1
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Gerami R, Barkhordari S. Antenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata. J Ultrasound 2023; 26:539-542. [PMID: 36315400 PMCID: PMC10247581 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-022-00737-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) is a rare autosomal recessive inherited subtype of a family of congenital anomalies known as chondrodysplasia calcificans punctate (CCP). Given their low rate of occurrence, these cases are highly challenging to diagnose, and because the presence of chondrodysplasia is an indication for legal abortion in Iran, such diagnosis is extremely critical. CASE PRESENTATION A 27-year-old white multipara was referred for obstetric ultrasonography at 17 weeks and 6 days of gestation because an ultrasonographic study performed at an outside institution revealed a short femur length. Given the patient's positive family history of chondrodysplasia, she underwent targeted sonography to check the anomaly of the bone and cartilage. The key finding in the sonography was short bones for gestational age. CONCLUSION The important clue in this finding was the patient's family history, which made the gynaecologist request an ultrasound to prevent the birth of a child with a congenital disorder. Genetic tests are usually performed on amniocentesis samples. Because the presence of chondrodysplasia is an indication for legal abortion in Iran, finally, the patient underwent legal abortion after amniocentesis and genetic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Gerami
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Army University of Medical Science (AJA University of Medical Science), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shoresh Barkhordari
- School of Medicine, Army University of Medical Science (AJA University of Medical Science), Tehran, Iran
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2
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İli EG, Gezdirici A, Di Pietro E, Yergeau C, Braverman N. Expanding the genotypic and phenotypic landscapes of rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 3 (RCDP3) with two novel families, and a review of the literature. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:3229-3235. [PMID: 35986576 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) are a group of peroxisomal disorders caused by plasmalogen synthesis defects. Patients with RCDP present with rhizomelic short stature, characteristic punctate epiphyseal calcifications, congenital cataracts, severe intellectual disability, seizures, and facial dysmorphism. Pathogenic variants in AGPS result in RCDP type 3 (RCDP3) which is an extremely rare disorder characterized by isolated ADHAPS deficiency. Six patients with RCDP3 have been identified, upto-date. We report two new patients with RCDP3 and their novel variants, c.154dupG (p.Ala52GlyfsTer6) and c.637+1G>A, in the AGPS gene. We also present a review of previously reported RCDP3 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Gökpınar İli
- Genetic Diseases Center, Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Gezdirici
- Genetic Diseases Center, Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Erminia Di Pietro
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christine Yergeau
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nancy Braverman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Shawli AM, Nazer AT, Khayyat Y, Alqurashi MG, Hakami F. A Novel Variant in the AGPS Gene Causes the Rare Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata Type 3: A Case Report. Cureus 2021; 13:e20543. [PMID: 35070570 PMCID: PMC8765576 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) is a devastating medical condition for patients and their families. It is a rare peroxisomal autosomal recessive disorder. It was recognized clinically with skeletal abnormalities and intellectual disabilities mainly due to plasmalogen deficiency. Here, we report a case of a 16-day-old girl who was referred to King Abdulaziz Medical City Jeddah, Saudi Arabia because of dysmorphic features. Her growth parameters were below the 3rd centile with short proximal long bones and multiple joint contractures in the extremities. The radiographs showed rhizomelic and shortening of both humeri and femurs. Moreover, punctate ossification was identified in the upper spine, humeri around the shoulders, and femurs around the knees. We observed other classical features, and the genetic testing confirmed the diagnosis of RCDP type 3. Although RCDP is a rare condition, it is a distressing burden necessitating early diagnosis and a holistic approach for management.
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4
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Quiquand M, Rimesso G, Qiao N, Suo S, Zhao C, Slattery M, White KP, Han JJ, Baker NE. New regulators of Drosophila eye development identified from temporal transcriptome changes. Genetics 2021; 217:6117222. [PMID: 33681970 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last larval instar, uncommitted progenitor cells in the Drosophila eye primordium start to adopt individual retinal cell fates, arrest their growth and proliferation, and initiate terminal differentiation into photoreceptor neurons and other retinal cell types. To explore the regulation of these processes, we have performed mRNA-Seq studies of the larval eye and antennal primordial at multiple developmental stages. A total of 10,893 fly genes were expressed during these stages and could be adaptively clustered into gene groups, some of whose expression increases or decreases in parallel with the cessation of proliferation and onset of differentiation. Using in situ hybridization of a sample of 98 genes to verify spatial and temporal expression patterns, we estimate that 534 genes or more are transcriptionally upregulated during retinal differentiation, and 1367 or more downregulated as progenitor cells differentiate. Each group of co-expressed genes is enriched for regulatory motifs recognized by co-expressed transcription factors, suggesting that they represent coherent transcriptional regulatory programs. Using available mutant strains, we describe novel roles for the transcription factors SoxNeuro (SoxN), H6-like homeobox (Hmx), CG10253, without children (woc), Structure specific recognition protein (Ssrp), and multisex combs (mxc).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Quiquand
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gerard Rimesso
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Nan Qiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shengbao Suo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chunyu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Matthew Slattery
- Institute for Genomics & Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kevin P White
- Institute for Genomics & Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jackie J Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Nicholas E Baker
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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5
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S'aulis D, Khoury EA, Zabel M, Rizzo WB. 1-O-Alkylglycerol accumulation reveals abnormal ether glycerolipid metabolism in Sjögren-Larsson syndrome. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 131:253-258. [PMID: 32800643 PMCID: PMC7749063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) is an inherited metabolic disease characterized by ichthyosis, spasticity, intellectual disability and deficient oxidation and accumulation of of fatty aldehydes and alcohols. We investigated whether excess fatty alcohols in SLS are diverted into biosynthesis of ether glycerolipids (eGLs) by measuring the 1-O-alkylglycerol (AG) backbone of eGLs in stratum corneum, plasma and red blood cells (RBCs). In all tissues, saturated and monounsaturated AGs were detected. In stratum corneum from SLS patients, saturated AGs (C15-C20) were increased 97-fold (range: 86- to 169-fold) compared to controls. AGs were largely (67 ± 9%) derived from neutral esterified eGLs (i.e. alkyl-diacylglyerol) and free non-esterified AGs (28 ± 10%), but very little from plasmalogens (3 ± 5%). Plasma from SLS patients had 2-fold more C18:0-AG (p < 0.005) and 40% less C16:1-AG (p < 0.01) than controls but the total concentration of AGs was not increased, and the AG profile in RBCs from SLS subjects was normal. All AGs were profoundly reduced in plasma and RBCs from patients with Zellweger spectrum disorder, who have impaired eGL (i.e. plasmalogen) synthesis. The striking accumulation of AGs in stratum corneum of SLS patients constitutes a novel lipid biomarker for this disease, and may contribute to the pathogenesis of the ichthyosis. Measurement of AGs is a simple and convenient method to assess global synthesis of eGLs and potentially identify patients with defects in their metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana S'aulis
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center and Children's Hospital & Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Emily A Khoury
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center and Children's Hospital & Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Morgan Zabel
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center and Children's Hospital & Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - William B Rizzo
