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Thomas R, Yang X. Semaphorins in immune cell function, inflammatory and infectious diseases. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 4:100060. [PMID: 37645659 PMCID: PMC10461194 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2023.100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Semaphorin family is a group of proteins studied broadly for their functions in nervous systems. They consist of eight subfamilies ubiquitously expressed in vertebrates, invertebrates, and viruses and exist in membrane-bound or secreted forms. Emerging evidence indicates the relevance of semaphorins outside the nervous system, including angiogenesis, cardiogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, tumour progression, and, more recently, the immune system. This review provides a broad overview of current knowledge on the role of semaphorins in the immune system, particularly its involvement in inflammatory and infectious diseases, including chlamydial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Thomas
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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The role of immune semaphorins in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: Potential therapeutic targets. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 95:107556. [PMID: 33756227 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The immune and nervous systems possess a highly intricate network of synaptic connections, shared messenger molecules, and exquisite communication ways, allowing intercellular signal transduction. The semaphorins (Semas) were initially identified as axonal guidance molecules in the development of the nervous system but later were found to be implicated also in regulating the immune system, known in this case as the "immune Semas" or "immunoregulatory Semas". Increasingly, these molecules are involved in multiple aspects of both physiological and pathological immune responses and were recently indicated to take part in various immunological disorders, encompassing allergy, cancer, and autoimmunity. Semas transduce signals by connecting to their cognate receptors, namely, plexins and neuropilins. Some of them, like Sema-3F, have been found to function as the inducer of the remyelination process whereas some others, like Sema-3A and Sema-4D, act to inhibit this process, either directly or indirectly. Besides, Sema-4A is crucial to the differentiation of T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells that are potentially involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. This review aims to reveal the role of immune Semas in the pathogenesis of MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, focusing on the therapeutic usages of these molecules to treat this neurodegenerative disease.
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Song Y, Wang L, Zhang L, Huang D. The involvement of semaphorin 7A in tumorigenic and immunoinflammatory regulation. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6235-6248. [PMID: 33611799 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Semaphorins, a large group of highly conserved proteins, consist of eight subfamilies that are widely expressed in vertebrates, invertebrates, and viruses and exist in membrane-bound or secreted forms. First described as axon guidance cues during neurogenesis, semaphorins also perform physiological functions in other organ systems, such as bone homeostasis, immune response, and tumor progression. Semaphorin 7A (SEMA7A), also known as CDw108, is an immune semaphorin that modulates diverse immunoinflammatory processes, including immune cell interactions, inflammatory infiltration, and cytokine production. In addition, SEMA7A regulates the proliferation, migration, invasion, lymph formation, and angiogenesis of multiple types of tumor cells, and these effects are mediated by the interaction of SEMA7A with two specific receptors, PLXNC1 and integrins. Thus, SEMA7A is intimately related to the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune and inflammation-related diseases and tumors. This review focuses on the role of SEMA7A in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases, and tumors, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, strategies targeting SEMA7A as a potential predictive, diagnostic, and therapeutic agent for these diseases are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dingming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Cariboni A, Balasubramanian R. Kallmann syndrome and idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: The role of semaphorin signaling on GnRH neurons. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 182:307-315. [PMID: 34266601 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819973-2.00022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Kallmann syndrome are rare genetic disorders characterized by isolated gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency (IGD) and delayed or absent puberty. Defective GnRH neuron migration during development or secretion of mature GnRH neurons secondary to molecular defects in several key developmental and neuroendocrine pathways are thought to be the primary causes of these disorders. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of semaphorins and their receptors in this system, by showing that these molecules play distinct roles during the development and plasticity of these neurons. Accordingly, mutations in the semaphoring-signaling pathway genes have been found in patients affected by IGD, underlying the importance of semaphorin-mediated signaling pathways in the neuroendocrine axis that control reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Ravikumar Balasubramanian
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Hu S, Zhu L. Semaphorins and Their Receptors: From Axonal Guidance to Atherosclerosis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1236. [PMID: 30405423 PMCID: PMC6196129 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins are a large family of secreted, transmembrane, or GPI-anchored proteins initially identified as axon guidance cues signaling through their receptors, neuropilins, and plexins. Emerging evidence suggests that beyond the guidance, they also function in a broad spectrum of pathophysiological conditions, including atherosclerosis, a vascular inflammatory disease. Particular semaphorin members have been demonstrated to participate in atherosclerosis via eliciting endothelial dysfunction, leukocyte infiltration, monocyte-macrophage retention, platelet hyperreactivity, and neovascularization. In this review, we focus on the role of those semaphorin family members in the development of atherosclerosis and highlight the mechanistic relevance of semaphorins to atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Hu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Wu X, Meng Y, Wang C, Yue Y, Dong C, Xiong S. Semaphorin7A aggravates coxsackievirusB3-induced viral myocarditis by increasing α1β1-integrin macrophages and subsequent enhanced inflammatory response. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 114:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Hu S, Liu Y, You T, Heath J, Xu L, Zheng X, Wang A, Wang Y, Li F, Yang F, Cao Y, Zhang H, van Gils JM, van Zonneveld AJ, Jo H, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Tang C, Zhu L. Vascular Semaphorin 7A Upregulation by Disturbed Flow Promotes Atherosclerosis Through Endothelial β1 Integrin. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 38:335-343. [PMID: 29269512 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulating evidence suggests a role of semaphorins in vascular homeostasis. Here, we investigate the role of Sema7A (semaphorin 7A) in atherosclerosis and its underlying mechanism. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using genetically engineered Sema7A-/-ApoE-/- mice, we showed that deletion of Sema7A attenuates atherosclerotic plaque formation primarily in the aorta of ApoE-/- mice on a high-fat diet. A higher level of Sema7A in the atheroprone lesser curvature suggests a correlation of Sema7A with disturbed flow. This notion is supported by elevated Sema7A expression in human umbilical venous endothelial cells either subjected to oscillatory shear stress or treated with the PKA (protein kinase A)/CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) inhibitor H89 (N-[2-(p-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide·2HCl hydrate). Further studies using the partial carotid artery ligation model showed that disturbed flow in the left carotid artery of Sema7A+/+ApoE-/- mice promoted the expression of endothelial Sema7A and cell adhesion molecules, leukocyte adhesion, and plaque formation, whereas such changes were attenuated in Sema7A-/-ApoE-/- mice. Further studies showed that blockage of β1 integrin, a known Sema7A receptor, or inhibition of FAK (focal adhesion kinase), MEK1/2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2), or NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) significantly reduced the expression of cell adhesion molecules and THP-1 (human acute monocytic leukemia cell line) monocyte adhesion in Sema7A-overexpressing human umbilical venous endothelial cells. Studies using chimeric mice suggest that vascular, most likely endothelial, Sema7A plays a major role in atherogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate a significant role of Sema7A in atherosclerosis by mediating endothelial dysfunction in a β1 integrin-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Hu
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., L.X., Y.W., F.L., F.Y., Y.C., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (X.Z., A.W., Y.Z.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases (X.Z., A.W., Q.W., Y.Z.), Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (J.H., H.J.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (H.Z., J.M.v.G., A.J.v.Z.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (Q.W.)
| | - Yifei Liu
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., L.X., Y.W., F.L., F.Y., Y.C., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (X.Z., A.W., Y.Z.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases (X.Z., A.W., Q.W., Y.Z.), Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (J.H., H.J.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (H.Z., J.M.v.G., A.J.v.Z.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (Q.W.)
| | - Tao You
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., L.X., Y.W., F.L., F.Y., Y.C., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (X.Z., A.W., Y.Z.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases (X.Z., A.W., Q.W., Y.Z.), Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (J.H., H.J.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (H.Z., J.M.v.G., A.J.v.Z.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (Q.W.)
| | - Jack Heath
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., L.X., Y.W., F.L., F.Y., Y.C., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (X.Z., A.W., Y.Z.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases (X.Z., A.W., Q.W., Y.Z.), Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (J.H., H.J.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (H.Z., J.M.v.G., A.J.v.Z.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (Q.W.)
| | - Linru Xu
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., L.X., Y.W., F.L., F.Y., Y.C., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (X.Z., A.W., Y.Z.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases (X.Z., A.W., Q.W., Y.Z.), Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (J.H., H.J.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (H.Z., J.M.v.G., A.J.v.Z.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (Q.W.)
| | - Xiaowei Zheng
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., L.X., Y.W., F.L., F.Y., Y.C., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (X.Z., A.W., Y.Z.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases (X.Z., A.W., Q.W., Y.Z.), Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (J.H., H.J.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (H.Z., J.M.v.G., A.J.v.Z.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (Q.W.)
| | - Aili Wang
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., L.X., Y.W., F.L., F.Y., Y.C., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (X.Z., A.W., Y.Z.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases (X.Z., A.W., Q.W., Y.Z.), Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (J.H., H.J.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (H.Z., J.M.v.G., A.J.v.Z.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (Q.W.)
