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Damascena HL, Silveira WAA, Castro MS, Fontes W. Neutrophil Activated by the Famous and Potent PMA (Phorbol Myristate Acetate). Cells 2022; 11:2889. [PMID: 36139464 PMCID: PMC9496763 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review will briefly outline the major signaling pathways in PMA-activated neutrophils. PMA is widely used to understand neutrophil pathways and formation of NETs. PMA activates PKC; however, we highlight some isoforms that contribute to specific functions. PKC α, β and δ contribute to ROS production while PKC βII and PKC ζ are involved in cytoskeleton remodeling. Actin polymerization is important for the chemotaxis of neutrophils and its remodeling is connected to ROS balance. We suggest that, although ROS and production of NETs are usually observed together in PMA-activated neutrophils, there might be a regulatory mechanism balancing both. Interestingly, we suggest that serine proteases might determine the PAD4 action. PAD4 could be responsible for the activation of the NF-κB pathway that leads to IL-1β release, triggering the cleavage of gasdermin D by serine proteases such as elastase, leading to pore formation contributing to release of NETs. On the other hand, when serine proteases are inhibited, NETs are formed by citrullination through the PAD4 pathway. This review puts together results from the last 31 years of research on the effects of PMA on the neutrophil and proposes new insights on their interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wagner Fontes
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Federal District, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
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2
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Huang L, Ma Y, Guo H, Tang N, Ouyang S, Nuro-Gyina P, Tao L, Liu Y, O'Brien MC, Langdon WY, Zhang J. Akt-2 Is a Potential Therapeutic Target for Disseminated Candidiasis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:991-1000. [PMID: 36130126 PMCID: PMC11141526 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Akt-1 and Akt-2 are the major isoforms of the serine/threonine Akt family that play a key role in controlling immune responses. However, the involvement of Akt-1 and Akt-2 isoforms in antifungal innate immunity is completely unknown. In this study, we show that Akt2 -/-, but not Akt1 -/-, mice are protected from lethal Candida albicans infection. Loss of Akt-2 facilitates the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages to the spleen and increases reactive oxygen species expression in these cells. Treating C57BL/6 mice with a specific inhibitor for Akt-2, but not Akt-1, provides protection from lethal C. albicans infection. Our data demonstrate that Akt-2 inhibits antifungal innate immunity by hampering neutrophil and macrophage recruitment to spleens and suppressing oxidative burst, myeloperoxidase activity, and NETosis. We thus describe a novel role for Akt-2 in the regulation of antifungal innate immunity and unveil Akt-2 as a potential target for the treatment of fungal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilei Ma
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Na Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Song Ouyang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Changsha City, South China University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Patrick Nuro-Gyina
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Lijian Tao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusen Liu
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH; and
| | - Matthew C O'Brien
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Wallace Y Langdon
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA;
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Paclet MH, Laurans S, Dupré-Crochet S. Regulation of Neutrophil NADPH Oxidase, NOX2: A Crucial Effector in Neutrophil Phenotype and Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:945749. [PMID: 35912108 PMCID: PMC9329797 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.945749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced by the phagocyte NADPH oxidase, NOX2, are involved in many leukocyte functions. An excessive or inappropriate ROS production can lead to oxidative stress and tissue damage. On the other hand, an absence of ROS production due to a lack of a functional NADPH oxidase is associated with recurrent infections as well as inflammation disorders. Thus, it is clear that the enzyme NADPH oxidase must be tightly regulated. The NOX2 complex bears both membrane and cytosolic subunits. The membrane subunits constitute the flavocytochrome b558, consisting of gp91phox (Nox2) and p22phox subunits. The cytosolic subunits form a complex in resting cells and are made of three subunits (p47phox, p40phox, p67phox). Upon leukocyte stimulation, the cytosolic subunits and the small GTPase Rac assemble with the flavocytochrome b558 in order to make a functional complex. Depending on the stimulus, the NADPH oxidase can assemble either at the phagosomal membrane or at the plasma membrane. Many studies have explored NOX2 activation; however, how this activation is sustained and regulated is still not completely clear. Here we review the multiple roles of NOX2 in neutrophil functions, with a focus on description of its components and their assembly mechanisms. We then explain the role of energy metabolism and phosphoinositides in regulating NADPH oxidase activity. In particular, we discuss: 1) the link between metabolic pathways and NOX2 activity regulation through neutrophil activation and the level of released ROS, and 2) the role of membrane phosphoinositides in controlling the duration of NOX2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Paclet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, CHU Grenoble Alpes, TIMC, T-RAIG, Grenoble, France
| | - Salomé Laurans
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 8000, Institut de Chimie Physique, Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Dupré-Crochet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 8000, Institut de Chimie Physique, Orsay, France
- *Correspondence: Sophie Dupré-Crochet,
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4
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Ellson CD, Goretti Riça I, Kim JS, Huang YMM, Lim D, Mitra T, Hsu A, Wei EX, Barrett CD, Wahl M, Delbrück H, Heinemann U, Oschkinat H, Chang CEA, Yaffe MB. An integrated pharmacological, structural, and genetic analysis of extracellular versus intracellular ROS production in neutrophils. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Romero-Pinedo S, Barros DIR, Ruiz-Magaña MJ, Maganto-García E, Moreno de Lara L, Abadía-Molina F, Terhorst C, Abadía-Molina AC. SLAMF8 Downregulates Mouse Macrophage Microbicidal Mechanisms via PI3K Pathways. Front Immunol 2022; 13:910112. [PMID: 35837407 PMCID: PMC9273976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.910112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 8 (SLAMF8) is involved in the negative modulation of NADPH oxidase activation. However, the impact of SLAMF8 downregulation on macrophage functionality and the microbicide mechanism remains elusive. To study this in depth, we first analyzed NADPH oxidase activation pathways in wild-type and SLAMF8-deficient macrophages upon different stimulus. Herein, we describe increased phosphorylation of the Erk1/2 and p38 MAP kinases, as well as increased phosphorylation of NADPH oxidase subunits in SLAMF8-deficient macrophages. Furthermore, using specific inhibitors, we observed that specific PI3K inhibition decreased the differences observed between wild-type and SLAMF8-deficient macrophages, stimulated with either PMA, LPS, or Salmonella typhimurium infection. Consequently, SLAMF8-deficient macrophages also showed increased recruitment of small GTPases such as Rab5 and Rab7, and the p47phox subunit to cytoplasmic Salmonella, suggesting an impairment of Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) progression in SLAMF8-deficient macrophages. Enhanced iNOS activation, NO production, and IL-6 expression were also observed in the absence of SLAMF8 upon Salmonella infection, either in vivo or in vitro, while overexpression of SLAMF8 in RAW264.7 macrophages showed the opposite phenotype. In addition, SLAMF8-deficient macrophages showed increased activation of Src kinases and reduced SHP-1 phosphate levels upon IFNγ and Salmonella stimuli in comparison to wild-type macrophages. In agreement with in vitro results, Salmonella clearance was augmented in SLAMF8-deficient mice compared to that in wild-type mice. Therefore, in conclusion, SLAMF8 intervention upon bacterial infection downregulates mouse macrophage activation, and confirmed that SLAMF8 receptor could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of severe or unresolved inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Romero-Pinedo
- Unidad de Inmunología, Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa (IBIMER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Domingo I Rojas Barros
- Unidad de Inmunología, Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa (IBIMER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - María José Ruiz-Magaña
- Unidad de Inmunología, Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa (IBIMER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Maganto-García
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Moreno de Lara
- Unidad de Inmunología, Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa (IBIMER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Abadía-Molina
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Nutrición Y Tecnología de los Alimentos "José Mataix", (INYTIA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ana C Abadía-Molina
- Unidad de Inmunología, Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa (IBIMER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Departamento de Bioqu´ımica y Biolog´ıa Molecular III e Inmunolog´ıa, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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6
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Filina Y, Gabdoulkhakova A, Rizvanov A, Safronova V. MAP kinases in regulation of NOX activity stimulated through two types of formyl peptide receptors in murine bone marrow granulocytes. Cell Signal 2021; 90:110205. [PMID: 34826588 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The functional activity of the phagocytes, as well as the development and resolution of the inflammation, is determined by formylpeptide receptors (FPRs) signaling. There is a growing data on the signaling pathways from two major types of formylpeptide receptors, FPR1 and FPR2, which could be activated by different sets of ligands to provide certain defense functions. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the membrane enzyme NADPH oxidase is the most important among them. One of the most studied and significant mechanism for the regulation of activity of NADPH oxidase is phosphorylation by a variety of kinases, including MAP kinases. The question arose whether the role of MAPKs differ in the activation of NADPH oxidase through FPR1 and FPR2. We have studied Fpr1- and Fpr2-induced phosphorylation of p38, ERK, and JNK kinases and their role in the activation of the respiratory burst in isolated mice bone marrow granulocytes. Data has shown distinct patterns of MAP kinase activity for Fpr1 and Fpr2: JNK was involved in both Fpr1 and Fpr2 mediated activation of ROS production, while p38 MAPK and ERK were involved in Fpr1 induced ROS generation only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Filina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation.