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center and Children's Hospital & Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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6
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Okumoto K, El Shermely M, Natsui M, Kosako H, Natsuyama R, Marutani T, Fujiki Y. The peroxisome counteracts oxidative stresses by suppressing catalase import via Pex14 phosphorylation. eLife 2020; 9:55896. [PMID: 32831175 PMCID: PMC7498260 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of peroxisomal matrix proteins including a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-decomposing enzyme, catalase, are imported in a peroxisome-targeting signal type-1 (PTS1)-dependent manner. However, little is known about regulation of the membrane-bound protein import machinery. Here, we report that Pex14, a central component of the protein translocation complex in peroxisomal membrane, is phosphorylated in response to oxidative stresses such as H2O2 in mammalian cells. The H2O2-induced phosphorylation of Pex14 at Ser232 suppresses peroxisomal import of catalase in vivo and selectively impairs in vitro the interaction of catalase with the Pex14-Pex5 complex. A phosphomimetic mutant Pex14-S232D elevates the level of cytosolic catalase, but not canonical PTS1-proteins, conferring higher cell resistance to H2O2. We thus suggest that the H2O2-induced phosphorylation of Pex14 spatiotemporally regulates peroxisomal import of catalase, functioning in counteracting action against oxidative stress by the increase of cytosolic catalase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Okumoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mahmoud El Shermely
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masanao Natsui
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kosako
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Natsuyama
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Marutani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiki
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, Hisayama-machi, Fukuoka, Japan
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7
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Laboratory diagnosis of disorders of peroxisomal biogenesis and function: a technical standard of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). Genet Med 2019; 22:686-697. [PMID: 31822849 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomal disorders are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of diseases caused by defects in peroxisomal biogenesis or function, usually impairing several metabolic pathways. Peroxisomal disorders are rare; however, the incidence may be underestimated due to the broad spectrum of clinical presentations. The inclusion of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy to the Recommended Uniform Screening Panel for newborn screening programs in the United States may increase detection of this and other peroxisomal disorders. The current diagnostic approach relies heavily on biochemical genetic tests measuring peroxisomal metabolites, including very long-chain and branched-chain fatty acids in plasma and plasmalogens in red blood cells. Molecular testing can confirm biochemical findings and identify the specific genetic defect, usually utilizing a multiple-gene panel or exome/genome approach. When next-generation sequencing is used as a first-tier test, evaluation of peroxisome metabolism is often necessary to assess the significance of unknown variants and establish the extent of peroxisome dysfunction. This document provides a resource for laboratories developing and implementing clinical biochemical genetic testing for peroxisomal disorders, emphasizing technical considerations for sample collection, test performance, and result interpretation. Additionally, considerations on confirmatory molecular testing are discussed.
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8
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Duker AL, Niiler T, Kinderman D, Schouten M, Poll-The BT, Braverman N, Bober MB. Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata morbidity and mortality, an update. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 182:579-583. [PMID: 31769196 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Duker
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Timothy Niiler
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Dagmar Kinderman
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Monica Schouten
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Michael B Bober
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
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9
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Kunze M. The type-2 peroxisomal targeting signal. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118609. [PMID: 31751594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The type-2 peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS2) is one of two peptide motifs destining soluble proteins for peroxisomes. This signal acts as amphiphilic α-helix exposing the side chains of all conserved residues to the same side. PTS2 motifs are recognized by a bipartite protein complex consisting of the receptor PEX7 and a co-receptor. Cargo-loaded receptor complexes are translocated across the peroxisomal membrane by a transient pore and inside peroxisomes, cargo proteins are released and processed in many, but not all species. The components of the bipartite receptor are re-exported into the cytosol by a ubiquitin-mediated and ATP-driven export mechanism. Structurally, PTS2 motifs resemble other N-terminal targeting signals, whereas the functional relation to the second peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS1) is unclear. Although only a few PTS2-carrying proteins are known in humans, subjects lacking a functional import mechanism for these proteins suffer from the severe inherited disease rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kunze
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Brain Research, Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Tanaka AJ, Okumoto K, Tamura S, Abe Y, Hirsch Y, Deng L, Ekstein J, Chung WK, Fujiki Y. A newly identified mutation in the PEX26 gene is associated with a milder form of Zellweger spectrum disorder. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2019; 5:mcs.a003483. [PMID: 30446579 PMCID: PMC6371744 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a003483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Using clinical exome sequencing (ES), we identified an autosomal recessive missense variant, c.153C>A (p.F51L), in the peroxisome biogenesis factor 26 gene (PEX26) in a 19-yr-old female of Ashkenazi Jewish descent who was referred for moderate to severe hearing loss. The proband and three affected siblings are all homozygous for the c.153C>A variant. Skin fibroblasts from this patient show normal morphology in immunostaining of matrix proteins, although the level of catalase was elevated. Import rate of matrix proteins was significantly decreased in the patient-derived fibroblasts. Binding of Pex26-F51L to the AAA ATPase peroxins, Pex1 and Pex6, is severely impaired and affects peroxisome assembly. Moreover, Pex26 in the patient's fibroblasts is reduced to ∼30% of the control, suggesting that Pex26-F51L is unstable in cells. In the patient's fibroblasts, peroxisome-targeting signal 1 (PTS1) proteins, PTS2 protein 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, and catalase are present in a punctate staining pattern at 37°C and in a diffuse pattern at 42°C, suggesting that these matrix proteins are not imported to peroxisomes in a temperature-sensitive manner. Analysis of peroxisomal metabolism in the patient's fibroblasts showed that the level of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (C22:6n-3) in ether phospholipids is decreased, whereas other lipid metabolism, including peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation, is normal. Collectively, the functional data support the mild phenotype of nonsyndromic hearing loss in patients harboring the F51L variant in PEX26.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi J Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10019, USA
| | - Kanji Okumoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Tamura
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Faculty of Arts and Science, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuichi Abe
- Division of Organelle Homeostasis, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoel Hirsch
- Dor Yeshorim, The Committee for Prevention of Jewish Genetic Diseases, Brooklyn, New York 11211, USA
| | - Liyong Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10019, USA
| | - Joseph Ekstein
- Dor Yeshorim, The Committee for Prevention of Jewish Genetic Diseases, Brooklyn, New York 11211, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10019, USA
| | - Yukio Fujiki
- Division of Organelle Homeostasis, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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11
