066322. [PMID: 36794958 PMCID: PMC10117111 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00663-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions between a host cell and a pathogen can dictate disease outcomes and are important targets for host-directed therapies. Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) is a highly antibiotic resistant, rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacterium that infects patients with chronic lung diseases. Mab can infect host immune cells, such as macrophages, which contribute to its pathogenesis. However, our understanding of initial host-Mab interactions remains unclear. Here, we developed a functional genetic approach to define these host-Mab interactions by coupling a Mab fluorescent reporter with a genome-wide knockout library in murine macrophages. We used this approach to conduct a forward genetic screen to define host genes that contribute to the uptake of Mab by macrophages. We identified known regulators of phagocytosis, such as the integrin ITGB2, and uncovered a key requirement for glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) synthesis for macrophages to efficiently take up Mab. CRISPR-Cas9 targeting of three key sGAG biosynthesis regulators, Ugdh, B3gat3, and B4galt7 resulted in reduced uptake of both smooth and rough Mab variants by macrophages. Mechanistic studies suggest that sGAGs function upstream of pathogen engulfment and are required for the uptake of Mab, but not Escherichia coli or latex beads. Further investigation found that the loss of sGAGs reduced the surface expression, but not the mRNA expression, of key integrins, suggesting an important role for sGAGs in modulating surface receptor availability. Together, these studies globally define and characterize important regulators of macrophage-Mab interactions and are a first step to understanding host genes that contribute to Mab pathogenesis and disease. IMPORTANCE Pathogen interactions with immune cells like macrophages contribute to pathogenesis, yet the mechanisms underlying these interactions remain largely undefined. For emerging respiratory pathogens, like Mycobacterium abscessus, understanding these host-pathogen interactions is important to fully understand disease progression. Given that M. abscessus is broadly recalcitrant to antibiotic treatments, new therapeutic approaches are needed. Here, we leveraged a genome-wide knockout library in murine macrophages to globally define host genes required for M. abscessus uptake. We identified new macrophage uptake regulators during M. abscessus infection, including a subset of integrins and the glycosaminoglycan synthesis (sGAG) pathway. While ionic characteristics of sGAGs are known to drive pathogen-cell interactions, we discovered a previously unrecognized requirement for sGAGs to maintain robust surface expression of key uptake receptors. Thus, we developed a flexible forward-genetic pipeline to define important interactions during M. abscessus infection and more broadly identified a new mechanism by which sGAGs control pathogen uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleigh N. Gilliland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Olivia K. Beckman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew J. Olive
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Lalnunthangi A, Dakpa G, Tiwari S. Multifunctional role of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway in phagocytosis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:179-217. [PMID: 36631192 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a specialized form of endocytosis where large cells and particles (>0.5μm) are engulfed by the phagocytic cells, and ultimately digested in the phagolysosomes. This process not only eliminates unwanted particles and pathogens from the extracellular sources, but also eliminates apoptotic cells within the body, and is critical for maintenance of tissue homeostasis. It is believed that both endocytosis and phagocytosis share common pathways after particle internalization, but specialized features and differences between these two routes of internalization are also likely. The recruitment and removal of each protein/particle during the maturation of endocytic/phagocytic vesicles has to be tightly regulated to ensure their timely action. Ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP), degrades unwanted proteins by post-translational modification of proteins with chains of conserved protein Ubiquitin (Ub), with subsequent recognition of Ub chains by the 26S proteasomes and substrate degradation by this protease. This pathway utilizes different Ub linkages to modify proteins to regulate protein-protein interaction, localization, and activity. Due to its vast number of targets, it is involved in many cellular pathways, including phagocytosis. This chapters describes the basic steps and signaling in phagocytosis and different roles that UPP plays at multiple steps in regulating phagocytosis directly, or through its interaction with other phagosomal proteins. How aberrations in UPP function affect phagocytosis and their association with human diseases, and how pathogens exploit this pathway for their own benefit is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Swati Tiwari
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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Deletion of a Putative GPI-Anchored Protein-Encoding Gene Aog185 Impedes the Growth and Nematode-Trapping Efficiency of Arthrobotrys oligospora by Disrupting Transmembrane Transport Homeostasis. Cell Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8738290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nematode-trapping fungus (NTF) is a crucial predator of nematodes, which can capture nematodes by developing specific trapping devices. However, there is limited understanding of the role and mechanism of cell surface proteins attached to the surface of mycelia or trapping cells. Here, the effects of a putative GPI-anchored protein-encoding gene Aog185 on the growth and nematode-trapping efficiency of A. oligospora were investigated. Compared to the wild-type (WT) strain, the ΔAog185 mutant grew more slowly, exhibited a 20% decrease in conidiation, delayed conidial germination, generated fewer traps, attenuated nematode trapping efficiency, and was more sensitive to chemical stressors. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that a large number of transmembrane transport-related genes were differentially expressed between the WT and ΔAog185 mutant strains. Aog185 deletion could damage the intrinsic components of the membrane and cytoskeleton. Specifically, knockout of Aog185 disrupted transmembrane transport homeostasis during the phagocytosis, cell autophagy, and oxidative phosphorylation processes, which were associated with the fusion of cells and organelle membranes, transport of ions and substrates, and energy metabolism. Hence, the putative GPI-anchored protein-encoding gene Aog185 may contribute to the lifestyle switch of NTF and nematode capture, and the effect of Aog185 gene on cell transmembrane transport is considered key to this process. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism of Aog185 gene during the process of nematode trapping by NTF.
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Riazanski V, Mauleon G, Zimnicka AM, Chen S, Nelson DJ. Phagosomal chloride dynamics in the alveolar macrophage. iScience 2022; 25:103636. [PMID: 35024579 PMCID: PMC8733233 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidification in intracellular organelles is tightly linked to the influx of Cl- counteracting proton translocation by the electrogenic V-ATPase. We quantified the dynamics of Cl- transfer accompanying cargo incorporation into single phagosomes in alveolar macrophages (AMs). Phagosomal Cl- concentration and acidification magnitude were followed in real time with maximal acidification achieved at levels of approximately 200 mM. Live cell confocal microscopy verified that phagosomal Cl- influx utilized predominantly the Cl- channel CFTR. Relative levels of elemental chlorine (Cl) in hard X-ray fluorescence microprobe (XFM) analysis within single phagosomes validated the increase in Cl- content. XFM revealed the complex interplay between elemental K content inside the phagosome and changes in Cl- during phagosomal particle uptake. Cl- -dependent changes in phagosomal membrane potential were obtained using second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy. These studies provide a mechanistic insight for screening studies in drug development targeting pulmonary inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Riazanski
- The University of Chicago, Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, 947 E. 58th Street, MC 0926, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Gerardo Mauleon
- The University of Chicago, Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, 947 E. 58th Street, MC 0926, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Adriana M. Zimnicka
- The University of Chicago, Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, 947 E. 58th Street, MC 0926, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Si Chen
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Deborah J. Nelson
- The University of Chicago, Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, 947 E. 58th Street, MC 0926, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Halotherapy-An Ancient Natural Ally in the Management of Asthma: A Comprehensive Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9111604. [PMID: 34828649 PMCID: PMC8623171 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9111604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing production of modern medication emerges as a new source of environmental pollution. The scientific community is interested in developing alternative, ecological therapies in asthma. Halotherapy proved its benefits in asthma diagnosis, treatment, and prevention and may represent a reliable therapeutic addition to the allopathic treatment, due to its ecological and environment-friendly nature, in order to prevent or prolong the time to exacerbations in patients with asthma. We aimed to review up-to-date research regarding halotherapy benefits in asthma comprehensively. We searched the electronic databases of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE for studies that evaluated the exposure of asthmatic patients to halotherapy. Eighteen original articles on asthma were included. Five studies in adults and five in children assessed the performance of hypertonic saline bronchial challenges to diagnose asthma or vocal cord dysfunction in asthmatic patients. Three papers evaluated the beneficial effects of halotherapy on mucociliary clearance in asthmatic adults. The therapeutic effect of halotherapy on acute or chronic asthma was appraised in three studies in adults and one in children. The preventive role was documented in one paper reporting the ability of halotherapy to hinder nocturnal asthma exacerbations. All studies seem to sustain the overall positive effects of halotherapy as adjuvant therapy on asthma patients with no reported adverse events. Halotherapy is a crucial natural ally in asthma, but further evidence-based studies on larger populations are needed.