| | - Yinyan Wang
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., L.X., Y.W., F.L., F.Y., Y.C., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (X.Z., A.W., Y.Z.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases (X.Z., A.W., Q.W., Y.Z.), Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (J.H., H.J.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (H.Z., J.M.v.G., A.J.v.Z.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (Q.W.)
| | - Fengchan Li
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., L.X., Y.W., F.L., F.Y., Y.C., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (X.Z., A.W., Y.Z.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases (X.Z., A.W., Q.W., Y.Z.), Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (J.H., H.J.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (H.Z., J.M.v.G., A.J.v.Z.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (Q.W.)
| | - Fei Yang
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., L.X., Y.W., F.L., F.Y., Y.C., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (X.Z., A.W., Y.Z.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases (X.Z., A.W., Q.W., Y.Z.), Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (J.H., H.J.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (H.Z., J.M.v.G., A.J.v.Z.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (Q.W.)
| | - Yiren Cao
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., L.X., Y.W., F.L., F.Y., Y.C., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (X.Z., A.W., Y.Z.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases (X.Z., A.W., Q.W., Y.Z.), Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (J.H., H.J.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (H.Z., J.M.v.G., A.J.v.Z.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (Q.W.)
| | - Huayu Zhang
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., L.X., Y.W., F.L., F.Y., Y.C., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (X.Z., A.W., Y.Z.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases (X.Z., A.W., Q.W., Y.Z.), Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (J.H., H.J.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (H.Z., J.M.v.G., A.J.v.Z.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (Q.W.)
| | - Janine M van Gils
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., L.X., Y.W., F.L., F.Y., Y.C., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (X.Z., A.W., Y.Z.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases (X.Z., A.W., Q.W., Y.Z.), Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (J.H., H.J.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (H.Z., J.M.v.G., A.J.v.Z.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (Q.W.)
| | - Anton Jan van Zonneveld
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., L.X., Y.W., F.L., F.Y., Y.C., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (X.Z., A.W., Y.Z.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases (X.Z., A.W., Q.W., Y.Z.), Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (J.H., H.J.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (H.Z., J.M.v.G., A.J.v.Z.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (Q.W.)
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., L.X., Y.W., F.L., F.Y., Y.C., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (X.Z., A.W., Y.Z.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases (X.Z., A.W., Q.W., Y.Z.), Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (J.H., H.J.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (H.Z., J.M.v.G., A.J.v.Z.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (Q.W.)
| | - Qingyu Wu
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., L.X., Y.W., F.L., F.Y., Y.C., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (X.Z., A.W., Y.Z.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases (X.Z., A.W., Q.W., Y.Z.), Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (J.H., H.J.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (H.Z., J.M.v.G., A.J.v.Z.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (Q.W.)
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., L.X., Y.W., F.L., F.Y., Y.C., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (X.Z., A.W., Y.Z.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases (X.Z., A.W., Q.W., Y.Z.), Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (J.H., H.J.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (H.Z., J.M.v.G., A.J.v.Z.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (Q.W.)
| | - Chaojun Tang
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., L.X., Y.W., F.L., F.Y., Y.C., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (X.Z., A.W., Y.Z.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases (X.Z., A.W., Q.W., Y.Z.), Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (J.H., H.J.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (H.Z., J.M.v.G., A.J.v.Z.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (Q.W.).
| | - Li Zhu
- From the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., L.X., Y.W., F.L., F.Y., Y.C., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (X.Z., A.W., Y.Z.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province (S.H., Y.L., T.Y., Q.W., C.T., L.Z.), and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases (X.Z., A.W., Q.W., Y.Z.), Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (J.H., H.J.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (H.Z., J.M.v.G., A.J.v.Z.); and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (Q.W.).
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Jongbloets BC, Lemstra S, Schellino R, Broekhoven MH, Parkash J, Hellemons AJCGM, Mao T, Giacobini P, van Praag H, De Marchis S, Ramakers GMJ, Pasterkamp RJ. Stage-specific functions of Semaphorin7A during adult hippocampal neurogenesis rely on distinct receptors. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14666. [PMID: 28281529 PMCID: PMC5353663 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The guidance protein Semaphorin7A (Sema7A) is required for the proper development of the immune and nervous systems. Despite strong expression in the mature brain, the role of Sema7A in the adult remains poorly defined. Here we show that Sema7A utilizes different cell surface receptors to control the proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors in the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), one of the select regions of the mature brain where neurogenesis occurs. PlexinC1 is selectively expressed in early neural progenitors in the adult mouse DG and mediates the inhibitory effects of Sema7A on progenitor proliferation. Subsequently, during differentiation of adult-born DG granule cells, Sema7A promotes dendrite growth, complexity and spine development through β1-subunit-containing integrin receptors. Our data identify Sema7A as a key regulator of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, providing an example of how differential receptor usage spatiotemporally controls and diversifies the effects of guidance cues in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart C. Jongbloets
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Lemstra
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Schellino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi and Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Torino, 10100 Torino, Italy
| | - Mark H. Broekhoven
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jyoti Parkash
- Centre for Animal Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University Punjab, City Campus, Mansa Road, Bathinda 151001, India
| | - Anita J. C. G. M. Hellemons
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tianyi Mao
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, U1172, 59045 Lille, France
- University of Lille, 59045 Lille, France
| | - Henriette van Praag
- Neuroplasticity and Behavior Unit, Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Silvia De Marchis
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi and Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Torino, 10100 Torino, Italy
| | - Geert M. J. Ramakers
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R. Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Semaphorin 7A as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4820-4831. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Kato R, Takahashi K. Gene Expression of Semaphorin 7A During Osteogenic Differentiation in Human Dental Follicle Cells. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2016. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.25.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Kato
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Kosuke Takahashi
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
- Research Institute of Oral Science
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Saito T, Kasamatsu A, Ogawara K, Miyamoto I, Saito K, Iyoda M, Suzuki T, Endo-Sakamoto Y, Shiiba M, Tanzawa H, Uzawa K. Semaphorin7A Promotion of Tumoral Growth and Metastasis in Human Oral Cancer by Regulation of G1 Cell Cycle and Matrix Metalloproteases: Possible Contribution to Tumoral Angiogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137923. [PMID: 26378920 PMCID: PMC4574527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Semaphorins (SEMAs) consist of a large family of secreted and membrane-anchored proteins that are important in neuronal pathfinding and axon guidance in selected areas of the developing nervous system. Of them, SEMA7A has been reported to have a chemotactic activity in neurogenesis and to be an immunomodulator; however, little is known about the relevance of SEMA7A in the behaviors of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods We evaluated SEMA7A expression in OSCC-derived cell lines and primary OSCC samples using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and semiquantitative immunohistochemistry (sq-IHC). In addition, SEMA7A knockdown cells (shSEMA7A cells) were used for functional experiments, including cellular proliferation, invasiveness, and migration assays. We also analyzed the clinical correlation between SEMA7A status and clinical behaviors in patients with OSCC. Results SEMA7A mRNA and protein were up-regulated significantly (P<0.05) in OSCC-derived cell lines compared with human normal oral keratinocytes. The shSEMA7A cells showed decreased cellular growth by cell-cycle arrest at the G1 phase, resulting from up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (p21Cip1 and p27Kip1) and down-regulation of cyclins (cyclin D1, cyclin E) and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6); and decreased invasiveness and migration activities by reduced secretion of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) (MMP-2, proMMP-2, pro-MMP-9), and expression of membrane type 1- MMP (MT1-MMP). We also found inactivation of the extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 and AKT pathways, an upstream molecule of cell-cycle arrest at the G1 phase, and reduced secretion of MMPs in shSEMA7A cells. sq-IHC showed that SEMA7A expression in the primary OSCCs was significantly (P = 0.001) greater than that in normal counterparts and was correlated with primary tumoral size (P = 0.0254) and regional lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0002). Conclusion Our data provide evidence for an essential role of SEMA7A in tumoral growth and metastasis in OSCC and indicated that SEMA7A may play a potential diagnostic/therapeutic target for use in patients with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Saito
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260–8670, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kasamatsu
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260–8670, Japan
| | - Katsunori Ogawara
- Division of Oral Surgery and Oral Implant Center, Funabashi Central Hospital, 6-13-10 Kaijin, Funabashi, Chiba, 273–8556, Japan
| | - Isao Miyamoto
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260–8670, Japan
| | - Kengo Saito
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260–8670, Japan
| | - Manabu Iyoda