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Vance JE. Historical perspective: phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine from the 1800s to the present. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:923-944. [PMID: 29661786 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r084004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides a historical account of the discovery, chemistry, and biochemistry of two ubiquitous phosphoglycerolipids, phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), including the ether lipids. In addition, the article describes the biosynthetic pathways for these phospholipids and how these pathways were elucidated. Several unique functions of PS and PE in mammalian cells in addition to their ability to define physical properties of membranes are discussed. For example, the translocation of PS from the inner to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of cells occurs during apoptosis and during some other specific physiological processes, and this translocation is responsible for profound life-or-death events. Moreover, mitochondrial function is severely impaired when the PE content of mitochondria is reduced below a threshold level. The discovery and implications of the existence of membrane contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and their relevance for PS and PE metabolism, as well as for mitochondrial function, are also discussed. Many of the recent advances in these fields are due to the use of isotope labeling for tracing biochemical pathways. In addition, techniques for disruption of specific genes in mice are now widely used and have provided major breakthroughs in understanding the roles and metabolism of PS and PE in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean E Vance
- Department of Medicine and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Daniela D'Agostino
- McGill University Department of Human Genetics and McGill University Health Center, Department of Medical Genetics, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nancy Braverman
- McGill University Department of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, and The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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13
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Duker AL, Niiler T, Eldridge G, Brereton NH, Braverman NE, Bober MB. Growth charts for individuals with rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 173:108-113. [PMID: 27616591 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) is a class of peroxisomal disorders characterized by defective plasmalogen biosynthesis. There are multiple recognized types of RCDP, all of which have autosomal recessive inheritance, and their associated genes are known: RCDP type 1 with PEX7, RCDP type 2 with GNPAT, RCDP type 3 with AGPS, RCDP type 4 with FAR1, and RCDP type 5 with PEX5. Among other medical/developmental issues, plasmalogen deficiency has a direct effect on bone growth and results in postnatal growth failure, the severity of which corresponds to the degree of plasmalogen deficiency. In order to document growth in patients with RCDP, we present detailed growth curves for length, weight, and head circumference derived from retrospective data from 23 individuals with RCDP types 1 and 2 confirmed by molecular and/or biochemical studies. We stratified growth curves by age as well as by plasmalogen level, with those with higher plasmalogens grouped as "non-classic." The growth charts presented here provide guidance to families and physician caretakers on the natural course of growth in individuals with RCDP during infancy into early childhood, and thus will have particular utility in setting expectations and guiding optimal feeding interventions in this population.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Duker
- Division of Medical Genetics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Tim Niiler
- Gait Laboratory, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Grant Eldridge
- Department of Research, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Nga H Brereton
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nancy E Braverman
- Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University-Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Michael B Bober
- Division of Medical Genetics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
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14
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Duker AL, Eldridge G, Braverman NE, Bober MB. Congenital heart defects common in rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170A:270-2. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela L. Duker
- Division of Medical Genetics; Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children; Wilmington Delaware
| | - Grant Eldridge
- Department of Research; Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children; Wilmington Delaware
| | - Nancy E. Braverman
- Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics; McGill University-Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Michael B. Bober
- Division of Medical Genetics; Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children; Wilmington Delaware
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15
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Expression of mRNA in the frontal cortex and hypothalamus in a rat model of acute carbon dioxide poisoning. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2015; 19:101-6. [PMID: 26257316 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute carbon dioxide (CO2) poisoning causes no specific features that are revealed upon autopsy, and the pathophysiological mechanism of this syndrome is unclear. To address this issue, in the present study, we exposed rats to CO2 concentrations ranging from 10% to 60% and determined the effects on mRNA expression. According to the results of Gene Ontology (GO) and cluster analyses of microarrays data, we selected the following genes for further analysis: alkylglycerone phosphate synthase (Agps), hypocretin (Hcrt), tyrosine hydroxylase (Th), heat shock protein beta 2 (Hspb2), and opioid receptor delta 1 (Oprd1) expressed in the frontal cortex and renin (Ren), pancreatic polypeptide (Ppy), corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2 (Crhr2), carbonic anhydrase 1 (Car1), and hypocretin receptor 1 (Hcrtr1) expressed in the hypothalamus. We found significant differences between the expression levels of Agps and Hspb2 mRNAs in the frontal cortex and that of Ppy, Crhr2 mRNAs in the hypothalamus in the presence of high concentrations of CO2. Further investigation of these genes may clarify the pathophysiology of acute CO2 poisoning and facilitate the development of novel forensic tests that can diagnose the cause of death.
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Lv J, Lv CQ, Xu L, Yang H. Plasma Content Variation and Correlation of Plasmalogen and GIS, TC, and TPL in Gastric Carcinoma Patients: A Comparative Study. Med Sci Monit Basic Res 2015; 21:157-60. [PMID: 26186056 PMCID: PMC4517849 DOI: 10.12659/msmbr.893908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We studied the variation in plasma content of plasmalogen and ganglioside, total cholesterol (TC), and total phospholipid (TPL) in gastric carcinoma patients. The plasma plasmalogen levels were determined according to the vinyl ester bond method. Material/Methods Plasma ganglioside level was determined according to the method of Sevennerholm. The total cholesterols and total phospholipid were determined by routine methods. Results The plasma plasmalogen level of gastric carcinoma patients was significantly higher than in the control (normal) group, and the difference was markedly significant (p<0.01). The plasma total sialic acid (TSA) and lipid-bound sialic acid (LSA) of gastric carcinoma patients were higher than those of the normal control group (p<0.05). The total cholesterol content was higher than those in the normal control group (p<0.02), but the total phospholipid content was lower than in the normal control group and the difference was markedly significant (p<0.05). In the gastric carcinoma patients group, the plasmalogen and ganglioside-TSA levels were positively correlated (r=0.01, P<0.01). Plasmalogen and total cholesterols were also positively correlated (r=0.82, P<0.01), and plasmalogen and total phospholipid were negatively correlated (r=−0.82, p<0.01). Conclusions In gastric carcinoma patients, the plasma plasmalogen content was significantly elevated and was positively correlated with elevated level of gangliosides and total cholesterols, but it was negatively correlated with level of total phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lv
- Department of Biochemistry, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Can-Qun Lv
- Department of Biochemistry, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China (mainland)