| | - Aida Gabdoulkhakova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation; Kazan State Medical Academy, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education "Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Valentina Safronova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russian Federation
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7
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Taylor JP, Tse HM. The role of NADPH oxidases in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Redox Biol 2021; 48:102159. [PMID: 34627721 PMCID: PMC8487856 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX) are enzymes that generate superoxide or hydrogen peroxide from molecular oxygen utilizing NADPH as an electron donor. There are seven enzymes in the NOX family: NOX1-5 and dual oxidase (DUOX) 1-2. NOX enzymes in humans play important roles in diverse biological functions and vary in expression from tissue to tissue. Importantly, NOX2 is involved in regulating many aspects of innate and adaptive immunity, including regulation of type I interferons, the inflammasome, phagocytosis, antigen processing and presentation, and cell signaling. DUOX1 and DUOX2 play important roles in innate immune defenses at epithelial barriers. This review discusses the role of NOX enzymes in normal physiological processes as well as in disease. NOX enzymes are important in autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes and have also been implicated in acute lung injury caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2. Targeting NOX enzymes directly or through scavenging free radicals may be useful therapies for autoimmunity and acute lung injury where oxidative stress contributes to pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared P Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hubert M Tse
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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8
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Neehus AL, Moriya K, Nieto-Patlán A, Le Voyer T, Lévy R, Özen A, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Baris S, Yildiran A, Altundag E, Roynard M, Haake K, Migaud M, Dorgham K, Gorochov G, Abel L, Lachmann N, Dogu F, Haskologlu S, İnce E, El-Benna J, Uzel G, Kiykim A, Boztug K, Roderick MR, Shahrooei M, Brogan PA, Abolhassani H, Hancioglu G, Parvaneh N, Belot A, Ikinciogullari A, Casanova JL, Puel A, Bustamante J. Impaired respiratory burst contributes to infections in PKCδ-deficient patients. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20210501. [PMID: 34264265 PMCID: PMC8288504 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with autosomal recessive protein kinase C δ (PKCδ) deficiency suffer from childhood-onset autoimmunity, including systemic lupus erythematosus. They also suffer from recurrent infections that overlap with those seen in patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a disease caused by defects of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase and a lack of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We studied an international cohort of 17 PKCδ-deficient patients and found that their EBV-B cells and monocyte-derived phagocytes produced only small amounts of ROS and did not phosphorylate p40phox normally after PMA or opsonized Staphylococcus aureus stimulation. Moreover, the patients' circulating phagocytes displayed abnormally low levels of ROS production and markedly reduced neutrophil extracellular trap formation, altogether suggesting a role for PKCδ in activation of the NADPH oxidase complex. Our findings thus show that patients with PKCδ deficiency have impaired NADPH oxidase activity in various myeloid subsets, which may contribute to their CGD-like infectious phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Neehus
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, REBIRTH Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kunihiko Moriya
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Alejandro Nieto-Patlán
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Research and Development in Bioprocess Unit, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
- National Laboratory for Specialized Services of Investigation, Development and Innovation for Pharma Chemicals and Biotechnological Products, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tom Le Voyer
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Romain Lévy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Ahmet Özen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Karakoc-Aydiner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Safa Baris
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alisan Yildiran
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Ondokuz Mayıs University School of Medicine, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Engin Altundag
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ondokuz Mayis University Faculty of Medicine, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Manon Roynard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Kathrin Haake
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, REBIRTH Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mélanie Migaud
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Karim Dorgham
- Sorbonne University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections, CIMI-Paris, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Immunology, Paris, France
| | - Guy Gorochov
- Sorbonne University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections, CIMI-Paris, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Immunology, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Nico Lachmann
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, REBIRTH Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Figen Dogu
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sule Haskologlu
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erdal İnce
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- University of Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médical U1149, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-ERL8252, Paris, France
- Center for Research on Inflammation, Laboratory of Excellence Inflamex, Faculty of Medicine, Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ayca Kiykim
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University Pediatric Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kaan Boztug
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marion R. Roderick
- Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Disease, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
| | - Mohammad Shahrooei
- Specialized Immunology Laboratory of Dr. Shahrooei, Sina Medical Complex, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul A. Brogan
- Infection, Inflammation, and Rheumatology Section, Infection, Immunity, Inflammation and Physiological Medicine Programme, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gonca Hancioglu
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Ondokuz Mayıs University School of Medicine, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Nima Parvaneh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alexandre Belot
- Reference Center for Rare Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases in Children, Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1111, UMS3444/US8 Lyon University, Lyon, France
| | - Aydan Ikinciogullari
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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9
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Bruschi M, Moroni G, Sinico RA, Franceschini F, Fredi M, Vaglio A, Cavagna L, Petretto A, Pratesi F, Migliorini P, Manfredi A, Ramirez GA, Esposito P, Negrini S, Trezzi B, Emmi G, Santoro D, Scolari F, Volpi S, Mosca M, Tincani A, Candiano G, Prunotto M, Verrina E, Angeletti A, Ravelli A, Ghiggeri GM. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in the Autoimmunity Context. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:614829. [PMID: 33829021 PMCID: PMC8019736 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.614829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is a strategy utilized by neutrophils for capturing infective agents. Extracellular traps consist in a physical net made of DNA and intracellular proteins externalized from neutrophils, where bacteria and viruses are entrapped and killed by proteolysis. A complex series of events contributes to achieving NET formation: signaling from infectious triggers comes first, followed by decondensation of chromatin and extrusion of the nucleosome components (DNA, histones) from the nucleus and, after cell membrane breakdown, outside the cell. NETs are composed of either DNA or nucleosome proteins and hundreds of cytoplasm proteins, a part of which undergo post-translational modification during the steps leading to NETs. There is a thin balance between the production and the removal of circulating NETs from blood where digestion of DNA by circulating DNases 1 and IL3 has a critical role. A delay in NET removal may have consequences for autoimmunity. Recent studies have shown that circulating NET levels are increased in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) for a functional block of NET removal mediated by anti-DNase antibodies or, in rare cases, by DNase IL3 mutations. In SLE, the persistence in circulation of NETs signifies elevated concentrations of either free DNA/nucleosome components and oxidized proteins that, in some cases, are recognized as non-self and presented to B-cells by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). In this way, it is activated as an immunologic response, leading to the formation of IgG2 auto-antibody. Monitoring serum NET levels represents a potential new way to herald the development of renal lesions and has clinical implications. Modulating the balance between NET formation and removal is one of the objectives of basic research that are aimed to design new drugs for SLE. Clinical Trial Registration Number: The Zeus study was registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov (study number: NCT02403115).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Bruschi
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gabriella Moroni
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Franco Franceschini
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ASST Spedali Civili and Università of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Micaela Fredi
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ASST Spedali Civili and Università of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Augusto Vaglio
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Firenze, and Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cavagna
- Division of Rheumatology, University and IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Petretto
- Core Facilities-Proteomics Laboratory, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Pratesi
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Migliorini
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Manfredi
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe A. Ramirez
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Esposito
- Division of Nephrology, University of Genoa and Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simone Negrini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Barbara Trezzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Bicocca, Italy
| | - Giacomo Emmi
- Lupus Clinic Department of Biomedicine, University of Florence, University Hospital Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, University of Messina and G. Martino Hospital, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Scolari
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, University of Brescia and Ospedale di Montichiari, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Volpi
- Division of Paediatric Rheumatology, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marta Mosca
- Rheumatologu Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Tincani
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ASST Spedali Civili and Università of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Candiano
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Prunotto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Verrina
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Angeletti
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Angelo Ravelli
- Division of Paediatric Rheumatology, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Ghiggeri
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Gian Marco Ghiggeri
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10
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Quiroga J, Alarcón P, Manosalva C, Taubert A, Hermosilla C, Hidalgo MA, Carretta MD, Burgos RA. Glycolysis and mitochondrial function regulate the radical oxygen species production induced by platelet-activating factor in bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 226:110074. [PMID: 32540687 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cows undergo metabolic disturbances in the peripartum period, during which infectious inflammatory diseases and detrimental polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) functions, such as radical oxygen species (ROS) production, are observed. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a key pro-inflammatory mediator that increases PMN ROS production. To date, the role of glycolysis and mitochondria in PAF-induced ROS production in bovine PMN has not been known. The aim of this study was to assess whether inhibition of glycolysis and disruption of mitochondrial function alter the oxidative response induced by PAF. We isolated PMN from non-pregnant Holstein Friesian heifers and pre-incubated them with 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG; 2 mM, 30 min), carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP; 5 μM, 5 min), oligomycin (10 μM, 30 min) or rotenone (10 μM, 30 min). Respiratory burst was measured by luminol-chemiluminescence assay, while mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) were evaluated by MitoSOX probe and flow cytometry. Also, we detected the presence of mitochondria by MitoTracker Deep Red FM probe and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) were assessed by JC-1 probe and flow cytometry. We observed that all inhibitors separately were able to reduce PAF-induced ROS production. Presence of mitochondria was detected and PAF increased the Δψm, while CCCP reduced it. 2-DG and rotenone reduced the mtROS production induced by PAF. CCCP did not alter the mtROS and oligomycin administered independently increased mtROS production. We concluded that PAF-induced ROS production is glycolysis- and mitochondria-dependent. Bovine PMN have a functional mitochondrion and PAF induced mtROS via glycolysis and mitochondrial complex-I activity. Our results highlight an important modulation of cellular metabolism in the oxidative response induced by proinflammatory agents, which could contribute to PMN disfunction during peripartum in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Quiroga
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Doctoral Program in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pablo Alarcón
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carolina Manosalva
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - María Angélica Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - María Daniella Carretta
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael Agustín Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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11
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Henríquez-Olguín C, Boronat S, Cabello-Verrugio C, Jaimovich E, Hidalgo E, Jensen TE. The Emerging Roles of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase 2 in Skeletal Muscle Redox Signaling and Metabolism. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:1371-1410. [PMID: 31588777 PMCID: PMC6859696 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Skeletal muscle is a crucial tissue to whole-body locomotion and metabolic health. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as intracellular messengers participating in both physiological and pathological adaptations in skeletal muscle. A complex interplay between ROS-producing enzymes and antioxidant networks exists in different subcellular compartments of mature skeletal muscle. Recent evidence suggests that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOXs) are a major source of contraction- and insulin-stimulated oxidants production, but they may paradoxically also contribute to muscle insulin resistance and atrophy. Recent Advances: Pharmacological and molecular biological tools, including redox-sensitive probes and transgenic mouse models, have generated novel insights into compartmentalized redox signaling and suggested that NOX2 contributes to redox control of skeletal muscle metabolism. Critical Issues: Major outstanding questions in skeletal muscle include where NOX2 activation occurs under different conditions in health and disease, how NOX2 activation is regulated, how superoxide/hydrogen peroxide generated by NOX2 reaches the cytosol, what the signaling mediators are downstream of NOX2, and the role of NOX2 for different physiological and pathophysiological processes. Future Directions: Future research should utilize and expand the current redox-signaling toolbox to clarify the NOX2-dependent mechanisms in skeletal muscle and determine whether the proposed functions of NOX2 in cells and animal models are conserved into humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Henríquez-Olguín
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Muscle Cell Physiology Laboratory, Center for Exercise, Metabolism, and Cancer, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susanna Boronat
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.,Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Jaimovich
- Muscle Cell Physiology Laboratory, Center for Exercise, Metabolism, and Cancer, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elena Hidalgo
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas E Jensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Bruschi M, Petretto A, Santucci L, Vaglio A, Pratesi F, Migliorini P, Bertelli R, Lavarello C, Bartolucci M, Candiano G, Prunotto M, Ghiggeri GM. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps protein composition is specific for patients with Lupus nephritis and includes methyl-oxidized αenolase (methionine sulfoxide 93). Sci Rep 2019; 9:7934. [PMID: 31138830 PMCID: PMC6538718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44379-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NETs constitute a network of DNA and proteins released by neutrophils in response to infectious and immunologic triggers. NET proteins are recognized as autoantigens in ANCA vasculitis; limited knowledge is available in other autoimmune pathologies. The composition of NETs produced ex vivo by resting and Phorbol-myristate acetate (PMA) stimulated neutrophils was analyzed by high-throughput Fusion Orbitrap technology in 16 patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus/Lupus nephritis (9 SLE/7 LN) and in 11 controls. Seven-hundred proteins were characterized and specific fingerprints discriminated LN from SLE. We focused on methyl-oxidized αenolase (methionine sulfoxide 93) that was markedly increased in NETs from LN and was localized in NET filaments in tight connection and outlying DNA. The isotype of anti-αenolase antibodies was IgG2 in LN and IgG4 in other autoimmune glomerulonephritis (Membranous Nephropathy, MN); serum anti-αenolase IgG2 were higher in LN than in SLE and absent in MN. The same IgG2 antibodies recognized 5 epitopes of the protein one containing methionine sulphoxide 93. In conclusion, specific NET protein fingerprints characterize different subsets of SLE; methyl-oxidized αenolase is over-expressed in LN. Circulating anti-αenolase IgG2 recognize the oxidized epitope and are high in serum of LN patients. Post-translational modified NET proteins contribute to autoimmunity in patients with LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Bruschi
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Petretto
- Core Facilities-Proteomics Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Santucci
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Augusto Vaglio
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Firenze, and Meyer Children's Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| | - Federico Pratesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Migliorini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Bertelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Lavarello
- Core Facilities-Proteomics Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Martina Bartolucci
- Core Facilities-Proteomics Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Candiano
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Prunotto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gian Marco Ghiggeri
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy. .,Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care (IRCCS), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.