- Division of Oral Surgery, Chiba Rosai Hospital, 2–16 Tatsumidaihigashi, Ichihara, Chiba, 290–0003, Japan
| | - Takane Suzuki
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260–8670, Japan
| | - Yosuke Endo-Sakamoto
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260–8670, Japan
| | - Masashi Shiiba
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260–8670, Japan
| | - Hideki Tanzawa
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260–8670, Japan
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260–8670, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Uzawa
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260–8670, Japan
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260–8670, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Viral semaphorin inhibits dendritic cell phagocytosis and migration but is not essential for gammaherpesvirus-induced lymphoproliferation in malignant catarrhal fever. J Virol 2015; 89:3630-47. [PMID: 25589653 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03634-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Viral semaphorins are semaphorin 7A (sema7A) mimics found in pox- and herpesviruses. Among herpesviruses, semaphorins are encoded by gammaherpesviruses of the Macavirus genus only. Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) is a macavirus that persistently infects wildebeest asymptomatically but induces malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) when transmitted to several species of susceptible ruminants and the rabbit model. MCF is caused by the activation/proliferation of latently infected T lymphocytes. Viral semaphorins have been suggested to mediate immune evasion mechanisms and/or directly alter host T cell function. We studied AlHV-sema, the viral semaphorin encoded by the A3 gene of AlHV-1. Phylogenetic analyses revealed independent acquisition of pox- and herpesvirus semaphorins, suggesting that these proteins might have distinct functions. AlHV-sema showed a predicted three-dimensional structure very similar to sema7A and conserved key residues in sema7A-plexinC1 interaction. Expression analyses revealed that AlHV-sema is a secreted 93-kDa glycoprotein expressed during the early phase of virus replication. Purified AlHV-sema was able to bind to fibroblasts and dendritic cells and induce F-actin condensation and cell retraction through a plexinC1 and Rho/cofilin-dependent mechanism. Cytoskeleton rearrangement was further associated with inhibition of phagocytosis by dendritic cells and migration to the draining lymph node. Next, we generated recombinant viruses and demonstrated that the lack of A3 did not significantly affect virus growth in vitro and did not impair MCF induction and associated lymphoproliferative lesions. In conclusion, AlHV-sema has immune evasion functions through mechanisms similar to poxvirus semaphorin but is not directly involved in host T cell activation during MCF. IMPORTANCE Whereas most poxviruses encode viral semaphorins, semaphorin-like genes have only been identified in few gammaherpesviruses belonging to the Macavirus genus. Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) is a macavirus carried asymptomatically by wildebeest but induces a latency-associated lymphoproliferative disease of T lymphocytes in various ruminant species, namely, malignant catarrhal fever (MCF). Viral semaphorins have been hypothesized to have immune evasion functions and/or be involved in activating latently infected T cells. We present evidence that the viral semaphorin AlHV-sema inhibits dendritic cell phagocytosis and migration to the draining lymph node, both being indispensable mechanisms for protective antiviral responses. Next, we engineered recombinant viruses unable to express AlHV-sema and demonstrated that this protein is dispensable for the induction of MCF. In conclusion, this study suggests that herpesvirus and poxvirus semaphorins have independently evolved similar functions to thwart the immune system of the host while AlHV-sema is not directly involved in MCF-associated T-cell activation.
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Chucair-Elliott AJ, Zheng M, Carr DJJ. Degeneration and regeneration of corneal nerves in response to HSV-1 infection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:1097-107. [PMID: 25587055 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is one cause of neurotrophic keratitis, characterized by decreases in corneal sensation, blink reflex, and tear secretion as consequence of damage to the sensory fibers innervating the cornea. Our aim was to characterize changes in the corneal nerve network and its function in response to HSV-1 infection. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were infected with HSV-1 or left uninfected. Corneas were harvested at predetermined times post infection (pi) and assessed for β III tubulin, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and neurofilament H staining by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Corneal sensitivity was evaluated using a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer. Expression of genes associated with nerve repair was determined in corneas by real time RT-PCR, Western blotting, and IHC. Semaphorin 7A (SEMA 7A) neutralizing antibody or isotype control was subconjunctivally administered to infected mice. RESULTS The area of cornea occupied by β III tubulin immunoreactivity and sensitivity significantly decreased by day 8 pi. Modified reinnervation was observed by day 30 pi without recovery of corneal sensation. Sensory fibers were lost by day 8 pi and were still absent or abnormal at day 30 pi. Expression of SEMA 7A increased at day 8 pi, localizing to corneal epithelial cells. Neutralization of SEMA 7A resulted in defective reinnervation and lower corneal sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Corneal sensory nerves were lost, consistent with loss of corneal sensation at day 8 pi. At day 30 pi, the cornea reinnervated but without recovering the normal arrangement of its fibers or function. SEMA 7A expression was increased at day 8pi, likely as part of a nerve regeneration mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana J Chucair-Elliott
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Daniel J J Carr
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
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Garcia-Areas R, Libreros S, Iragavarapu-Charyulu V. Semaphorin7A: branching beyond axonal guidance and into immunity. Immunol Res 2014; 57:81-5. [PMID: 24222277 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8460-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorins are a family of proteins that were originally described for their role in axonal guidance. Studies now show that semaphorins encompass many physiological functions outside of the nervous system, including immune responses. Semaphorin7A (SEMA7A) belongs to the "immune" semaphorin group and has been shown to play a crucial role in regulating immune responses. In this review, we discuss the structure and function of SEMA7A as well as its role in innate and adaptive immunity [corrected].We further describe SEMA7A's involvement in inflammatory disease and its emergent role in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Garcia-Areas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431-0991, USA
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15
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Jacobi A, Schmalz A, Bareyre FM. Abundant expression of guidance and synaptogenic molecules in the injured spinal cord. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88449. [PMID: 24523897 PMCID: PMC3921160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal interneurons have emerged as crucial targets of supraspinal input during post-injury axonal remodelling. For example, lesioned corticospinal projections use propriospinal neurons as relay stations to form intraspinal detour circuits that circumvent the lesion site and contribute to functional recovery. While a number of the molecules that determine the formation of neuronal circuits in the developing nervous system have been identified, it is much less understood which of these cues are also expressed in the injured spinal cord and can thus guide growing collaterals and initiate synaptogenesis during circuit remodelling. Methodology/Principal Findings To address this question we characterized the expression profile of a number of guidance and synaptogenic molecules in the cervical spinal cord of healthy and spinal cord-injured mice by in situ hybridization. To assign the expression of these molecules to distinct populations of interneurons we labeled short and long propriospinal neurons by retrograde tracing and glycinergic neurons using a transgenically expressed fluorescent protein. Interestingly, we found that most of the molecules studied including members of slit-, semaphorin-, synCAM-, neuroligin- and ephrin- families as well as their receptors are also present in the adult CNS. While many of these molecules were abundantly expressed in all interneurons examined, some molecules including slits, semaphorin 7a, synCAM4 and neuroligin 1 showed preferential expression in propriospinal interneurons. Overall the expression pattern of guidance and synaptogenic molecules in the cervical spinal cord appeared to be stable over time and was not substantially altered following a midthoracic spinal cord injury. Conclusions Taken together, our study indicates that many of the guidance and synaptogenic cues that regulate neuronal circuit formation in development are also present in the adult CNS and therefore likely contribute to the remodelling of axonal connections in the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jacobi
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Schmalz
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florence M. Bareyre
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Garcia-Areas R, Libreros S, Amat S, Keating P, Carrio R, Robinson P, Blieden C, Iragavarapu-Charyulu V. Semaphorin7A promotes tumor growth and exerts a pro-angiogenic effect in macrophages of mammary tumor-bearing mice. Front Physiol 2014; 5:17. [PMID: 24550834 PMCID: PMC3914020 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins are a large family of molecules involved in axonal guidance during the development of the nervous system and have been recently shown to have both angiogenic and anti-angiogenic properties. Specifically, semaphorin 7A (SEMA7A) has been reported to have a chemotactic activity in neurogenesis and to be an immune modulator through α1β1integrins. SEMA7A has been shown to promote monocyte chemotaxis and induce them to produce proinflammatory mediators. In this study we explored the role of SEMA7A in a murine model of breast cancer. We show that SEMA7A is highly expressed by DA-3 murine mammary tumor cells in comparison to normal mammary cells (EpH4), and that peritoneal elicited macrophages from mammary tumor-bearing mice also express SEMA7A at higher levels compared to those derived from normal mice. We also show that murine macrophages treated with recombinant murine SEMA7A significantly increased their expression of proangiogenic molecule CXCL2/MIP-2. Gene silencing of SEMA7A in peritoneal elicited macrophages from DA-3 tumor-bearing mice resulted in decreased CXCL2/MIP-2 expression. Mice implanted with SEMA7A silenced tumor cells showed decreased angiogenesis in the tumors compared to the wild type tumors. Furthermore, peritoneal elicited macrophages from mice bearing SEMA7A-silenced tumors produce significantly (p < 0.01) lower levels of angiogenic proteins, such as CXCL2/MIP-2, CXCL1, and MMP-9, compared to those from control DA-3 mammary tumors. We postulate that SEMA7A in mammary carcinomas may skew monocytes into a pro-tumorigenic phenotype to support tumor growth. SEMA7A could prove to be valuable in establishing new research avenues toward unraveling important tumor-host immune interactions in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Garcia-Areas
- Tumor Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Stephania Libreros
- Tumor Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Samantha Amat