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Malheiro AR, da Silva TF, Brites P. Plasmalogens and fatty alcohols in rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata and Sjögren-Larsson syndrome. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:111-21. [PMID: 25432520 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9795-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are a special class of ether-phospholipids, best recognized by their vinyl-ether bond at the sn-1 position of the glycerobackbone and by the observation that their deficiency causes rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP). The complex plasmalogen biosynthetic pathway involves multiple enzymatic steps carried-out in peroxisomes and in the endoplasmic reticulum. The rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens resides in the formation of the fatty alcohol responsible for the formation of an intermediate with an alkyl-linked moiety. The regulation in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens also takes place at this step using a feedback mechanism to stimulate or inhibit the biosynthesis. As such, fatty alcohols play a relevant role in the formation of ether-phospholipids. These advances in our understanding of complex lipid biosynthesis brought two seemingly distinct disorders into the spotlight. Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) is caused by defects in the microsomal fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH) leading to the accumulation of fatty alcohols and fatty aldehydes. In RCDP cells, the defect in plasmalogens is thought to generate a feedback signal to increase their biosynthesis, through the activity of fatty acid reductases to produce fatty alcohols. However, the enzymatic defects in either glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (GNPAT) or alkylglycerone phosphate synthase (AGPS) disrupt the biosynthesis and result in the accumulation of the fatty alcohols. A detailed characterization on the processes and enzymes that govern these intricate biosynthetic pathways, as well as, the metabolic characterization of defects along the pathway should increase our understanding of the causes and mechanisms behind these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Malheiro
- Lab Nerve Regeneration, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, Porto, Portugal
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18
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Schmitt S, Castelvetri LC, Simons M. Metabolism and functions of lipids in myelin. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:999-1005. [PMID: 25542507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapid conduction of nerve impulses requires coating of axons by myelin sheaths, which are lipid-rich and multilamellar membrane stacks. The lipid composition of myelin varies significantly from other biological membranes. Studies in mutant mice targeting various lipid biosynthesis pathways have shown that myelinating glia have a remarkable capacity to compensate the lack of individual lipids. However, compensation fails when it comes to maintaining long-term stability of myelin. Here, we summarize how lipids function in myelin biogenesis, axon-glia communication and in supporting long-term maintenance of myelin. We postulate that change in myelin lipid composition might be relevant for our understanding of aging and demyelinating diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue titled Brain Lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schmitt
- Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ludovici Cantuti Castelvetri
- Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mikael Simons
- Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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19
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da Silva TF, Eira J, Lopes AT, Malheiro AR, Sousa V, Luoma A, Avila RL, Wanders RJA, Just WW, Kirschner DA, Sousa MM, Brites P. Peripheral nervous system plasmalogens regulate Schwann cell differentiation and myelination. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2560-70. [PMID: 24762439 DOI: 10.1172/jci72063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) is a developmental disorder characterized by hypotonia, cataracts, abnormal ossification, impaired motor development, and intellectual disability. The underlying etiology of RCDP is a deficiency in the biosynthesis of ether phospholipids, of which plasmalogens are the most abundant form in nervous tissue and myelin; however, the role of plasmalogens in the peripheral nervous system is poorly defined. Here, we used mouse models of RCDP and analyzed the consequence of plasmalogen deficiency in peripheral nerves. We determined that plasmalogens are crucial for Schwann cell development and differentiation and that plasmalogen defects impaired radial sorting, myelination, and myelin structure. Plasmalogen insufficiency resulted in defective protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation and subsequent signaling, causing overt activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) in nerves of mutant mice. Treatment with GSK3β inhibitors, lithium, or 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione (TDZD-8) restored Schwann cell defects, effectively bypassing plasmalogen deficiency. Our results demonstrate the requirement of plasmalogens for the correct and timely differentiation of Schwann cells and for the process of myelination. In addition, these studies identify a mechanism by which the lack of a membrane phospholipid causes neuropathology, implicating plasmalogens as regulators of membrane and cell signaling.
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20
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Liegel RP, Ronchetti A, Sidjanin DJ. Alkylglycerone phosphate synthase (AGPS) deficient mice: models for rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctate type 3 (RCDP3) malformation syndrome. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2014; 1:299-311. [PMID: 25197626 PMCID: PMC4151185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) is a genetically heterogeneous autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by congenital cataracts, shortening of the proximal limbs, neurological abnormalities, seizures, growth delays, and severe intellectual disability. Most RCDP children die in the first decade of life due to respiratory complications. Mutations in alkylglycerone phosphate synthase (AGPS) cause RCDP type 3 (RCDP3). We've previously established that cataracts and male infertility in blind sterile 2 (bs2) mice are caused by a spontaneous hypomorphic mutation in Agps. As a part of this study, we set out to further explore the bs2 phenotypes and how they correlate to the clinical presentations of RCDP3 patients. Our results show that ∼50% bs2 mice die embryonically and surviving bs2 mice exhibit growth delays that they overcome by adulthood. The X-ray analysis of adult bs2 mice revealed significant humeral, but not femoral shortening. Clinical and histological eye evaluations revealed that bs2 lenses undergo normal development with first opacities developing at P21 that by P28 rapidly progress to mature cataracts. Evaluation of testes determined that infertility in bs2 mice is due to the aberrant formation of multicellular cellular clusters that undergo apoptosis. Given that the bs2 locus is a hypomorphic Agps mutation, we set out to generate Agps knockout mice utilizing Knockout Mouse Project (KOMP) resource. Our results showed that ∼85% of Agps knock-out mice die embryonically whereas surviving adult Agps knock-out mice phenotypically exhibit cataracts and testicular abnormalities similar to those observed in bs2 mice. Given that the majority of Agps knock-out mice die embryonically presented a challenge for further analyses of Agps deficiency in mouse models. Although not done as a part of this study, Agps-KOMP mice or ES cells can be further modified with FLP recombinase to generate mice suitable for subsequent matings with a transgenic Cre strain of choice, thereby providing an opportunity to study conditional Agps deficiency in a specific tissue or desired developmental time points without Agps deficiency-mediated embryonic lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Liegel
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Adam Ronchetti
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - D J Sidjanin
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI ; Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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21
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Huffnagel IC, Clur SAB, Bams-Mengerink AM, Blom NA, Wanders RJA, Waterham HR, Poll-The BT. Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata and cardiac pathology. J Med Genet 2013; 50:419-24. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2013-101536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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22
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Mizuno Y, Ninomiya Y, Nakachi Y, Iseki M, Iwasa H, Akita M, Tsukui T, Shimozawa N, Ito C, Toshimori K, Nishimukai M, Hara H, Maeba R, Okazaki T, Alodaib ANA, Amoudi MA, Jacob M, Alkuraya FS, Horai Y, Watanabe M, Motegi H, Wakana S, Noda T, Kurochkin IV, Mizuno Y, Schönbach C, Okazaki Y. Tysnd1 deficiency in mice interferes with the peroxisomal localization of PTS2 enzymes, causing lipid metabolic abnormalities and male infertility. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003286. [PMID: 23459139 PMCID: PMC3573110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are subcellular organelles involved in lipid metabolic processes, including those of very-long-chain fatty acids and branched-chain fatty acids, among others. Peroxisome matrix proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm. Targeting signals (PTS or peroxisomal targeting signal) at the C-terminus (PTS1) or N-terminus (PTS2) of peroxisomal matrix proteins mediate their import into the organelle. In the case of PTS2-containing proteins, the PTS2 signal is cleaved from the protein when transported into peroxisomes. The functional mechanism of PTS2 processing, however, is poorly understood. Previously we identified Tysnd1 (Trypsin domain containing 1) and biochemically characterized it as a peroxisomal cysteine endopeptidase that directly processes PTS2-containing prethiolase Acaa1 and PTS1-containing Acox1, Hsd17b4, and ScpX. The latter three enzymes are crucial components of the very-long-chain fatty acids β-oxidation pathway. To clarify the in vivo functions and physiological role of Tysnd1, we analyzed the phenotype of Tysnd1(-/-) mice. Male Tysnd1(-/-) mice are infertile, and the epididymal sperms lack the acrosomal cap. These phenotypic features are most likely the result of changes in the molecular species composition of choline and ethanolamine plasmalogens. Tysnd1(-/-) mice also developed liver dysfunctions when the phytanic acid precursor phytol was orally administered. Phyh and Agps are known PTS2-containing proteins, but were identified as novel Tysnd1 substrates. Loss of Tysnd1 interferes with the peroxisomal localization of Acaa1, Phyh, and Agps, which might cause the mild Zellweger syndrome spectrum-resembling phenotypes. Our data established that peroxisomal processing protease Tysnd1 is necessary to mediate the physiological functions of PTS2-containing substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Mizuno