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13
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Gonzalez-Perilli L, Prolo C, Álvarez MN. Arachidonic Acid and Nitroarachidonic: Effects on NADPH Oxidase Activity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1127:85-95. [PMID: 31140173 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11488-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that participates in the inflammatory response mainly through bioactive-lipids formation in macrophages and also in the phagocytic NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) activation. NOX2 is the enzyme responsible for a huge superoxide formation in macrophages, essential to eliminate pathogens inside the phagosome. The oxidase is an enzymatic complex comprised of a membrane-bound flavocytochrome b 558 (gp91phox/p22phox), three cytosolic subunits (p47phox, p40phox and p67phox) and a Rac-GTPase. The enzyme becomes active when macrophages are exposed to appropriate stimuli that trigger the phosphorylation of cytosolic subunits and its migration to plasmatic membrane to form the active complex. It is proposed that AA stimulates NOX2 activity through AA interaction with different components of the NADPH oxidase complex. In inflammatory conditions, there is an increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that results in the production of nitrated derivatives of AA, such as nitroarachidonic acid (NO2-AA). NO2-AA is capable to inhibit NOX2 activity by interfering with p47phox migration to the membrane without affecting phosphorylation of cytosolic proteins. Also, NO2-AA is capable to interact with protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), which is involved on NOX2 active complex formation. It has been demonstrated that NO2-AA forms a covalent adduct with PDI that could prevent the interaction with NOX2 and it would explain the inhibitory effects of the fatty acid upon NOX2. Together, current data indicate that AA is an important activator of NOX2 formed in the early events of the inflammatory response, leading to a massive production of oxidants that may, in turn, promote NO2-AA formation and shutting down the oxidative burst. Hence, AA and its derivatives could have antagonistic roles on NOX2 activity regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Gonzalez-Perilli
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina-Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carolina Prolo
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina-Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Noel Álvarez
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina-Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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14
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Raad H, Derkawi RA, Tlili A, Belambri SA, Dang PMC, El-Benna J. Phosphorylation of gp91 phox/NOX2 in Human Neutrophils. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1982:341-352. [PMID: 31172483 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9424-3_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The phagocyte NADPH oxidase NOX2 was the first NOX family member to be discovered. It is responsible for the production of reactive oxygen species that are required for bacterial killing and host defense. Activated NOX2 is an enzymatic complex composed of two membrane proteins, p22phox and gp91phox (renamed NOX2), which form the cytochrome b558, and four cytosolic proteins, p47phox, p67phox, p40phox, and the small GTPase Rac2. Except for Rac2, all proteins from the complex become phosphorylated during neutrophil activation, suggesting the importance of this process in NOX2 regulation. The phosphorylation of the cytosolic components, and in particular p47phox, has been extensively studied; however, the phosphorylation of the membrane proteins was less studied, in part due to the lack of good antibodies and accurate membrane solubilization techniques. In this chapter, we describe a method we have used to study NOX2 phosphorylation, which is based on the labeling of the intracellular ATP pool with 32P prior to applying a stimulus inducing protein phosphorylation. We also describe the solubilization of membrane-bound gp91phox/NOX2 and analysis by immunoprecipitation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, electrophoretic transfer, phosphoamino acid analysis, and autoradiography. This protocol can also be used to study the possible phosphorylation of other NOX family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssam Raad
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Riad Arabi Derkawi
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Asma Tlili
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Sahra A Belambri
- Stress Oxydatif et Inflammation, Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée, Département de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Ferhat Abbes 1, Sétif, Algeria
| | - Pham My-Chan Dang
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.
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15
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Belambri SA, Rolas L, Raad H, Hurtado-Nedelec M, Dang PMC, El-Benna J. NADPH oxidase activation in neutrophils: Role of the phosphorylation of its subunits. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48 Suppl 2:e12951. [PMID: 29757466 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are key cells of innate immunity and during inflammation. Upon activation, they produce large amounts of superoxide anion (O2 -. ) and ensuing reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill phagocytized microbes. The enzyme responsible for O2 -. production is called the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. This is a multicomponent enzyme system that becomes active after assembly of four cytosolic proteins (p47phox , p67phox , p40phox and Rac2) with the transmembrane proteins (p22phox and gp91phox , which form the cytochrome b558 ). gp91phox represents the catalytic subunit of the NADPH oxidase and is also called NOX2. NADPH oxidase-derived ROS are essential for microbial killing and innate immunity; however, excessive ROS production induces tissue injury and prolonged inflammatory reactions that contribute to inflammatory diseases. Thus, NADPH oxidase activation must be tightly regulated in time and space to limit ROS production. NADPH oxidase activation is regulated by several processes such as phosphorylation of its components, exchange of GDP/GTP on Rac2 and binding of p47phox and p40phox to phospholipids. This review aims to provide new insights into the role of the phosphorylation of the NADPH oxidase components, that is gp91phox , p22phox , p47phox , p67phox and p40phox , in the activation of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahra A Belambri
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée, Équipe de Recherche: Stress Oxydatif et Inflammation, Département de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences De la Nature et de la Vie, Université Ferhat Abbes 1, Sétif, Algérie
| | - Loïc Rolas
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Houssam Raad
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Margarita Hurtado-Nedelec
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,Département d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, UF Dysfonctionnements Immunitaires, HUPNVS, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Pham My-Chan Dang
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
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16
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Neutrophil programming dynamics and its disease relevance. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:1168-1177. [PMID: 28971361 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are traditionally considered as first responders to infection and provide antimicrobial host defense. However, recent advances indicate that neutrophils are also critically involved in the modulation of host immune environments by dynamically adopting distinct functional states. Functionally diverse neutrophil subsets are increasingly recognized as critical components mediating host pathophysiology. Despite its emerging significance, molecular mechanisms as well as functional relevance of dynamically programmed neutrophils remain to be better defined. The increasing complexity of neutrophil functions may require integrative studies that address programming dynamics of neutrophils and their pathophysiological relevance. This review aims to provide an update on the emerging topics of neutrophil programming dynamics as well as their functional relevance in diseases.
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17
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Liu Y, Hu M, Luo D, Yue M, Wang S, Chen X, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Cai Y, Hu X, Ke Y, Yang Z, Hu H. Class III PI3K Positively Regulates Platelet Activation and Thrombosis via PI(3)P-Directed Function of NADPH Oxidase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:2075-2086. [PMID: 28882875 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase, also known as VPS34 (vacuolar protein sorting 34), is a highly conserved enzyme regulating important cellular functions such as NADPH oxidase (NOX) assembly, membrane trafficking, and autophagy. Although VPS34 is expressed in platelets, its involvement in platelet activation remains unclear. Herein, we investigated the role of VPS34 in platelet activation and thrombus formation using VPS34 knockout mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS Platelet-specific VPS34-deficient mice were generated and characterized. VPS34 deficiency in platelets did not influence tail bleeding time. In a ferric chloride-induced mesenteric arteriolar thrombosis model, VPS34-/- mice exhibited a prolonged vessel occlusion time compared with wild-type mice (42.05±4.09 versus 18.30±2.47 minutes). In an in vitro microfluidic whole-blood perfusion assay, thrombus formation on collagen under arterial shear was significantly reduced for VPS34-/- platelets. VPS34-/- platelets displayed an impaired aggregation and dense granule secretion in response to low doses of collagen or thrombin. VPS34 deficiency delayed clot retraction but did not influence platelet spreading on fibrinogen. We also demonstrated that VPS34 deficiency altered the basal level of autophagy in resting platelets and hampered NOX assembly and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling during platelet activation. Importantly, we identified the NOX-dependent reactive oxygen species generation as the major downstream effector of VPS34, which in turn can mediate platelet activation. In addition, by using a specific inhibitor 3-methyladenine, VPS34 was found to operate through a similar NOX-dependent mechanism to promote human platelet activation. CONCLUSIONS Platelet VPS34 is critical for thrombosis but dispensable for hemostasis. VPS34 regulates platelet activation by influencing NOX assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Liu
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology (Y.L., M.H., M.Y., S.W., X.C., Y.Z., Y.W, Y.C., X.H., H.H.) and Program in Molecular Cell Biology (Y.K.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Hangzhou Normal University Qianjiang College, China (D.L.); and Ministry of Education Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, China (Z.Y.)
| | - Mengjiao Hu
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology (Y.L., M.H., M.Y., S.W., X.C., Y.Z., Y.W, Y.C., X.H., H.H.) and Program in Molecular Cell Biology (Y.K.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Hangzhou Normal University Qianjiang College, China (D.L.); and Ministry of Education Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, China (Z.Y.)
| | - Dongjiao Luo
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology (Y.L., M.H., M.Y., S.W., X.C., Y.Z., Y.W, Y.C., X.H., H.H.) and Program in Molecular Cell Biology (Y.K.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Hangzhou Normal University Qianjiang College, China (D.L.); and Ministry of Education Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, China (Z.Y.)
| | - Ming Yue
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology (Y.L., M.H., M.Y., S.W., X.C., Y.Z., Y.W, Y.C., X.H., H.H.) and Program in Molecular Cell Biology (Y.K.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Hangzhou Normal University Qianjiang College, China (D.L.); and Ministry of Education Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, China (Z.Y.)
| | - Shuai Wang
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology (Y.L., M.H., M.Y., S.W., X.C., Y.Z., Y.W, Y.C., X.H., H.H.) and Program in Molecular Cell Biology (Y.K.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Hangzhou Normal University Qianjiang College, China (D.L.); and Ministry of Education Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, China (Z.Y.)