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Fountain A, Inpanathan S, Alves P, Verdawala MB, Botelho RJ. Phagosome maturation in macrophages: Eat, digest, adapt, and repeat. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 82:100832. [PMID: 34717137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a dynamic process that requires an intricate interplay between phagocytic receptors, membrane lipids, and numerous signalling proteins and their effectors, to coordinate the engulfment of a bound particle. These particles are diverse in their physico-chemical properties such as size and shape and include bacteria, fungi, apoptotic cells, living tumour cells, and abiotic particles. Once engulfed, these particles are enclosed within a phagosome, which undergoes a striking transformation referred to as phagosome maturation, which will ultimately lead to the processing and degradation of the enclosed particulate. In this review, we focus on recent advancements in phagosome maturation in macrophages, highlighting new discoveries and emerging themes. Such advancements include identification of new GTPases and their effectors and the intricate spatio-temporal dynamics of phosphoinositides in governing phagosome maturation. We then explore phagosome fission and recycling, the emerging role of membrane contact sites, and delve into mechanisms of phagosome resolution to recycle and reform lysosomes. We further illustrate how phagosome maturation is context-dependent, subject to the type of particle, phagocytic receptors, the phagocytes and their state of activation during phagocytosis. Lastly, we discuss how phagosomes serve as signalling platforms to help phagocytes adapt to their environmental conditions. Overall, this review aims to cover recent findings, identify emerging themes, and highlight current challenges and directions to improve our understanding of phagosome maturation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Fountain
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada; Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada
| | - Subothan Inpanathan
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada; Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada
| | - Patris Alves
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada; Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada
| | - Munira B Verdawala
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada
| | - Roberto J Botelho
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada; Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada.
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9
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Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Macrophages, and Host Innate Immune Response. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0081220. [PMID: 34097459 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00812-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are considered opportunistic infections, incidence and prevalence of NTM infection are increasing worldwide becoming a major public health threat. Innate immunity plays an essential role in mediating the initial host response against these intracellular bacteria. Specifically, macrophages phagocytose and eliminate NTM and act as antigen-presenting cells, which trigger downstream activation of cellular and humoral adaptive immune responses. Identification of macrophage receptors, mycobacterial ligands, phagosome maturation, autophagy/necrosis, and escape mechanisms are important components of this immunity network. The role of the macrophage in mycobacterial disease has mainly been studied in tuberculosis (TB), but limited information exists on its role in NTM. In this review, we focus on NTM immunity, the role of macrophages, and host interaction in NTM infection.
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Ritter M, Bresgen N, Kerschbaum HH. From Pinocytosis to Methuosis-Fluid Consumption as a Risk Factor for Cell Death. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651982. [PMID: 34249909 PMCID: PMC8261248 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The volumes of a cell [cell volume (CV)] and its organelles are adjusted by osmoregulatory processes. During pinocytosis, extracellular fluid volume equivalent to its CV is incorporated within an hour and membrane area equivalent to the cell's surface within 30 min. Since neither fluid uptake nor membrane consumption leads to swelling or shrinkage, cells must be equipped with potent volume regulatory mechanisms. Normally, cells respond to outwardly or inwardly directed osmotic gradients by a volume decrease and increase, respectively, i.e., they shrink or swell but then try to recover their CV. However, when a cell death (CD) pathway is triggered, CV persistently decreases in isotonic conditions in apoptosis and it increases in necrosis. One type of CD associated with cell swelling is due to a dysfunctional pinocytosis. Methuosis, a non-apoptotic CD phenotype, occurs when cells accumulate too much fluid by macropinocytosis. In contrast to functional pinocytosis, in methuosis, macropinosomes neither recycle nor fuse with lysosomes but with each other to form giant vacuoles, which finally cause rupture of the plasma membrane (PM). Understanding methuosis longs for the understanding of the ionic mechanisms of cell volume regulation (CVR) and vesicular volume regulation (VVR). In nascent macropinosomes, ion channels and transporters are derived from the PM. Along trafficking from the PM to the perinuclear area, the equipment of channels and transporters of the vesicle membrane changes by retrieval, addition, and recycling from and back to the PM, causing profound changes in vesicular ion concentrations, acidification, and-most importantly-shrinkage of the macropinosome, which is indispensable for its proper targeting and cargo processing. In this review, we discuss ion and water transport mechanisms with respect to CVR and VVR and with special emphasis on pinocytosis and methuosis. We describe various aspects of the complex mutual interplay between extracellular and intracellular ions and ion gradients, the PM and vesicular membrane, phosphoinositides, monomeric G proteins and their targets, as well as the submembranous cytoskeleton. Our aim is to highlight important cellular mechanisms, components, and processes that may lead to methuotic CD upon their derangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ritter
- Center for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
- Gastein Research Institute, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis und Rehabilitation, Salzburg, Austria
- Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Nikolaus Bresgen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Crouser ED, Locke LW, Julian MW, Bicer S, Sadee W, White P, Schlesinger LS. Phagosome-regulated mTOR signalling during sarcoidosis granuloma biogenesis. Eur Respir J 2021; 57:13993003.02695-2020. [PMID: 32943400 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02695-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sarcoidosis and tuberculosis are granulomatous pulmonary diseases characterised by heightened immune reactivity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens. We hypothesised that an unsupervised analysis comparing the molecular characteristics of granulomas formed in response to M. tuberculosis antigens in patients with sarcoidosis or latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) would provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. METHODS A genomic analysis identified differentially expressed genes in granuloma-like cell aggregates formed by sarcoidosis (n=12) or LTBI patients (n=5) in an established in vitro human granuloma model wherein peripheral blood mononuclear cells were exposed to M. tuberculosis antigens (beads coated with purified protein derivative) and cultured for 7 days. Pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes identified canonical pathways, most notably antigen processing and presentation via phagolysosomes, as a prominent pathway in sarcoidosis granuloma formation. The phagolysosomal pathway promoted mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORc1)/STAT3 signal transduction. Thus, granuloma formation and related immune mediators were evaluated in the absence or presence of various pre-treatments known to prevent phagolysosome formation (chloroquine) or phagosome acidification (bafilomycin A1) or directly inhibit mTORc1 activation (rapamycin). RESULTS In keeping with genomic analyses indicating enhanced phagolysosomal activation and predicted mTORc1 signalling, it was determined that sarcoidosis granuloma formation and related inflammatory mediator release was dependent upon phagolysosome assembly and acidification and mTORc1/S6/STAT3 signal transduction. CONCLUSIONS Sarcoidosis granulomas exhibit enhanced and sustained intracellular antigen processing and presentation capacities, and related phagolysosome assembly and acidification are required to support mTORc1 signalling to promote sarcoidosis granuloma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott D Crouser
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Landon W Locke
- Dept of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mark W Julian
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sabahattin Bicer
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wolfgang Sadee
- Dept of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peter White
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Dept of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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12
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Merselis LC, Rivas ZP, Munson GP. Breaching the Bacterial Envelope: The Pivotal Role of Perforin-2 (MPEG1) Within Phagocytes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:597951. [PMID: 33692780 PMCID: PMC7937864 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.597951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane attack complex (MAC) of the complement system and Perforin-1 are well characterized innate immune effectors. MAC is composed of C9 and other complement proteins that target the envelope of gram-negative bacteria. Perforin-1 is deployed when killer lymphocytes degranulate to destroy virally infected or cancerous cells. These molecules polymerize with MAC-perforin/cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (MACPF/CDC) domains of each monomer deploying amphipathic β-strands to form pores through target lipid bilayers. In this review we discuss one of the most recently discovered members of this family; Perforin-2, the product of the Mpeg1 gene. Since their initial description more than 100 years ago, innumerable studies have made macrophages and other phagocytes some of the best understood cells of the immune system. Yet remarkably it was only recently revealed that Perforin-2 underpins a pivotal function of phagocytes; the destruction of phagocytosed microbes. Several studies have established that phagocytosed bacteria persist and in some cases flourish within phagocytes that lack Perforin-2. When challenged with either gram-negative or gram-positive pathogens Mpeg1 knockout mice succumb to infectious doses that the majority of wild-type mice survive. As expected by their immunocompromised phenotype, bacterial pathogens replicate and disseminate to deeper tissues of Mpeg1 knockout mice. Thus, this evolutionarily ancient gene endows phagocytes with potent bactericidal capability across taxa spanning sponges to humans. The recently elucidated structures of mammalian Perforin-2 reveal it to be a homopolymer that depends upon low pH, such as within phagosomes, to transition to its membrane-spanning pore conformation. Clinical manifestations of Mpeg1 missense mutations further highlight the pivotal role of Perforin-2 within phagocytes. Controversies and gaps within the field of Perforin-2 research are also discussed as well as animal models that may be used to resolve the outstanding issues. Our review concludes with a discussion of bacterial counter measures against Perforin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leidy C Merselis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Zachary P Rivas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - George P Munson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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Ulfig A, Leichert LI. The effects of neutrophil-generated hypochlorous acid and other hypohalous acids on host and pathogens. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:385-414. [PMID: 32661559 PMCID: PMC7873122 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are predominant immune cells that protect the human body against infections by deploying sophisticated antimicrobial strategies including phagocytosis of bacteria and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms by which neutrophils kill exogenous pathogens before we focus on one particular weapon in their arsenal: the generation of the oxidizing hypohalous acids HOCl, HOBr and HOSCN during the so-called oxidative burst by the enzyme myeloperoxidase. We look at the effects of these hypohalous acids on biological systems in general and proteins in particular and turn our attention to bacterial strategies to survive HOCl stress. HOCl is a strong inducer of protein aggregation, which bacteria can counteract by chaperone-like holdases that bind unfolding proteins without the need for energy in the form of ATP. These chaperones are activated by HOCl through thiol oxidation (Hsp33) or N-chlorination of basic amino acid side-chains (RidA and CnoX) and contribute to bacterial survival during HOCl stress. However, neutrophil-generated hypohalous acids also affect the host system. Recent studies have shown that plasma proteins act not only as sinks for HOCl, but get actively transformed into modulators of the cellular immune response through N-chlorination. N-chlorinated serum albumin can prevent aggregation of proteins, stimulate immune cells, and act as a pro-survival factor for immune cells in the presence of cytotoxic antigens. Finally, we take a look at the emerging role of HOCl as a potential signaling molecule, particularly its role in neutrophil extracellular trap formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Ulfig
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry-Microbial Biochemistry, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars I Leichert
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry-Microbial Biochemistry, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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14
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Kloc M, Uosef A, Kubiak JZ, Ghobrial RM. Macrophage Proinflammatory Responses to Microorganisms and Transplanted Organs. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249669. [PMID: 33352942 PMCID: PMC7766629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages and those conscripted from the blood/bone marrow are professional phagocytes. They play a role in tissue homeostasis, replacement, and healing, and are the first-line responders to microbial (viral, bacterial, and fungi) infections. Intrinsic ameboid-type motility allows non-resident macrophages to move to the site of inflammation or injury, where, in response to the inflammatory milieu they perform the anti-microbial and/or tissue repair functions. Depending on the need and the signaling from the surrounding tissue and other immune cells, macrophages acquire morphologically and functionally different phenotypes, which allow them to play either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory functions. As such, the macrophages are also the major players in the rejection of the transplanted organs making an excellent target for the novel anti-rejection therapies in clinical transplantation. In this review, we describe some of the less covered aspects of macrophage response to microbial infection and organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kloc
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.U.); (R.M.G.)
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Genetics Houston, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Ahmed Uosef
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.U.); (R.M.G.)
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jacek Z. Kubiak
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (WIHE), 01-163 Warsaw, Poland;
- Cell Cycle Group, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes (IGDR), University Rennes, UMR 6290, CNRS, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Rafik M. Ghobrial
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.U.); (R.M.G.)
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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15
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Riazanski V, Sui Z, Nelson DJ. Kinetic Separation of Oxidative and Non-oxidative Metabolism in Single Phagosomes from Alveolar Macrophages: Impact on Bacterial Killing. iScience 2020; 23:101759. [PMID: 33251491 PMCID: PMC7677711 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The relative contribution of the two phagosomal catabolic processes, oxidative and metabolic, was assessed in the killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in phagosomes of alveolar macrophages (AMs) from wild-type (p47-phox+/+) or NOX-defective (p47-phox−/−) mice. Free radical release and degradative acidification within AM phagosomes is sequential and separable. The initial NOX activity, identifiable as a transient alkalinization, leads to fast bacterial wall permeabilization by ROS. This is followed by V-ATPase-induced acidification and enzymatic bacterial degradation contributed through phagosomal-lysosomal fusion. The alkalinization/acidification ratio was variable among phagosomes within single cells of a given genotype and not as a function of macrophage M1 or M2 classification, possibly owing to uneven distribution of phagosomal transporter proteins. Irregular, excessive NOX activity prevents phago-lysosomal fusion, and the lack of V-ATPase-induced acidification leads to bacterial stasis in the phagosome. Thus, efficient phagosomal bacterial killing is a result of tightly balanced activity between two processes. Phagosomal NOX and V-ATPase activation is sequential and separable in macrophages Superoxide (O2-) inhibits lysosomal fusion thereby inhibiting phagosomal acidification Phagosomes in single cells are heterogeneous in NOX activity and thereby acidification NOX activity is the dominant factor in bactericidal efficacy in macrophage phagosomes
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Riazanski
- The University of Chicago, Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, 947 E. 58th Street, MC 0926, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Zihao Sui
- The University of Chicago, Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, 947 E. 58th Street, MC 0926, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Deborah J. Nelson
- The University of Chicago, Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, 947 E. 58th Street, MC 0926, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Corresponding author
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16
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Omolo CA, Megrab NA, Kalhapure RS, Agrawal N, Jadhav M, Mocktar C, Rambharose S, Maduray K, Nkambule B, Govender T. Liposomes with pH responsive 'on and off' switches for targeted and intracellular delivery of antibiotics. J Liposome Res 2019; 31:45-63. [PMID: 31663407 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2019.1686517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
pH responsive drug delivery systems are one of the new strategies to address the spread of bacterial resistance to currently used antibiotics. The aim of this study was to formulate liposomes with 'On' and 'Off'' pH responsive switches for infection site targeting. The vancomycin (VCM) loaded liposomes had sizes below 100 nm, at pH 7.4. The QL-liposomes had a negative zeta potential at pH 7.4 that switched to a positive charge at acidic pH. VCM release from the liposome was quicker at pH 6 than pH 7.4. The OA-QL-liposome showed 4-fold lower MIC at pH 7.4 and 8- and 16-fold lower at pH 6.0 against both MSSA and MRSA compared to the bare drug. OA-QL liposome had a 1266.67- and 704.33-fold reduction in the intracellular infection for TPH-1 macrophage and HEK293 cells respectively. In vivo studies showed that the amount of MRSA recovered from mice treated with formulations was 189.67 and 6.33-fold lower than the untreated and bare VCM treated mice respectively. MD simulation of the QL lipid with the phosphatidylcholine membrane (POPC) showed spontaneous binding of the lipid to the bilayer membrane both electrostatic and Van der Waals interactions contributed to the binding. These studies demonstrated that the 'On' and 'Off' pH responsive liposomes enhanced the activity targeted and intracellular delivery VCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin A Omolo
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, United States International University of Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nagia A Megrab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rahul S Kalhapure
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nikhil Agrawal
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mahantesh Jadhav
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Chunderika Mocktar
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sanjeev Rambharose
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kaminee Maduray
- Department of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bongani Nkambule
- Department of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thirumala Govender
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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17
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Cytosolic Fe-superoxide dismutase safeguards Trypanosoma cruzi from macrophage-derived superoxide radical. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:8879-8888. [PMID: 30979807 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821487116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease (CD), contains exclusively Fe-dependent superoxide dismutases (Fe-SODs). During T. cruzi invasion to macrophages, superoxide radical (O2 •-) is produced at the phagosomal compartment toward the internalized parasite via NOX-2 (gp91-phox) activation. In this work, T. cruzi cytosolic Fe-SODB overexpressers (pRIBOTEX-Fe-SODB) exhibited higher resistance to macrophage-dependent killing and enhanced intracellular proliferation compared with wild-type (WT) parasites. The higher infectivity of Fe-SODB overexpressers compared with WT parasites was lost in gp91-phox -/- macrophages, underscoring the role of O2 •- in parasite killing. Herein, we studied the entrance of O2 •- and its protonated form, perhydroxyl radical [(HO2 •); pKa = 4.8], to T. cruzi at the phagosome compartment. At the acidic pH values of the phagosome lumen (pH 5.3 ± 0.1), high steady-state concentrations of O2 •- and HO2 • were estimated (∼28 and 8 µM, respectively). Phagosomal acidification was crucial for O2 •- permeation, because inhibition of the macrophage H+-ATPase proton pump significantly decreased O2 •- detection in the internalized parasite. Importantly, O2 •- detection, aconitase inactivation, and peroxynitrite generation were lower in Fe-SODB than in WT parasites exposed to external fluxes of O2 •- or during macrophage infections. Other mechanisms of O2 •- entrance participate at neutral pH values, because the anion channel inhibitor 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid decreased O2 •- detection. Finally, parasitemia and tissue parasite burden in mice were higher in Fe-SODB-overexpressing parasites, supporting the role of the cytosolic O2 •--catabolizing enzyme as a virulence factor for CD.