- Division of Functional Genomics and Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ninomiya
- Division of Functional Genomics and Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakachi
- Division of Functional Genomics and Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mioko Iseki
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Iwasa
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masumi Akita
- Division of Morphological Science, Biomedical Research Center, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tohru Tsukui
- Experimental Animal Laboratory, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shimozawa
- Division of Genomics Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Chizuru Ito
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Toshimori
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Megumi Nishimukai
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Food Science, Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hara
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Food Science, Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ryouta Maeba
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Okazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ali Nasser Ali Alodaib
- Developmental Genetics Department, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- The National Newborn Screening Laboratory, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al Amoudi
- Developmental Genetics Department, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- The National Newborn Screening Laboratory, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Minnie Jacob
- Developmental Genetics Department, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- The National Newborn Screening Laboratory, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fowzan S. Alkuraya
- Developmental Genetics Department, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, King Khalid University Hospital and College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasushi Horai
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Watanabe
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Motegi
- Team for Advanced Development and Evaluation of Human Disease Models, Japan Mouse Clinic, BioResource Center (BRC), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Wakana
- The Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Center (BRC), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Noda
- Team for Advanced Development and Evaluation of Human Disease Models, Japan Mouse Clinic, BioResource Center (BRC), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- The Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Igor V. Kurochkin
- Genome and Gene Expression Data Analysis Division, Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yosuke Mizuno
- Division of Functional Genomics and Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Christian Schönbach
- Division of Genomics and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yasushi Okazaki
- Division of Functional Genomics and Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
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Precursor of ether phospholipids is synthesized by a flavoenzyme through covalent catalysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:18791-6. [PMID: 23112191 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1215128109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The precursor of the essential ether phospholipids is synthesized by a peroxisomal enzyme that uses a flavin cofactor to catalyze a reaction that does not alter the redox state of the substrates. The enzyme crystal structure reveals a V-shaped active site with a narrow constriction in front of the prosthetic group. Mutations causing inborn ether phospholipid deficiency, a very severe genetic disease, target residues that are part of the catalytic center. Biochemical analysis using substrate and flavin analogs, absorbance spectroscopy, mutagenesis, and mass spectrometry provide compelling evidence supporting an unusual mechanism of covalent catalysis. The flavin functions as a chemical trap that promotes exchange of an acyl with an alkyl group, generating the characteristic ether bond. Structural comparisons show that the covalent versus noncovalent mechanistic distinction in flavoenzyme catalysis and evolution relies on subtle factors rather than on gross modifications of the cofactor environment.
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da Silva TF, Sousa VF, Malheiro AR, Brites P. The importance of ether-phospholipids: a view from the perspective of mouse models. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1501-8. [PMID: 22659211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ether-phospholipids represent an important group of phospholipids characterized by an alkyl or an alkenyl bond at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone. Plasmalogens are the most abundant form of alkenyl-glycerophospholipids, and their synthesis requires functional peroxisomes. Defects in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens are the biochemical hallmark of the human peroxisomal disorder Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata (RCDP), which is characterized by defects in eye, bone and nervous tissue. The generation and characterization of mouse models with defects in plasmalogen levels have significantly advanced our understanding of the role and importance of plasmalogens as well as pathogenetic mechanisms underlying RCDP. A review of the current mouse models and the description of the combined knowledge gathered from the histopathological and biochemical studies is presented and discussed. Further characterization of the role and functions of plasmalogens will contribute to the elucidation of disease pathogenesis in peroxisomal and non-peroxisomal disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Metabolic Functions and Biogenesis of Peroxisomes in Health and Disease.
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The role of APP proteolytic processing in lipid metabolism. Exp Brain Res 2011; 217:365-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2975-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Brites P, Ferreira AS, da Silva TF, Sousa VF, Malheiro AR, Duran M, Waterham HR, Baes M, Wanders RJA. Alkyl-glycerol rescues plasmalogen levels and pathology of ether-phospholipid deficient mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28539. [PMID: 22163031 PMCID: PMC3232224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A deficiency of plasmalogens, caused by impaired peroxisomal metabolism affects normal development and multiple organs in adulthood. Treatment options aimed at restoring plasmalogen levels may be relevant for the therapy of peroxisomal and non-peroxisomal disorders. In this study we determined the in vivo efficacy of an alkyl glycerol (AG), namely, 1-O-octadecyl-rac-glycerol, as a therapeutic agent for defects in plasmalogen synthesis. To achieve this, Pex7 knockout mice, a mouse model for Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata type 1 characterized by the absence of plasmalogens, and WT mice were fed a control diet or a diet containing 2% alkyl-glycerol. Plasmalogen levels were measured in target organs and the biochemical data were correlated with the histological analysis of affected organs. Plasmalogen levels in all peripheral tissues of Pex7 KO mice fed the AG diet for 2 months normalized to the levels of AG fed WT mice. In nervous tissues of Pex7 KO mice fed the AG-diet, plasmalogen levels were significantly increased compared to control fed KO mice. Histological analysis of target organs revealed that the AG-diet was able to stop the progression of the pathology in testis, adipose tissue and the Harderian gland. Interestingly, the latter tissues are characterized by the presence of lipid droplets which were absent or reduced in size and number when ether-phospholipids are lacking, but which can be restored with the AAG treatment. Furthermore, nerve conduction in peripheral nerves was improved. When given prior to the occurrence of major pathological changes, the AG-diet prevented or ameliorated the pathology observed in Pex7 KO mice depending on the degree of plasmalogen restoration. This study provides evidence of the beneficial effects of treating a plasmalogen deficiency with alkyl-glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brites
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.