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology (Y.L., M.H., M.Y., S.W., X.C., Y.Z., Y.W, Y.C., X.H., H.H.) and Program in Molecular Cell Biology (Y.K.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Hangzhou Normal University Qianjiang College, China (D.L.); and Ministry of Education Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, China (Z.Y.)
| | - Yangfan Zhou
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology (Y.L., M.H., M.Y., S.W., X.C., Y.Z., Y.W, Y.C., X.H., H.H.) and Program in Molecular Cell Biology (Y.K.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Hangzhou Normal University Qianjiang College, China (D.L.); and Ministry of Education Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, China (Z.Y.)
| | - Yi Wang
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology (Y.L., M.H., M.Y., S.W., X.C., Y.Z., Y.W, Y.C., X.H., H.H.) and Program in Molecular Cell Biology (Y.K.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Hangzhou Normal University Qianjiang College, China (D.L.); and Ministry of Education Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, China (Z.Y.)
| | - Yanchun Cai
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology (Y.L., M.H., M.Y., S.W., X.C., Y.Z., Y.W, Y.C., X.H., H.H.) and Program in Molecular Cell Biology (Y.K.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Hangzhou Normal University Qianjiang College, China (D.L.); and Ministry of Education Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, China (Z.Y.)
| | - Xiaolan Hu
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology (Y.L., M.H., M.Y., S.W., X.C., Y.Z., Y.W, Y.C., X.H., H.H.) and Program in Molecular Cell Biology (Y.K.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Hangzhou Normal University Qianjiang College, China (D.L.); and Ministry of Education Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, China (Z.Y.)
| | - Yuehai Ke
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology (Y.L., M.H., M.Y., S.W., X.C., Y.Z., Y.W, Y.C., X.H., H.H.) and Program in Molecular Cell Biology (Y.K.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Hangzhou Normal University Qianjiang College, China (D.L.); and Ministry of Education Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, China (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhongzhou Yang
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology (Y.L., M.H., M.Y., S.W., X.C., Y.Z., Y.W, Y.C., X.H., H.H.) and Program in Molecular Cell Biology (Y.K.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Hangzhou Normal University Qianjiang College, China (D.L.); and Ministry of Education Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, China (Z.Y.).
| | - Hu Hu
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology (Y.L., M.H., M.Y., S.W., X.C., Y.Z., Y.W, Y.C., X.H., H.H.) and Program in Molecular Cell Biology (Y.K.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Hangzhou Normal University Qianjiang College, China (D.L.); and Ministry of Education Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, China (Z.Y.).
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18
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El-Benna J, Hurtado-Nedelec M, Marzaioli V, Marie JC, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, Dang PMC. Priming of the neutrophil respiratory burst: role in host defense and inflammation. Immunol Rev 2017; 273:180-93. [PMID: 27558335 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the major circulating white blood cells in humans. They play an essential role in host defense against pathogens. In healthy individuals, circulating neutrophils are in a dormant state with very low efficiency of capture and arrest on the quiescent endothelium. Upon infection and subsequent release of pro-inflammatory mediators, the vascular endothelium signals to circulating neutrophils to roll, adhere, and cross the endothelial barrier. Neutrophils migrate toward the infection site along a gradient of chemo-attractants, then recognize and engulf the pathogen. To kill this pathogen entrapped inside the vacuole, neutrophils produce and release high quantities of antibacterial peptides, proteases, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The robust ROS production is also called 'the respiratory burst', and the NADPH oxidase or NOX2 is the enzyme responsible for the production of superoxide anion, leading to other ROS. In vitro, several soluble and particulate agonists induce neutrophil ROS production. This process can be enhanced by prior neutrophil treatment with 'priming' agents, which alone do not induce a respiratory burst. In this review, we will describe the priming process and discuss the beneficial role of controlled neutrophil priming in host defense and the detrimental effect of excessive neutrophil priming in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamel El-Benna
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, DHU FIRE, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Margarita Hurtado-Nedelec
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, DHU FIRE, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Département d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, UF Dysfonctionnements Immunitaires, HUPNVS, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Viviana Marzaioli
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, DHU FIRE, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Marie
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, DHU FIRE, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Département d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, UF Dysfonctionnements Immunitaires, HUPNVS, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Anne Gougerot-Pocidalo
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, DHU FIRE, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Département d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, UF Dysfonctionnements Immunitaires, HUPNVS, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Pham My-Chan Dang
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, DHU FIRE, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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19
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Winter S, Hultqvist Hopkins M, Laulund F, Holmdahl R. A Reduction in Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species Due to a Mutation in NCF4 Promotes Autoimmune Arthritis in Mice. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:983-996. [PMID: 27231144 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The mechanisms linking deficits in the phagocytic NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) complex to autoimmunity are so far incompletely understood. Deficiency in neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (NCF1) inactivates the NOX2 complex, leading to a dramatic reduction of intra- and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhanced susceptibility to autoimmune disease. The contribution of intracellular NOX2 activity to autoimmune regulation is, however, unknown. Another component of the NOX2 complex, NCF4, directs the NOX2 complex to phagosomal membranes via binding to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) and has been proposed to regulate intracellular ROS levels. To address the impact of NCF4 and selective changes in intracellular ROS production on autoimmune inflammation, we studied collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and mannan-induced psoriatic arthritis-like disease (MIP) in mice lacking NCF4 and mice with a mutation in the PtdIns3P-binding site of NCF4. RESULTS Targeted deletion of Ncf4 (Ncf4-/-) led to severe defects in overall ROS production due to concomitant reduction of NCF2 and NCF1. These mice displayed delayed neutrophil apoptosis and enhanced innate immune responses, and they developed aggravated CIA and MIP. Disruption of the PtdIns3P-binding site by targeted mutation (Ncf4*/*) resulted in selective defects in intracellular NOX2 activity, which entailed milder effects on innate immunity and MIP but clearly promoted susceptibility to CIA. Innovation and Conclusion: This is, to our knowledge, the first study addressing the development of autoimmunity in an organism with selectively compromised NOX2-dependent intracellular ROS levels. Our data reveal a specific role for NCF4-mediated intracellular ROS production in regulating autoimmunity and chronic inflammation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 983-996.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Winter
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Hultqvist Hopkins
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frida Laulund
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Konig MF, Andrade F. A Critical Reappraisal of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and NETosis Mimics Based on Differential Requirements for Protein Citrullination. Front Immunol 2016; 7:461. [PMID: 27867381 PMCID: PMC5095114 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NETosis, an antimicrobial form of neutrophil cell death, is considered a primary source of citrullinated autoantigens in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and immunogenic DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Activation of the citrullinating enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PAD4) is believed to be essential for neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and NETosis. PAD4 is therefore viewed as a promising therapeutic target to inhibit the formation of NETs in both diseases. In this review, we examine the evidence for PAD4 activation during NETosis and provide experimental data to suggest that protein citrullination is not a universal feature of NETs. We delineate two distinct biological processes, leukotoxic hypercitrullination (LTH) and defective mitophagy, which have been erroneously classified as “NETosis.” While these NETosis mimics share morphological similarities with NETosis (i.e., extracellular DNA release), they are biologically distinct. As such, these processes can be readily classified by their stimuli, activation of distinct biochemical pathways, the presence of hypercitrullination, and antimicrobial effector function. NETosis is an antimicrobial form of cell death that is NADPH oxidase-dependent and not associated with hypercitrullination. In contrast, LTH is NADPH oxidase-independent and not bactericidal. Rather, LTH represents a bacterial strategy to achieve immune evasion. It is triggered by pore-forming pathways and equivalent signals that cumulate in calcium-dependent hyperactivation of PADs, protein hypercitrullination, and neutrophil death. The generation of citrullinated autoantigens in RA is likely driven by LTH, but not NETosis. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) expulsion, the result of a constitutive defect in mitophagy, represents a second NETosis mimic. In the presence of interferon-α and immune complexes, this process can generate highly interferogenic oxidized mtDNA, which has previously been mistaken for NETosis in SLE. Distinguishing NETosis from LTH and defective mitophagy is paramount to understanding the role of neutrophil damage in immunity and the pathogenesis of human diseases. This provides a framework to design specific inhibitors of these distinct biological processes in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian F Konig