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18
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A DNA-based fluorescent reporter maps HOCl production in the maturing phagosome. Nat Chem Biol 2018; 15:1165-1172. [PMID: 30531966 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytes destroy pathogens by trapping them in a transient organelle called the phagosome, where they are bombarded with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Imaging reactive species within the phagosome would directly reveal the chemical dynamics underlying pathogen destruction. Here we introduce a fluorescent, DNA-based combination reporter, cHOClate, which simultaneously images hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and pH quantitatively. Using cHOClate targeted to phagosomes in live cells, we successfully map phagosomal production of a specific ROS, HOCl, as a function of phagosome maturation. We found that phagosomal acidification was gradual in macrophages and upon completion, HOCl was released in a burst. This revealed that phagosome-lysosome fusion was essential not only for phagosome acidification, but also for providing the chloride necessary for myeloperoxidase activity. This method can be expanded to image several kinds of ROS and RNS and be readily applied to identify how resistant pathogens evade phagosomal killing.
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19
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Ewanchuk BW, Yates RM. The phagosome and redox control of antigen processing. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 125:53-61. [PMID: 29578071 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In addition to debris clearance and antimicrobial function, versatile organelles known as phagosomes play an essential role in the processing of exogenous antigen in antigen presenting cells. While there has been much attention on human leukocyte antigen haplotypes in the determination of antigenic peptide repertoires, the lumenal biochemistries within phagosomes and endosomes are emerging as equally-important determinants of peptide epitope composition and immunodominance. Recently, the lumenal redox microenvironment within these degradative compartments has been shown to impact two key antigenic processing chemistries: proteolysis by lysosomal cysteine proteases and disulfide reduction of protein antigens. Through manipulation of the balance between oxidative and reductive capacities in the phagosome-principally by modulating NADPH oxidase (NOX2) and γ-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) activities-studies have demonstrated changes to antigen processing patterns leading to modified repertoires of antigenic peptides available for presentation, and subsequently, altered disease progression in T cell-driven autoimmunity. This review focuses on the mechanisms and consequences of redox-mediated phagosomal antigen processing, and the potential downstream implications to tolerance and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Ewanchuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Robin M Yates
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
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20
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Intracellular Growth of Bacterial Pathogens: The Role of Secreted Effector Proteins in the Control of Phagocytosed Microorganisms. Microbiol Spectr 2018; 3. [PMID: 27337278 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.vmbf-0003-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of intracellular pathogens to subvert the host response, to facilitate invasion and subsequent infection, is the hallmark of microbial pathogenesis. Bacterial pathogens produce and secrete a variety of effector proteins, which are the primary means by which they exert control over the host cell. Secreted effectors work independently, yet in concert with each other, to facilitate microbial invasion, replication, and intracellular survival in host cells. In this review we focus on defined host cell processes targeted by bacterial pathogens. These include phagosome maturation and its subprocesses: phagosome-endosome and phagosome-lysosome fusion events, as well as phagosomal acidification, cytoskeleton remodeling, and lysis of the phagosomal membrane. We further describe the mode of action for selected effectors from six pathogens: the Gram-negative Legionella, Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia, the Gram-positive Listeria, and the acid-fast actinomycete Mycobacterium.
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21
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Kissing S, Saftig P, Haas A. Vacuolar ATPase in phago(lyso)some biology. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:58-67. [PMID: 28867521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many eukaryotic cells ingest extracellular particles in a process termed phagocytosis which entails the generation of a new intracellular compartment, the phagosome. Phagosomes change their composition over time and this maturation process culminates in their fusion with acidic, hydrolase-rich lysosomes. During the maturation process, degradation and, when applicable, killing of the cargo may ensue. Many of the events that are pathologically relevant depend on strong acidification of phagosomes by the 'vacuolar' ATPase (V-ATPase). This protein complex acidifies the lumen of some intracellular compartments at the expense of ATP hydrolysis. We discuss here the roles and importance of V-ATPase in intracellular trafficking, its distribution, inhibition and activities, its role in the defense against microorganisms and the counteractivities of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kissing
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Albert Haas
- Institut für Zellbiologie, Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Ulrich-Haberland-Str. 61A, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
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22
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Levin R, Grinstein S, Canton J. The life cycle of phagosomes: formation, maturation, and resolution. Immunol Rev 2017; 273:156-79. [PMID: 27558334 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis, the regulated uptake of large particles (>0.5 μm in diameter), is essential for tissue homeostasis and is also an early, critical component of the innate immune response. Phagocytosis can be conceptually divided into three stages: phagosome, formation, maturation, and resolution. Each of these involves multiple reactions that require exquisite spatial and temporal orchestration. The molecular events underlying these stages are being unraveled and the current state of knowledge is briefly summarized in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Levin
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Johnathan Canton
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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23
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Abstract
Phagocytosis is the cellular internalization and sequestration of particulate matter into a `phagosome, which then matures into a phagolysosome. The phagolysosome then offers a specialized acidic and hydrolytic milieu that ultimately degrades the engulfed particle. In multicellular organisms, phagocytosis and phagosome maturation play two key physiological roles. First, phagocytic cells have an important function in tissue remodeling and homeostasis by eliminating apoptotic bodies, senescent cells and cell fragments. Second, phagocytosis is a critical weapon of the immune system, whereby cells like macrophages and neutrophils hunt and engulf a variety of pathogens and foreign particles. Not surprisingly, pathogens have evolved mechanisms to either block or alter phagocytosis and phagosome maturation, ultimately usurping the cellular machinery for their own survival. Here, we review past and recent discoveries that highlight how phagocytes recognize target particles, key signals that emanate after phagocyte-particle engagement, and how these signals help modulate actin-dependent remodeling of the plasma membrane that culminates in the release of the phagosome. We then explore processes related to early and late stages of phagosome maturation, which requires fusion with endosomes and lysosomes. We end this review by acknowledging that little is known about phagosome fission and even less is known about how phagosomes are resolved after particle digestion.