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Itzkovitz B, Jiralerspong S, Nimmo G, Loscalzo M, Horovitz DDG, Snowden A, Moser A, Steinberg S, Braverman N. Functional characterization of novel mutations in GNPAT and AGPS, causing rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) types 2 and 3. Hum Mutat 2011; 33:189-97. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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28
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Liegel R, Chang B, Dubielzig R, Sidjanin D. Blind sterile 2 (bs2), a hypomorphic mutation in Agps, results in cataracts and male sterility in mice. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 103:51-9. [PMID: 21353609 PMCID: PMC3081956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Blind sterile 2 (bs2) is a spontaneous autosomal recessive mouse mutation exhibiting cataracts and male sterility. Detailed clinical and histological evaluation revealed that bs2 mice have cataracts resulting from severely disrupted lens fiber cells. Analysis of bs2 testes revealed the absence of mature sperm and the presence of large multinucleate cells within the lumens of seminiferous tubules. Linkage analysis mapped the bs2 locus to mouse chromosome 2, approximately 45cM distal from the centromere. Fine mapping established a 3.1Mb bs2 critical region containing 19 candidate genes. Sequence analysis of alkylglycerone-phosphate synthase (Agps), a gene within the bs2 critical region, revealed a G to A substitution at the +5 position of intron 14. This mutation results in two abundantly expressed aberrantly spliced Agps transcripts: Agps(∆exon14) lacking exon 14 or Agps(exon∆13-14) lacking both exons 13 and 14 as well as full-length Agps transcript. Agps is a peroxisomal enzyme which catalyzes the formation of the ether bond during the synthesis of ether lipids. Both aberrantly spliced Agps(∆exon14) and Agps(exon∆13-14) transcripts led to a frame shift, premature stop and putative proteins lacking the enzymatic FAD domain. We present evidence that bs2 mice have significantly decreased levels of ether lipids. Human mutations in Agps result in rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 3 (RCDP3), a disease for which bs2 is the only genetic model. Thus, bs2 is a hypomorphic mutation in Agps, and represents a useful model for investigation of the tissue specificity of ether lipid requirements which will be particularly valuable for elucidating the mechanism of disease phenotypes resulting from ether lipid depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Liegel
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - B. Chang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - R. Dubielzig
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - D.J. Sidjanin
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Corresponding author: D.J. Sidjanin, Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, , Phone: 414-456-7810, Fax: 414-456-6516
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Grimm MOW, Kuchenbecker J, Rothhaar TL, Grösgen S, Hundsdörfer B, Burg VK, Friess P, Müller U, Grimm HS, Riemenschneider M, Hartmann T. Plasmalogen synthesis is regulated via alkyl-dihydroxyacetonephosphate-synthase by amyloid precursor protein processing and is affected in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurochem 2011; 116:916-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Ballarati L, Recalcati MP, Bedeschi MF, Lalatta F, Valtorta C, Bellini M, Finelli P, Larizza L, Giardino D. Cytogenetic, FISH and array-CGH characterization of a complex chromosomal rearrangement carried by a mentally and language impaired patient. Eur J Med Genet 2009; 52:218-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Honsho M, Yagita Y, Kinoshita N, Fujiki Y. Isolation and characterization of mutant animal cell line defective in alkyl-dihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase: Localization and transport of plasmalogens to post-Golgi compartments. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1783:1857-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Genes and networks expressed in perioperative omental adipose tissue are correlated with weight loss from Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32:1395-406. [PMID: 18645576 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2008.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Gastric bypass surgery is the most commonly performed bariatric surgical procedure in the United States. Variable weight loss following this relatively standardized intervention has been reported. To date, a method for reliable profiling of patients who will successfully sustain weight loss for the long term has not been established. In addition, the mechanisms of action in accomplishing major weight loss as well as the explanation for the variable weight loss have not been established. OBJECTIVE To examine whether gene expression in perioperative omental adipose is associated with gastric bypass-induced weight loss. DESIGN Cross-sectional study of gene expression in perisurgical omental adipose tissues taken/available at the time of operation and total excess weight loss (EWL). SUBJECTS Fifteen overweight individuals who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery at the University of California Davis Medical Center (BMI: 40.6-72.8 kg/m(2)). MEASUREMENTS Body weight before and following weight stabilization 18-42 months after surgery. Perioperative omental adipose RNA isolated from 15 subjects was hybridized to Affymetrix HG-U133A chips for 22,283 transcript expression measurements. RESULTS Downstream analysis identified a set of genes whose expression was significantly correlated with RYGB-induced weight loss. The significant individual genes include acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1), phosphodiesterase 3A cGMP-inhibited (PDE3A) and protein kinase, AMP-activated, beta 1 non-catalytic subunit (PRKAB1). Specifically, ACOX1 plays a role in fatty acid metabolism. PDE3A is involved in purine metabolism and hormone-stimulated lipolysis. PRKAB1 is involved in adipocytokine signaling pathway. Gene network analysis revealed that pathways for glycerolipid metabolism, breast cancer and apoptosis were significantly correlated with long-term weight loss. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that RNA expression profiles from perioperative adipose tissue are associated with weight loss outcome following RYGB surgery. Our data suggest that EWL could be predicted from preoperative samples, which would allow for informed decisions about whether or not to proceed to surgery.