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Felipe Andrade
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
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21
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Baillet A, Hograindleur M, El Benna J, Grichine A, Berthier S, Morel F, Paclet M. Unexpected function of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase in supporting hyperglycolysis in stimulated neutrophils: key role of 6‐phosphofructo‐2‐kinase. FASEB J 2016; 31:663-673. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600720r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Athan Baillet
- Groupe de Recherche et D'etude du Processus Inflammatoire (GREPI), EA 7408Université Grenoble AlpesSaint‐Martin‐d'HèresFrance
- Rheumatology DepartmentCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble AlpesLa TroncheFrance
| | - Marc‐André Hograindleur
- Groupe de Recherche et D'etude du Processus Inflammatoire (GREPI), EA 7408Université Grenoble AlpesSaint‐Martin‐d'HèresFrance
| | - Jamel El Benna
- INSERM, Unité 1149, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ERL8252Centre de Recherche sur l'InflammationParisFrance
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris CitéLaboratoire d'Excellence InflamexDépartements HospitaloUniversitaires Fibrosis, Inflammation, Remodeling in Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Renal Diseases (DHU FIRE), Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier BichatParisFrance
| | - Alexei Grichine
- Platform Optical Microscopy–Cell ImagingUniversité Joseph Fourier, INSERM Unité 823, Institut Albert BonniotLa TroncheFrance
| | - Sylvie Berthier
- Groupe de Recherche et D'etude du Processus Inflammatoire (GREPI), EA 7408Université Grenoble AlpesSaint‐Martin‐d'HèresFrance
- Pôle BiologieCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble AlpesLa TroncheFrance
| | - Françoise Morel
- Groupe de Recherche et D'etude du Processus Inflammatoire (GREPI), EA 7408Université Grenoble AlpesSaint‐Martin‐d'HèresFrance
| | - Marie‐Hélèene Paclet
- Groupe de Recherche et D'etude du Processus Inflammatoire (GREPI), EA 7408Université Grenoble AlpesSaint‐Martin‐d'HèresFrance
- Pôle BiologieCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble AlpesLa TroncheFrance
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22
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Byun HO, Jung HJ, Kim MJ, Yoon G. PKCδ phosphorylation is an upstream event of GSK3 inactivation-mediated ROS generation in TGF-β1-induced senescence. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:1100-8. [PMID: 24917460 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.929120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) induces Mv1Lu cell senescence through inactivating glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), thereby inactivating complex IV and increasing intracellular ROS. In the present study, we identified protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) as an upstream regulator of GSK3 inactivation in this mechanism of TGF-β1-induced senescence. When Mv1Lu cells were exposed to TGF-β1, PKCδ phosphorylation simultaneously increased with GSK3 phosphorylation, and then AKT and ERK were phosphorylated. AKT phosphorylation and Smad signaling were independent of GSK3 phosphorylation, but ERK phosphorylation was downstream of GSK3 inactivation. TGF-β1-triggered GSK3 phosphorylation was blocked by inhibition of PKCδ, using its pharmacological inhibitor, Rottlerin, or overexpression of a dominant negative PKCδ mutant, but GSK3 inhibition with SB415286 did not alter PKCδ phosphorylation. Activation of PKCδ by PMA delayed cell growth and increased intracellular ROS level, but did not induce senescent phenotypes. In addition, overexpression of wild type or a constitutively active PKCδ mutant was enough to delay cell growth and decrease the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate and complex IV activity, but weakly induce senescence. However, PMA treatment on Mv1Lu cells, which overexpress wild type and constitutively active PKCδ mutants, effectively induced senescence. These results indicate that PKCδ plays a key role in TGF-β1-induced senescence of Mv1Lu cells through the phosphorylation of GSK3, thereby triggering mitochondrial complex IV dysfunction and intracellular ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-O Byun
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon , Republic of Korea
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23
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Masnadi-Shirazi M, Maurya MR, Subramaniam S. Time-varying causal inference from phosphoproteomic measurements in macrophage cells. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2014; 8:74-86. [PMID: 24681921 PMCID: PMC4631079 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2013.2288035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellular signaling circuitry in eukaryotes can be studied by analyzing the regulation of protein phosphorylation and its impact on downstream mechanisms leading to a phenotype. A primary role of phosphorylation is to act as a switch to turn "on" or "off" a protein activity or a cellular pathway. Specifically, protein phosphorylation is a major leit motif for transducing molecular signals inside the cell. Errors in transferring cellular information can alter the normal function and may lead to diseases such as cancer; an accurate reconstruction of the "true" signaling network is essential for understanding the molecular machinery involved in normal and pathological function. In this study, we have developed a novel framework for time-dependent reconstruction of signaling networks involved in the activation of macrophage cells leading to an inflammatory response. Several signaling pathways have been identified in macrophage cells, but the time-varying causal relationship that can produce a dynamic directed graph of these molecules has not been explored in detail. Here, we use the notion of Granger causality, and apply a vector autoregressive model to phosphoprotein time-course data in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Through the reconstruction of the phosphoprotein network, we were able to estimate the directionality and the dynamics of information flow. Significant interactions were selected through statistical hypothesis testing ( t-test) of the coefficients of a linear model and were used to reconstruct the phosphoprotein signaling network. Our approach results in a three-stage phosphoprotein network that represents the evolution of the causal interactions in the intracellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Masnadi-Shirazi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Mano Ram Maurya
- San Diego Supercomputer Center and the Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Medicine and the Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
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24
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Study of possible mechanisms involved in the inhibitory effects of coumarin derivatives on neutrophil activity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:136570. [PMID: 24349608 PMCID: PMC3855971 DOI: 10.1155/2013/136570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To specify the site of action of the synthetic coumarin derivatives 7-hydroxy-3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl) coumarin (HHC) and 7-hydroxy-3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl) dihydrocoumarin (HHDC), we evaluated their effects on extra- and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in phorbol-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) stimulated human neutrophils. We studied also the effects of HHC and HHDC on possible molecular mechanisms which participate in the activation of NADPH oxidase, that is, on PKC activity, on phosphorylation of some PKC isoforms (α, βII, and δ), and on phosphorylation of the NADPH oxidase subunit p40(phox). Without affecting cytotoxicity, both coumarines tested were effective inhibitors/scavengers of ROS produced by neutrophils on extracellular level. HHC markedly diminished oxidant production and also, intracellularly, decreased PKC activity and partly phosphorylation of PKCα, βII. On the other hand, we did not observe any effect of coumarin derivatives on phosphorylation of PKC δ and on phosphorylation of the NADPH oxidase subunit p40(phox), which were suggested to be involved in the PMA-dependent intracellular activation process. In agreement with our previous findings, we assume that the different molecular structures of HHC and HHDC with their different physicochemical and free radical scavenging characteristics are responsible for their diverse effects on the parameters tested.
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25
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El-Benna J, Dang PMC, Périanin A. Towards specific NADPH oxidase inhibition by small synthetic peptides. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2307-14. [PMID: 22562604 PMCID: PMC11114506 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by the phagocyte NADPH oxidase is essential for host defenses against pathogens. ROS are very reactive with biological molecules such as lipids, proteins and DNA, potentially resulting in cell dysfunction and tissue insult. Excessive NADPH oxidase activation and ROS overproduction are believed to participate in disorders such as joint, lung, vascular and intestinal inflammation. NADPH oxidase is a complex enzyme composed of six proteins: gp91phox (renamed NOX2), p22phox, p47phox, p67phox, p40phox and Rac1/2. Inhibitors of this enzyme could be beneficial, by limiting ROS production and inappropriate inflammation. A few small non-peptide inhibitors of NADPH oxidase are currently used to inhibit ROS production, but they lack specificity as they inhibit NADPH oxidase homologues or other unrelated enzymes. Peptide inhibitors that target a specific sequence of NADPH oxidase components could be more specific than small molecules. Here we review peptide-based inhibitors, with particular focus on a molecule derived from gp91phox/NOX2 and p47phox, and discuss their possible use as specific phagocyte NADPH oxidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamel El-Benna
- INSERM, U, CRB, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Denis Diderot, France.