- Tumor Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Patricia Keating
- Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Roberto Carrio
- Tumor Immunology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
| | - Phillip Robinson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Clifford Blieden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
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Bartholdson SJ, Crosnier C, Bustamante LY, Rayner JC, Wright GJ. Identifying novel Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte invasion receptors using systematic extracellular protein interaction screens. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:1304-12. [PMID: 23617720 PMCID: PMC3798119 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The invasion of host erythrocytes by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum initiates the blood stage of infection responsible for the symptoms of malaria. Invasion involves extracellular protein interactions between host erythrocyte receptors and ligands on the merozoite, the invasive form of the parasite. Despite significant research effort, many merozoite surface ligands have no known erythrocyte binding partner, most likely due to the intractable biochemical nature of membrane-tethered receptor proteins and their interactions. The few receptor–ligand pairs that have been described have largely relied on sourcing erythrocytes from patients with rare blood groups, a serendipitous approach that is unsatisfactory for systematically identifying novel receptors. We have recently developed a scalable assay called AVEXIS (for AVidity-based EXtracellular Interaction Screen), designed to circumvent the technical difficulties associated with the identification of extracellular protein interactions, and applied it to identify erythrocyte receptors for orphan P. falciparum merozoite ligands. Using this approach, we have recently identified Basigin (CD147) and Semaphorin-7A (CD108) as receptors for RH5 and MTRAP respectively. In this essay, we review techniques used to identify Plasmodium receptors and discuss how they could beapplied in the future to identify novel receptors both for Plasmodium parasites but also other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Josefin Bartholdson
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
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Eixarch H, Gutiérrez-Franco A, Montalban X, Espejo C. Semaphorins 3A and 7A: potential immune and neuroregenerative targets in multiple sclerosis. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:157-64. [PMID: 23419749 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorins have been classically defined as axonal signalling cues involved in central nervous system (CNS) development, but in adults these molecules are expressed in distinct tissues and exert various functions under several physiological and pathological contexts. Semaphorins capable of modulating the immune system are particularly relevant in autoimmune diseases, especially multiple sclerosis (MS), which is a demyelinating, neurodegenerative disease. In this article, we compile recent insights into the specific roles of semaphorin (sema)3A and sema7A to clarify the details of their possible participation in the inflammatory and neurodegenerative phases of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herena Eixarch
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Ps. Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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Semaphorin7A and its receptors: pleiotropic regulators of immune cell function, bone homeostasis, and neural development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:129-38. [PMID: 23333497 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorins form a large, evolutionary conserved family of cellular guidance signals. The semaphorin family contains several secreted and transmembrane proteins, but only one GPI-anchored member, Semaphorin7A (Sema7A). Although originally identified in immune cells, as CDw108, Sema7A displays widespread expression outside the immune system. It is therefore not surprising that accumulating evidence supports roles for this protein in a wide variety of biological processes in different organ systems and in disease. Well-characterized biological effects of Sema7A include those during bone and immune cell regulation, neuron migration and neurite growth. These effects are mediated by two receptors, plexinC1 and integrins. However, most of what is known today about Sema7A signaling concerns Sema7A-integrin interactions. Here, we review our current knowledge of Sema7A function and signaling in different organ systems, highlighting commonalities between the cellular effects and signaling pathways activated by Sema7A in different cell types. Furthermore, we discuss a potential role for Sema7A in disease and provide directions for further research.
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Giacobini P, Prevot V. Semaphorins in the development, homeostasis and disease of hormone systems. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 24:190-8. [PMID: 23219659 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorin proteins are among the best-studied families of guidance cues. Initially characterized as repulsive neuronal guidance cues, during the last decade, significant progress has been made in defining their involvement in the regulation of dynamic changes in the cellular cytoskeleton during embryonic and postnatal neuronal development, under both physiological and pathological conditions. However, semaphorins are not restricted to the nervous system but widely expressed in other tissues, where they play key roles in angiogenesis and organogenesis. In recent years, there has been an increasing emphasis on the potential influence of semaphorins on the development and homeostasis of hormone systems, and conversely, how circulating reproductive hormones regulate semaphorin expression. In this review, we summarize recent studies analyzing the contribution of semaphorin signaling to the morphogenesis, differentiation and plasticity of fundamental neuroendocrine and endocrine systems that regulate key physiological processes, such as reproduction, bone formation and the control of energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Giacobini
- Inserm, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Development and Plasticity of the Postnatal Brain, Unit 837, France.
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Kang S, Kumanogoh A. Semaphorins in bone development, homeostasis, and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 24:163-71. [PMID: 23022498 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Semaphorins were originally identified as axon guidance cues in the development of the nervous system. In recent years, numerous studies have determined that they are also involved in organogenesis, vascularization/angiogenesis, oncogenesis, and immune responses. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the diverse functions of semaphorins and their receptors have been identified. Recently, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the roles of semaphorins in bone remodeling, particularly the regulation of osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation and migration. Moreover, dysregulated semaphorin expression causes severe bone diseases, including osteoporosis and osteopetrosis. This review focuses on advanced findings on the role of semaphorins/receptors and their intracellular signaling in the regulation of bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Kang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Sultana H, Neelakanta G, Foellmer HG, Montgomery RR, Anderson JF, Koski RA, Medzhitov RM, Fikrig E. Semaphorin 7A contributes to West Nile virus pathogenesis through TGF-β1/Smad6 signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3150-8. [PMID: 22896629 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorin 7A (Sema7A) is a membrane-associated/secreted protein that plays an essential role in connecting the vertebrate neuronal and immune systems. However, the role of Sema7A has not been elucidated in viral pathogenesis. In this study, we show that abrogation of Sema7A protects mice from lethal West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Mice lacking Sema7A showed increased survival, reduced viral burden, and less blood-brain barrier permeability upon WNV infection. Increased Sema7A levels were evident in murine tissues, as well as in murine cortical neurons and primary human macrophages upon WNV infection. Treatment with Sema7A Ab blocked WNV infection in both of these cell types. Furthermore, Sema7A positively regulates the production of TGF-β1 and Smad6 to facilitate WNV pathogenesis in mice. Collectively, these data elucidate the role of Sema7A in shared signaling pathways used by the immune and nervous systems during viral pathogenesis that may lead to the development of Sema7A-blocking therapies for WNV and possibly other flaviviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hameeda Sultana
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Gras C, Eiz-Vesper B, Seltsam A, Immenschuh S, Blasczyk R, Figueiredo C. Semaphorin 7A protein variants differentially regulate T-cell activity. Transfusion 2012; 53:270-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03812.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Ko JA, Mizuno Y, Shibasaki M, Yamane K, Chikama TI, Sonoda KH, Kiuchi Y. Differential expression of semaphorin 3A and its receptors during mouse retinal development. Cell Biochem Funct 2012; 30:563-8. [PMID: 22505034 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorins not only function in axon guidance during development but also contribute to various other biological processes. We have now examined the expression of semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) and its receptor components neuropilin 1 (Npn1) and plexin A (PlxA) during development of the mouse retina. Immunohistofluorescence analysis revealed that the expression patterns of Sema3A and Npn1 were similar during embryonic and postnatal development. The expression pattern of PlxA was also similar to those of Sema3A and Npn1 during embryonic and early postnatal (before eye opening) developments. However, the pattern of PlxA expression changed markedly after eye opening, with the expression disappearing from the optic nerve and increasing in intensity in the retinal pigment epithelium. Immunoprecipitation analysis showed that Sema3A interacted with PlxA in the retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE19 but not in the retinal ganglion cell line RGC5, whereas the opposite pattern of association was apparent for Sema3A and Npn1. Given that atmospheric oxygen is thought to play a role in the differentiation and maintenance of various ocular cell types, our results suggest that Sema3A-PlxA signalling activated by an effect of ambient oxygen on PlxA expression may contribute to differentiation of the retinal pigment epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ae Ko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Ghanem RC, Han KY, Rojas J, Ozturk O, Kim DJ, Jain S, Chang JH, Azar DT. Semaphorin 7A promotes angiogenesis in an experimental corneal neovascularization model. Curr Eye Res 2012; 36:989-96. [PMID: 21999225 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2011.593730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the involvement of Semaphorin 7A (Sema7a) in corneal neovascularization (NV). METHODS We generated anti-Sema7A antibodies to detect protein expression in corneal fibroblasts. Corneal fibroblast cells were cultured, stimulated with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF or FGF-2), immunostained with anti-Sema7A antibodies, and visualized by confocal microscopy. bFGF pellets were implanted in mouse corneal micropockets for 3-10 days, and corneal sections were immunostained with anti-Sema7A antibodies. Mouse corneas were injected with a Sema7A expression vector or a control vector for 3, 7, and 10 days. Mouse corneas were imaged by slit lamp microscopy, and areas of corneal NV were calculated using the ImageJ program. Mouse corneal sections were also immunostained with anti-macrophage marker (F4/80) and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A antibodies. RESULTS Our data showed enhanced Sema7A expression levels in bFGF-stimulated cultured corneal fibroblasts. bFGF corneal implantation also demonstrated enhanced Sema7A expression. Corneas injected with a Sema7A expression vector showed evidence of significant corneal NV compared to controls on day 10 (1.8 mm(2) vs. 0.11 mm(2); p < 0.02). Additionally, immunolocalization of Sema7A expression vector-injected corneas (at day 7) revealed macrophage recruitment and enhanced VEGF-A levels. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that Sema7A was expressed in vascularized corneas and showed pro-angiogenic properties in our corneal model. Understanding the mechanism of Sema7A in angiogenesis may provide a therapeutic target for the treatment of corneal angiogenesis-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon C Ghanem