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24
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Chen CY, Yang CH, Tsai YF, Liaw CC, Chang WY, Hwang TL. Ugonin U stimulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation and enhances inflammasome-mediated pathogen clearance. Redox Biol 2016; 11:263-274. [PMID: 28012441 PMCID: PMC5198739 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The NOD-like receptor pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome contains Nod-like receptors, a subclass of pattern recognition receptors, suggesting that this complex has a prominent role in host defenses. Various structurally diverse stimulators activate the NLRP3 inflammasome through different signaling pathways. We previously reported that ugonin U (UgU), a natural flavonoid isolated from Helminthostachys zeylanica (L) Hook, directly stimulates phospholipase C (PLC) and triggers superoxide release in human neutrophils. In the present study, we showed that UgU induced NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and subsequent caspase-1 and interleukin (IL)-1β processing in lipopolysaccharide-primed human monocytes. Moreover, UgU elicited mitochondrial superoxide generation in a dose-dependent manner, and a specific scavenger of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) diminished UgU-induced IL-1β and caspase-1 activation. UgU induced Ca2+ mobilization, which was inhibited by treatment with inhibitors of PLC or inositol triphosphate receptor (IP3R). Blocking Ca2+ mobilization, PLC, or IP3R diminished UgU-induced IL-1β release, caspase-1 activation, and mitochondrial ROS generation. These data demonstrated that UgU activated the NLPR3 inflammasome activation through Ca2+ mobilization and the production of mitochondrial ROS. We also demonstrated that UgU-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation enhanced the bactericidal function of human monocytes. The ability of UgU to stimulate human neutrophils and monocytes, both of which are professional phagocytes, and its capacity to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, which is a promising molecular target for developing anti-infective medicine, indicate that UgU treatment should be considered as a possible novel therapy for treating infectious diseases. The immuno-stimulatory effects UgU in human monocytes were evaluated. UgU induces Ca2+ mobilization and eventually activates the NLRP3 inflammasome. UgU facilitates the bactericidal function of human monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Hui Yang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Fong Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chuang Liaw
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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25
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Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens have evolved to exploit the protected niche provided within the boundaries of a eukaryotic host cell. Upon entering a host cell, some bacteria can evade the adaptive immune response of its host and replicate in a relatively nutrient-rich environment devoid of competition from other host flora. Growth within a host cell is not without their hazards, however. Many pathogens enter their hosts through receptor-mediated endocytosis or phagocytosis, two intracellular trafficking pathways that terminate in a highly degradative organelle, the phagolysosome. This usually deadly compartment is maintained at a low pH and contains degradative enzymes and reactive oxygen species, resulting in an environment to which few bacterial species are adapted. Some intracellular pathogens, such as Shigella, Listeria, Francisella, and Rickettsia, escape the phagosome to replicate within the cytosol of the host cell. Bacteria that remain within a vacuole either alter the trafficking of their initial phagosomal compartment or adapt to survive within the harsh environment it will soon become. In this chapter, we focus on the mechanisms by which different vacuolar pathogens either evade lysosomal fusion, as in the case of Mycobacterium and Chlamydia, or allow interaction with lysosomes to varying degrees, such as Brucella and Coxiella, and their specific adaptations to inhabit a replicative niche.
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26
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Deciphering the roles of phosphoinositide lipids in phagolysosome biogenesis. Commun Integr Biol 2016; 9:e1174798. [PMID: 27489580 PMCID: PMC4951175 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2016.1174798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Professional phagocytes engulf microbial invaders into plasma membrane-derived phagosomes. These mature into microbicidal phagolysosomes, leading to killing of the ingested microbe. Phagosome maturation involves sequential fusion of the phagosome with early endosomes, late endosomes, and the main degradative compartments in cells, lysosomes. Some bacterial pathogens manipulate the phosphoinositide (PIP) composition of phagosome membranes and are not delivered to phagolysosomes, pointing at a role of PIPs in phagosome maturation. This hypothesis is supported by comprehensive microscopic studies. Recently, cell-free reconstitution of fusion between phagosomes and endo(lyso)somes identified phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PI(4)P] and phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PI(3)P] as key regulators of phagolysosome biogenesis. Here, we describe the emerging roles of PIPs in phagosome maturation and we present tools to study PIP involvement in phagosome trafficking using intact cells or purified compartments.
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27
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Attenuated Leishmania induce pro-inflammatory mediators and influence leishmanicidal activity by p38 MAPK dependent phagosome maturation in Leishmania donovani co-infected macrophages. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22335. [PMID: 26928472 PMCID: PMC4772118 DOI: 10.1038/srep22335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Promastigote form of Leishmania, an intracellular pathogen, delays phagosome maturation and resides inside macrophages. But till date limited study has been done to manipulate the phagosomal machinery of macrophages to restrict Leishmania growth. Attenuated Leishmania strain exposed RAW 264.7 cells showed a respiratory burst and enhanced production of pro-inflammatory mediators. The augmentation of pro-inflammatory activity is mostly attributed to p38 MAPK and p44/42 MAPK. In our study, these activated macrophages are found to induce phagosome maturation when infected with pathogenic Leishmania donovani. Increased co-localization of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester labeled pathogenic L. donovani with Lysosome was found. Moreover, increased co-localization was observed between pathogenic L. donovani and late phagosomal markers viz. Rab7, Lysosomal Associated Membrane Protein 1, Cathepsin D, Rab9, and V-ATPase which indicate phagosome maturation. It was also observed that inhibition of V-type ATPase caused significant hindrance in attenuated Leishmania induced phagosome maturation. Finally, it was confirmed that p38 MAPK is the key player in acidification and maturation of phagosome in attenuated Leishmania strain pre-exposed macrophages. To our knowledge, this study for the first time reported an approach to induce phagosome maturation in L. donovani infected macrophages which could potentiate short-term prophylactic response in future.
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28
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Flannagan RS, Heit B, Heinrichs DE. Antimicrobial Mechanisms of Macrophages and the Immune Evasion Strategies of Staphylococcus aureus. Pathogens 2015; 4:826-68. [PMID: 26633519 PMCID: PMC4693167 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4040826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitually professional phagocytes, including macrophages, eradicate microbial invaders from the human body without overt signs of infection. Despite this, there exist select bacteria that are professional pathogens, causing significant morbidity and mortality across the globe and Staphylococcus aureus is no exception. S. aureus is a highly successful pathogen that can infect virtually every tissue that comprises the human body causing a broad spectrum of diseases. The profound pathogenic capacity of S. aureus can be attributed, in part, to its ability to elaborate a profusion of bacterial effectors that circumvent host immunity. Macrophages are important professional phagocytes that contribute to both the innate and adaptive immune response, however from in vitro and in vivo studies, it is evident that they fail to eradicate S. aureus. This review provides an overview of the antimicrobial mechanisms employed by macrophages to combat bacteria and describes the immune evasion strategies and some representative effectors that enable S. aureus to evade macrophage-mediated killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S Flannagan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
- Centre for Human Immunology, the University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - David E Heinrichs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
- Centre for Human Immunology, the University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
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29
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Hmama Z, Peña-Díaz S, Joseph S, Av-Gay Y. Immunoevasion and immunosuppression of the macrophage by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:220-32. [PMID: 25703562 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
By virtue of their position at the crossroads between the innate and adaptive immune response, macrophages play an essential role in the control of bacterial infections. Paradoxically, macrophages serve as the natural habitat to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb subverts the macrophage's mechanisms of intracellular killing and antigen presentation, leading ultimately to the development of tuberculosis (TB) disease. Here, we describe mechanisms of Mtb uptake by the macrophage and address key macrophage functions that are targeted by Mtb-specific effector molecules enabling this pathogen to circumvent host immune response. The macrophage functions described in this review include fusion between phagosomes and lysosomes, production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, antigen presentation and major histocompatibility complex class II expression and trafficking, as well as autophagy and apoptosis. All these are Mtb-targeted key cellular pathways, normally working in concert in the macrophage to recognize, respond, and activate 'proper' immune responses. We further analyze and discuss major molecular interactions between Mtb virulence factors and key macrophage proteins and provide implications for vaccine and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Hmama
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Infection and Immunity Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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30
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TRPC6 channel translocation into phagosomal membrane augments phagosomal function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E6486-95. [PMID: 26604306 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1518966112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in the innate immune system in the lung with attendant bacterial infections contribute to lung tissue damage, respiratory insufficiency, and ultimately death in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis (CF). Professional phagocytes, including alveolar macrophages (AMs), have specialized pathways that ensure efficient killing of pathogens in phagosomes. Phagosomal acidification facilitates the optimal functioning of degradative enzymes, ultimately contributing to bacterial killing. Generation of low organellar pH is primarily driven by the V-ATPases, proton pumps that use cytoplasmic ATP to load H(+) into the organelle. Critical to phagosomal acidification are various channels derived from the plasma membrane, including the anion channel cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, which shunt the transmembrane potential generated by movement of protons. Here we show that the transient receptor potential canonical-6 (TRPC6) calcium-permeable channel in the AM also functions to shunt the transmembrane potential generated by proton pumping and is capable of restoring microbicidal function to compromised AMs in CF and enhancement of function in non-CF cells. TRPC6 channel activity is enhanced via translocation to the cell surface (and then ultimately to the phagosome during phagocytosis) in response to G-protein signaling activated by the small molecule (R)-roscovitine and its derivatives. These data show that enhancing vesicular insertion of the TRPC6 channel to the plasma membrane may represent a general mechanism for restoring phagosome activity in conditions, where it is lost or impaired.