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26
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Wang G, Abadía-Molina AC, Berger SB, Romero X, O'Keeffe MS, Rojas-Barros DI, Aleman M, Liao G, Maganto-García E, Fresno M, Wang N, Detre C, Terhorst C. Cutting edge: Slamf8 is a negative regulator of Nox2 activity in macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5829-32. [PMID: 22593622 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Slamf8 (CD353) is a cell surface receptor that is expressed upon activation of macrophages (MΦs) by IFN-γ or bacteria. In this article, we report that a very high NADPH oxidase (Nox2) enzyme activity was found in Slamf8(-/-) MΦs in response to Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus, as well as to PMA. The elevated Nox2 activity in Slamf8(-/-) MΦs was also demonstrated in E. coli or S. aureus phagosomes by using a pH indicator system and was further confirmed by a reduction in the enzyme activity after transfection of the receptor into Slamf8-deficient primary MΦs or RAW 264.7 cells. Upon exposure to bacteria or PMA, protein kinase C activity in Slamf8(-/-) MΦs is increased. This results in an enhanced phosphorylation of p40phox, one key component of the Nox2 enzyme complex, which, in turn, leads to greater Nox2 activity. Taken together, the data show that, in response to inflammation-associated stimuli, the inducible receptor Slamf8 negatively regulates inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxing Wang
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Lassègue B, San Martín A, Griendling KK. Biochemistry, physiology, and pathophysiology of NADPH oxidases in the cardiovascular system. Circ Res 2012; 110:1364-90. [PMID: 22581922 PMCID: PMC3365576 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.243972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 607] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzymes are critical mediators of cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. These proteins are expressed in virtually all cardiovascular cells, and regulate such diverse functions as differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, senescence, inflammatory responses and oxygen sensing. They target a number of important signaling molecules, including kinases, phosphatases, transcription factors, ion channels, and proteins that regulate the cytoskeleton. Nox enzymes have been implicated in many different cardiovascular pathologies: atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling, angiogenesis and collateral formation, stroke, and heart failure. In this review, we discuss in detail the biochemistry of Nox enzymes expressed in the cardiovascular system (Nox1, 2, 4, and 5), their roles in cardiovascular cell biology, and their contributions to disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Lassègue
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Mondal S, Subramanian KK, Sakai J, Bajrami B, Luo HR. Phosphoinositide lipid phosphatase SHIP1 and PTEN coordinate to regulate cell migration and adhesion. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:1219-30. [PMID: 22323291 PMCID: PMC3315799 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-10-0889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SHIP1 regulates PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 production in response to cell adhesion. Loss of SHIP1 leads to elevated PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and Akt activation upon adhesion. SHIP1−/− neutrophils lose polarity upon cell adhesion. They are extremely adherent, which impairs chemotaxis. Chemotaxis in SHIP1−/− neutrophils can be rescued by reducing cell adhesion. The second messenger phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)P3 (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) is formed by stimulation of various receptors, including G protein–coupled receptors and integrins. The lipid phosphatases PTEN and SHIP1 are critical in regulating the level of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 during chemotaxis. Observations that loss of PTEN had minor and loss of SHIP1 resulted in a severe chemotaxis defect in neutrophils led to the belief that SHIP1 rather than PTEN acts as a predominant phospholipid phosphatase in establishing a PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 compass. In this study, we show that SHIP1 regulates PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 production in response to cell adhesion and plays a limited role when cells are in suspension. SHIP1−/− neutrophils lose their polarity upon cell adhesion and are extremely adherent, which impairs chemotaxis. However, chemotaxis can be restored by reducing adhesion. Loss of SHIP1 elevates Akt activation following cell adhesion due to increased PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 production. From our observations, we conclude that SHIP1 prevents formation of top-down PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 polarity to facilitate proper cell attachment and detachment during chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhanjan Mondal
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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29
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Shi Y, Chanana V, Watters JJ, Ferrazzano P, Sun D. Role of sodium/hydrogen exchanger isoform 1 in microglial activation and proinflammatory responses in ischemic brains. J Neurochem 2011; 119:124-35. [PMID: 21797866 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Our recent study reveals that Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE-1) mediates H⁺ extrusion during "respiratory bursting", which is important for microglial activation. In the present study, we further investigated whether NHE-1 plays a role in proinflammatory activation of microglia in vivo using a mouse model of transient focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). Activated microglial cells were identified by their expression of two microglial marker proteins (CD11b and Iba1) as well as by their transformation from a "ramified" to an "amoeboid" morphology. An immediate increase in activated microglial numbers was detected in the ipsilateral ischemic core area of NHE-1⁺/⁺ brains at 1 hour (h) I/1 h R, which gradually decreased during 6-24 h I/R. This was followed by a sharp rise in microglial activation in the peri-infarct area and an increase in proinflammatory cytokine formation at 3 day after I/R. Interestingly, HOE 642 (a potent NHE-1 inhibitor) -treated or NHE-1 heterozygous (NHE-1⁺/⁻) mice exhibited less microglia activation, less NADPH oxidase activation, or a reduced proinflammatory response at 3-7 day after I/R. Blocking NHE-1 activity also significantly decreased microglial phagocytosis in vitro. In contrast, astrogliosis formation in the peri-infarct area was not affected by NHE-1 inhibition. Taken together, our results demonstrate that NHE-1 protein was abundantly expressed in activated microglia and astrocytes. NHE-1 inhibition reduced microglial proinflammatory activation following ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejie Shi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Salvemini D, Little JW, Doyle T, Neumann WL. Roles of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in pain. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:951-66. [PMID: 21277369 PMCID: PMC3134634 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (PN; ONOO⁻) and its reactive oxygen precursor superoxide (SO; O₂•⁻) are critically important in the development of pain of several etiologies including pain associated with chronic use of opiates such as morphine (also known as opiate-induced hyperalgesia and antinociceptive tolerance). This is now an emerging field in which considerable progress has been made in terms of understanding the relative contributions of SO, PN, and nitroxidative stress in pain signaling at the molecular and biochemical levels. Aggressive research in this area is poised to provide the pharmacological basis for development of novel nonnarcotic analgesics that are based upon the unique ability to selectively eliminate SO and/or PN. As we have a better understanding of the roles of SO and PN in pathophysiological settings, targeting PN may be a better therapeutic strategy than targeting SO. This is because, unlike PN, which has no currently known beneficial role, SO may play a significant role in learning and memory. Thus, the best approach may be to spare SO while directly targeting its downstream product, PN. Over the past 15 years, our team has spearheaded research concerning the roles of SO and PN in pain and these results are currently leading to the development of solid therapeutic strategies in this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Salvemini
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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Abeti R, Abramov AY, Duchen MR. Beta-amyloid activates PARP causing astrocytic metabolic failure and neuronal death. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 134:1658-72. [PMID: 21616968 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by β-amyloid accumulation in the central nervous system. As β-amyloid is neurotoxic in culture, we have explored the mechanisms of toxicity in the search for therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease and now identify a key role for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in β-amyloid-induced neuronal death. Exposure of hippocampal neuronal/glial co-cultures to β-amyloid peptides activates the glial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, followed by predominantly neuronal cell death. β-amyloid exposure caused the progressive loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in astrocytes, accompanied by transient mitochondrial depolarizations caused by reversible openings of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. The transients were absent in cultures from cyclophilin D knockout mice, leaving the slow depolarization available for study in isolation. β-amyloid exposure decreased both nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide fluorescence and oxygen consumption, while provision of mitochondrial substrates reversed the depolarization, suggesting that substrate supply was limiting. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase is activated by oxidative stress and consumes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, decreasing substrate availability. β-amyloid exposure caused accumulation of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase product, poly-ADP-ribose polymers, in astrocytes. Inhibition of either poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase or of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase prevented the appearance of poly-ADP-ribose polymers and the mitochondrial depolarization. Exposure of co-cultures to β-amyloid for >8 h decreased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and mitochondrial membrane potential and increased cell death in neurons, all of which were prevented by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors. Poly-ADP-ribose polymers increased with age in the brains of the TASTPM Alzheimer mouse model. We conclude that β-amyloid-induced neuronal death is mediated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in response to oxidative stress generated by the astrocytic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosella Abeti
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Dang PMC, Raad H, Derkawi RA, Boussetta T, Paclet MH, Belambri SA, Makni-Maalej K, Kroviarski Y, Morel F, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, El-Benna J. The NADPH oxidase cytosolic component p67phox is constitutively phosphorylated in human neutrophils: Regulation by a protein tyrosine kinase, MEK1/2 and phosphatases 1/2A. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1145-52. [PMID: 21784060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils play a key role in host defense and inflammation through the production of superoxide anion and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the enzyme complex NADPH oxidase. The cytosolic NADPH oxidase component, p67phox, has been shown to be phosphorylated in human neutrophils but the pathways involved in this process are largely unknown. In this study, we show that p67phox is constitutively phosphorylated in resting human neutrophils and that neutrophil stimulation with PMA further enhanced this phosphorylation. Inhibition of the constitutively active serine/threonine phosphatases type 1 and type 2A (PP1/2A) by calyculin A resulted in the enhancement of p67phox phosphorylation. Constitutive and calyculin A-induced phosphorylation of p67phox was completely inhibited by the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein and partially inhibited by the MEK1/2 inhibitor PD98059, but was unaffected by GF109203X, wortmannin and SB203580, inhibitors of PKC, PI3K and p38MAP kinase, respectively. Two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping revealed that constitutive and calyculin A-induced p67phox phosphorylation occurred on the same major sites. Interestingly, calyculin A enhanced formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)-induced superoxide production, while genistein inhibited this process. Taken together, these results suggest that (i) p67phox undergoes a continual cycle of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation in resting cells; (ii) p67phox phosphorylation is controlled by MEK1/2 and an upstream tyrosine kinase; (iii) PP1/2A directly or indirectly antagonize this process. Thus, these pathways could play a role in regulating ROS production by human neutrophils at inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham My-Chan Dang
- INSERM, U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat Beaujon CRB3, Paris F-75018, France
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Malam Z, Parodo J, Waheed F, Szaszi K, Kapus A, Marshall JC. Pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor (PBEF/Nampt/visfatin) primes neutrophils for augmented respiratory burst activity through partial assembly of the NADPH oxidase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6474-84. [PMID: 21518975 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor ([PBEF] also known as Nampt/visfatin) is a pleiotropic 52-kDa cytokine-like molecule whose activity has been implicated in multiple inflammatory disease states. PBEF promotes polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) proinflammatory function by inhibiting constitutive PMN apoptosis. We investigated whether PBEF activates or primes for PMN respiratory burst. We found that although PBEF did not activate respiratory burst on its own, it primed for increased reactive oxygen species generation through the NADPH oxidase. PBEF promoted membrane translocation of cytosolic NADPH oxidase subunits p40 and p47, but not p67, induced p40 phosphorylation on Thr(154), and activated the small GTPase Rac. Priming, translocation, and phosphorylation were dependent on activation of p38 and ERK MAPKs, but not of PI3K. Priming by PBEF occurred independent of its NAD-generating capacity because neither nicotinamide mononucleotide or NAD could recapitulate the effects, and a specific inhibitor of PBEF, APO-866, could not inhibit priming. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PBEF can prime for PMN respiratory burst activity by promoting p40 and p47 translocation to the membrane, and this occurs in a MAPK-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeenat Malam
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
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Almeida CB, Franco-Penteado C, Saad STO, Costa FF, Conran N. Sickle cell disease serum induces NADPH enzyme subunit expression and oxidant production in leukocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 15:422-9. [PMID: 21114906 DOI: 10.1179/102453310x12719010991786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a significant role in sickle cell disease (SCD), contributing to haemolysis, vaso-occlusive processes and endothelial dysfunction. To study the effects that the serum of SCD individuals has on the oxidative state of blood cells, sera were pooled from control individuals, steady-state SCD patients and SCD patients on hydroxyurea therapy (SCDHU), and their effects on markers of oxidative stress and damage in neutrophils isolated from healthy individuals observed. Incubation of control neutrophils, but not platelets nor red blood cells, with SCD serum (10% v/v; 2 hours) significantly augmented their production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased ROS production in SCD serum-incubated neutrophils was associated with increased superoxide anion generation, apoptosis and increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase subunit expression. Although serum from SCDHU individuals also induced ROS generation in neutrophils, its oxidative capacity appeared to be lower. Results suggest that factors in the serum of SCD individuals contribute to ROS generation and oxidative damage in leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila B Almeida
- Haematology and Haemotherapy Centre, State University of Campinas, Rua Carlos Chagas 480, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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35
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Banerjee D, Bhattacharyya R, Kaul D, Sharma P. Diabetes and tuberculosis. Adv Clin Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385855-9.00006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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The prolyl isomerase Pin1 acts as a novel molecular switch for TNF-alpha-induced priming of the NADPH oxidase in human neutrophils. Blood 2010; 116:5795-802. [PMID: 20956805 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-03-273094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play a key role in host defense by releasing reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, excessive ROS production by neutrophil nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase can damage bystander tissues, thereby contributing to inflammatory diseases. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a major mediator of inflammation, does not activate NADPH oxidase but induces a state of hyperresponsiveness to subsequent stimuli, an action known as priming. The molecular mechanisms by which TNF-α primes the NADPH oxidase are unknown. Here we show that Pin1, a unique cis-trans prolyl isomerase, is a previously unrecognized regulator of TNF-α-induced NADPH oxidase hyperactivation. We first showed that Pin1 is expressed in neutrophil cytosol and that its activity is markedly enhanced by TNF-α. Inhibition of Pin1 activity with juglone or with a specific peptide inhibitor abrogated TNF-α-induced priming of neutrophil ROS production induced by N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine peptide (fMLF). TNF-α enhanced fMLF-induced Pin1 and p47phox translocation to the membranes and juglone inhibited this process. Pin1 binds to p47phox via phosphorylated Ser345, thereby inducing conformational changes that facilitate p47phox phosphorylation on other sites by protein kinase C. These findings indicate that Pin1 is critical for TNF-α-induced priming of NADPH oxidase and for excessive ROS production. Pin1 inhibition could potentially represent a novel anti-inflammatory strategy.