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Goh S. Neuroimaging features in a neonate with rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata. Pediatr Neurol 2007; 37:382-4. [PMID: 17950430 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata is a rare genetic disorder of peroxisomal metabolism that is characterized clinically by shortening of the proximal limbs, cataracts, a characteristic facial appearance, failure to thrive, and psychomotor retardation. This report describes a newborn with a severe phenotype whose neuroimaging showed pachygyria-polymicrogyria, severe spinal stenosis causing compression of the cervical cord and brainstem, and tethering of the spinal cord. Imaging of the brain and spinal cord in patients with this disorder may aid prognosis and guide management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Goh
- Department of Child Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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Bakovic M, Fullerton MD, Michel V. Metabolic and molecular aspects of ethanolamine phospholipid biosynthesis: the role of CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase (Pcyt2). Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 85:283-300. [PMID: 17612623 DOI: 10.1139/o07-006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The CDP-ethanolamine branch of the Kennedy pathway is the major route for the formation of ethanolamine-derived phospholipids, including diacyl phosphatidylethanolamine and alkenylacyl phosphatidylethanolamine derivatives, known as plasmalogens. Ethanolamine phospholipids are essential structural components of the cell membranes and play regulatory roles in cell division, cell signaling, activation, autophagy, and phagocytosis. The physiological importance of plasmalogens has not been not fully elucidated, although they are known for their antioxidant properties and deficiencies in a number of inherited peroxisomal disorders. This review highlights important aspects of ethanolamine phospholipid metabolism and reports current molecular information on 1 of the regulatory enzymes in their synthesis, CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase (Pcyt2). Pcyt2 is encoded by a single, nonredundant gene in animal species that could be alternatively spliced into 2 potential protein products. We describe properties of the mouse and human Pcyt2 genes and their regulatory promoters and provide molecular evidence for the existence of 2 distinct Pcyt2 proteins. The goal is to obtain more insight into Pcyt2 catalytic function and regulation to facilitate a better understanding of the production of ethanolamine phospholipids via the CDP-ethanolamine branch of the Kennedy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Bakovic
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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35
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Razeto A, Mattiroli F, Carpanelli E, Aliverti A, Pandini V, Coda A, Mattevi A. The crucial step in ether phospholipid biosynthesis: structural basis of a noncanonical reaction associated with a peroxisomal disorder. Structure 2007; 15:683-92. [PMID: 17562315 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ether phospholipids are essential constituents of eukaryotic cell membranes. Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 3 is a severe peroxisomal disorder caused by inborn deficiency of alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase (ADPS). The enzyme carries out the most characteristic step in ether phospholipid biosynthesis: formation of the ether bond. The crystal structure of ADPS from Dictyostelium discoideum shows a fatty-alcohol molecule bound in a narrow hydrophobic tunnel, specific for aliphatic chains of 16 carbons. Access to the tunnel is controlled by a flexible loop and a gating helix at the protein-membrane interface. Structural and mutagenesis investigations identify a cluster of hydrophilic catalytic residues, including an essential tyrosine, possibly involved in substrate proton abstraction, and the arginine that is mutated in ADPS-deficient patients. We propose that ether bond formation might be orchestrated through a covalent imine intermediate with the flavin, accounting for the noncanonical employment of a flavin cofactor in a nonredox reaction.
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MESH Headings
- Alkyl and Aryl Transferases/chemistry
- Alkyl and Aryl Transferases/genetics
- Alkyl and Aryl Transferases/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Catalysis
- Chondrodysplasia Punctata, Rhizomelic/enzymology
- Chondrodysplasia Punctata, Rhizomelic/metabolism
- Chondrodysplasia Punctata, Rhizomelic/pathology
- Conserved Sequence
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Dictyostelium/enzymology
- Dimerization
- Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide/chemistry
- Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide/metabolism
- Histidine/metabolism
- Humans
- Hydrogen Bonding
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors
- Models, Biological
- Models, Chemical
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Structure
- Peroxisomal Disorders/enzymology
- Peroxisomal Disorders/genetics
- Phenylalanine/metabolism
- Phospholipid Ethers/chemistry
- Phospholipid Ethers/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Spectrum Analysis, Raman
- Substrate Specificity
- Tyrosine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelia Razeto
- Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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36
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Abstract
The structural properties of alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase (ADPS) described by Razeto et al. (2007) in this issue of Structure provide new insights into how this peroxisomal flavoenzyme catalyzes a nonredox reaction in the conversion of an ester to an ether linkage in plasmologen biosynthesis.
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37
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Razeto A, Mattiroli F, Bossi R, Coda A, Mattevi A. Identifying a recombinant alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase suited for crystallographic studies. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 55:343-51. [PMID: 17601746 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate is the building block for the biosynthesis of ether phospholipids, which are essential components of eukaryotic cell membranes and are involved in a variety of signaling processes. The metabolite is synthesized by alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase (ADPS), a peroxisomal flavoenzyme. Deficiency in ADPS activity causes rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 3, a very severe genetic disease. ADPS is unusual in that it uses a typical redox cofactor such as FAD to catalyze a non-redox reaction. With the goal of undertaking a structural investigation of the enzyme, we have characterized recombinant ADPS from different sources: Cavia porcellus, Drosophila melanogaster, Homo sapiens, Archaeoglobus fulgidus, and Dictyostelium discoideum. The protein from D. discoideum was found to be the best candidate for structural studies. We describe a protocol for expression and purification of large amounts of pure and stable enzyme in its holo (FAD-bound) form. A search of deletion mutants identified a protein variant that forms crystals diffracting up to 2A resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelia Razeto
- Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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38
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Abstract
In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge about the biochemistry of mammalian peroxisomes, especially human peroxisomes. The identification and characterization of yeast mutants defective either in the biogenesis of peroxisomes or in one of its metabolic functions, notably fatty acid beta-oxidation, combined with the recognition of a group of genetic diseases in man, wherein these processes are also defective, have provided new insights in all aspects of peroxisomes. As a result of these and other studies, the indispensable role of peroxisomes in multiple metabolic pathways has been clarified, and many of the enzymes involved in these pathways have been characterized, purified, and cloned. One aspect of peroxisomes, which has remained ill defined, is the transport of metabolites across the peroxisomal membrane. Although it is clear that mammalian peroxisomes under in vivo conditions are closed structures, which require the active presence of metabolite transporter proteins, much remains to be learned about the permeability properties of mammalian peroxisomes and the role of the four half ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J A Wanders
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Disease, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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39
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Fujiki Y, Okumoto K, Kinoshita N, Ghaedi K. Lessons from peroxisome-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell mutants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:1374-81. [PMID: 17045664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cells with a genetic defect affecting a biological activity and/or a cell phenotype are generally called "cell mutants" and are a highly useful tool in genetic, biochemical, as well as cell biological research. To investigate peroxisome biogenesis and human peroxisome biogenesis disorders, more than a dozen complementation groups of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell mutants defective in peroxisome assembly have been successfully isolated and established as a model system. Moreover, successful PEX gene cloning studies by taking advantage of rapid functional complementation assay of CHO cell mutants invaluably contributed to the accomplishment of isolation of pathogenic genes responsible for peroxisome biogenesis diseases. Molecular mechanisms of peroxisome assembly are currently investigated by making use of such mammalian cell mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Fujiki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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40
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Wanders RJA, Waterham HR. Peroxisomal disorders: the single peroxisomal enzyme deficiencies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:1707-20. [PMID: 17055078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomal disorders are a group of inherited diseases in man in which either peroxisome biogenesis or one or more peroxisomal functions are impaired. The peroxisomal disorders identified to date are usually classified in two groups including: (1) the disorders of peroxisome biogenesis, and (2) the single peroxisomal enzyme deficiencies. This review is focused on the second group of disorders, which currently includes ten different diseases in which the mutant gene affects a protein involved in one of the following peroxisomal functions: (1) ether phospholipid (plasmalogen) biosynthesis; (2) fatty acid beta-oxidation; (3) peroxisomal alpha-oxidation; (4) glyoxylate detoxification, and (5) H2O2 metabolism.