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31
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Jubrail J, Morris P, Bewley MA, Stoneham S, Johnston SA, Foster SJ, Peden AA, Read RC, Marriott HM, Dockrell DH. Inability to sustain intraphagolysosomal killing of Staphylococcus aureus predisposes to bacterial persistence in macrophages. Cell Microbiol 2015; 18:80-96. [PMID: 26248337 PMCID: PMC4778410 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are critical effectors of the early innate response to bacteria in tissues. Phagocytosis and killing of bacteria are interrelated functions essential for bacterial clearance but the rate-limiting step when macrophages are challenged with large numbers of the major medical pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is unknown. We show that macrophages have a finite capacity for intracellular killing and fail to match sustained phagocytosis with sustained microbial killing when exposed to large inocula of S. aureus (Newman, SH1000 and USA300 strains). S. aureus ingestion by macrophages is associated with a rapid decline in bacterial viability immediately after phagocytosis. However, not all bacteria are killed in the phagolysosome, and we demonstrate reduced acidification of the phagolysosome, associated with failure of phagolysosomal maturation and reduced activation of cathepsin D. This results in accumulation of viable intracellular bacteria in macrophages. We show macrophages fail to engage apoptosis-associated bacterial killing. Ultittop mately macrophages with viable bacteria undergo cell lysis, and viable bacteria are released and can be internalized by other macrophages. We show that cycles of lysis and reuptake maintain a pool of viable intracellular bacteria over time when killing is overwhelmed and demonstrate intracellular persistence in alveolar macrophages in the lungs in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Jubrail
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul Morris
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Martin A Bewley
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon Stoneham
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon A Johnston
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon J Foster
- The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Andrew A Peden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Robert C Read
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Medical School, Southampton, UK
| | - Helen M Marriott
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David H Dockrell
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Academic Directorate of Communicable Diseases, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK
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32
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Farkaš R, Beňová-Liszeková D, Mentelová L, Mahmood S, Ďatková Z, Beňo M, Pečeňová L, Raška O, Šmigová J, Chase BA, Raška I, Mechler BM. Vacuole dynamics in the salivary glands ofDrosophila melanogasterduring prepupal development. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:74-96. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Farkaš
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Vlárska 3 83306 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Denisa Beňová-Liszeková
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Vlárska 3 83306 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Lucia Mentelová
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Vlárska 3 83306 Bratislava Slovakia
- Department of Genetics; Comenius University; Mlynská dolina, B-1 84215 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Silvia Mahmood
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Vlárska 3 83306 Bratislava Slovakia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Jessenius Faculty of Medicine; Comenius University; Mala Hora 4 03601 Martin Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Ďatková
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Vlárska 3 83306 Bratislava Slovakia
- Department of Genetics; Comenius University; Mlynská dolina, B-1 84215 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Milan Beňo
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Vlárska 3 83306 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Ludmila Pečeňová
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Vlárska 3 83306 Bratislava Slovakia
- Department of Genetics; Comenius University; Mlynská dolina, B-1 84215 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Otakar Raška
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology; 1st Faculty of Medicine; Charles University in Prague; Albertov 4 12800 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jana Šmigová
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology; 1st Faculty of Medicine; Charles University in Prague; Albertov 4 12800 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Bruce A. Chase
- Department of Biology; University of Nebraska at Omaha; 6001 Dodge Street Omaha NE 68182-0040 USA
| | - Ivan Raška
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology; 1st Faculty of Medicine; Charles University in Prague; Albertov 4 12800 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Bernard M. Mechler
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology; 1st Faculty of Medicine; Charles University in Prague; Albertov 4 12800 Prague Czech Republic
- German Cancer Research Centre; Neuenheimer Feld 581 D-69120 Heidelberg Germany
- VIT-University; Vellore Tamil Nadu India
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33
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Cole J, Aberdein J, Jubrail J, Dockrell DH. The role of macrophages in the innate immune response to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus: mechanisms and contrasts. Adv Microb Physiol 2014; 65:125-202. [PMID: 25476766 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are critical mediators of innate immune responses against bacteria. The Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus express a range of virulence factors, which challenge macrophages' immune competence. We review how macrophages respond to this challenge. Macrophages employ a range of strategies to phagocytose and kill each pathogen. When the macrophages capacity to clear bacteria is overwhelmed macrophages play important roles in orchestrating the inflammatory response through pattern recognition receptor-mediated responses. Macrophages also ensure the inflammatory response is tightly constrained, to avoid tissue damage, and play an important role in downregulating the inflammatory response once initial bacterial replication is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joby Cole
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jody Aberdein
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jamil Jubrail
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - David H Dockrell
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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34
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Canton J, Khezri R, Glogauer M, Grinstein S. Contrasting phagosome pH regulation and maturation in human M1 and M2 macrophages. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:3330-41. [PMID: 25165138 PMCID: PMC4214780 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-05-0967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages respond to changes in environmental stimuli by assuming distinct functional phenotypes, a phenomenon referred to as macrophage polarization. We generated classically (M1) and alternatively (M2) polarized macrophages--two extremes of the polarization spectrum--to compare the properties of their phagosomes. Specifically, we analyzed the regulation of the luminal pH after particle engulfment. The phagosomes of M1 macrophages had a similar buffering power and proton (equivalent) leakage permeability but significantly reduced proton-pumping activity compared with M2 phagosomes. As a result, only the latter underwent a rapid and profound acidification. By contrast, M1 phagosomes displayed alkaline pH oscillations, which were caused by proton consumption upon dismutation of superoxide, followed by activation of a voltage- and Zn(2+)-sensitive permeation pathway, likely HV1 channels. The paucity of V-ATPases in M1 phagosomes was associated with, and likely caused by, delayed fusion with late endosomes and lysosomes. The delayed kinetics of maturation was, in turn, promoted by the failure of M1 phagosomes to acidify. Thus, in M1 cells, elimination of pathogens through deployment of the microbicidal NADPH oxidase is given priority at the expense of delayed acidification. By contrast, M2 phagosomes proceed to acidify immediately in order to clear apoptotic bodies rapidly and effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Canton
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Rojyar Khezri
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 1N8, Canada
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35
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Figueroa JAL, Vignesh KS, Deepe GS, Caruso J. Selectivity and specificity of small molecule fluorescent dyes/probes used for the detection of Zn2+ and Ca2+ in cells. Metallomics 2014; 6:301-15. [PMID: 24356796 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00283g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent dyes are widely used in the detection of labile (free or exchangeable) Zn(2+) and Ca(2+) in living cells. However, their specificity over other cations and selectivity for detection of labile vs. protein-bound metal in cells remains unclear. We characterized these important properties for commonly used Zn(2+) and Ca(2+) dyes in a cellular environment. By tracing the fluorescence emission signal along with UV-Vis and size exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS) in tandem, we demonstrated that among the dyes used for Zn(2+), Zinpyr-1 fluoresces in the low molecular mass (LMM) region containing labile Zn(2+), but also fluoresces in different molecular mass regions where zinc ion is detected. However, FluoZin™-3 AM, Newport Green™ DCF and Zinquin ethyl ester display weak fluorescence, lack of metal specificity and respond strongly in the high molecular mass (HMM) region. Four Ca(2+) dyes were studied in an unperturbed cellular environment, and two of these were tested for binding behavior under an intracellular Ca(2+) release stimulus. A majority of Ca(2+) was in the labile form as tested by SEC-ICP-MS, but the fluorescence from Calcium Green-1™ AM, Oregon Green® 488 BAPTA-1, Fura red™ AM and Fluo-4 NW dyes in cells did not correspond to free Ca(2+) detection. Instead, the dyes showed non-specific fluorescence in the mid- and high-molecular mass regions containing Zn, Fe and Cu. Proteomic analysis of one of the commonly seen fluorescing regions showed the possibility for some dyes to recognize Zn and Cu bound to metallothionein 2. These studies indicate that Zn(2+) and Ca(2+) binding dyes manifest fluorescence responses that are not unique to recognition of labile metals and bind other metals, leading to suboptimal specificity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Landero Figueroa
- Metallomics Research Center, Department of Chemistry, McMicken College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
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36
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Poirier V, Bach H, Av-Gay Y. Mycobacterium tuberculosis promotes anti-apoptotic activity of the macrophage by PtpA protein-dependent dephosphorylation of host GSK3α. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29376-85. [PMID: 25187516 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.582502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis tyrosine phosphatase PtpA inhibits two key cellular events in macrophages required for the elimination of invading organisms, phagosome acidification, and maturation. Kinome analysis revealed multiple PtpA-dependent changes to the phosphorylation status of macrophage proteins upon M. tuberculosis infection. Among those proteins we show that PtpA dephosphorylates GSK3α on amino acid Tyr(279), which leads to modulation of GSK3α anti-apoptotic activity, promoting pathogen survival early during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Poirier