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
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Kang S, Okuno T, Takegahara N, Takamatsu H, Nojima S, Kimura T, Yoshida Y, Ito D, Ohmae S, You DJ, Toyofuku T, Jang MH, Kumanogoh A. Intestinal epithelial cell-derived semaphorin 7A negatively regulates development of colitis via αvβ1 integrin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:1108-16. [PMID: 22198947 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal immune system is constantly challenged by commensal bacteria; therefore, it must maintain quiescence via several regulatory mechanisms. Although intestinal macrophages (Ms) have been implicated in repression of excessive inflammation, it remains unclear how their functions are regulated during inflammation. In this study, we report that semaphorin 7A (Sema7A), a GPI-anchored semaphorin expressed in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), induces IL-10 production by intestinal Mϕs to regulate intestinal inflammation. Sema7A-deficient mice showed severe signs of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis due to reduced intestinal IL-10 levels. We further identified CX3CR1(+)MHC class II(int)F4/80(hi)CD11b(hi) Mϕs as the main producers of IL-10 via αvβ1 integrin in response to Sema7A. Notably, Sema7A was predominantly expressed on the basolateral side of IECs, and its expression pattern was responsible for protective effects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis and IL-10 production by Mϕs during interactions between IECs and Mϕs. Furthermore, we determined that the administration of recombinant Sema7A proteins ameliorated the severity of colitis, and these effects were diminished by IL-10-blocking Abs. Therefore, our findings not only indicate that Sema7A plays crucial roles in suppressing intestinal inflammation through αvβ1 integrin, but also provide a novel mode of IL-10 induction via interactions between IECs and Mϕs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Kang
- Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Research Center, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Messina A, Ferraris N, Wray S, Cagnoni G, Donohue DE, Casoni F, Kramer PR, Derijck AA, Adolfs Y, Fasolo A, Pasterkamp RJ, Giacobini P. Dysregulation of Semaphorin7A/β1-integrin signaling leads to defective GnRH-1 cell migration, abnormal gonadal development and altered fertility. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:4759-74. [PMID: 21903667 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction in mammals is dependent on the function of specific neurons that secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1 (GnRH-1). These neurons originate prenatally in the nasal placode and migrate into the forebrain along the olfactory-vomeronasal nerves. Alterations in this migratory process lead to defective GnRH-1 secretion, resulting in heterogeneous genetic disorders such as idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH), and other reproductive diseases characterized by the reduction or failure of sexual competence. Combining mouse genetics with in vitro models, we demonstrate that Semaphorin 7A (Sema7A) is essential for the development of the GnRH-1 neuronal system. Loss of Sema7A signaling alters the migration of GnRH-1 neurons, resulting in significantly reduced numbers of these neurons in the adult brain as well as in reduced gonadal size and subfertility. We also show that GnRH-1 cells differentially express the Sema7 receptors β1-integrin and Plexin C1 as a function of their migratory stage, whereas the ligand is robustly expressed along developing olfactory/vomeronasal fibers. Disruption of Sema7A function in vitro inhibits β1-integrin-mediated migration. Analysis of Plexin C1(-/-) mice did not reveal any difference in the migratory process of GnRH-1 neurons, indicating that Sema7A mainly signals through β1-integrin to regulate GnRH-1 cell motility. In conclusion, we have identified Sema7A as a gene implicated in the normal development of the GnRH-1 system in mice and as a genetic marker for the elucidation of some forms of GnRH-1 deficiency in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Messina
- Department of Human and Animal Biology, University of Turin, Turin 10123, Italy
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Fukunishi A, Maruyama T, Zhao H, Tiwari M, Kang S, Kumanogoh A, Yamamoto N. The action of Semaphorin7A on thalamocortical axon branching. J Neurochem 2011; 118:1008-15. [PMID: 21781117 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Developing axons form extensive branches to make synaptic contacts with their target cells. Despite the important role of axon branching in neural circuit formation, its underlying molecular mechanism is still largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the involvement of Semaphorin7A (Sema7A) in thalamocortical (TC) axon branching. In situ hybridization demonstrated that sema7a was expressed specifically in layer 4, the TC recipient layer, when TC axons form extensive arbors. A similar protein expression pattern was observed by immunohistochemistry with an anti-Sema7A antibody. The effect of Sema7A on axon branching was investigated in dissociated cell cultures from embryonic rat thalamus. TC axon branching increased dramatically on Sema7A-coated dishes. We further studied the activity of Sema7A in vivo using loss- and gain-of-function analyses. The number of vesicular glutamate transporter 2-positive puncta was markedly reduced in the Sema7A-deficient cortex. In contrast, their number increased significantly when Sema7A was over-expressed in layer 4 cells by in utero electroporation. Taken together, these findings suggest that Sema7A acts as a positive regulator for TC axon branching and/or pre-synaptic puncta formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Fukunishi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Kopp MA, Brommer B, Gatzemeier N, Schwab JM, Prüss H. Spinal cord injury induces differential expression of the profibrotic semaphorin 7A in the developing and mature glial scar. Glia 2011; 58:1748-56. [PMID: 20645410 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Semaphorin 7A (Sema7A) is involved in the formation of the central nervous system during development by operating axon guidance and neuronal migration. We investigated the expression of the TGFβ-inducible Sema7A following spinal cord injury (SCI). After SCI, Sema7A(+) cells accumulated specifically in lesion areas resulting in significantly enhanced Sema7A expression at the injury site (P < 0.0001). During the first days lesional Sema7A expression was confined to neurons, ballooned neurite fibers/retraction bulbs, and endothelial cells. At day 7, we observed Sema7A expression by components of the glial scar, such as reactive astrocytes and pronounced extracellular Sema7A deposition. In the direct perilesional rim, Sema7A(+) astrocytes coexpressed the activation-associated intermediate filament vimentin. In the injured spinal cord, numbers of Sema7A(+) cells reached maximum levels at day 14. The restricted accumulation of Sema7A(+) reactive astrocytes and Sema7A deposition in fibronectin(+) extracellular matrix territories suggests a participation of the fibrostimulatory Sema7A in the developing and maturating scar following SCI. In addition, Sema7A appears to be marker a for astrocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A Kopp
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Spinal Cord Injury Research, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
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Liu H, Juo ZS, Hye-Ryong Shim A, Focia PJ, Chen X, Garcia KC, He X. Structural basis of semaphorin-plexin recognition and viral mimicry from Sema7A and A39R complexes with PlexinC1. Cell 2010; 142:749-61. [PMID: 20727575 PMCID: PMC2936782 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Repulsive signaling by Semaphorins and Plexins is crucial for the development and homeostasis of the nervous, immune, and cardiovascular systems. Sema7A acts as both an immune and a neural Semaphorin through PlexinC1, and A39R is a Sema7A mimic secreted by smallpox virus. We report the structures of Sema7A and A39R complexed with the Semaphorin-binding module of PlexinC1. Both structures show two PlexinC1 molecules symmetrically bridged by Semaphorin dimers, in which the Semaphorin and PlexinC1 beta propellers interact in an edge-on, orthogonal orientation. Both binding interfaces are dominated by the insertion of the Semaphorin's 4c-4d loop into a deep groove in blade 3 of the PlexinC1 propeller. A39R appears to achieve Sema7A mimicry by preserving key Plexin-binding determinants seen in the mammalian Sema7A complex that have evolved to achieve higher affinity binding to the host-derived PlexinC1. The complex structures support a conserved Semaphorin-Plexin recognition mode and suggest that Plexins are activated by dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Liu
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Biological Chemistry, Searle 8-417, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Z. Sean Juo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman B171B, 279 Campus Dr, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ann Hye-Ryong Shim
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Biological Chemistry, Searle 8-417, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Pamela J. Focia
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Biological Chemistry, Searle 8-417, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Biological Chemistry, Searle 8-417, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - K. Christopher Garcia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman B171B, 279 Campus Dr, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Xiaolin He
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Biological Chemistry, Searle 8-417, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Abstract
Gene expression profiling of peripheral blood cells can provide dynamic information regarding the host response to immune-mediated disorders. AlloMap molecular expression testing from XDx monitors the expression of 20 genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to discriminate cardiac allograft recipients of 15 years or greater who are at low risk for acute cellular rejection (ACR). The AlloMap test classifier is based on the expression level of 11 genes, encoding proteins with diverse functions, which are differentially expressed in stable patients with moderate to severe ACR compared to patients without ACR. The nine other test genes are used for normalizing gene expression levels and assuring sample quality. In this work we review the development processes leading to the selection of the 11 informative genes and the derivation of the AlloMap test classifier, and discuss the relationship of peripheral blood gene expression with diverse pathways associated with ACR, including T-cell priming, platelet activation, systemic responses to allograft inflammation, and the overall state of immunosuppression.