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41
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Başbuğ M, Serin IS, Ozçelik B, Guneş T, Akçakuş M, Tayyar M. Prenatal Ultrasonographic Diagnosis of Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia punctata by Detection of Rhizomelic Shortening and Bilateral Cataracts. Fetal Diagn Ther 2005; 20:171-4. [PMID: 15824492 DOI: 10.1159/000083899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2003] [Accepted: 02/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Antenatal sonographic diagnosis of rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata depends on recognization of the combination of rhizomelic bone shortening and epiphyseal stippling. This is the only report of prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of bilateral cataracts in a fetus with rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (type 1). Also, this is the first report of severe rhizomelic limb shortening, and bilateral cataracts prior to the recognization of epiphyseal stippling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Başbuğ
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey.
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42
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Kurbatova EM, Dutova TA, Trotsenko YA. Structural, functional and genetic aspects of peroxisome biogenesis. RUSS J GENET+ 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11177-005-0032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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43
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Brites P, A. Wanders RJ, Waterham HR. The mouse as a model to understand peroxisomal biogenesis and its disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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44
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Abstract
The group of peroxisomal disorders now includes 17 different disorders with Zellweger syndrome as prototype. Thanks to the explosion of new information about the functions and biogenesis of peroxisomes, the metabolic and molecular basis of most of the peroxisomal disorders has been resolved. A review of peroxisomal disorders is provided in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J A Wanders
- University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Emma Children's Hospital, Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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45
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Wanders RJA. Peroxisomes, lipid metabolism, and peroxisomal disorders. Mol Genet Metab 2004; 83:16-27. [PMID: 15464416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2004.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Accepted: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes catalyse a large variety of different cellular functions of which most have to do with lipid metabolism. This paper deals with the role of peroxisomes in three key pathways of lipid metabolism, including: (1) etherphospholipid biosynthesis, (2) fatty acid beta-oxidation, and (3) fatty acid alpha-oxidation. Apart from a brief description of the peroxisomal enzymes involved in each of these pathways, the interaction between peroxisomes and other subcellular organelles, notably microsomes and peroxisomes, will be discussed. Finally, the current state of knowledge with respect to the different disorders of peroxisomal lipid metabolism will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J A Wanders
- Laboratory for Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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46
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Brites P, Waterham HR, Wanders RJA. Functions and biosynthesis of plasmalogens in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2004; 1636:219-31. [PMID: 15164770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2003.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2003] [Accepted: 12/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens (1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl glycerophospholipids) constitute a special class of phospholipids characterized by the presence of a vinyl-ether bond at the sn-1 position. Although long considered as biological peculiarities, interest in this group of phospholipids has grown in recent years, thanks to the realization that plasmalogens are involved in different human diseases. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge with respect to the enzymatic synthesis of plasmalogens, the characteristic topology of the enzymes involved and the biological roles that have been assigned to plasmalogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brites
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Lab Genetic Metabolic Diseases, F0-224, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, Netherlands
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47
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Vance DE, Spener F. Henk van den Bosch: chemist and biochemist. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2004; 1636:77-81. [PMID: 15164754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2003.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2003] [Accepted: 12/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Henk van den Bosch is a native of The Netherlands and recently retired from his position as Professor at Utrecht University. This article summarizes the many scientific achievements of Dr. van den Bosch. He enjoys an international reputation for his research on phospholipases A, cardiolipin biosynthesis in eukaryotes, lysophospholipases, phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis for lung surfactant, plasmalogen biosynthesis in peroxisomes, diagnosis of peroxisomal disorders and most recently his work on alkyl-dihydroxyacetone phosphate synthase. During his research career Henk van den Bosch published approximately 280 articles and presented 110 invited lectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Vance
- Department of Biochemistry, Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, 328 Heritage Medical Research Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 5S3.
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Hoang MP, Carder KR, Pandya AG, Bennett MJ. Ichthyosis and Keratotic Follicular Plugs Containing Dystrophic Calcification in Newborns. Am J Dermatopathol 2004; 26:53-8. [PMID: 14726822 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-200402000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prior to the recent characterization of the enzymatic defect and identification of the involved gene, the histopathology of X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata (Conradi-Hünermann-Happle syndrome or CDPX2) has been described under various names including calcinosis universalis, chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita, Conradi disease, and Conradi-Hünermann syndrome. We present two newborns with characteristic ichthyosiform erythroderma noted at birth. Radiographs demonstrated chondrodysplasia punctata in one patient. Although the x-ray performed at birth was negative in the other patient, sterol analyses of the keratotic scales were diagnostic for CDPX2. Skin biopsies from both patients showed thick laminated orthokeratosis and prominent keratotic follicular plugs containing dystrophic calcification. We also retrospectively examined 20 cases of various types of ichthyosis seen over a 23-year period at our institution. Intracorneal calcium deposition was not seen in any of these cases. As demonstrated by our cases and review of the literature, dystrophic calcification in the keratotic plug is a distinctive histopathologic feature of Conradi-Hünermann-Happle syndrome in newborns and is not seen in other known forms of ichthyoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai P Hoang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9073, USA.
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49
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Abstract
The peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) comprise 12 autosomal recessive complementation groups (CGs). The multisystem clinical phenotype varies widely in severity and results from disturbances in both development and metabolic homeostasis. Progress over the last several years has lead to identification of the genes responsible for all of these disorders and to a much improved understanding of the biogenesis and function of the peroxisome. Increasing availability of mouse models for these disorders offers hope for a better understanding of their pathophysiology and for development of therapies that might especially benefit patients at the milder end of the clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Weller
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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50
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Wessels MW, Den Hollander NJ, De Krijger RR, Nikkels PGJ, Brandenburg H, Hennekam R, Willems PJ. Fetus with an unusual form of nonrhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata: case report and review. Am J Med Genet A 2003; 120A:97-104. [PMID: 12794700 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Chondrodysplasia punctata (CDP) is a heterogeneous condition mainly characterized by premature and ectopic calcification of cartilage. Many genetic and nongenetic causes have been described leading to a preliminar etiological classification into defects of peroxisomal metabolism, defects in cholesterol metabolism, and vitamin K (vit K) metabolism. However, numerous cases of CDP still remain unclassified. The difficulties in reaching a causal diagnosis are illustrated here by a 23-week-old fetus with nonrhizomelic CDP characterized by extensive cartilage stippling, brachyphalangy, and nasal hypoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja W Wessels
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University and University Hospital, Westzeedijk 112, 3016 AH Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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