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Horacio Bach
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
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37
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Man MQ, Lin TK, Santiago JL, Celli A, Zhong L, Huang ZM, Roelandt T, Hupe M, Sundberg JP, Silva KA, Crumrine D, Martin-Ezquerra G, Trullas C, Sun R, Wakefield JS, Wei ML, Feingold KR, Mauro TM, Elias PM. Basis for enhanced barrier function of pigmented skin. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2399-2407. [PMID: 24732399 PMCID: PMC4134407 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Humans with darkly pigmented skin display superior permeability barrier function in comparison with humans with lightly pigmented skin. The reduced pH of the stratum corneum (SC) of darkly pigmented skin could account for enhanced function, because acidifying lightly pigmented human SC resets barrier function to darkly pigmented levels. In SKH1 (nonpigmented) versus SKH2/J (pigmented) hairless mice, we evaluated how a pigment-dependent reduction in pH could influence epidermal barrier function. Permeability barrier homeostasis is enhanced in SKH2/J versus SKH1 mice, correlating with a reduced pH in the lower SC that colocalizes with the extrusion of melanin granules. Darkly pigmented human epidermis also shows substantial melanin extrusion in the outer epidermis. Both acute barrier disruption and topical basic pH challenges accelerate reacidification of SKH2/J (but not SKH1) SC, while inducing melanin extrusion. SKH2/J mice also display enhanced expression of the SC acidifying enzyme, secretory phospholipase A2f (sPLA2f). Enhanced barrier function of SKH2/J mice could be attributed to enhanced activity of two acidic pH-dependent, ceramide-generating enzymes, β-glucocerebrosidase and acidic sphingomyelinase, leading to accelerated maturation of SC lamellar bilayers. Finally, organotypic cultures of darkly pigmented human keratinocytes display enhanced barrier function in comparison with lightly pigmented cultures. Together, these results suggest that the superior barrier function of pigmented epidermis can be largely attributed to the pH-lowering impact of melanin persistence/extrusion and enhanced sPLA2f expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Qiang Man
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tzu-Kai Lin
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Juan L Santiago
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anna Celli
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lily Zhong
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Huang
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Truus Roelandt
- Department of Dermatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Melanie Hupe
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John P Sundberg
- Department of Research and Development, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Kathleen A Silva
- Department of Research and Development, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Debra Crumrine
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gemma Martin-Ezquerra
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Richard Sun
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joan S Wakefield
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maria L Wei
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kenneth R Feingold
- Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Metabolism, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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38
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Colas C, Menezes S, Gutiérrez-Martínez E, Péan CB, Dionne MS, Guermonprez P. An improved flow cytometry assay to monitor phagosome acidification. J Immunol Methods 2014; 412:1-13. [PMID: 24952246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phago-lysosome formation is important for cell-autonomous immunity to intracellular pathogens, antigen presentation and metabolism. A hallmark feature of phago-lysosomal compartments is that they undergo progressive luminal acidification controlled by the activation of vacuolar V-ATPase. Acidification is required for many enzymatic processes taking place in phago-lysosomes, like proteolysis, and supports the microbicidal activity of macrophages. Here we present a new quantitative methodology to assess phagosome acidification by flow cytometry based on the use of bi-fluorescent particles. This method relies on the use of UV polystyrene beads labelled with the acid sensor pHrodo-succinimidyl ester (pHrodo(TM) SE red) and enables us to dissociate particle association with phagocytes from their engulfment in acidified compartments. This methodology is well suited to monitor the acidification of phagosomes formed in vivo after fluorescent bead administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Colas
- Phagocyte Immunobiology Laboratory, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Infection & Inflammatory Diseases, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Shinelle Menezes
- Phagocyte Immunobiology Laboratory, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Infection & Inflammatory Diseases, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Enric Gutiérrez-Martínez
- Phagocyte Immunobiology Laboratory, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Infection & Inflammatory Diseases, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire B Péan
- Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Infection & Inflammatory Diseases, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc S Dionne
- Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Infection & Inflammatory Diseases, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Guermonprez
- Phagocyte Immunobiology Laboratory, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Infection & Inflammatory Diseases, King's College London, United Kingdom.
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39
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Self-assembled hydrogel fibers for sensing the multi-compartment intracellular milieu. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4466. [PMID: 24667734 PMCID: PMC3966031 DOI: 10.1038/srep04466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted delivery of drugs and sensors into cells is an attractive technology with both medical and scientific applications. Existing delivery vehicles are generally limited by the complexity of their design, dependence on active transport, and inability to function within cellular compartments. Here, we developed self-assembled nanofibrous hydrogel fibers using a biologically inert, low-molecular-weight amphiphile. Self-assembled nanofibrous hydrogels offer unique physical/mechanical properties and can easily be loaded with a diverse range of payloads. Unlike commercially available E. coli membrane particles covalently bound to the pH reporting dye pHrodo, pHrodo encapsulated in self-assembled hydrogel-fibers internalizes into macrophages at both physiologic (37°C) and sub-physiologic (4°C) temperatures through an energy-independent, passive process. Unlike dye alone or pHrodo complexed to E. coli, pHrodo-SAFs report pH in both the cytoplasm and phagosomes, as well the nucleus. This new class of materials should be useful for next-generation sensing of the intracellular milieu.
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40
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Maintenance of luminal pH and protease activity in lysosomes/late endosomes by vacuolar ATPase in chlorpromazine-treated RAW264 cells accumulating phospholipids. Cell Biol Toxicol 2014; 30:67-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-014-9269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Paulsen C, Carroll KS. Cysteine-mediated redox signaling: chemistry, biology, and tools for discovery. Chem Rev 2013; 113:4633-79. [PMID: 23514336 PMCID: PMC4303468 DOI: 10.1021/cr300163e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 801] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Candice
E. Paulsen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research
Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, United States
| | - Kate S. Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research
Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, United States
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Sokolovska A, Becker CE, Ip WKE, Rathinam VAK, Brudner M, Paquette N, Tanne A, Vanaja SK, Moore KJ, Fitzgerald KA, Lacy-Hulbert A, Stuart LM. Activation of caspase-1 by the NLRP3 inflammasome regulates the NADPH oxidase NOX2 to control phagosome function. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:543-53. [PMID: 23644505 PMCID: PMC3708594 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a fundamental cellular process that is pivotal for immunity as it coordinates microbial killing, innate immune activation and antigen presentation. An essential step in this process is phagosome acidification, which regulates many functions of these organelles that allow phagosomes to participate in processes that are essential to both innate and adaptive immunity. Here we report that acidification of phagosomes containing Gram-positive bacteria is regulated by the NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1. Active caspase-1 accumulates on phagosomes and acts locally to control the pH by modulating buffering by the NADPH oxidase NOX2. These data provide insight into a mechanism by which innate immune signals can modify cellular defenses and establish a new function for the NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1 in host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sokolovska
- Developmental Immunology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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43
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Interactions between an M. tuberculosis strain overexpressing mtrA and mononuclear phagocytes. Adv Med Sci 2013; 58:172-83. [PMID: 23640943 DOI: 10.2478/v10039-012-0058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It was previously shown that the bacterial two-component regulatory signal transduction (2CR) system MtrAB may be associated with the ability of M. tuberculosis (Mtb) to survive in macrophages. In the present work Mtb mutants: Rv-78 with overexpression of mtrA and Rv-129 with elevated level of phosphorylation-defective MtrA were used for further investigation of the potential influence of the MtrAB system on Mtb interaction with human monocytes. MATERIAL/METHODS Flow cytometry was used to determine the expression of MHC class II molecules. The expression of genes for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cathepsin G was quantified by RT-PCR. The association of Mtb strains with Rab5 and Rab7 positive vacuoles was investigated applying confocal microscopy. IL-10 and IL-12 secretion by monocytes as well as the Mtb susceptibility to cathepsin G were investigated. RESULTS Mutation-carried and wild type Mtb strains inhibited MHC class II expression on monocytes to a similar extent. Monocyte stimulation with mycobacteria led to the increased production of IL-10 but no detectable amounts of IL-12 or NO were observed. Expression of the gene for iNOS was not detected while that for cathepsin G was shown, however its intensity was not associated with MtrA mutation. Mtb mutant strains were more effectively enclosed in phagosomes containing the late endosome marker Rab7 as compared to the control. CONCLUSIONS The results may confirm the importance of the MtrAB system in mycobacterial capacity for successful survival in phagocytes, especially in the context of high degree of colocalization of Mtb Rv-78 to mature phagosomes.