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Ji JD, Ivashkiv LB. Roles of semaphorins in the immune and hematopoietic system. Rheumatol Int 2009; 29:727-34. [PMID: 19139899 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-009-0852-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorins were originally discovered in the nervous system, and have been implicated in repulsive axon guidance during the development of nervous system. Semaphorins are also implicated in tumor progression, by affecting adhesion, migration of malignant cells and angiogenesis, and are involved in normal cardiovascular development. Recently, several semaphorins and their receptors are expressed in a variety of lymphoid and myeloid cells, and affect immune cell functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation, chemotaxis, and cytokine production. This review focuses on recent work on the functions of semaphorins in the immune system and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Dae Ji
- Division of Rheumatology, College of Medicine, Korea University, 126-1, Anam-Dong 5-Ga, Sungbuk-Ku, Seoul, 136-705, South Korea.
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Abstract
The thalamocortical (TC) projection in the mammalian brain involves fundamental aspects in branch formation during development. TC axons are known to form branches not only in a genetically defined but also in an activity-dependent fashion. Recent evidence indicates that TC axon branching is generated by positive and negative regulators that are expressed with laminar specificity in the developing cortex. Moreover, in vitro studies using organotypic cocultures demonstrate that neural activity, including firing and synaptic activity, controls lamina-specific TC axon branching by altering its remodeling process with addition and elimination. Taken together, activity-dependent mechanisms can contribute to branch formation, affecting expression of branch-promoting and inhibiting factors and/or their receptor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Hayano
- Neuroscience Laboratories, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Maruyama T, Matsuura M, Suzuki K, Yamamoto N. Cooperative activity of multiple upper layer proteins for thalamocortical axon growth. Dev Neurobiol 2008; 68:317-31. [PMID: 18044734 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
During development, sensory thalamocortical (TC) axons grow into the neocortex and terminate primarily in layer 4. To study the molecular mechanism that underlies lamina-specific TC axon termination, we investigated the responsiveness of TC axons to ephrin-A5, semaphorin-7A (Sema7A) and kit ligand (KL), which are expressed in the upper layers of the developing cortex. Dissociated cells of the dorsal thalamus from embryonic rat brain were cultured on dishes that were coated with preclustered Fc-tagged extracellular domains of these molecules. Each protein was found to promote TC axon growth in a dose-dependent fashion of a bell-shaped curve. Any combination of the three proteins showed a cooperative effect in lower concentrations but not in higher concentrations, suggesting that their growth-promoting activities act in a common pathway. The effect of spatial distributions of these proteins was further tested on a filter membrane, in which these proteins were printed at a size that recapitulates the scale of laminar thickness in vivo, using a novel protein-printing technique, Simple-To-mAke Micropore Protein-Printing (STAMP2) method. The results demonstrated that TC axons grew massively on the laminin-coated region but were prevented from invading the adjacent ephrin-A5-printed region, suggesting that TC axons detect relative differences in the growth effect between these regions. Moreover, the inhibitory action of ephrin-A5 was enhanced by copresence with KL and Sema7A. Together, these results suggest that the lamina-specific TC axon targeting mechanism involves growth-inhibitory activity by multiple molecules in the upper layers and detection in the molecular environments between the upper and deep layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Maruyama
- Neuroscience Laboratories, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Pasterkamp RJ, Kolk SM, Hellemons AJCGM, Kolodkin AL. Expression patterns of semaphorin7A and plexinC1 during rat neural development suggest roles in axon guidance and neuronal migration. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2007; 7:98. [PMID: 17727705 PMCID: PMC2008261 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-7-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Although originally identified as embryonic axon guidance cues, semaphorins are now known to regulate multiple, distinct, processes crucial for neuronal network formation including axon growth and branching, dendritic morphology, and neuronal migration. Semaphorin7A (Sema7A), the only glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored semaphorin, promotes axon growth in vitro and is required for the proper growth of the mouse lateral olfactory tract in vivo. Sema7A has been postulated to signal through two unrelated receptors, an RGD-dependent α1β1-integrin and a member of the plexin family, plexinC1. β1-integrins underlie Sema7A-mediated axon growth and Sema7A function in the immune system. Sema7A-plexinC1 interactions have also been implicated in immune system function, but the neuronal role of this ligand-receptor pair remains to be explored. To gain further insight into the function(s) of Sema7A and plexinC1 during neural development, we present here a detailed analysis of Sema7A and plexinC1 expression in the developing rat nervous system. Results In situ hybridization revealed select expression of Sema7A and plexinC1 in multiple neuronal systems including: the olfactory system, the hypothalamo-hypophysial system, the hippocampus, the meso-diencephalic dopamine system, and the spinal cord. Within these systems, Sema7A and plexinC1 are often expressed in specific neuronal subsets. In general, Sema7A transcript levels increase significantly towards adulthood, whereas plexinC1 expression decreases as development proceeds. PlexinC1, but not Sema7A, is strongly expressed by distinct populations of migrating neurons. In addition to neuronal expression, Sema7A and plexinC1 transcripts were detected in oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells, respectively. Conclusion Sema7A and plexinC1 expression patterns are consistent with these proteins serving both cooperative and separate functions during neural development. The prominent expression of plexinC1 in several distinct populations of migrating neurons suggests a novel role for this plexin family member in neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1001 PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Anatomy, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sharon M Kolk
- Department of Pharmacology and Anatomy, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anita JCGM Hellemons
- Department of Pharmacology and Anatomy, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alex L Kolodkin
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1001 PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Scott GA, McClelland LA, Fricke AF. Semaphorin 7a promotes spreading and dendricity in human melanocytes through beta1-integrins. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 128:151-61. [PMID: 17671519 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Described as secreted and membrane-bound proteins important for neural pathfinding, the class of proteins called Semaphorins are expressed in multiple tissue types and are involved in diverse biologic processes. In this study, we describe the function of Semaphorin 7a, a membrane-bound Semaphorin known to stimulate neurite outgrowth, on human melanocytes. We show that Semaphorin 7a is expressed by human keratinocytes and fibroblasts in vitro and in vivo and that melanocytes express Plexin C1, a receptor for Semaphorin 7a. Upregulation of Semaphorin 7a was observed in fibroblasts treated with UV irradiation, a potent stimulus for melanocyte dendricity. Because of the importance of melanocyte dendrites in cutaneous photoprotection, we performed functional studies examining the effect of Semaphorin 7a in melanocyte dendrite formation. We also examined the contribution of beta1-integrin and Plexin C1 receptor signaling in mediating effects of Semaphorin 7a in melanocytes. We show that Semaphorin 7a induces significant melanocyte spreading and dendricity in human melanocytes. Furthermore, we show that beta1-integrins and Plexin C1 receptors are ligands for Semaphorin 7a, and that signaling by these receptors has opposing effects on Semaphorin 7a-induced dendrite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glynis A Scott
- Department of Dermatology and Pathology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14618, USA.