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Phosphorylation of threonine 154 in p40phox is an important physiological signal for activation of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase. Blood 2010; 116:6027-36. [PMID: 20861461 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-08-300889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The neutrophil nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase is a multisubunit enzyme (comprising gp91(phox), p22(phox), p67(phox), p40(phox), p47(phox), and Rac) that plays a vital role in microbial killing. The recent discovery of a chronic granulomatous disease patient who expresses a mutant p40(phox) subunit, together with the development of mouse models of p40(phox) function, indicate phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate binding to the PX domain of p40(phox) is an important signal for oxidase activation. However, the presence of other conserved residues and domains in p40(phox) suggest further regulatory roles for this protein. To test this, we introduced wild-type and mutated versions of p40(phox) into fully differentiated mouse neutrophils by retroviral transduction of p40(phox)(-/-) bone marrow progenitors and repopulation of the bone marrow compartment in radiation chimaeras. Phosphorylation of p40(phox) on threonine 154, but not serine 315, was required for full oxidase activation in response to formylated bacterial peptide fMLP, serum-opsonized S aureus, and immunoglobulin-opsonized sheep red blood cells. A functional SH3 domain was not required for oxidase activation, and deletion of the entire domain resulted in enhanced oxidase responses. Phosphorylation of threonine 154 in response to S aureus was mediated by protein kinase Cδ and was required for full translocation of p47(phox) to phagosomes. These results define an important new element in the physiological activation of the oxidase.
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Carrichon L, Picciocchi A, Debeurme F, Defendi F, Beaumel S, Jesaitis AJ, Dagher MC, Stasia MJ. Characterization of superoxide overproduction by the D-Loop(Nox4)-Nox2 cytochrome b(558) in phagocytes-Differential sensitivity to calcium and phosphorylation events. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1808:78-90. [PMID: 20708598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase is a crucial element of phagocytes involved in microbicidal mechanisms. It becomes active when membrane-bound cytochrome b(558), the redox core, is assembled with cytosolic p47(phox), p67(phox), p40(phox), and rac proteins to produce superoxide, the precursor for generation of toxic reactive oxygen species. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the potential second intracellular loop of Nox2 was essential to maintaining NADPH oxidase activity by controlling electron transfer from FAD to O(2). Moreover, replacement of this loop by the Nox4-D-loop (D-loop(Nox4)-Nox2) in PLB-985 cells induced superoxide overproduction. In the present investigation, we demonstrated that both soluble and particulate stimuli were able to induce this superoxide overproduction. Superoxide overproduction was also observed after phosphatidic acid activation in a purified cell-free-system assay. The highest oxidase activity was obtained after ionomycin and fMLF stimulation. In addition, enhanced sensitivity to Ca(2+) influx was shown by thapsigargin, EDTA, or BTP2 treatment before fMLF activation. Mutated cytochrome b(558) was less dependent on phosphorylation triggered by ERK1/2 during fMLF or PMA stimulation and by PI3K during OpZ stimulation. The superoxide overproduction of the D-loop(Nox4)-Nox2 mutant may come from a change of responsiveness to intracellular Ca(2+) level and to phosphorylation events during oxidase activation. Finally the D-loop(Nox4)-Nox2-PLB-985 cells were more effective against an attenuated strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to WT-Nox2 cells. The killing mechanism was biphasic, an early step of ROS production that was directly bactericidal, and a second oxidase-independent step related to the amount of ROS produced in the first step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Carrichon
- Centre Diagnostic et Recherche sur la Granulomatose septique chronique CGD, TheREx-TIMC/Imag UMR CNRS 5525, CHU and Université Joseph Fourier, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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39
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El-Benna J, Dang PMC, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA. Role of the NADPH oxidase systems Nox and Duox in host defense and inflammation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 3:111-5. [PMID: 20477098 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.3.2.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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40
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Peptide-based inhibitors of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:778-85. [PMID: 20510204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytes such as neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages play an essential role in host defenses against pathogens. To kill these pathogens, phagocytes produce and release large quantities of antimicrobial molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), microbicidal peptides, and proteases. The enzyme responsible for ROS generation is called NADPH oxidase, or respiratory burst oxidase, and is composed of six proteins: gp91phox, p22phox, p47phox, p67phox, p40phox and Rac1/2. The vital importance of this enzyme in host defenses is illustrated by a genetic disorder called chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), in which the phagocyte NADPH oxidase is dysfunctional, leading to life-threatening recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. However, excessive NADPH oxidase activation and ROS over-production can damage surrounding tissues and participate in exaggerated inflammatory processes. As ROS production is believed to be involved in several inflammatory diseases, specific phagocyte NADPH oxidase inhibitors might have therapeutic value. In this commentary, we summarize the structure and activation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase, and describe pharmacological inhibitors of this enzyme, with particular emphasis on peptide-based inhibitors derived from gp91phox, p22phox and p47phox.
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Sarna LK, Wu N, Hwang SY, Siow YL, O K. Berberine inhibits NADPH oxidase mediated superoxide anion production in macrophagesThis article is one of a selection of papers published in a Special Issue on Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 88:369-78. [DOI: 10.1139/y09-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and amplified redox signaling contribute to the pathogenesis of many human diseases including atherosclerosis. The superoxide-generating phagocytic NADPH oxidase is a key source of oxidative stress in the developing atheroma. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of berberine, a plant-derived alkaloid, on NADPH oxidase-mediated superoxide anion production in macrophages. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment activated NADPH oxidase in THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages and increased the intracellular level of superoxide anions. Preincubation of cells with berberine demonstrated a concentration-dependent (10–50 µmol/L) and time-dependent (6–24 h) inhibition of superoxide anion generation in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Cell viability tests confirmed that berberine, at concentrations sufficient for inhibiting NADPH oxidase-mediated superoxide anion generation in macrophages, did not affect cell viability. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that addition of berberine to the culture medium was able to reduce gp91phox mRNA expression in LPS-treated cells. Berberine also restored superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, which was found to be inhibited by LPS treatment. In conclusion, results from the present study demonstrate that berberine can effectively reduce intracellular superoxide levels in LPS- stimulated macrophages. Such a restoration of cellular redox by berberine is mediated by its selective inhibition of gp91phox expression and enhancement of SOD activity. The therapeutic relevance of berberine in the prevention and management of atherosclerosis remains to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsei K. Sarna
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
| | - Nan Wu
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
| | - Sun-Young Hwang
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
| | - Yaw L. Siow
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
| | - Karmin O
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
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Cai W, Torreggiani M, Zhu L, Chen X, He JC, Striker GE, Vlassara H. AGER1 regulates endothelial cell NADPH oxidase-dependent oxidant stress via PKC-delta: implications for vascular disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 298:C624-34. [PMID: 19955485 PMCID: PMC2838573 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00463.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Advanced glycated end-product receptor 1 (AGER1) protects against vascular disease promoted by oxidants, such as advanced glycated end products (AGEs), via inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the specific AGEs, sources, and pathways involved remain undefined. The mechanism of cellular NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent ROS generation by defined AGEs, N(epsilon)-carboxymethyl-lysine- and methylglyoxal (MG)-modified BSA, was assessed in AGER1 overexpressing (AGER1(+) EC) or knockdown (sh-mRNA-AGER1(+) EC) human aortic endothelial (EC) and ECV304 cells, and aortic segments from old (18 mo) C57BL6-F(2) mice, propagated on low-AGE diet (LAGE), or LAGE supplemented with MG (LAGE+MG). Wild-type EC and sh-mRNA-AGER1(+) EC, but not AGER1(+) EC, had high NOX p47(phox) and gp91(phox) activity, superoxide anions, and NF-kappaB p65 nuclear translocation in response to MG and N(epsilon)-carboxymethyl-lysine. These events involved epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent PKC-delta redox-sensitive Tyr-311 and Tyr-332 phosphorylation and were suppressed in AGER1(+) ECs and enhanced in sh-mRNA-AGER1(+) ECs. Aortic ROS, PKC-delta Tyr-311, and Tyr-332 phosphorylation, NOX expression, and nuclear p65 in older LAGE+MG mice were significantly increased above that in age-matched LAGE mice, which had higher levels of AGER1. In conclusion, circulating AGEs induce NADPH-dependent ROS generation in vascular aging in both in vitro and in vivo models. Furthermore, AGER1 provides protection against AGE-induced ROS generation via NADPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijing Cai
- Division of Experimental Diabetes and Aging, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1640, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were seen as destructive molecules, but recently, they have been shown also to act as second messengers in varying intracellular signaling pathways. This review concentrates on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as it is a more stable ROS, and delineates its role as a survival molecule. In the first part, the production of H2O2 through the NADPH oxidase (Nox) family is investigated. Through careful examination of Nox proteins and their regulation, it is determined how they respond to stress and how this can be prosurvival rather than prodeath. The pathways on which H2O2 acts to enable its prosurvival function are then examined in greater detail. The main survival pathways are kinase driven, and oxidation of cysteines in the active sites of various phosphatases can thus regulate those survival pathways. Regulation of transcription factors such as p53, NF-kappaB, and AP-1 also are reviewed. Finally, prodeath proteins such as caspases could be directly inhibited through their cysteine residues. A better understanding of the prosurvival role of H2O2 in cells, from the why and how it is generated to the various molecules it can affect, will allow more precise targeting of therapeutics to this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Groeger
- Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland
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Bokoch GM, Diebold B, Kim JS, Gianni D. Emerging evidence for the importance of phosphorylation in the regulation of NADPH oxidases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:2429-41. [PMID: 19358632 PMCID: PMC2821133 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzyme family generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that contribute to cell signaling, innate immune responses, proliferation, and transcription. The signaling mechanisms that regulate this important enzyme family are only beginning to be understood. Evidence is emerging which suggests that phosphorylation of Nox and/or their regulatory components may be important means of modulating their activity. We describe here the evidence for Nox regulation through the action of kinases, and speculate on how such regulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of pathological disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary M Bokoch
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Neutrophil-specific deletion of Syk kinase results in reduced host defense to bacterial infection. Blood 2009; 114:4871-82. [PMID: 19797524 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-05-220806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte-specific CD18 integrins are critical in mediating cell recruitment and activation during host defense responses to bacterial infection. The signaling pathways downstream of CD18 integrins are dependent on the spleen tyrosine kinase, Syk. To investigate the role integrin signaling plays in host defense, we examined the responses of Syk-deficient neutrophils to bacterial challenge with serum-opsonized Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Syk-conditional knockout mice lacking this kinase specifically in myeloid cells or just neutrophils were also used to investigate host responses in vivo. Syk-deficient neutrophils manifested impaired exocytosis of secondary and tertiary granules, reduced cytokine release, and very poor activation of the NADPH oxidase in response to serum-opsonized S aureus and E coli. These functional defects correlated with impaired activation of c-Cbl, Pyk2, Erk1/2, and p38 kinases. Bacterial phagocytosis, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and killing were also reduced in Syk-deficient cells, with a more profound effect after S aureus challenge. In vivo, loss of Syk in myeloid cells or specifically in neutrophils resulted in reduced clearance of S aureus after subcutaneous or intraperitoneal infection, despite normal recruitment of inflammatory cells. These results indicate that loss of Syk kinase-mediated integrin signaling impairs leukocyte activation, leading to reduced host defense responses.