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Jung JY, Robinson CM. Interleukin-27 inhibits phagosomal acidification by blocking vacuolar ATPases. Cytokine 2013; 62:202-5. [PMID: 23557795 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-27 is a unique cytokine that has a dual role in immune responses. It was originally described to promote Th1 differentiation but also suppresses inflammation by inhibiting these and other inflammatory T cell subsets. Inhibition of inflammatory activity in macrophages has also been reported. These reports have largely focused on cytokine profiles or signaling mechanisms. To date, there have been no reports of how IL-27 may directly influence cellular mechanisms that operate to control microbial growth. Formation of a phagolysosome that acquires antimicrobial properties is an essential step for destruction of pathogens or pathogen-derived materials that are internalized by macrophages. Here we report that IL-27 has a profound influence on this critical innate immunity pathway. Treatment of human macrophages with IL-27 interferes with the acidification of phagosomes by reducing protein levels of V-ATPase and impairs control of bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Yong Jung
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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45
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Kim KH, Choi BK, Song KM, Cha KW, Kim YH, Lee H, Han IS, Kwon BS. CRIg signals induce anti-intracellular bacterial phagosome activity in a chloride intracellular channel 3-dependent manner. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:667-78. [PMID: 23280470 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages provide a first line of defense against bacterial infection by engulfing and killing invading bacteria, but intracellular bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes (LM) can survive in macrophages by various mechanisms of evasion. Complement receptor of the immunoglobulin (CRIg), a C3b receptor, binds to C3b on opsonized bacteria and facilitates clearance of the bacteria by promoting their uptake. We found that CRIg signaling induced by agonistic anti-CRIg mAb enhanced the killing of intracellular LM by macrophages, and that this occurred in LM-containing phagosomes. Chloride intra-cellular channel 3 CLIC3, an intracellular chloride channel protein, was essential for CRIg-mediated LM killing by directly interacting with the cytoplasmic domain of CRIg, and the two proteins colocalized on the membranes of LM-containing vacuoles. CLIC3(-/-) mice were as susceptible to LM as CRIg(-/-) mice. These findings identify a mechanism embedded in the process by which macrophages take up opsonized bacteria that prevents the bacteria from evading cell-mediated killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang H Kim
- Cancer Immunology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
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46
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A hypothetical model of cargo-selective rab recruitment during organelle maturation. Cell Biochem Biophys 2012; 63:59-71. [PMID: 22328341 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-012-9341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rabs constitute a group of small GTPases that confer directionality to intracellular vesicle transport by promoting on the membrane of transport vesicles in the formation of specific protein complexes allowing for efficient fusion with a selected set of target organelles. The molecular mechanism controlling recruitment of the correct Rab at the right time is not fully understood. We propose a model according to which the residence time of a given Rab on the membrane of an organelle is determined by its transient trapping into a Rab effector complex (REC) composed of cargo receptor, SNAREs and further effectors. The stability of REC is controlled by the conformational state of the receptor which may change due to binding and release of cargo or changes in the luminal ion milieu. We use a conceptual mathematical model to calculate temporal changes in the Rab decoration of an organelle brought about by exchange with a cytosolic pool of Rabs or alternatively by budding and uptake of Rab-carrying vesicles. Considering the time-dependent drop in pH as one crucial factor for the conformational change of endocytic cargo receptors, our model provides a good quantitative description of the switch from Rab5 to Rab7 during the early-to-late endosome transition and correctly explains the arrest of this transition at insufficient luminal acidification. Model simulations suggest that a switch from one Rab to another may be continuous or abrupt. We discuss mechanisms, e.g. specific signalling pathways, which may restore an arrested organelle maturation.
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47
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Poirier V, Av-Gay Y. Mycobacterium tuberculosis modulators of the macrophage's cellular events. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:1211-9. [PMID: 22841679 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A number of mycobacterial macromolecules have been shown to target biological processes within host macrophages; however, the exact mechanism for the majority of these host-pathogen interactions is poorly understood. The following review summarizes current knowledge and expands on a subset of mycobacterial effectors for which a cognate substrate, cellular partner or signaling pathway have been experimentally identified within the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Poirier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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El Chemaly A, Demaurex N. Do Hv1 proton channels regulate the ionic and redox homeostasis of phagosomes? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 353:82-7. [PMID: 22056415 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent work on animal models has revealed the important role played by the voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 during bacterial killing by innate immune cells. Studies from mice lacking Hv1 channels showed that Hv1 proton channels are required for high-level production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the NADPH oxidase of phagocytes (NOX2) in two ways. First, Hv1 channels maintain a physiological membrane potential during the respiratory burst of neutrophils by providing a compensating charge for the electrons transferred by NOX2 from NADPH to superoxide. Second, Hv1 channels maintain a physiological cytosolic pH by extruding the acid generated by the NOX2-dependent consumption of NADPH. The two mechanisms directly sustain the activity of the NOX2 enzyme and indirectly sustain other neutrophil functions by enhancing the driving force for the entry of calcium into cells, thereby boosting cellular calcium signals. The increased depolarization of Hv1-deficient neutrophils aborted calcium responses to chemoattractants and revealed adhesion and migration defects that were associated with an impaired depolymerization of the cortical actin cytoskeleton. Current research aims to transpose these findings to phagosomes, the phagocytic vacuoles where bacterial killing takes place. However, the mechanisms that control the phagosomal pH appear to vary greatly between phagocytes: phagosomes rapidly acidify in macrophages but remain neutral for several minutes in neutrophils following ingestion of solid particles, whereas in dendritic cells phagosomes alkalinize, a mechanism thought to promote antigen cross-presentation. In this review, we discuss how the knowledge gained on the role of Hv1 channels at the plasma membrane of neutrophils can be used to study the regulation of the phagosomal pH, ROS, membrane potential, and calcium fluxes in different phagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoun El Chemaly
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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49
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Gil PR, Nazarenus M, Ashraf S, Parak WJ. pH-sensitive capsules as intracellular optical reporters for monitoring lysosomal pH changes upon stimulation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:943-948. [PMID: 22315201 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201101780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The concept of a long-term sensor for ion changes in the lysosome is presented. The sensor is made by layer-by-layer assembly of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes around ion-sensitive fluorophores, in this case for protons. The sensor is spontaneously incorporated by cells and resides over days in the lysosome. Intracellular changes of the concentration of protons upon cellular stimulation with pH-active agents are monitored by read-out of the sensor fluorescence at real time. With help of this sensor concept it is demonstrated that the different agents used (Monensin, Chloroquine, Bafilomycin A1, Amiloride) possessed different kinetics and mechanisms of action in affecting the intracellular pH values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Rivera Gil
- Fachbereich Physik and WZMW, Philipps Universität Marburg, Renthof 7, D-35037, Marburg, Germany
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50
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Molecular mechanisms of endolysosomal Ca2+ signalling in health and disease. Biochem J 2011; 439:349-74. [PMID: 21992097 DOI: 10.1042/bj20110949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endosomes, lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles are emerging as important Ca2+ storage cellular compartments with a central role in intracellular Ca2+ signalling. Endocytosis at the plasma membrane forms endosomal vesicles which mature to late endosomes and culminate in lysosomal biogenesis. During this process, acquisition of different ion channels and transporters progressively changes the endolysosomal luminal ionic environment (e.g. pH and Ca2+) to regulate enzyme activities, membrane fusion/fission and organellar ion fluxes, and defects in these can result in disease. In the present review we focus on the physiology of the inter-related transport mechanisms of Ca2+ and H+ across endolysosomal membranes. In particular, we discuss the role of the Ca2+-mobilizing messenger NAADP (nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate) as a major regulator of Ca2+ release from endolysosomes, and the recent discovery of an endolysosomal channel family, the TPCs (two-pore channels), as its principal intracellular targets. Recent molecular studies of endolysosomal Ca2+ physiology and its regulation by NAADP-gated TPCs are providing exciting new insights into the mechanisms of Ca2+-signal initiation that control a wide range of cellular processes and play a role in disease. These developments underscore a new central role for the endolysosomal system in cellular Ca2+ regulation and signalling.
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