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Mann F, Chauvet S, Rougon G. Semaphorins in development and adult brain: Implication for neurological diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2007; 82:57-79. [PMID: 17537564 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
As a group, Semaphorins are expressed in most tissues and this distribution varies considerably with age. Semaphorins are dynamically expressed during embryonic development and their expression is often associated with growing axons. This expression decreases with maturity and several observations support the idea that in adult brain the expression of secreted Semaphorins is sensitive to electrical activity and experience. The functional role of Semaphorins in guiding axonal projections is well established and more recent evidence points to additional roles in the development, function and reorganization of synaptic complexes. Semaphorins exert the majority of their effects by binding to cognate receptor proteins through their extracellular domains. A common theme is that Semaphorin-triggered signalling induces the rearrangement of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. Mutations in Semaphorin genes are linked to several human diseases associated with neurological changes, but their actual influence in the pathogenesis of these diseases remains to be demonstrated. In addition, Semaphorins and their receptors are likely to mediate cross-talk between neurons and other cell types, including in pathological situations where their influence can be damaging or favourable depending on the context. We discuss how the manipulation of Semaphorin function might be crucial for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Mann
- CNRS UMR 6216, Université de la Méditerranée, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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Kang HR, Lee CG, Homer RJ, Elias JA. Semaphorin 7A plays a critical role in TGF-beta1-induced pulmonary fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:1083-93. [PMID: 17485510 PMCID: PMC2118575 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorin (SEMA) 7A regulates neuronal and immune function. In these studies, we tested the hypothesis that SEMA 7A is also a critical regulator of tissue remodeling. These studies demonstrate that SEMA 7A and its receptors, plexin C1 and β1 integrins, are stimulated by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in the murine lung. They also demonstrate that SEMA 7A plays a critical role in TGF-β1–induced fibrosis, myofibroblast hyperplasia, alveolar remodeling, and apoptosis. TGF-β1 stimulated SEMA 7A via a largely Smad 3–independent mechanism and stimulated SEMA 7A receptors, matrix proteins, CCN proteins, fibroblast growth factor 2, interleukin 13 receptor components, proteases, antiprotease, and apoptosis regulators via Smad 2/3–independent and SEMA 7A–dependent mechanisms. SEMA 7A also played an important role in the pathogenesis of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. TGF-β1 and bleomycin also activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (PKB)/AKT via SEMA 7A–dependent mechanisms, and PKB/AKT inhibition diminished TGF-β1–induced fibrosis. These observations demonstrate that SEMA 7A and its receptors are induced by TGF-β1 and that SEMA 7A plays a central role in a PI3K/PKB/AKT-dependent pathway that contributes to TGF-β1–induced fibrosis and remodeling. They also demonstrate that the effects of SEMA 7A are not specific for transgenic TGF-β1, highlighting the importance of these findings for other fibrotic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ryun Kang
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and 2Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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Pasterkamp RJ, Verhaagen J. Semaphorins in axon regeneration: developmental guidance molecules gone wrong? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2007; 361:1499-511. [PMID: 16939971 PMCID: PMC1664670 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins are developmental axon guidance cues that continue to be expressed during adulthood and are regulated by neural injury. During the formation of the nervous system, repulsive semaphorins guide axons to their targets by restricting and channelling their growth. They affect the growth cone cytoskeleton through interactions with receptor complexes that are linked to a complicated intracellular signal transduction network. Following injury, regenerating axons stop growing when they reach the border of the glial-fibrotic scar, in part because they encounter a potent molecular barrier that inhibits growth cone extension. A number of secreted semaphorins are expressed in the glial-fibrotic scar and at least one transmembrane semaphorin is upregulated in oligodendrocytes surrounding the lesion site. Semaphorin receptors, and many of the signal transduction components required for semaphorin signalling, are present in injured central nervous system neurons. Here, we review evidence that supports a critical role for semaphorin signalling in axon regeneration, and highlight a number of challenges that lie ahead with respect to advancing our understanding of semaphorin function in the normal and injured adult nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Pharmacology and Anatomy, Rudolf Magnus Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Authors for correspondence () ()
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceMeibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Authors for correspondence () ()
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Suzuki K, Okuno T, Yamamoto M, Pasterkamp RJ, Takegahara N, Takamatsu H, Kitao T, Takagi J, Rennert PD, Kolodkin AL, Kumanogoh A, Kikutani H. Semaphorin 7A initiates T-cell-mediated inflammatory responses through alpha1beta1 integrin. Nature 2007; 446:680-4. [PMID: 17377534 DOI: 10.1038/nature05652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorins are axon guidance factors that assist growing axons in finding appropriate targets and forming synapses. Emerging evidence suggests that semaphorins are involved not only in embryonic development but also in immune responses. Semaphorin 7A (Sema7A; also known as CD108), which is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored semaphorin, promotes axon outgrowth through beta1-integrin receptors and contributes to the formation of the lateral olfactory tract. Although Sema7A has been shown to stimulate human monocytes, its function as a negative regulator of T-cell responses has also been reported. Thus, the precise function of Sema7A in the immune system remains unclear. Here we show that Sema7A, which is expressed on activated T cells, stimulates cytokine production in monocytes and macrophages through alpha1beta1 integrin (also known as very late antigen-1) as a component of the immunological synapse, and is critical for the effector phase of the inflammatory immune response. Sema7A-deficient (Sema7a-/-) mice are defective in cell-mediated immune responses such as contact hypersensitivity and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Although antigen-specific and cytokine-producing effector T cells can develop and migrate into antigen-challenged sites in Sema7a-/- mice, Sema7a-/- T cells fail to induce contact hypersensitivity even when directly injected into the antigen-challenged sites. Thus, the interaction between Sema7A and alpha1beta1 integrin is crucial at the site of inflammation. These findings not only identify a function of Sema7A as an effector molecule in T-cell-mediated inflammation, but also reveal a mechanism of integrin-mediated immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Immunology and CREST program of JST, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Seltsam A, Strigens S, Levene C, Yahalom V, Moulds M, Moulds JJ, Hustinx H, Weisbach V, Figueroa D, Bade-Doeding C, DeLuca DS, Blasczyk R. The molecular diversity of Sema7A, the semaphorin that carries the JMH blood group antigens. Transfusion 2007; 47:133-46. [PMID: 17207242 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semaphorin 7A (Sema7A), the protein that carries the JMH blood group antigen, is involved in immune responses and plays an important role in axon growth and guidance. Because previous serologic studies on red blood cells (RBCs) suggested a considerable diversity of Sema7A, the present study was designed to elucidate the complex picture of the molecular diversity of this protein. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The JMH antigen status was determined by serology, flow cytometry, and Western blot. Genomic and transcript analysis of SEMA7A was performed by nucleotide sequencing. Recombinant Sema7A proteins were used for genotype-phenotype correlation. A three-dimensional model of Sema7A was generated for topologic analyses. RESULTS Our studies on 44 individuals with unusual JMH phenotypes and their family members revealed that aberrant Sema7A expression can be an inherited or an acquired phenomenon and is based on reduced surface expression or qualitative changes in Sema7A. These different phenotypes are caused by variations of the SEMA7A gene or seem to be generated by autoimmune-related or RBC lineage-specific mechanisms. The variant JMH phenotypes were related to the presence of missense mutations in SEMA7A, predicting amino acid changes in the semaphorin domain of Sema7A. Sequence analysis of the variant SEMA7A alleles revealed mutations affecting codons 207 and 460/461. Topologic analyses showed that Sema7A polymorphisms were prominently located on the top and bottom of the semaphorin domain, suggesting a functional relevance of these sites. CONCLUSION These findings provide a basis with which to delineate the various ligand-binding surfaces of Sema7A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Seltsam
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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Abstract
The semaphorin family consists of soluble and membrane-bound proteins originally identified as axonal guidance cues functioning during neuronal development. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that semaphorins play diverse roles in organogenesis, vascular growth, and tumor progression. In addition, emerging evidence indicates that several semaphorins, called "immune semaphorins," play crucial roles also during immune responses. Extensive studies on the immune semaphorins have revealed not only parallels but also differences in the semaphorin functions between the immune and nervous systems, providing unexpected but meaningful insights into the biological activities of these molecules. This chapter focuses on our current understanding of the roles of semaphorins and their receptors in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Kikutani
- Department of Molecular Immunology and CREST Program of JST, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
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Czopik AK, Bynoe MS, Palm N, Raine CS, Medzhitov R. Semaphorin 7A is a negative regulator of T cell responses. Immunity 2006; 24:591-600. [PMID: 16713976 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorins play an essential role in axonal guidance, and emerging evidence points to diverse functions of several Semaphorin family members in the immune system. Semaphorin 7A (Sema7A) promotes axonal growth in the central nervous system. Here, we show that Sema7A also plays a critical role in negative regulation of T cell activation and function. T cells deficient in Sema7A exhibit enhanced homeostatic and antigen-induced proliferative response. Moreover, autoreactive Sema7A-deficient T cells mediate aggressive autoimmune disease. The deficiency in Sema7A leads to defective TCR downmodulation and T cell hyperresponsiveness. These results demonstrate an important role of Sema7A in limiting autoimmune responses and add to growing evidence of shared signaling pathways used by the immune and nervous systems.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Autoimmunity
- Blotting, Western
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Flow Cytometry
- GPI-Linked Proteins
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/pathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Semaphorins/immunology
- Semaphorins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka K Czopik
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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45