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46
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Fan LM, Teng L, Li JM. Knockout of p47 phox uncovers a critical role of p40 phox in reactive oxygen species production in microvascular endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:1651-6. [PMID: 19608974 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.191502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE p40(phox) is an important regulatory subunit of NADPH oxidase, but its role in endothelial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Using coronary microvascular endothelial cells isolated from wild-type and p47(phox) knockout mice, we found that knockout of p47(phox) increased the level of p40(phox) expression, whereas depletion of p40(phox) in wild-type cells increased p47(phox) expression. In both cases, the basal ROS production (without agonist stimulation) was well preserved. Double knockout of p40(phox) and p47(phox) dramatically reduced (approximately 65%) ROS production and cells started to die. The transcriptional regulation of p40(phox) and p47(phox) expressions involves HBP1. p40(phox) was prephosphorylated in resting cells. PMA stimulation induced p40(phox) swift dephosphorylation (within 1 minute) in parallel with the start of p47(phox) phosphorylation. p40(phox) was then rephosphorylated, and this was accompanied with an increase in ROS production. Depletion of p40(phox) resulted in approximately 67% loss in agonist-induced ROS production despite the presence of p47(phox). These were further supported by experiments on mouse aortas stimulated with angiotensin II. CONCLUSIONS p40(phox) is prephosphorylated in resting endothelial cells and can compensate p47(phox) in keeping basal ROS production. Dephosphorylation of p40(phox) is a prerequisite for agonist-induced p47(phox) phosphorylation, and p40(phox) through its dynamic dephosphorylation and rephosphorylation is involved in the regulation of agonist-induced ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lampson M Fan
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, AY Building, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
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Raad H, Paclet MH, Boussetta T, Kroviarski Y, Morel F, Quinn MT, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, Dang PMC, El-Benna J. Regulation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase activity: phosphorylation of gp91phox/NOX2 by protein kinase C enhances its diaphorase activity and binding to Rac2, p67phox, and p47phox. FASEB J 2009; 23:1011-22. [PMID: 19028840 PMCID: PMC2660639 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-114553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils generate microbicidal oxidants through activation of a multicomponent enzyme called NADPH oxidase. During activation, the cytosolic NADPH oxidase components (p47(phox), p67(phox), p40(phox), and Rac2) translocate to the membranes, where they associate with flavocytochrome b(558), which is composed of gp91(phox)/NOX2 and p22(phox), to form the active system. During neutrophil stimulation, p47(phox), p67(phox), p40(phox), and p22(phox) are phosphorylated; however, the phosphorylation of gp91(phox)/NOX2 and its potential role have not been defined. In this study, we show that gp91(phox) is phosphorylated in stimulated neutrophils. The gp91(phox) phosphoprotein is absent in neutrophils from chronic granulomatous disease patients deficient in gp91(phox), which confirms that this phosphoprotein is gp91(phox). The protein kinase C inhibitor GF109203X inhibited phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced phosphorylation of gp91(phox), and protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylated the recombinant gp91(phox)- cytosolic carboxy-terminal flavoprotein domain. Two-dimensional tryptic peptide mapping analysis showed that PKC phosphorylated the gp91(phox)-cytosolic tail on the same peptides that were phosphorylated on gp91(phox) in intact cells. In addition, PKC phosphorylation increased diaphorase activity of the gp91(phox) flavoprotein cytosolic domain and its binding to Rac2, p67(phox), and p47(phox). These results demonstrate that gp91(phox) is phosphorylated in human neutrophils by PKC to enhance its catalytic activity and assembly of the complex. Phosphorylation of gp91(phox)/NOX2 is a novel mechanism of NADPH oxidase regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssam Raad
- INSERM U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat Beaujon CRB3, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
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Paul R, Obermaier B, Van Ziffle J, Angele B, Pfister HW, Lowell CA, Koedel U. Myeloid Src kinases regulate phagocytosis and oxidative burst in pneumococcal meningitis by activating NADPH oxidase. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:1141-50. [PMID: 18625913 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0208118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells, including neutrophils and macrophages, play important roles in innate immune defense against acute bacterial infections. Myeloid Src family kinases (SFKs) p59/61(hck) (Hck), p58(c-fgr) (Fgr), and p53/56(lyn) (Lyn) are known to control integrin beta(2) signal transduction and FcgammaR-mediated phagocytosis in leukocytes. In this study, we show that leukocyte recruitment into the cerebrospinal fluid space and bacterial clearance is hampered in mice deficient in all three myeloid SFKs (hck(-/-)fgr(-/-)lyn(-/-)) during pneumococcal meningitis. As a result, the hck(-/-)fgr(-/-)lyn(-/-) mice developed increased intracranial pressure and a worse clinical outcome (increased neurologic deficits and mortality) compared with wild-type mice. Impaired bacterial killing was associated with a lack of phagocytosis and superoxide production in triple knockout neutrophils. Moreover, in hck(-/-)fgr(-/-)lyn(-/-) neutrophils, phosphorylation of p40(phox) was absent in response to pneumococcal stimulation, indicating a defect in NAPDH oxidase activation. Mice lacking the complement receptor 3 (CR3; CD11b/CD18), which belongs to the beta(2)-integrin family, also displayed impaired host defense against pneumococci, along with defective neutrophil superoxide production, but cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis was normal. Cerebral expression of cytokines and chemokines was not decreased in both mouse strains, indicating that CR3 and myeloid SFKs are dispensable for the production of inflammatory mediators. Thus, our study demonstrates the pivotal role of myeloid SFKs and CR3 in mounting an effective defense against CNS infection with Streptococcus pneumonia by regulating phagocytosis and NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide production. These data support the role of SFKs as critical mediators of CR3 signal transduction in host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Paul
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Marchioninistr. 15, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
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El-Benna J, Dang PMC, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA. Priming of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase activation: role of p47phox phosphorylation and NOX2 mobilization to the plasma membrane. Semin Immunopathol 2008; 30:279-89. [PMID: 18536919 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-008-0118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils play an essential role in host defense against microbial pathogens and in the inflammatory reaction. Upon activation, neutrophils produce superoxide anion (O*2), which generates other reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (OH*) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl), together with microbicidal peptides and proteases. The enzyme responsible for O2* production is called the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase or respiratory burst oxidase. This multicomponent enzyme system is composed of two trans-membrane proteins (p22phox and gp91phox/NOX2, which form the cytochrome b558), three cytosolic proteins (p47phox, p67phox, p40phox) and a GTPase (Rac1 or Rac2), which assemble at membrane sites upon cell activation. NADPH oxidase activation in phagocytes can be induced by a large number of soluble and particulate factors. Three major events accompany NAPDH oxidase activation: (1) protein phosphorylation, (2) GTPase activation, and (3) translocation of cytosolic components to the plasma membrane to form the active enzyme. Actually, the neutrophil NADPH oxidase exists in different states: resting, primed, activated, or inactivated. The resting state is found in circulating blood neutrophils. The primed state can be induced by neutrophil adhesion, pro-inflammatory cytokines, lipopolysaccharide, and other agents and has been characterized as a "ready to go" state, which results in a faster and higher response upon exposure to a second stimulus. The active state is found at the inflammatory or infection site. Activation is induced by the pathogen itself or by pathogen-derived formylated peptides and other agents. Finally, inactivation of NADPH oxidase is induced by anti-inflammatory agents to limit inflammation. Priming is a "double-edged sword" process as it contributes to a rapid and efficient elimination of the pathogens but can also induce the generation of large quantities of toxic ROS by hyperactivation of the NADPH oxidase, which can damage surrounding tissues and participate to inflammation. In order to avoid extensive damage to host tissues, NADPH oxidase priming and activation must be tightly regulated. In this review, we will discuss some of the mechanisms of NADPH oxidase priming in neutrophils and the relevance of this process to physiology and pathology.
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50
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Higai K, Satake M, Nishioka H, Azuma Y, Matsumoto K. Glycated human serum albumin enhances macrophage inflammatory protein-1β mRNA expression through protein kinase C-δ and NADPH oxidase in macrophage-like differentiated U937 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1780:307-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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