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Niclou SP, Ehlert EME, Verhaagen J. Chemorepellent axon guidance molecules in spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2006; 23:409-21. [PMID: 16629626 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2006.23.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating axons stop growing when they reach the border of the glial-fibrotic scar, presumably because they encounter a potent molecular barrier inhibiting growth cone advance. Chemorepulsive axon guidance molecules provide a non-permissive environment restricting and channeling axon growth in the developing nervous system. These molecules could also act as growth-inhibitory molecules in the regenerating nervous system. The receptors for repulsive guidance cues are expressed in the mature nervous system, suggesting that adult neurons are sensitive to the activity of developmentally active repulsive proteins. In this review, we summarize recent observations on semaphorins, ephrins, and slits in the injured brain and spinal cord, providing evidence that these proteins are major players in inhibiting axonal regeneration and establishing the glial-fibrotic scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone P Niclou
- Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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46
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Abstract
Semaphorins are secreted, transmembrane, and GPI-linked proteins, defined by cysteine-rich semaphorin protein domains, that have important roles in a variety of tissues. Humans have 20 semaphorins, Drosophila has five, and two are known from DNA viruses; semaphorins are also found in nematodes and crustaceans but not in non-animals. They are grouped into eight classes on the basis of phylogenetic tree analyses and the presence of additional protein motifs. The expression of semaphorins has been described most fully in the nervous system, but they are also present in most, or perhaps all, other tissues. Functionally, semaphorins were initially characterized for their importance in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. More recently, they have been found to be important for the formation and functioning of the cardiovascular, endocrine, gastrointestinal, hepatic, immune, musculoskeletal, renal, reproductive, and respiratory systems. A common theme in the mechanisms of semaphorin function is that they alter the cytoskeleton and the organization of actin filaments and the microtubule network. These effects occur primarily through binding of semaphorins to their receptors, although transmembrane semaphorins also serve as receptors themselves. The best characterized receptors for mediating semaphorin signaling are members of the neuropilin and plexin families of transmembrane proteins. Plexins, in particular, are thought to control many of the functional effects of semaphorins; the molecular mechanisms of semaphorin signaling are still poorly understood, however. Given the importance of semaphorins in a wide range of functions, including neural connectivity, angiogenesis, immunoregulation, and cancer, much remains to be learned about these proteins and their roles in pathology and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Yazdani
- Center for Basic Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, NA4.301/5323 Harry Hines Blvd, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jonathan R Terman
- Center for Basic Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, NA4.301/5323 Harry Hines Blvd, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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47
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Takegahara N, Kumanogoh A, Kikutani H. Semaphorins: a new class of immunoregulatory molecules. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2006; 360:1673-80. [PMID: 16147531 PMCID: PMC1569539 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2005.1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune and nervous systems play distinct roles in maintaining physiological homeostasis. Recent data indicates that these systems influence one another and share many proteins and pathways that are essential for their normal function and development. Molecules originally shown to be critical for the development of proper immune responses have recently been found to function in the nervous system. Conversely, neuronal guidance cues can modulate immune functions. Although semaphorins were originally identified as axon guidance factors active during neuronal development, several recent studies have identified indispensable functions for these molecules in the immune system. This review provides an overview of the rapidly emerging functions of semaphorins and their receptors in the immune system.
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Koh JM, Oh B, Lee JY, Lee JK, Kimm K, Kim GS, Park BL, Cheong HS, Shin HD, Hong JM, Kim TH, Park EK, Kim SY. Association study of semaphorin 7a (sema7a) polymorphisms with bone mineral density and fracture risk in postmenopausal Korean women. J Hum Genet 2005; 51:112-117. [PMID: 16372136 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-005-0331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone mineral density (BMD), the major factor determining bone strength, is closely related to osteoporotic fracture risk and is determined largely by multiple genetic factors. Semaphorin 7a (SEMA7A), a recently described member of the semaphorin family, has been shown to play a critical role in the activation of monocyte/macrophages that share progenitors with bone-resorbing osteoclasts and thus might contribute to osteoclast development. In the present study, we directly sequenced the SEMA7A gene in 24 Korean individuals, and identified 15 sequence variants. Five polymorphisms (+15667G > A, +15775C > G, +16285C > T, +19317C > T, +22331A > G) were selected and genotyped in postmenopausal Korean women (n = 560) together with measurement of the areal BMD (g/cm2) of the anterior-posterior lumbar spine and the non-dominant proximal femur using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We found that polymorphisms of the SEMA7A gene were associated with the BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral neck. SEMA7A + 15775C > G and SEMA7A+22331A > G were associated with low BMD of the femoral neck (P = 0.02) and lumbar spine (P = 0.04) in a recessive model. SEMA7A-ht4 also showed an association with risk of vertebral fracture (OR = 1.87-1.93, P = 0.02-0.03). Our results suggest that variations in SEMA7A may play a role in decreased BMD and risk of vertebral fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Koh
- Skeletal Diseases Genome Research Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 44-2, Samduk 2-ga, Jung-gu, 700-412, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 138-736, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bermseok Oh
- National Genome Research Institute, National Institute of Health, 5 Nokbun-Dong, Eunpyung-Ku, 122-701, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Yong Lee
- National Genome Research Institute, National Institute of Health, 5 Nokbun-Dong, Eunpyung-Ku, 122-701, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Keuk Lee
- National Genome Research Institute, National Institute of Health, 5 Nokbun-Dong, Eunpyung-Ku, 122-701, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kuchan Kimm
- National Genome Research Institute, National Institute of Health, 5 Nokbun-Dong, Eunpyung-Ku, 122-701, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ghi Su Kim
- Skeletal Diseases Genome Research Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 44-2, Samduk 2-ga, Jung-gu, 700-412, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 138-736, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Lae Park
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, 11th Floor, Maehun B/D, 13 Chongro 4 Ga, Chongro Gu, 110-834, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sub Cheong
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, 11th Floor, Maehun B/D, 13 Chongro 4 Ga, Chongro Gu, 110-834, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Doo Shin
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, 11th Floor, Maehun B/D, 13 Chongro 4 Ga, Chongro Gu, 110-834, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Hong
- Skeletal Diseases Genome Research Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 44-2, Samduk 2-ga, Jung-gu, 700-412, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Kim
- Skeletal Diseases Genome Research Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 44-2, Samduk 2-ga, Jung-gu, 700-412, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Kyun Park
- Skeletal Diseases Genome Research Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 44-2, Samduk 2-ga, Jung-gu, 700-412, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shin-Yoon Kim
- Skeletal Diseases Genome Research Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 44-2, Samduk 2-ga, Jung-gu, 700-412, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 50 Samduk 2-ga, Jung-gu, 700-712, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Chédotal A, Kerjan G, Moreau-Fauvarque C. The brain within the tumor: new roles for axon guidance molecules in cancers. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12:1044-56. [PMID: 16015381 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Slits, semaphorins and netrins are three families of proteins that can attract or repel growing axons and migrating neurons in the developing nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates. Recent studies have shown that they are widely expressed outside the nervous system and that they may play important roles in cancers. Several of the genes encoding these proteins are localized on chromosomal region associated with frequent loss-of-heterozygosity in tumors and cancer cell lines and there is also significant hypermethylation of their promoter suggesting that they may act as tumor suppressors. In addition, proteins in all these families and their receptors appear to control the vascularization of the tumors. Last, many axon guidance molecules also regulate cell migration and apoptosis in normal and tumorigenic tissues. Overall, this suggests that molecules that could mimick or block the activity of axon guidance molecules may be used as therapeutic agents for the treatment of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chédotal
- CNRS UMR7102, Equipe Développement Neuronal, Université Paris 6, Batiment B, Case 12, 9 Quai Saint-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.
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50
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Delorme G, Saltel F, Bonnelye E, Jurdic P, Machuca-Gayet I. Expression and function of semaphorin 7A in bone cells. Biol Cell 2005; 97:589-97. [PMID: 15859945 DOI: 10.1042/bc20040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Sema-7A is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored semaphorin that was first identified in the immune system. It is a member of a large family of proteins involved in axon guidance signalling. Sema-7A is expressed in the myeloid and the lymphoid lineage and seems to be involved in cytokine expression and chemotaxy through its receptor Plexin C1. However, it can promote axon outgrowth, acting through a beta1 subunit-containing integrin receptor. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS In the present study, we have investigated its regulation and function in bone cells. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR demonstrated that Sema-7A mRNA is present during all stages of osteoblast differentiation and maturation in mouse calvaria cells and in MC3T3 cell line in vitro. Its expression is also regulated during primary osteoclast differentiation in vitro. We report that Sema-7A is capable of increasing the migration of MC3T3 cells and that this process is mediated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in osteoblasts, probably through the integrin subunit beta1. Moreover, the addition of recombinant soluble Sema-7A to the culture enhances osteoclast fusion. These findings indicate for the first time the possible involvement of Sema-7A in bone cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Delorme
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, ENS/CNRS 5161, IFR 128 Biosciences Lyon-Gerland, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
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